ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
CREATING A BUSINESS WORD LIST FOR TEACHING BUSINESS
ENGLISH
Nikolaos Kons an akis
Swansea Uni e si y, UK
Fo eign language s uden s planning o s udy business a English-speaking
uni e si ies ha e li le o no p e ious aining in English o Academic
Pu poses in gene al, o in Business English in pa icula . None heless, hese
s uden s ely hea ily on hei abili y o ead and ully comp ehend a a ie y
o business cou se books and o he ma e ials in he ield. Reading
comp ehension, howe e , depends o a g ea ex en on an indi idual’s
ocabula y le el. Vocabula y may be acqui ed by lea ning wo d lis s. One
e y use ul lis o his kind is he Gene al Se ice Lis (Wes , 1953) which
includes he 2,000 mos common wo ds o eaching and lea ning English.
Ano he po en ially use ul lis , which is mo e specialised, is he Academic
Wo d Lis (Coxhead, 2000), which p o ides he mos common wo ds in
academic ex s. These wo lis s, howe e , ail o p o ide he p ospec i e
s uden s o business wi h he echnical ocabula y ha is pa icula o hei
a ea o s udy. A hi d lis , he e o e, mo e specialised and business-o ien ed
is equi ed in o de o co e his gap. The p esen pape desc ibes he
a emp o c ea e a Business Wo d Lis .
Key wo ds: Business English, echnical ocabula y, co po a, wo d lis s,
lexical co e age
Los es udian es de lenguas ex anje as que planean es udia inanzas en
uni e sidades de países de habla inglesa ienen poco conocimien o del
inglés con ines académicos en gene al, y del inglés pa a los negocios en
pa icula . Sin emba go, es os es udian es deben lee y comp ende
pe ec amen e g an a iedad de lib os de ex o y ma e iales elacionados
con el mundo de los negocios. Pe o la comp ensión de ex os depende del
Es udios de
lingüís ica inglesa aplicada
80 Nikolaos Kons an akis
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
ni el de ocabula io de cada indi iduo. El ocabula io puede se adqui ido
a a és de lis as de palab as. Una lis a muy ú il es la Gene al Se ice Lis
(Wes , 1953), que incluye las 2.000 palab as más comunes pa a enseña y
ap ende inglés. O a lis a, más especializada, que puede se de u ilidad es
la Academic Wo d Lis (Coxhead, 2000) y o ece las palab as más comunes
en ex os académicos. Es as dos lis as, sin emba go, no p o een a los u u os
es udian es de negocios del ocabula io écnico especí ico de su á ea de
es udio. Po lo an o, una e ce a lis a más especializada y o ien ada hacia
los negocios es necesa ia pa a cub i es a necesidad. El p esen e a ículo
desc ibe el in en o de c ea una Lis a de Vocabula io pa a los Negocios.
Palab as cla e: inglés pa a los negocios, ocabula io écnico, co pus, lis as
de ocabula io, cobe u a léxica
1. Backg ound
Fo eign s uden s s udying business subjec s a English-speaking uni e si ies
ely hea ily on hei abili y o ead and ully comp ehend a a ie y o
business cou se books and o he ma e ials in he ield. Be o e s a ing
business cou ses a uni e si ies, hese o eign s uden s usually ha e li le o
no aining in Business English speci ically o in English o Academic
Pu poses (EAP) in gene al. An example is gi en by Tschi ne (2004) who
conduc ed a s udy wi h s uden s in seconda y schools in Sachsen, Ge many,
and ound ha e en hough he s uden s had been s udying English o mo e
han eigh yea s hey did no necessa ily mee he ocabula y h esholds
equi ed o unde s anding academic ex s. Ano he case is men ioned by
Nu weni and Read (1999) who conduc ed a s udy on how many wo ds i s -
yea s uden s o an Indonesian uni e si y knew. The esul s showed ha he
s uden s knew 986 wo ds ou o he Gene al Se ice Lis ’s (GSL) (Wes ,
1953) 2,000 wo ds, and 240 ou o he Uni e si y Wo d Lis ’s (UWL) (Xue
and Na ion, 1984) 800 wo ds, making a o al o 1,226 wo ds. This, howe e ,
was much less han he 4,000 wo ds which we e p esc ibed by he na ional
cu iculum o high school. S uden s who ha e inadequa e o no aining
will, soone o la e , ind hemsel es acing di icul ies when hey ha e o
C ea ing a business wo d lis o … 81
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
cope wi h specialis ex s. Reading comp ehension, consequen ly, becomes a
de e mining ac o o hei success.
1.1. Reading Comp ehension and Vocabula y
S uden s’ eading comp ehension abili ies a e la gely a ec ed by hei
lexical le el. Lau e and Sim (1985a), o example, while in es iga ing how
s uden s wi h pa ial linguis ic knowledge in e p e a ex , concluded ha
lea ne s need mainly a s ong ocabula y base in o de o use con ex ual
clues e ec i ely. In ano he s udy, Lau e and Sim (1985b) showed ha in
hei e o o unde s and ex s lea ne s elied i s ly on wo d meaning, hen
on subjec knowledge, and las o all on syn ax. In hei esea ch, Ulijn and
S o he (1990) sugges ha eading depends chie ly on unde s anding he
meaning o he ex ’s wo ds and i s subjec ma e . Lau e (1992b) conduc ed
a s udy in o de o ind ou whe he he lea ne s’ gene al academic abili y o
hei lexical le el is a be e p edic o o eading in L2, and he esul s
indica ed ha i is hei lexical le el. Finally, Haynes and Bake (1993), in an
expe imen wi h college s uden s on a ex ha included bo h linguis ic and
non-linguis ic lexical amilia isa ions, concluded ha L2 eade s need no
only be e eading s a egies bu also g ea e ocabula y knowledge o
comp ehension. Vocabula y, he e o e, appea s o be he basic aspec in
unde s anding a ex .
Fo eign s uden s p epa ing o uni e si y le el s udies in business
can be no excep ion o he abo e conclusions; hey need adequa e
ocabula y in o de o be able o unde s and and cope wi h hei business
cou se books. Bu how much ocabula y is exac ly necessa y o hem o
achie e success ul comp ehension?
1.2. Vocabula y Size
Lau e (1989) a emp ed o de e mine wha he minimum lexical co e age
o comp ehension o au hen ic ex s is. She ound in he s udy ha he
s uden s who could unde s and 95% o he wo ds in he ex she used o
82 Nikolaos Kons an akis
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
analysis sco ed 55% and abo e on a eading comp ehension es , which was
an accep able sco e o he expe imen . In a u he s udy (Lau e , 1992a),
she ied o asce ain his ime wha ocabula y size is equi ed by lea ne s o
achie e an accep able sco e in a eading comp ehension es . The esul s
showed ha a ocabula y size o 3,000 wo d amilies – o 4,800 lexical
i ems – p edic s a minimum eading comp ehension es esul o 56%, again
an accep able sco e. The wo s udies he e o e sugges ha a lexical
co e age o 95% in a ex , o knowledge o a ocabula y o 3,000 wo d
amilies, is he much desi ed h eshold o lea ne s o be able o achie e
sa is ac o y eading comp ehension. Howe e , Hi sh and Na ion (1992), in a
s udy conduc ed using h ee no els in ended o younge eade s, ha e
sugges ed ha a co e age o 98% is he desi able le el o pleasu able
eading. Hu and Na ion (2000), using ou di e en le els o co e age o a
ic ion ex which was es ed on lea ne s, p oduced esul s which showed
ha a he 95% le el some lea ne s achie ed adequa e comp ehension bu
he majo i y did no . They also concluded ha lea ne s would need o know
98% o he unning wo ds o he ex in o de o be able o ead o pleasu e,
which suppo s he 98% co e age claim made ea lie by Hi sh and Na ion.
Wha kind o wo ds, howe e , mus be augh and lea ned in o de o
achie e ei he o he abo e pe cen ages? The mos equen wo ds in English
is a i s answe . These a e wo ds ha make up he co e ocabula y ha is
used in all kinds o ex s. A collec ion o such wo ds is he GSL. Since he
p esen s udy has p ospec i e uni e si y s uden s o business as i s a ge
g oup, an addi ional numbe o wo ds which a e ound in academic ex s is a
necessa y supplemen . These can be ound in he Academic Wo d Lis
(AWL).
1.3. The GSL and he AWL
The GSL is a lis de eloped by Wes (1953) om a co pus o 5 million
wo ds and i is based on wo d coun s ca ied ou in he 1930s. I con ains
abou 2,000 headwo ds mainly chosen on he basis o equency (Na ion and
Wa ing, 1997). These 2,000 headwo ds a e high equency wo ds and hey
C ea ing a business wo d lis o … 83
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
con ain mos o he 176 unc ion wo ds o English (Coxhead and Na ion,
2001).
The AWL was de eloped ai ly ecen ly by Coxhead (2000) om
he Academic Co pus. This is a co pus o 3.5 million unning wo ds which
Coxhead compiled and i consis s o ex s om ou subco po a which a e
ep esen a i e o academic subjec s, i.e. A s, Comme ce, Law, and Science.
The lis con ains 570 headwo ds ha ha e been expanded o wo d amilies
acco ding o he wo d amily de ini ion o Baue and Na ion (1993), up o
and including le el 6. These a e wo ds which a e no included in he GSL.
1.4. Validi y o he GSL and he AWL
A ques ion which eadily comes o mind a his poin is o wha ex end he
GSL and he AWL a e alid. Na ion (2004) conduc ed a e y in e es ing
s udy o his end in which he compa ed he GSL and he AWL wi h h ee
equency lis s he compiled om he BNC. Rega ding he GSL, numbe s,
days o he week and mon hs o he yea we e no included in he o iginal lis
bu we e added by Na ion o he pu poses o his s udy. The headwo ds we e
expanded o wo d amilies using he wo d amily de ini ion acco ding o
Baue and Na ion (1993), up o and including le el 6. As a esul , he 2,000
headwo ds we e educed o 1,986 headwo ds in he end. Added o hese
we e he 570 wo d amilies om he AWL, making a o al o 2,556
headwo ds o wo d amilies. As o he BNC lis s, he named he i s lis
BNC 1000 because i con ains he 1,000 mos equen wo ds om he BNC,
he second lis BNC 2,000, and he hi d one BNC 3,000. I mus be no ed
ha he BNC lis s con ained 444 mo e wo d amilies (3,000 in o al) han he
combined GSL and AWL.
These wo lis g oups we e es ed on ou di e en co po a in o de
o ind he co e age hey p o ide. The esul s showed ha he BNC lis s
p o ide only a sligh ly be e co e age anging om 0.9% o 2%. These
indings a e sound indica ion ha he GSL and he AWL a e ex emely alid,
mos su p isingly gi en he da e he GSL was de eloped.

84 Nikolaos Kons an akis
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
1.5. How Much Co e age Do he GSL and he AWL P o ide?
Na ion and Wa ing (1997), based on a numbe o p e ious s udies, epo
ha he GSL p o ided a co e age o 78% o 92% in a ious kinds o w i en
ex s, gi ing an a e age o 82%. The AWL on he o he hand gi es a
co e age o 10% in he Academic Co pus (Coxhead, 2000). Bu when es ed
on he ou subco po a o he Academic Co pus indi idually, i.e. A s,
Comme ce, Law, and Science, i gi es a su p ising 12% o he comme ce
subco pus and 9.0% o 9.4% o he o he h ee academic a eas (Coxhead,
2002). As Coxhead igh ly ema ks (2002), he AWL bene i s he comme ce
s uden s mo e han he o he s. The eal po en ial o he lis s, howe e , can be
seen when hese wo a e used oge he . When he GSL is combined wi h he
AWL, hey p o ide a co e age o 88.8% o he comme ce subco pus in he
Academic Co pus, he highes in all ou academic subjec s (Coxhead,
2002). When es ed on he whole Academic Co pus, i.e. all subco po a
included (3.5 million wo ds), he wo lis s gi e 86.1% (Coxhead , 2000).
Also, Na ion (2004) epo s ha when he es ed he GSL and he AWL on
ou o he co po a, he wo lis s combined p o ided a co e age o 85.5% o
91.4%.
The abo e esul s he e o e s ongly indica e ha knowledge o hese
wo wo d lis s could p o ide a e y sa is ac o y basis o eading
comp ehension. These lis s a e a sho -cu o e icien comp ehension
because hey a e he mos impo an wo ds ha s uden s need o know o
cope wi h uni e si y ex s.
2. Aims
The aims se o he p esen s udy a e, he e o e, he ollowing:
1. To asce ain whe he he GSL and AWL combined can p o ide a
pe cen age o lexical co e age in business ex s ha eaches 95%.
2. I he wo lis s do no p o ide a 95% co e age, o a emp o c ea e a new
lis made speci ically o business- ela ed wo ds.
C ea ing a business wo d lis o … 85
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
As has been poin ed ou ea lie , wo pe cen ages ha e been
sugges ed ega ding he h eshold o success ul eading comp ehension:
95% and 98%. Howe e , he 95% was chosen as he aim because i is he
minimum lexical le el equi ed o comp ehension, and also because i was
de e mined using academic ex s, and his esea ch add esses p ospec i e
uni e si y s uden s o business.
3. Me hodology
3.1. The Co pus
Fo he p esen s udy, he Published Ma e ial Co pus (PMC) compiled by
Nelson (2000) was chosen. I con ains abou 600,000 wo ds and i is made
up o ex s coming om 33 Business English cou se books selec ed o e a
pe iod o en yea s (1986-1996). These cou se books we e selec ed
acco ding o a popula i y c i e ion since i was conside ed impo an ha he
co pus e lec ed he ac ual books ha Business English eache s and s uden s
use. I was upon his c i e ion ha he pa icula co pus was chosen because
i ep esen s wha he s uden s o Business English we e ac ually augh .
3.2. The So wa e Tool
The so wa e used o he pu poses o his s udy is RANGE (Hea ley,
Na ion, & Coxhead, 2002). This so wa e uses he GSL and he AWL as
iles. The wo ds in bo h lis s a e expanded in o hei wo d amilies. The GSL
is di ided in o wo iles, one con aining he i s 1,000 mos common wo ds
and ano he ile con aining he second 1,000 mos common wo ds. The
wo ds o he AWL a e all in a hi d ile. The use can load one o mo e ex s
and he p og am will compa e he ex (s) agains hese wo d lis s. The
ou come o co e age is p esen ed in pe cen ages o each lis . The wo ds ha
a e no ound in any o hese lis s a e also p o ided. One o he e y use ul
ea u es o he so wa e is ha i can also so he wo ds in alphabe ical o de
and in o de o ange o equency.
86 Nikolaos Kons an akis
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
3.3. P ocedu e
The i s aim o he s udy was o e i y whe he he GSL and he AWL
would p o ide a pe cen age in co e age o he PMC close o he 90%
which, as men ioned abo e, is cha ac e is ically he s anda d pe cen age ha
hese wo lis s p o ide, o 95% o co e he business ocabula y as well. I
he co e age p o ed o be 95%, i would mean ha he GSL and he AWL
wo ds would be enough o p ospec i e s uden s o business o know. I ,
howe e , i p o ed o be 90%, hen a Business Wo d Lis (BWL) would ha e
o be de eloped in o de o co e he gap. To ha end, he PMC was un in
RANGE and he esul s a e p esen ed in Table 1:
1k 80.26%
2k 5.46%
AWL 4.66%
TOTAL 90.38%
Table 1: Pe cen age o co e age o he PMC
The esul s showed ha he GSL and he AWL wo ds co e a li le
mo e han 90% in he PMC, so he combina ion o he wo wo d lis s is no
enough o each 95%. This esul p o ided an answe o he i s aim o his
esea ch. I also mean ha a BWL would ha e o be c ea ed o each a 95%
co e age. Howe e , he pe cen age he BWL ac ually needed o co e in
o de o each 95% was only abou 5%, since mo e han 90% was al eady
co e ed by he wo ds o he GSL and he AWL.
The nex s ep was o so he wo ds o he co pus no belonging o
he GSL and he AWL as his was he pool om which he wo ds o he
BWL would come om. I was decided o s a wi h he wo ds ha ha e a
C ea ing a business wo d lis o … 87
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
high ange o occu ence in he co pus. Fo he PMC, ange ep esen s he 33
cou se books ha make up he co pus, and, consequen ly, a limi had o be
se . I was decided ha wo ds ha did no appea in less han i e cou se
books we e no eligible.
The ollowing s ep was o ake he selec ed wo ds h ough a p ocess
o clea ing. Du ing his s age, all p ope names, nume icals, La in wo ds,
na ionali ies, ac onyms, and in e jec ions we e aken ou . These a e wo ds
which a e conside ed known o wi h e y low lea ning bu den. This is a
p ocedu e ha Coxhead (2000) has also ollowed o he AWL. Ano he
ca ego y ha had o be aken ou was abb e ia ions. This was a di icul ask
since, apa om abb e ia ions like Co ( o Company) o L d ( o Limi ed),
he e we e a numbe o o he s ha al hough s ic ly speaking hey a e
abb e ia ions, hey a e pa o e e yday ocabula y and accep ed nowadays
as such. Examples a e TV, CV, memo, and ad. The c i e ion o abb e ia ion
was s ic ly imposed and such wo ds we e also aken ou . The emaining
wo ds we e hen expanded o hei wo d amilies acco ding o Baue and
Na ion (1993), up o and including le el 6, and ha p oduced a lis o 480
headwo ds. These comp ised he i s e sion o he BWL which had o be
es ed now o co e age. They we e sa ed and added o RANGE as a ou h
lis . The PMC was un again in RANGE; his ime i checked he co pus’s
wo ds agains he GSL, he AWL, and he newly de eloped BWL. The
esul s a e p esen ed in Table 2.
1k 80.26%
2k 5.46%
AWL 4.66%
BWL 2.55%
TOTAL 92.93%
Table 2: Pe cen age o co e age including he BWL
94 Nikolaos Kons an akis
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
1k 80.26%
2k 5.46%
AWL 4.66%
BWL 2.80%
Ac onyms/Abb e ia ions 0.30%
P ope names and Na ionali ies 2.18%
NEW TOTAL 95.65%
Table 6: Pe cen age co e age including p ope names and na ionali ies
5. Conclusion and Fu u e Resea ch
S uden s p epa ing o uni e si y business subjec s need o be ained wi h
echnical ocabula y ha will help hem cope wi h he ex s o hei
uni e si y cou se books. A co pus wi h ex s om Business English cou se
books was used in o de o ind his equi ed echnical ocabula y. As a
esul , a Business Wo d Lis was de eloped using a se o selec ion c i e ia.
When his lis is added o he GSL and he AWL, hey all p o ide a
pe cen age o 93.47%. This lis includes he ac onyms and abb e ia ions
which a e so necessa y o e ec i e comp ehension o business ex s.
Assuming also ha s uden s ha e ela i ely no di icul y in iden i ying
p ope names and na ionali ies, he ac ual comp ehension co e age eaches
95.65%. This pe cen age goes sligh ly beyond he 95% se by Lau e ’s
(1989) s udy o success ul comp ehension in academic ex s, and ha was
one o he aims o his s udy. Wha his means in p ac ice is ha s uden s,
p o ided hey al eady know he wo ds belonging o he GSL and he AWL,
will be in an ad an ageous posi ion o achie e g ea e comp ehension
ega ding business ex s, once hey also acqui e he wo ds coming om he
BWL.

C ea ing a business wo d lis o … 95
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
A possible way o aise he co e age pe cen age o he Business
Wo d Lis e en mo e would be o lowe he ange and equency c i e ia. I
he limi goes u he down, i.e. less han 5 o ange (which means including
wo ds which appea in less han i e Business English cou se books) and
less han 10 o equency (include wo ds which occu less han en imes in
he whole co pus), hen a conside able numbe o wo ds will be added o he
al eady de eloped BWL, possibly con ibu ing an e en g ea e pe cen age o
co e age. The ques ion, howe e , is exac ly how use ul wo ds o equency
o 3, o example, can be.
The p esen BWL mus be es ed wi h s uden s. A s udy explo ing
whe he his BWL is enough o s uden s o achie e sa is ac o y esul s in
ac ual eading comp ehension es s o business ex s is essen ial, and will
e i y he alidi y o he lis . In he u u e, a s udy using ano he co pus may
yield a highe pe cen age o co e age. This o he co pus may be made up o
ex s coming om ac ual uni e si y business cou se books, and no om
Business English cou se books, as was he one used o he p esen s udy.
This way a mo e ep esen a i e lis will be de eloped and hope ully se e as
a e y e ec i e ma e ial o be augh o p ospec i e s uden s o business.
96 Nikolaos Kons an akis
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
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Appendix
Business Wo d Lis
abo e-men ioned
accesso ies
acid
ad e se
ae ospace
a e -sales
agenda
agg essi e
ai c a
ai line
ai po
ai ways
ala m
alliance
amazing
announced
an ispy
an i- he
appeal
appliances
app aisal
ap i ude
assemble s
asse
in-dep h
in la ion
ing edien s
inhabi an s
in-house
injec ion
insis
ins all
insu e s
in e iew
i e ocable
jacke
jeans
junc ion
junio
keen
keyboa d
kids
know-how
labo a o ies
lading
lamb
lane
la ge-scale
axa ion
eamwo k
echnicians
echnologies
elecommunica ions
ele ax
ele ision
elex
ennis
e i ic
e i o y
ex iles
he
p awns
p e e ably
p emises
p emium
p esen a ions
p es ige
p e- ax
p ice-lis
p in e
p ocesso
p o esso
C ea ing a business wo d lis o … 99
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
a mosphe e
audi
au ho ised
au omo i e
au onomy
awa d
aw ul
bank up
ba ie s
ba e y
beach
bee
be o ehand
be
bid
champagne
cha e
cha
check-in
chemis
chocola e
ciga e e
cinema
ci cui
ci cula ed
clea ance
cle ical
clien
clima e
coach
cock ail
cocoa
column
comme cials
compac
compe en
compe i o
comp omise
conce
conc e e
con iden ial
conglome a e
conjunc ion
cons
consignmen
con inen al
launch
layou
lea le
leasing
le -hand
leisu e
lemonade
liabili y
lieu
li es yle
in en o y
in oice
li e ally
logo
long- e m
lounge
luc a i e
luggage
lunch ime
luxu y
madam
magazine
e-enginee ing
e e ence
e und
emi ance
emo e
emune a ion
en al
eso
esume
e ail
idiculous
isen
obo s
ocke
manage ial
manpowe
ma ine
ma i al
ma ke place
ma k-up
massi e
ma e ni y
medium-sized
medium- e m
p o ile
p o i abili y
p omo ional
p one
p oposi ion
p o ec ionis
p o o ype
p o isional
pub
que ies
ques ionnai e
adius
ally
a ings
ecall
ecep ion
ecession
ecipe
eckon
ec ui
ecycled
edesign
edundancy
esacked
salad
salesman
sandwich
sa elli e
sco e
sc ap
seasonal
sec e a ial
sel -employed
semina
senio
session
se back
se -up
shampoo
sha eholde
shippe
sho lis
sho - e m
si s
si e-sha ing
ski

100 Nikolaos Kons an akis
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
con eyo
cope
co esponden
cosme ics
cos -e ec i e
coun e
coun e pa s
coun y
c ane
c a es
c azy
c edibili y
a - eaching
ax
easible
eed
eedback
es i al
iscal
i ings
lexi ime
luen
luo escen
ollow-up
oo hold
o ecas
o emos
o nigh
agile
anchise
eigh
inge
uel
ul il
ull- ime
gamble
ga men s
ga eau
gea
elec onic
emba assing
emo ional
engaged
enqui ies
en e p ise
en husiasm
memo andum
menu
me chandise
me ge
mess
me opoli an
misunde s ood
mobile
modem
mone a y
mo ale
mo gage
mo o way
mo ie
mul ina ional
museum
na ionali y
nego ia e
ne ous
niche
no i y
nu shell
objec i es
obliged
obs acle
old- ashioned
on-boa d
ope a
opposi ion
op imis ic
o ganise
ou doo
ou le s
ou se
o e d a
o e head
o e nigh
o e ime
o e iew
pace
packaging
palace
panic
pape wo k
pa
pa - ime
slice
slump
sma
so wa e
sophis ica ed
specialising
spec acula
spicy
spokesman
sponso ship
squash
s a ing
s ake
s a e s
s a -up
s a e-o - he-a
s a ic
s a ione y
s e eo
s e ling
s imula ing
s o age
s ain
s eng hs
ick
iles
iming
iny
oken
one
one
onnes
ou ism
a ic
ainee
ai s
ansac ion
a elle
emendous
olley
uck
umble
unnel
u no e
unde g ound
unexpec ed
C ea ing a business wo d lis o … 101
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
en i led
en ep eneu ial
equi y
execu i e
exhibi o s
expendi u e
ab ic
ai s
ake
an as ic
genuine
geog aphical
gian
gin
glance
gol
goods
goodwill
g adua e
g aph
g oce s
g oss
gul
guy
hal
ham
ha dwa e
ha d-wo king
headaches
headhun e
headqua e s
heigh
holdings
homemake s
homewo k
hope ully
hospi ali y
hos ile
household
huge
humou
impo
imp essed
incon enience
incu ed
passpo
pas a
pa en
payable
peak
pee
penal y
pence
pension
pe sonali y
pe sonnel
pe ol
pha maceu ical
pho ocopy
ph ases
pie
pizza
plane
plas ic
pla o m
po
po able
po olio
pos age
po a oes
po e ies
o a ion
ou ine
umou s
s udio
subsidia ies
sui e
supe
supe io
supe ma ke
supe ision
su plus
swap
swi ch
ackle
ac ics
akeo e
alen
ank
a i s
upda e
upg ade
up- o-da e
up u n
u gen
acancies
aca ion
as
ege ables
ege a ian
en u e
enue
e ical
iable
ice
ice-p esiden
ideo
iewpoin
i al
walkman
wa ehouse
waybill
weake
well-known
wha soe e
whisky
wholesale
wi hd aw
wo k o ce
wo kplace
wo kshop
wo ldwide
wo hwhile
yach
yen
zone
102 Nikolaos Kons an akis
ELIA 7, 2007, pp. 79-102
Abb e ia ions Lis
Ab
Ad
Ad e
Ag
AGM
Asap
Asn
A n
Au o
B os
Cc
CD
CEO
Ci
Co
Co p
CV
Del
Dep
DTI
EC
F -Se EEC
Enc
Encl
F
GATT
Gdp
Gmbh
GNP
Hi-Fi
Inc
L d
MBA
MD
Memo
PA
PC
Plc
Pp
P
P y
Recap
Re
Reg
Rep
Sa
Tel
Telecom
TV
USD
VAT
Recei ed 15 June 2007: Re ised e sion ecei ed 1 Oc obe 2007