101
G ow h, phenology and ui se o P unus a meniaca L.
(c . Nin a) g a ed on wo oo s ocks in o ganic
and con en ional managemen
L.F. Pé ez-Rome o, F.T. A oyo, C. San ama ía, J.F. He encia, A. Daza
IFAPA Cen o “Las To es-Tomejil”, Se illa, Spain
Abs ac
Pé ez-Rome o L.F., A oyo F.T., San ama ía C., He encia J.F., Daza A., 2014. G ow h, phenology and ui
se o P unus a meniaca L. (c . Nin a) g a ed on wo oo s ocks in o ganic and con en ional managemen .
Ho . Sci. (P ague), 41: 101–106.
T ee g ow h, lowe ing, yield and ui quali y o P unus a meniaca L. c . Nin a g a ed on peach c . Nemagua d [P unus
pe sica (L.) Ba sch] and c . Real Fino ap ico (P unus a meniaca L.) as oo s ocks we e analysed in expe imen al o cha d
unde o ganic and con en ional managemen sys ems. The s udy was pe o med du ing 2012–2013 in he p o ince o
Se ille (SW Spain). C . Nemagua d oo s ock had la ge c oss-sec ional a eas o he unk (TCSA), highe yields, began
lowe ing ea lie and las ed 2–4 days mo e. The o ganic managemen esul ed in lowe alues o TCSA and yield, and
lowe ing was delayed and sho ened. O e all, c . Nemagua d oo s ock p oduced sligh ly la ge ui in size and hea ie
weigh . In con as , ap ico s om c . Real Fino had sligh ly highe soluble solid concen a ion. Acidi y and ma u i y
index we e simila , while colou and i mness showed high a iabili y. In gene al, he o ganic sys em p oduced ui
wi h soluble solid concen a ion somewha highe . In summa y, in bo h ypes o managemen c . Nemagua d wo ked
be e han c . Real Fino in e ms o ee igou , ui yield and bloom pe iod.
Keywo ds: ap ico ; ui quali y; yield; ee g ow h; lowe ing
Ap ico (P unus a meniaca L.) is he second mos
impo an species wi hin s one ui in Spain, al-
hough a behind he peach. Spain and I aly a e he
la ges p oduce s in he Eu opean Union; he su -
ace in Spain, a ound 25,000 ha, is mos ly loca ed in
he egions o Mu cia (o e 50%) and Valencia (25%)
while in o he a eas o Spain he su ace is smalle .
In Andalusia, a la ge egion wi h signi ican p oduc-
ion o s one ui , he e a e ba ely 150 ha o ap ico
cul u e. S ill he e is no su plus cul i a ion in he
Eu opean Union, wi h in e es ing possibili ies o
u u e expansion. In Spain he e a e wo impo an
limi a ions o ap ico c op expansion: i s , Sha ka
disease, caused by he Plum pox i us, which was
o ced o boo mo e han one million o a ec ed
ees (Badenes e al. 2004) and, secondly, he la ge
swings o p oduc ion p oblems p esen ed by mos
o cul i a s when hey mo e om one egion o an-
o he (Layne e al. 1996). I is known ha many o
hese issues s em om p oblems o sel -incompa i-
bili y and o he aspec s o he lo al biology o his
species, which is also e y sensi i e o wea he con-
di ions (Bu gos e al. 2004; Rod igo, Ho maza
2005). The e o e, p oduc ions a e cen ed in e y
ew cul i a s, pa icula ly c . Búlida (Mu cia) and
c . Canino (Valencia). Al hough b eeding p og ams
Suppo ed by he Andalusian Ins i u e o Ag icul u al, Fishe ies, Ag i ood and O ganic P oduc ion Resea ch and T aining,
P ojec No. EI.TRA.TRA201300.4 and by he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund.
Ho . Sci. (P ague) Vol. 41, 2014, No. 3: 101–106
102
and s udies o cul i a adap a ion ha e been going
on o se e al yea s, he e is s ill a long way o go in
his ega d (Albu que que e al. 2002; Badenes,
Lláce 2006; Mila o ić e al. 2013).
Roo s ocks a e essen ial o op imize he ancho -
age o he g ound, o in ake o wa e and nu ien s,
o esis o ole a e soil pa hogens and may also a -
ec o he ees and ui cha ac e is ics such as ig-
ou , lowe ing, ui size o suga con en , among
o he s (He nández e al. 2010; Milose ic e al.
2011; Si a ek, Ba osiewicz 2011). Roo s ocks
may also signi ican ly de e mine he esponse o
o ganic a ming sys em in which e iliza ion is
based solely on he inpu o o ganic e ilize s, es-
pecially manu e and g oundco e s wi h legumes.
A ew yea s ago, in an expe imen al o cha d es-
ablished in he sou h o Spain i was p elimina y
obse ed ha he ap ico c . Nin a (Oua di × Ti yn-
o, Uni e si y o Bologna, 1981) could ha e a good
ag onomic pe o mance in he egion. Cha ac-
e is ics such as ea ly ipening and good yield o
his cul i a (So ile e al. 2006; Lo Bianco e al.
2010) sugges ha i could be o in e es in a eas
sui able o ea ly p oduc ion such as Andalusia.
In he p esen wo k, he beha iou o his cul i a ,
g a ed on wo di e en oo s ocks was e alua ed
and subjec ed o con en ional o o ganic ag icul-
u al managemen . Da a on ee igou , lowe ing,
ui yield and quali y a e shown.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Plan ma e ial and ial cha ac e is ics. P u-
nus a meniaca L. c . Nin a g a ed on peach c .
Nemagua d [P. da idiana (Ca .) F anch × P. pe -
sica (L.) Ba sh.] and c . Real Fino ap ico seedling
(P. a meniaca L.) was used in his wo k. All he
ees we e plan ed in Janua y 2009 as ba e oo
one-yea -old ees g a ed on o bo h oo s ocks.
The s udy was conduc ed du ing 2012–2013 in wo
simila expe imen al plo s loca ed a he IFAPA
Cen o “Las To es-Tomejil” in he p o ince o Se-
ille in he Guadalqui i Ri e Valley (SW Spain)
(37°30'48''N; 5°57'46''W). In bo h o cha ds, he ex-
pe imen was designed as andomised block design
wi h h ee eplica ions, each con aining 6 ees o
c . Nin a cul i a on each oo s ock. The plo s,
150m apa o a oid in e e ence in he di e en
managemen sys ems, we e loca ed a an al i ude o
11 m a.s.l. on a loam soil classi ied as a Xe o lu en
(Baillie 1999). Each expe imen al plo was sub-
jec ed o wo di e en ypes o managemen , o -
ganic e sus con en ional managemen . The egion
has a Type C Medi e anean clima e, acco ding o
he Köppen classi ica ion (Peel e al. 2007).
Fe iliza ion and o he majo ield wo ks in bo h
o cha ds. Fe iliza ion in he o ganic plo was applied
annually wi h animal manu e a a dose o 3 kg/m2,
ep esen ing an app oxima e inpu o 140 uni s o
ni ogen (N), 40 o phospho us (P) and 148 o po-
assium (K). Fu he mo e, g een co e s o beans and
oa s + e ch, al e na i ely each yea , we e sown in
No embe and bu ied in Feb ua y. The con en ional
plo ecei ed applica ions o mine al e ilize s, in-
cluding complex o mula ions (11:11:11), ammoni-
um ni a e and po assium sulpha e o 150uni s o
N, 55 o P and 150 o K. Bo h o cha ds we e simi-
la ly i iga ed by g a i y along wo ows pa allel o
he line o ees du ing he d y season. Each yea ,
depending on clima ic condi ions, om 5 o 8 i iga-
ions we e applied (350,000l/ha each). Land man-
agemen consis ed o educed illage. The plan ing
amewo k was 4m be ween ees and 5 m be ween
ows. The ees we e p uned o a essel sys em, and
ca e was aken o keep hem a a simila heigh and
wid h on bo h ypes o oo s ock. The di e en pes
and disease ea men s in each plo we e adjus ed o
egula ions in in eg a ed p oduc ion (Real Dec e o
1201/2002 and Dec e o 245/2003) and in o ganic
a ming (Council Regula ion, ECC 2992/91 and
Council Regula ion, EC 834/2007).
T ee g ow h and yield. G ow h and igou o
he ees we e e alua ed a he end o he g ow-
ing season in No embe 2012 and 2013 calcula ing
he c oss-sec ion a ea o he unk (TCSA) 20cm
abo e he g a (Layne 1994; Lepsis, Blanke
2006). The p oduc ion was calcula ed aking in o
accoun he o al ui collec ed in all he ees on
each oo s ock.
Flowe ing. Fo lowe ing s udies, da a we e ak-
en om nine ees pe oo s ock (3 pe block) and
ea men . Acco ding o he BBCH scale (Hack e
al. 1992), he ollowing phenological pe iods we e
aken: opening o he i s lowe s, ull lowe ing
(> 50% lowe s open), end o lowe ing (all pe als
allen), and also he du a ion o lowe ing.
F ui analysis. Twen y ou ui s we e collec ed
om each o he six ees, ui s we e picked om 1 o
2 m heigh and om each o he ou ca dinal poin s o
a oid ui posi ion e ec (Taylo e al. 1993). Eigh een
ap ico s we e andomly aken om each ba ch and we e
p ocessed o quali y analysis. Thei size was de e -
mined using a digi al slide gauge Mi u oyo CD-15CR
Vol. 41, 2014, No. 3: 101–106 Ho . Sci. (P ague)
103
(Mi u oyo Ame ica Co p., Au o a, USA). Following
he e minology p oposed by Cailla e and Sou y
(1950), pola (∅P), su u e (∅S) and equa o ial (∅E)
diame e s we e measu ed and ans o med o he pa-
ame e denomina ed “size” de ined as (∅P + ∅S +
∅E)/3. F ui weigh was de e mined using a digi al
scale Ohaus TP2000 (Ohaus Co p., Pa sippany, USA).
F ui colou pa ame e s L*, a* and b* we e measu ed
wi h a Minol a colo ime e CR-300 (Minol a Co.,
L d., Osaka, Japan). Soluble solid concen a ion (°Bx)
was de e mined using an ATAGO PR-101 digi al e-
ac ome e (ATAGO Co. L d., Tokyo, Japan). Ti a -
able acidi y was de e mined on h ee juice samples
(6 ap ico s each), dilu ed in dis illed wa e , and mi-
c o i a ed wi h NaOH 0.1N. The ipeness index was
calcula ed as he a io o solid soluble concen a ion/
acidi y. F ui i mness was es ed wi h a pene ome e
53205 (T. R. Tu oni s l, Fo li, I aly).
S a is ical analysis. S a is ical analyses we e
pe o med using he S a is ix so wa e ( e s. 9.0;
NH Analy ical So wa e, Tallahassee, USA). Sin-
gle analysis o a iance was used o analyse all he
expe imen al da a. Resul s we e exp essed a he
P<0.05 le el o signi icance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
T ee g ow h and yield
In 2012 and 2013 he TCSA alues we e signi i-
can ly highe o c . Nemagua d oo s ock in bo h
ypes o managemen (Table 1). In addi ion, o
each oo s ock, alues we e always highe in he
con en ional managemen , wi h signi ican di e -
ences o c . Nemagua d. Simila esul s we e ob-
se ed wi h espec o ui yield, con i ming he
highe pe o mance on oo s ock c . Nemagua d,
and being highe in he con en ionally managed
sys em o bo h oo s ocks. In addi ion, he oo
sys em was e alua ed and a highe numbe and
la ge oo s o c . Nemagua d we e ound (da a
no shown). As p elimina y conclusion, i seems
clea ha in he sou h o Spain, and wi h his ype
o soil, c . Nemagua d has be e ancho age and
highe ee de elopmen han c . Real Fino, which
also esul s in highe yields. Highe ee igou and
yields we e ound in con en ionally managed sys-
ems compa ed o he o ganic ones; i is almos a
cons an , no only o ui o cha ds, bu also o
mos ege ables and ce eals c ops (De Pon i e al.
2011; Daza e al. 2012). F ui p oduc ion was high-
e in 2012, p obably due o he high humidi y and
ainy wea he egis e ed along he lowe ing pe iod
in 2013 ha made di icul ui se ing.
Flowe ing
Ag oclima ic condi ions egis e ed in he zone du -
ing lowe ing and ui se a e shown in Fig. 1 and
lowe ing pe iods in 2012 and 2013 a e shown in
Fig.2. In 2012, his pe iod was 1–2 days longe o c .
Nemagua d and also one (c . Real Fino) o wo days
(c . Nemagua d) longe in he con en ionally man-
aged o cha d. In 2013, c . Nemagua d had a lowe -
ing pe iod 4–5 days longe han c . Real Fino; ye , i
was obse ed ha o bo h oo s ocks his pe iod was
2–3 days longe in he con en ionally managed sys-
em. Mo eo e , i was ound ha lowe ing was ini i-
a ed 1–2 days ea lie o bo h oo s ocks in he con-
en ional managemen , al hough c . Nemagua d was
1–2 days ahead compa ed o c . Real Fino. The mean
du a ion o he lowe ing pe iod was conside ably
Table 1. T unk c oss-sec ional a eas (TCSA), ui yield, ui size and weigh o c . Nin a g a ed on o c s Nemagua d
(Nem) and Real Fino (RF) om o ganic (O) o con en ionally (C) managed o cha ds in 2012 and 2013
2012 2013 2012 2013
Nem RF Nem RF Nem RF Nem RF
TCSA (cm2)Yield (kg/ ee)
O112.16a 70.12b131.91a84.06b7.74a1.12b3.74a0.96b
C*182.57a74.78b*214.56a98.15b*32.56a*17.09b8.12a3.87a
Size (cm) Weigh (g)
O*48.22a45.53b45.03a44.06a*65.21a49.63b54.44a49.23a
C45.31a43.89b44.29a43.52a52.64a50.03a51.64a47.89a
a,bin ows indica e signi ican di e ence be ween oo s ocks o each ype o managemen , pa ame e and yea ; *in col-
umns indica es signi ican di e ences be ween managemen sys ems a P < 0.05
Ho . Sci. (P ague) Vol. 41, 2014, No. 3: 101–106
104
highe in 2013 (26.75 days) han in 2012 (11.75days).
This sho e and mo e in ense lowe ing pe iod in
2012 was p obably due o he highe numbe o chill-
ing uni s du ing he win e o 2011/2012 (849 h be-
low 7°C) compa ed wi h 2012/2013 (670 h below
7°C). The highe ee igou could be co ela ed wi h
ea lie and longe lowe ing showed by oo s ock c .
Nemagua d, as p e iously discussed. This may be an
impo an ac o o conside o species wi h polli-
na ion di icul ies such as ap ico . Mo eo e , a sligh
delay and sho ening o lowe ing in o ganic sys ems
o e con en ional was also p e iously obse ed in
Japanese plum o cha ds (A oyo e al. 2013). In
summa y, he phenological s udies con i med ha c .
Nemagua d beha es be e han c . Real Fino.
F ui quali y
Wi h ega d o ui size, ees g a ed on c .
Nemagua d p oduced ui sligh ly la ge in all cas-
es bu only wi h a signi ican di e ence in 2012, o
bo h o ganic and con en ional managemen (Ta-
ble1). Consequen ly, ui weigh s we e also bigge
on c . Nemagua d, bu showing a signi ican di e -
ence only in he o ganic plo in 2012. A sligh de-
c ease o bo h pa ame e s o bo h oo s ocks was
obse ed om 2012 o 2013.
In ui colou o ap ico s he pa ame e s a* and
b* could be a good e e ence, so lowe alues o
bo h pa ame e s a e in e p e ed as mo e o ange.
O e all, a g ea a iabili y o da a was obse ed,
Fig. 2. Flowe ing pe iod o c . Nin a g a ed on o c s Nemagua d (Nem) and Real Fino (RF) in bo h ypes o manage-
men in 2012 and 2013
numbe s o he igh o he ba s indica e he du a ion o he lowe ing pe iod con en ional; o ganic and ¤ ull bloom
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
20
40
60
80
100
32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 80 86 92 98 104
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 80 86 92 98 104
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
20
40
60
80
100
32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 80 86 92 98 104
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 80 86 92 98 104
Fig. 1. Ag oclima ic condi ions egis e ed in he s udy a ea du ing Feb ua y–Ap il in (a) 2012 and (b) 2013
ela i e humidi y and empe a u e a e daily mean alues
Day o yea
Day o yea
Rain all (mm)
Rela i e humidi y (%)
Tempe a u e (°C)
Nem
RF
50 60 70 80
90
50 60 70 80 90

50 60 70 80 90
50 60 70 80 90

2012 2013
11
11
13 31
28
26
24
12
¤
¤
¤
¤
¤
¤
¤
¤
(a) (b)
Vol. 41, 2014, No. 3: 101–106 Ho . Sci. (P ague)
105
wi hou a de ined and s able end (Table 2). Fo
example, in 2013, he oo s ock c . Real Fino in he
con en ional ea men p oduced ui wi h lowe
alues o a* and b*, a end ha was no clea o
he o ganic ea men , nei he in 2012.
C . Real Fino always showed o al soluble solids
concen a ion sligh ly highe han c . Nemagua d,
bu wi h signi ican di e ences only in he o ganically
managed o cha d in 2013 (Table 2). In all cases alues
we e highe in he o ganic plo , showing signi ican
di e ences o c . Real Fino oo s ock in bo h yea s.
Acidi y did no show signi ican di e ences be ween
bo h oo s ocks and bo h ypes o managemen .
The ma u i y index showed signi ican di e ences
nei he be ween oo s ocks, no be ween he ypes
o managemen (Table 2), showing highe alues
in 2013, since ha yea ui was swee e and wi h
lowe acidi y. In con as , i mness showed a g ea
a iabili y by yea , oo s ock o ea men , albei
oscilla ions we e no ele an .
F ui quali y esul s ob ained in his s udy indi-
ca e ha he e a e no signi ican di e ences in using
ei he oo s ock. Mo eo e , i seems clea o his
cul i a ha ui colou and lesh i mness a e no
sui able e e ence pa ame e s as hey a y g ea ly
in sho ime, and show la ge oscilla ions be ween
ui su ace. The oo s ock c . Real Fino p oduces
ui wi h soluble solid concen a ion somewha
highe , which would ha e ele ance o a cul i a
as ea ly as c . Nin a, gene ally wi h low °B ix. O -
ganic ui had highe size, weigh and soluble solid
concen a ion, possibly due o he ma kedly lowe
yield in his ype o managemen .
Resul s ob ained in his s udy indica e ha e-
ga dless o he ype o managemen ees g a ed
on c . Nemagua d showed an inc eased ege a-
i e g ow h, p obably due o a be e oo de elop-
men allowing be e soil ancho ing and nu ien s
up ake in his ype o soil and wea he condi ions.
In addi ion he use o his oo s ock esul ed in a
longe lowe ing pe iod and a highe ui p oduc-
ion. The ui on c . Nemagua d had la ge sizes
and hea ie weigh s, al hough wi h lowe soluble
solid concen a ions. All ees g own in he o ganic
managemen had educed igou , sligh ly delayed
and somewha sho e lowe ing as well as lowe
p oduc ion.
Acknowledgemen
We hank Michael McConell o e ising he
English e sion.
Re e ences
Albu que que N., Egea J., Pé ez-To ne o O., Bu gos
L., 2002. Geno yping ap ico cul i a s o sel -(in)compa -
ibili y by means o Rnases associa ed wi h S alleles. Plan
B eeding, 121: 343–347.
A oyo F.T., Jiménez-Bocaneg a J.A., Ga cía-Gala ís
P.A., San ama ía C., Camacho M., Cas ejón M.,
Pé ez-Rome o L.F., Daza A., 2013. Compa a i e ee
g ow h, phenology and ui yield o se e al Japanese plum
cul i a s in wo newly es ablished o cha ds, o ganic and
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Table 2. Colou pa ame e s a* and b*, soluble solid concen a ion and i a able acidi y, ma u i y index and i mness
o c . Nin a g a ed on o c s Nemagua d (Nem) and Real Fino (RF) om o ganic (O) o con en ionally (C) managed
o cha ds in 2012 and 2013
2012 2013 2012 2013
Nem RF Nem RF Nem RF Nem RF
Colou pa ame e a*Colou pa ame e b*
O*47.20a40.52b45.61a*45.27a16.12a16.86a18.48a*17.91a
C42.12b*47.81a45.88a42.43b*13.69a15.19a20.45a15.30b
Soluble solids (°B ix) Acidi y (g malic acid/100 ml)
O9.27a*10.33a10.10b*11.60a1.65a1.75a1.56a1.56a
C8.67a9.13a9.63a10.40a1.66a1.71a1.54a1.45a
Ma u i y index Fi mness (kg/cm2)
O5.63a5.91a6.48a7.45a1.95b*2.82a*2.21a1.69a
C5.23a5.39a6.24b7.16a2.06a1.89a1.63b*2.65a
a,bin ows indica e signi ican di e ence be ween oo s ocks o each ype o managemen , pa ame e and yea ; *in col-
umns indica es signi ican di e ences be ween managemen sys ems a P < 0.05
Ho . Sci. (P ague) Vol. 41, 2014, No. 3: 101–106

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Recei ed o publica ion Feb ua y 14, 2014
Accep ed a e co ec ions May 6, 2014
Co esponding au ho :
D . An onio Daza, IFAPA Cen o “Las To es-Tomejil”, Apdo. O icial, 41200 Alcalá del Río, Se illa, Spain
phone: + 34 671 532 842, e-mail: an onio.daza@jun adeandalucia.es
Vol. 41, 2014, No. 3: 101–106 Ho . Sci. (P ague)