Growth, phenology and fruit set of Prunus armeniaca L. (cv. Ninfa) grafted on two rootstocks in organic and conventional management

101 G ow h, phenology and ui se o P unus a meniaca L. (c . Nin a) g a ed on wo oo s ocks in o ganic and con en ional managemen L.F. Pé ez-Rome o, F.T. A oyo, C. San ama ía, J.F. He encia, A. Daza IFAPA Cen o “Las To es-Tomejil”, Se illa, Spain Abs ac Pé ez-Rome o L.F., A oyo F.T., San ama ía C., He encia J.F., Daza A., 2014. G ow h, phenology and ui se o P unus a meniaca L. (c . Nin a) g a ed on wo oo s ocks in o ganic and con en ional managemen . Ho . Sci. (P ague), 41: 101–106. T ee g ow h, lowe ing, yield and ui quali y o P unus a meniaca L. c . Nin a g a ed on peach c . Nemagua d [P unus pe sica (L.) Ba sch] and c . Real Fino ap ico (P unus a meniaca L.) as oo s ocks we e analysed in expe imen al o cha d unde o ganic and con en ional managemen sys ems. The s udy was pe o med du ing 2012–2013 in he p o ince o Se ille (SW Spain). C . Nemagua d oo s ock had la ge c oss-sec ional a eas o he unk (TCSA), highe yields, began lowe ing ea lie and las ed 2–4 days mo e. The o ganic managemen esul ed in lowe alues o TCSA and yield, and lowe ing was delayed and sho ened. O e all, c . Nemagua d oo s ock p oduced sligh ly la ge ui in size and hea ie weigh . In con as , ap ico s om c . Real Fino had sligh ly highe soluble solid concen a ion. Acidi y and ma u i y index we e simila , while colou and i mness showed high a iabili y. In gene al, he o ganic sys em p oduced ui wi h soluble solid concen a ion somewha highe . In summa y, in bo h ypes o managemen c . Nemagua d wo ked be e han c . Real Fino in e ms o ee igou , ui yield and bloom pe iod. Keywo ds: ap ico ; ui quali y; yield; ee g ow h; lowe ing Ap ico (P unus a meniaca L.) is he second mos impo an species wi hin s one ui in Spain, al- hough a behind he peach. Spain and I aly a e he la ges p oduce s in he Eu opean Union; he su - ace in Spain, a ound 25,000 ha, is mos ly loca ed in he egions o Mu cia (o e 50%) and Valencia (25%) while in o he a eas o Spain he su ace is smalle . In Andalusia, a la ge egion wi h signi ican p oduc- ion o s one ui , he e a e ba ely 150 ha o ap ico cul u e. S ill he e is no su plus cul i a ion in he Eu opean Union, wi h in e es ing possibili ies o u u e expansion. In Spain he e a e wo impo an limi a ions o ap ico c op expansion: i s , Sha ka disease, caused by he Plum pox i us, which was o ced o boo mo e han one million o a ec ed ees (Badenes e al. 2004) and, secondly, he la ge swings o p oduc ion p oblems p esen ed by mos o cul i a s when hey mo e om one egion o an- o he (Layne e al. 1996). I is known ha many o hese issues s em om p oblems o sel -incompa i- bili y and o he aspec s o he lo al biology o his species, which is also e y sensi i e o wea he con- di ions (Bu gos e al. 2004; Rod igo, Ho maza 2005). The e o e, p oduc ions a e cen ed in e y ew cul i a s, pa icula ly c . Búlida (Mu cia) and c . Canino (Valencia). Al hough b eeding p og ams Suppo ed by he Andalusian Ins i u e o Ag icul u al, Fishe ies, Ag i ood and O ganic P oduc ion Resea ch and T aining, P ojec No. EI.TRA.TRA201300.4 and by he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund. Ho . Sci. (P ague) Vol. 41, 2014, No. 3: 101–106 102 and s udies o cul i a adap a ion ha e been going on o se e al yea s, he e is s ill a long way o go in his ega d (Albu que que e al. 2002; Badenes, Lláce 2006; Mila o ić e al. 2013). Roo s ocks a e essen ial o op imize he ancho - age o he g ound, o in ake o wa e and nu ien s, o esis o ole a e soil pa hogens and may also a - ec o he ees and ui cha ac e is ics such as ig- ou , lowe ing, ui size o suga con en , among o he s (He nández e al. 2010; Milose ic e al. 2011; Si a ek, Ba osiewicz 2011). Roo s ocks may also signi ican ly de e mine he esponse o o ganic a ming sys em in which e iliza ion is based solely on he inpu o o ganic e ilize s, es- pecially manu e and g oundco e s wi h legumes. A ew yea s ago, in an expe imen al o cha d es- ablished in he sou h o Spain i was p elimina y obse ed ha he ap ico c . Nin a (Oua di × Ti yn- o, Uni e si y o Bologna, 1981) could ha e a good ag onomic pe o mance in he egion. Cha ac- e is ics such as ea ly ipening and good yield o his cul i a (So ile e al. 2006; Lo Bianco e al. 2010) sugges ha i could be o in e es in a eas sui able o ea ly p oduc ion such as Andalusia. In he p esen wo k, he beha iou o his cul i a , g a ed on wo di e en oo s ocks was e alua ed and subjec ed o con en ional o o ganic ag icul- u al managemen . Da a on ee igou , lowe ing, ui yield and quali y a e shown. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plan ma e ial and ial cha ac e is ics. P u- nus a meniaca L. c . Nin a g a ed on peach c . Nemagua d [P. da idiana (Ca .) F anch × P. pe - sica (L.) Ba sh.] and c . Real Fino ap ico seedling (P. a meniaca L.) was used in his wo k. All he ees we e plan ed in Janua y 2009 as ba e oo one-yea -old ees g a ed on o bo h oo s ocks. The s udy was conduc ed du ing 2012–2013 in wo simila expe imen al plo s loca ed a he IFAPA Cen o “Las To es-Tomejil” in he p o ince o Se- ille in he Guadalqui i Ri e Valley (SW Spain) (37°30'48''N; 5°57'46''W). In bo h o cha ds, he ex- pe imen was designed as andomised block design wi h h ee eplica ions, each con aining 6 ees o c . Nin a cul i a on each oo s ock. The plo s, 150m apa o a oid in e e ence in he di e en managemen sys ems, we e loca ed a an al i ude o 11 m a.s.l. on a loam soil classi ied as a Xe o lu en (Baillie 1999). Each expe imen al plo was sub- jec ed o wo di e en ypes o managemen , o - ganic e sus con en ional managemen . The egion has a Type C Medi e anean clima e, acco ding o he Köppen classi ica ion (Peel e al. 2007). Fe iliza ion and o he majo ield wo ks in bo h o cha ds. Fe iliza ion in he o ganic plo was applied annually wi h animal manu e a a dose o 3 kg/m2, ep esen ing an app oxima e inpu o 140 uni s o ni ogen (N), 40 o phospho us (P) and 148 o po- assium (K). Fu he mo e, g een co e s o beans and oa s + e ch, al e na i ely each yea , we e sown in No embe and bu ied in Feb ua y. The con en ional plo ecei ed applica ions o mine al e ilize s, in- cluding complex o mula ions (11:11:11), ammoni- um ni a e and po assium sulpha e o 150uni s o N, 55 o P and 150 o K. Bo h o cha ds we e simi- la ly i iga ed by g a i y along wo ows pa allel o he line o ees du ing he d y season. Each yea , depending on clima ic condi ions, om 5 o 8 i iga- ions we e applied (350,000l/ha each). Land man- agemen consis ed o educed illage. The plan ing amewo k was 4m be ween ees and 5 m be ween ows. The ees we e p uned o a essel sys em, and ca e was aken o keep hem a a simila heigh and wid h on bo h ypes o oo s ock. The di e en pes and disease ea men s in each plo we e adjus ed o egula ions in in eg a ed p oduc ion (Real Dec e o 1201/2002 and Dec e o 245/2003) and in o ganic a ming (Council Regula ion, ECC 2992/91 and Council Regula ion, EC 834/2007). T ee g ow h and yield. G ow h and igou o he ees we e e alua ed a he end o he g ow- ing season in No embe 2012 and 2013 calcula ing he c oss-sec ion a ea o he unk (TCSA) 20cm abo e he g a (Layne 1994; Lepsis, Blanke 2006). The p oduc ion was calcula ed aking in o accoun he o al ui collec ed in all he ees on each oo s ock. Flowe ing. Fo lowe ing s udies, da a we e ak- en om nine ees pe oo s ock (3 pe block) and ea men . Acco ding o he BBCH scale (Hack e al. 1992), he ollowing phenological pe iods we e aken: opening o he i s lowe s, ull lowe ing (> 50% lowe s open), end o lowe ing (all pe als allen), and also he du a ion o lowe ing. F ui analysis. Twen y ou ui s we e collec ed om each o he six ees, ui s we e picked om 1 o 2 m heigh and om each o he ou ca dinal poin s o a oid ui posi ion e ec (Taylo e al. 1993). Eigh een ap ico s we e andomly aken om each ba ch and we e p ocessed o quali y analysis. Thei size was de e - mined using a digi al slide gauge Mi u oyo CD-15CR Vol. 41, 2014, No. 3: 101–106 Ho . Sci. (P ague) 103 (Mi u oyo Ame ica Co p., Au o a, USA). Following he e minology p oposed by Cailla e and Sou y (1950), pola (∅P), su u e (∅S) and equa o ial (∅E) diame e s we e measu ed and ans o med o he pa- ame e denomina ed “size” de ined as (∅P + ∅S + ∅E)/3. F ui weigh was de e mined using a digi al scale Ohaus TP2000 (Ohaus Co p., Pa sippany, USA). F ui colou pa ame e s L*, a* and b* we e measu ed wi h a Minol a colo ime e CR-300 (Minol a Co., L d., Osaka, Japan). Soluble solid concen a ion (°Bx) was de e mined using an ATAGO PR-101 digi al e- ac ome e (ATAGO Co. L d., Tokyo, Japan). Ti a - able acidi y was de e mined on h ee juice samples (6 ap ico s each), dilu ed in dis illed wa e , and mi- c o i a ed wi h NaOH 0.1N. The ipeness index was calcula ed as he a io o solid soluble concen a ion/ acidi y. F ui i mness was es ed wi h a pene ome e 53205 (T. R. Tu oni s l, Fo li, I aly). S a is ical analysis. S a is ical analyses we e pe o med using he S a is ix so wa e ( e s. 9.0; NH Analy ical So wa e, Tallahassee, USA). Sin- gle analysis o a iance was used o analyse all he expe imen al da a. Resul s we e exp essed a he P<0.05 le el o signi icance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION T ee g ow h and yield In 2012 and 2013 he TCSA alues we e signi i- can ly highe o c . Nemagua d oo s ock in bo h ypes o managemen (Table 1). In addi ion, o each oo s ock, alues we e always highe in he con en ional managemen , wi h signi ican di e - ences o c . Nemagua d. Simila esul s we e ob- se ed wi h espec o ui yield, con i ming he highe pe o mance on oo s ock c . Nemagua d, and being highe in he con en ionally managed sys em o bo h oo s ocks. In addi ion, he oo sys em was e alua ed and a highe numbe and la ge oo s o c . Nemagua d we e ound (da a no shown). As p elimina y conclusion, i seems clea ha in he sou h o Spain, and wi h his ype o soil, c . Nemagua d has be e ancho age and highe ee de elopmen han c . Real Fino, which also esul s in highe yields. Highe ee igou and yields we e ound in con en ionally managed sys- ems compa ed o he o ganic ones; i is almos a cons an , no only o ui o cha ds, bu also o mos ege ables and ce eals c ops (De Pon i e al. 2011; Daza e al. 2012). F ui p oduc ion was high- e in 2012, p obably due o he high humidi y and ainy wea he egis e ed along he lowe ing pe iod in 2013 ha made di icul ui se ing. Flowe ing Ag oclima ic condi ions egis e ed in he zone du - ing lowe ing and ui se a e shown in Fig. 1 and lowe ing pe iods in 2012 and 2013 a e shown in Fig.2. In 2012, his pe iod was 1–2 days longe o c . Nemagua d and also one (c . Real Fino) o wo days (c . Nemagua d) longe in he con en ionally man- aged o cha d. In 2013, c . Nemagua d had a lowe - ing pe iod 4–5 days longe han c . Real Fino; ye , i was obse ed ha o bo h oo s ocks his pe iod was 2–3 days longe in he con en ionally managed sys- em. Mo eo e , i was ound ha lowe ing was ini i- a ed 1–2 days ea lie o bo h oo s ocks in he con- en ional managemen , al hough c . Nemagua d was 1–2 days ahead compa ed o c . Real Fino. The mean du a ion o he lowe ing pe iod was conside ably Table 1. T unk c oss-sec ional a eas (TCSA), ui yield, ui size and weigh o c . Nin a g a ed on o c s Nemagua d (Nem) and Real Fino (RF) om o ganic (O) o con en ionally (C) managed o cha ds in 2012 and 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 Nem RF Nem RF Nem RF Nem RF TCSA (cm2)Yield (kg/ ee) O112.16a 70.12b131.91a84.06b7.74a1.12b3.74a0.96b C*182.57a74.78b*214.56a98.15b*32.56a*17.09b8.12a3.87a Size (cm) Weigh (g) O*48.22a45.53b45.03a44.06a*65.21a49.63b54.44a49.23a C45.31a43.89b44.29a43.52a52.64a50.03a51.64a47.89a a,bin ows indica e signi ican di e ence be ween oo s ocks o each ype o managemen , pa ame e and yea ; *in col- umns indica es signi ican di e ences be ween managemen sys ems a P < 0.05 Ho . Sci. (P ague) Vol. 41, 2014, No. 3: 101–106 104 highe in 2013 (26.75 days) han in 2012 (11.75days). This sho e and mo e in ense lowe ing pe iod in 2012 was p obably due o he highe numbe o chill- ing uni s du ing he win e o 2011/2012 (849 h be- low 7°C) compa ed wi h 2012/2013 (670 h below 7°C). The highe ee igou could be co ela ed wi h ea lie and longe lowe ing showed by oo s ock c . Nemagua d, as p e iously discussed. This may be an impo an ac o o conside o species wi h polli- na ion di icul ies such as ap ico . Mo eo e , a sligh delay and sho ening o lowe ing in o ganic sys ems o e con en ional was also p e iously obse ed in Japanese plum o cha ds (A oyo e al. 2013). In summa y, he phenological s udies con i med ha c . Nemagua d beha es be e han c . Real Fino. F ui quali y Wi h ega d o ui size, ees g a ed on c . Nemagua d p oduced ui sligh ly la ge in all cas- es bu only wi h a signi ican di e ence in 2012, o bo h o ganic and con en ional managemen (Ta- ble1). Consequen ly, ui weigh s we e also bigge on c . Nemagua d, bu showing a signi ican di e - ence only in he o ganic plo in 2012. A sligh de- c ease o bo h pa ame e s o bo h oo s ocks was obse ed om 2012 o 2013. In ui colou o ap ico s he pa ame e s a* and b* could be a good e e ence, so lowe alues o bo h pa ame e s a e in e p e ed as mo e o ange. O e all, a g ea a iabili y o da a was obse ed, Fig. 2. Flowe ing pe iod o c . Nin a g a ed on o c s Nemagua d (Nem) and Real Fino (RF) in bo h ypes o manage- men in 2012 and 2013 numbe s o he igh o he ba s indica e he du a ion o he lowe ing pe iod con en ional; o ganic and ¤ ull bloom 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 80 100 32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 80 86 92 98 104 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 80 86 92 98 104 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 80 100 32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 80 86 92 98 104 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 80 86 92 98 104 Fig. 1. Ag oclima ic condi ions egis e ed in he s udy a ea du ing Feb ua y–Ap il in (a) 2012 and (b) 2013 ela i e humidi y and empe a u e a e daily mean alues Day o yea Day o yea Rain all (mm) Rela i e humidi y (%) Tempe a u e (°C) Nem RF 50 60 70 80 90 50 60 70 80 90  50 60 70 80 90 50 60 70 80 90  2012 2013 11 11 13 31 28 26 24 12 ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤ (a) (b) Vol. 41, 2014, No. 3: 101–106 Ho . Sci. (P ague) 105 wi hou a de ined and s able end (Table 2). Fo example, in 2013, he oo s ock c . Real Fino in he con en ional ea men p oduced ui wi h lowe alues o a* and b*, a end ha was no clea o he o ganic ea men , nei he in 2012. C . Real Fino always showed o al soluble solids concen a ion sligh ly highe han c . Nemagua d, bu wi h signi ican di e ences only in he o ganically managed o cha d in 2013 (Table 2). In all cases alues we e highe in he o ganic plo , showing signi ican di e ences o c . Real Fino oo s ock in bo h yea s. Acidi y did no show signi ican di e ences be ween bo h oo s ocks and bo h ypes o managemen . The ma u i y index showed signi ican di e ences nei he be ween oo s ocks, no be ween he ypes o managemen (Table 2), showing highe alues in 2013, since ha yea ui was swee e and wi h lowe acidi y. In con as , i mness showed a g ea a iabili y by yea , oo s ock o ea men , albei oscilla ions we e no ele an . F ui quali y esul s ob ained in his s udy indi- ca e ha he e a e no signi ican di e ences in using ei he oo s ock. Mo eo e , i seems clea o his cul i a ha ui colou and lesh i mness a e no sui able e e ence pa ame e s as hey a y g ea ly in sho ime, and show la ge oscilla ions be ween ui su ace. The oo s ock c . Real Fino p oduces ui wi h soluble solid concen a ion somewha highe , which would ha e ele ance o a cul i a as ea ly as c . Nin a, gene ally wi h low °B ix. O - ganic ui had highe size, weigh and soluble solid concen a ion, possibly due o he ma kedly lowe yield in his ype o managemen . Resul s ob ained in his s udy indica e ha e- ga dless o he ype o managemen ees g a ed on c . Nemagua d showed an inc eased ege a- i e g ow h, p obably due o a be e oo de elop- men allowing be e soil ancho ing and nu ien s up ake in his ype o soil and wea he condi ions. In addi ion he use o his oo s ock esul ed in a longe lowe ing pe iod and a highe ui p oduc- ion. The ui on c . Nemagua d had la ge sizes and hea ie weigh s, al hough wi h lowe soluble solid concen a ions. All ees g own in he o ganic managemen had educed igou , sligh ly delayed and somewha sho e lowe ing as well as lowe p oduc ion. Acknowledgemen We hank Michael McConell o e ising he English e sion. Re e ences Albu que que N., Egea J., Pé ez-To ne o O., Bu gos L., 2002. Geno yping ap ico cul i a s o sel -(in)compa - ibili y by means o Rnases associa ed wi h S alleles. Plan B eeding, 121: 343–347. A oyo F.T., Jiménez-Bocaneg a J.A., Ga cía-Gala ís P.A., San ama ía C., Camacho M., Cas ejón M., Pé ez-Rome o L.F., Daza A., 2013. Compa a i e ee g ow h, phenology and ui yield o se e al Japanese plum cul i a s in wo newly es ablished o cha ds, o ganic and con en ionally managed. Spanish Jou nal o Ag icul u al Resea ch, 11: 155–163. Table 2. Colou pa ame e s a* and b*, soluble solid concen a ion and i a able acidi y, ma u i y index and i mness o c . Nin a g a ed on o c s Nemagua d (Nem) and Real Fino (RF) om o ganic (O) o con en ionally (C) managed o cha ds in 2012 and 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 Nem RF Nem RF Nem RF Nem RF Colou pa ame e a*Colou pa ame e b* O*47.20a40.52b45.61a*45.27a16.12a16.86a18.48a*17.91a C42.12b*47.81a45.88a42.43b*13.69a15.19a20.45a15.30b Soluble solids (°B ix) Acidi y (g malic acid/100 ml) O9.27a*10.33a10.10b*11.60a1.65a1.75a1.56a1.56a C8.67a9.13a9.63a10.40a1.66a1.71a1.54a1.45a Ma u i y index Fi mness (kg/cm2) O5.63a5.91a6.48a7.45a1.95b*2.82a*2.21a1.69a C5.23a5.39a6.24b7.16a2.06a1.89a1.63b*2.65a a,bin ows indica e signi ican di e ence be ween oo s ocks o each ype o managemen , pa ame e and yea ; *in col- umns indica es signi ican di e ences be ween managemen sys ems a P < 0.05 Ho . Sci. (P ague) Vol. 41, 2014, No. 3: 101–106 106 Badenes M.L., Lláce G., 2006. B eeding o esis ance: b eeding o Plum pox i us esis an ap ico s (P uus a - meniaca L.) in Spain. EPPO Bulle in, 36: 323–326. 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