Re is a de Comunicación Vi a Academia ISSN: 1575-2844
Ma zo 2015 Año XVIII Nº130 pp 
103
INVESTIGACIÓN/RESEARCH
OLD PEOPLE AS SUBJECT AND OBJECT IN TELEVISION. THE
STUDY IN ANDALUCIA
Agus ín Olmo López 1: Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain.
[email p o ec ed]
José An onio Na a o Mo eno. Uni e sidad de Se illa, España.
[email p o ec ed]
ABSTRACT
This wo k ies o e eal he double way in he ela ion be ween he elde ly people
and he ele ision. I is known ha hey a e big consume s because ele ision has an
impo an ole in hei ee ime, bu is less analyzed how and how much hey appea
like objec o news. Then we ha e analyzed all he news o a season o a pa icula
ele ision, - Andalucia Tele ision named Canal Su -, o e alua e how many imes
appea and which he app oach o he opic has been. We ha e seen ha appea less
han quan i a i ely his age g oup is in he popula ion, and ha e de ailed he opics
ha a e mo e common. We see ha in he daily p og ams he e a e mo e in ela ion
wi h poli ical opics, while in no daily p og ams, hey a e mo e used like ac i e
subjec s.
KEY WORDS: senio s – ageing – ele ision – highe – elde - news -old people
LA GENTE MAYOR COMO SUJETO Y OBJETO DE LA
TELEVISIÓN. EL ESTUDIO EN ANDALUCÍA
RESUMEN
Es e abajo a a de des ela la doble elación que exis e en e las pe sonas mayo es
y la ele isión. Se da po supues o que son unos g andes consumido es de la misma,
pues o que la ele isión juega un papel impo an e en su iempo lib e, pe o es á
menos analizado cómo y cuán o apa ece la e ce a edad como obje o de una no icia.
Así, nos hemos cen ado en busca los p og amas in o ma i os de una ele isión
1 Agus ín Olmo López: I combines he p ac ical exe cise o jou nalism wi h eaching. He
holds a PhD in Jou nalism om he Complu ense Uni e si y o Mad id and wo ks as a jou nalis o
Canal Su TV p og ams specializing in epo age.
[email p o ec ed]
Recibido: 21/01/2014---Acep ado: 18/02/2015---Publicado: 15/03/2015
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.15178/ a.2015.130.75-120
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conc e a, en es e caso la de Andalucía, du an e una empo ada comple a pa a ija nos
cuán as eces apa ecen y cuál ha sido el con enido de los emas en que in e ienen.
Así hemos is o que son poco a ados, menos de lo que cuan i a i amen e signi ica
es e g upo de edad en la población, y hemos de allado los emas en que son más
ecogidos. Vemos que en los p og amas dia ios se cen an más en su elación con
asun os de i ados de la polí ica, mien as que en los p og amas no dia ios, son más
u ilizados como suje os ac i os.
PALABRAS CLAVE: e ce a edad – en ejecimien o – ele isión – mayo es - anciano
– no icias – gen e mayo es
1. INTRODUCTION
I we accep he opinion polls and esea ch, ou socie y is heading owa d aging and
in he las age momen s, an impo an pa o hei ac i i y is occupied by he ime o
leisu e. Howe e , one should no ela e he age g oup o adul people ( om 65 yea s
old on), wi h a single model o beha io , since i is he e ogeneous, as Requejo (1998:
147) no es because people a e beings o ans o ma ion and no o adap a ion.
We can hink o Paulo F ei e (1997: 74) o say ha somebody is no old o young
depending on when he o she was bo n, bu in e ms o how we unde s and he
wo ld and he cu iosi y o knowledge.
Human aging, poin ed Diaz Casano a (1989: 86), is uni e sally unde s ood as a
p ocess o con inuous psychological, physical and social e olu ion h oughou li e.
The e o e, we canno admi he s e eo ype o an aging unde s ood only as
de e io a ion o loss o powe . Ob iously, some physical disabili ies occu , bu i ’s
impo an o conside i as a con inuous p ocess o change when acing all kind o
new si ua ions.
This change has been a ec ed by echnology; i has imposed a adical ans o ma ion
ha has passed om he “homo sapiens” o “homo digi alis’, as Te cei o (1996: 27)
de ined almos 20 yea s ago. He e he e could be a nega i e disc imina ion as he e
may be a digi al gap be ween he adul gene a ion and he young people.
To es (2006: 20) poin s ou ha he sense o pe sonal de elopmen will a y wi h
gene a ions who join he age g oup o he elde ly (65 yea s old). Wha is de ined
oday may no be alid o he nex gene a ion, since pe sonal de elopmen is based
on he eali y ha social in e ac ion has buil i sel wi h he expe ience o each
gene a ion. The expe ience o hose who came om pos wa is no he same as he
one o he digi al na i es.
The e o e, when e lec ing on he ela ion o he elde ly wi h he medias o analyze
he pic u e in he media abou he elde ly we ha e eco e ed he concep de ined by
UNESCO as ac i e aging (2002: 12) unde s ood as he aging p ocess ha allows adul
people o de elop hei physical, social and men al po en ial in an accep able
manne , in acco dance wi h hei needs and aking ca e assis ance when equi ed.
In gene al, he medias, especially ele ision, play an impo an ole o he senio
ci izens, as en e ainmen and as con en and as agenda con e sa ion and social
pa e ns. I appea s in all epo s, bu ele ision canno emain as a simple leisu e and
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en e ainmen ma ke , i is one o he g ea cul u al medias, as Med ano and Co és
(2010: 4) es ablished.
2. OBJECTIVE
The aim o his a icle is o highligh o e sigh ha exis s in ele ision in gene al in
ela ion o a signi ican popula ion age g oup. Nei he as consume s o ele ision, no
as objec s o i s con en s, he alue o adul people is no highligh ed; so i is no in
p opo ion wi h he quan i y hey ep esen . E en in comme cial ele ision, his ac
is accen ua ed when he senio ci izens a e almos o go en, as hey a e no
in e es ing as public because o he educed pu chasing powe , and o he same
eason, hei pa icipa ion as p o agonis s in news o se ies is less.
3. METHODOLOGY
I emphasizes he cu en scan y ma e ial abou he ela ionship be ween he senio
ci izens and he medias. And, as a ma e o ac , o some e e ence abou he
si ua ion o his kind o popula ion, we had o go back o a numbe o s udies
published se e al yea s ago, wi h he excep ion o he epo s om he Ins i u e o
he Elde ly and Social Se ices (IMSERSO). A e ha we ha e wo ked wi h he
s a is ical da a and su eys published by go e nmen agencies like he Na ional
Ins i u e o S a is ics o he co esponding one om Andalusia o quan i y he age
g oup we a e alking abou and i s p opo ion in he o e all popula ion, as well as,
o he sociological s udies on hei habi s, as o example: he consump ion o medias,
especially, ele ision.
We ha e also wo ked wi h he documen a ion se ice o Andalusia public ele ision
o sea ch news a ec ing his sec o o he popula ion, o see he con en and he
o ma in which hey a e p esen ed. We ha e also con ac ed he audience depa men
om he same company, so ha hey acili a e us he moni o ing da a o news
p og ams as well as a classi ica ion o iewe s by age.
Wi h all his we ha e g ouped he news and epo s by gene al ca ego ies o simila
con en , and we ha e s udied he da a p o ided as audience.
4. DISCUSSION
4.1. Popula ion in senio s
Mos o he elde ly people hink ha o be elde ly doesn’ depend on age. The
dominan esponse o he Spania ds is ha a 70 yea old pe son is aged, acco ding o
he 2010 Su ey on Olde People ca ied ou by he IMSERSO.
Howe e , as i is o en associa ed as h eshold ha adpe son is conside ed elde ly
when he o she is 65 since i was he e i emen age acco ding o he ecen e o ms. I
we keep he idea ha he elde ly popula ion is he one who exceeds 65 yea s old; in
Spain, acco ding o he Na ional S a is ics Ins i u e (INE), hey a e mo e han eigh
million people (almos 17% o he popula ion). In addi ion, he numbe o e y old
people-mo e han 80 yea s old-has inc eased, being mo e han wo million and a hal .
(1)
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In Spain, be ween 1992 and 2012, li e expec ancy o men has inc eased om 73.9 o
79.4 yea s and o women om 81.2 o 85.1 yea s, acco ding o INE. In i s Sho e m
Popula ion P ojec ions (10 yea s) and Long Te m (40 yea s), i is seen ha i he
cu en pace is main ained li e expec ancy would each 81.8 yea s o men and 87.0
yea s old in women in 2022; and 86.9 yea s o men and 90.7 o women in 2051.
4.2. The hi d age and con en on TV
The ela ionship be ween ele ision and he elde ly has a dual ou look. The i s one,
as g ea consume s o ele ision, and he second one, as con en s o i .
I we s a wi h he la e , he e is li le published. The mos comple e, al hough
limi ed geog aphically, is a 2012 s udy p epa ed by he Consell de l’Audio isual de
Ca alunya which analyzed he p esence o adul people o e 65 yea s old on
ele ision o ha Communi y (TV3, TVE in Ca aluña, 8TV, and Ba celona TV), and
hey de ec ed ha a e no enough ep esen ed in he ele ision discou se as 7% o
elde ly cha ac e s appea ed in ic ion p og ams, while in he in o ma ion ones 10.3%
was p esen in he news and 13.6% in deba es and in e iews, when in Ca aluña i is
17.4% o he popula ion.
In ela ion o ic ion p og amming he ole hey play in he plo , is mainly, due o
hei s a us as e i ed people o o he amily main cha ac e s.
Also, in he s udy by Lopez and Cuenca on Spanish ic ion se ies published in
Comunica en 2005, i is seen he p ojec ion o a s e eo yped image o he elde ly,
wi h oles o expe ad iso s and amily p o ec o s. Th ee models p edomina e, he
ac o s, pa ne s o opponen s. The i s wo ai s coa ed wi h au ho i y while as
opponen s hei a i ude is ha o someone who has no hing be e o do.
To a lesse ex en , since i was no he speci ic objec unde in es iga ion, he
Audio isual Council o Andalucia in 2011 published a epo on he p esence o
g oups who needed g ea e p o ec ion in he news o he communi y public
ele ision (Sou h Canal, i s disconnec ions, TVE in Andalucia and 10 local ope a o s),
and eco ded 595 issued in o ma ion abou hi d age, which accoun ed o 0.51% o
he news. Canal Su TV was he chain ha issued mo e news abou his age g oup
(163). The ope a o s spen 13 hou s 47 minu es and 48 seconds o epo abou he
elde ly.
In he Whi e Book on Ac i e Ageing published by IMSERSO denounced ha he
medias o he elde ly a e in isible and ansmi in gene al an inapp op ia e image
because i is analyzed as a homogeneous g oup, when i is so he e ogeneous as any
o he . Besides, hey a e ma ked wi h nega i e s e eo ypes, as p o agonis s o e en s,
people wi h poo heal h o bene icia ies o aid p og ams. This biased and opical
image, hey ein o ce a nega i e pe cep ion o aging.
4.3. The hi d age as ele ision consume s
I he ole as ele ision con en is below hei pe cen age o he popula ion, howe e
i does s and ou as majo consume s o i . Analyzing he ele ision uses we ound a
di ec ela ionship be ween age and consump ion. The ele ision becomes an elemen
o companionship and socializa ion o senio s. We no e ha , like he es o he
popula ion, has expe ienced a ise in consump ion and i is ela ed o he g ea
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supply o channels wi h DTT. Vaca (2004: 88) s a ed ha in 2004 TV consump ion
was abou i e hou s a day, and en yea s la e , i su passes six hou s in some g oups
o adul people.
The 2006 CIS su ey on li ing condi ions o adul people showed ha 90% o his
popula ion wa ch TV e e y day o almos e e y day.
In his doc o al hesis on he ela ion o he elde ly wi h ele ision in Malaga s essed
ha hei pensions could a o d leisu e i ems, hey ha e a well es ablished ideology
in hei con ic ions, hey ha e a communi y li e and ci ilian dialec ic pa icipa ion
and, and i s au ho Mon es (2012: 235) indica ed ha hei a o i e o ma s a e he
ele ision classics: news, old mo ies and con es s, and hey p e e he news on Canal
Su because o he inciden in he su ounding en i onmen .
So, o he i s ime, we ind a gene a ion o adul people, wi h li e quali y, which is
wi hin he c i e ia o ac i e aging and ha he mos pa o hei li e has li ed
oge he wi h ele ision.
Pe haps o his eason, we see pa adoxical examples in Spain, because while public
ele ision emo ed om hei g ills a ce ain cheap p og amming wi h low
educa ional le els ha ep oduce ou side social models, such as soap ope as, o he
comme cial chains ha e eco e ed hem monopolizing pa o his audience.
In his ega d, he socie y should conside whe he li e acy o adul s is possible, so
ha hese iewe s ha e a mo e ac i e a i ude owa ds ele ision and o ha ,
no hing be e han ge ing he same medias, as Aguaded (1999: 162 ) s a ed. They
become he pe ec ool o he lea ning p ocess.
An ‘online’ su ey abou he le el o echnological equipmen in he elde ly
Spania ds’ homes, conduc ed by E-Media, conduc ed by p o esso s om he
Complu ense Uni e si y o Mad id, indica ed ha su ing he in e ne is al eady
mo e a widesp ead habi among hose o e 65 han he ac o buying he pape a
he newss and. I also makes clea ha in all elde ly people’s home he e is ele ision
while, o example, 22% o hem lack access o in e ne . Rega ding he consump ion
o medias, he ele ision is majo i y (news: 89%; en e ainmen : 75%).
Ano he s udy o he Rey Juan Ca los Uni e si y in 2009 indica ed ha he elde ly
people wa ch ele ision 4½ hou s (270 minu es) a day alone o accompanied and up
o 6 hou s in he case o li ing oge he wi h o he people. The pe cen age ose o
93% by summing hose who said hey wa ch i almos e e y day.
In addi ion, 37% o hose o e 65 yea s old mani es ed hey ha e wo appliances in
hei home. The s udy no only ound ha wa ching ele ision is a habi , especiall,
among he elde ly, bu also, i ollows ou ine pa e ns.
Ano he s udy by he Consell de l’Audio isual, when e lec ing he die in Ca aluña,
decla ed ha i he popula ion o e 45 yea s old, consumed hal 4h 40 ‘ o TV, 1h 10’
o adio and 20 ‘o newspape s and magazines e e y day ; in p ac ice, he elde ly
o e 65 spen he same ime daily o he medias consump ion (6h and 20 ‘), al hough
he di e ence lays on ha adul people de o ed app oxima ely 1h less, lis ening o
he adio and su ing he in e ne , and his ime was ully dedica ed o wa ch TV.
The elde ly popula ion also p e e ed o ollow he egional and local ele ision. In
pa icula , he pene a ion o he egional and local is 23% highe in he elde ly
popula ion han in he gene al popula ion.

108
I is no a phenomenon only o ou coun y. A s udy by he Uni e si y o Cali o nia
San Diego in 2011, which in ol ed 3,000 ci izens, concluded ha as people become
olde hey spend mo e ime wa ching ele ision.
As ega ds he moni o ing acco ding o he chains, while in 2004 TVE had he mos
aged audience ollowed by An ena 3, p i a e ele ision in ecen yea s has sligh ly
changed i s p og amming, eju ena ing i s a e age.
The egional ele ision, howe e , has emained high e e g ea e popula ion.
In ou s udy we a e awa e o he ampli ude ep esen ing he concep o elde ly
pe son and he ela ionship ha he g oup wi h he media, because as ensu es Fe és
(2005: 238) he same audio isual p oduc p oduces di e en e ec s depending on
se e al a iables: he age o he iewe , equency o use, pe sonali y, ideology and
he con ex in which consump ion occu s. Well, in his g oup we ha e wo clea ly
de ined a iables: age and equency.
Un il ecen ly i had no been conside ed o he elde ly as an impo an consume
g oup ha had o o e speci ic p oduc s and se ices, howe e , he epo o he
Founda ion Age and Li e (2009: 54) poin s ou ha is changing ha posi ion because
he popula ion is con inually g owing. Mo eo e has mo e ee ime, which gi es
hem he ca ego y o po en ial cus ome s o new p oduc s, and inally, a lo o new
e i ees accus omed o he consume socie y is inco po a ed, in which, al hough hei
income will no be e y high, hey will become he a ge o speci ic ad e ising
campaigns o hem, because he ad e ising indus y can no igno e ha 30% o
po en ial cus ome s who would in 2051.
4.4. Si ua ion in Andalucía
Since he sample is con ined o Andalusia and RTVA, compa ing da a om li ing in
his communi y and coun y, acco ding o he CIS in 2006 on he li ing condi ions o
he elde ly, he ac i i y ha made all o almos daily was wa ching ele ision (89.8%
in Andalucia, 90.4% na ionally), mo e han double he second ac i i y, which was
hea ing he adio.
In a p e ious epo o he CIS, 1998 on loneliness in olde people, esul ed in mo e
han hey did when hey we e lonely was o pu he TV o adio (28.4%), ollowed by
walking (22.7%), and when asked abou wha ac i i y had done las week, i was
necessa y o wa ch TV wi h 96.9%, ollowed, wen y- i e poin s, o hea he adio o
walk.
The Ins i u e o S a is ics and Ca og aphy o Andalucia 2013 da a se as a popula ion
o 8,440,300 o which o e 65 would be 1,320,700, 15.65%. The same Ins i u e
published a su ey o ime use in 2009-2010, and in he age g oup o e 65, wa ched
TV 95% on a e age 4 hou s and 26 minu es (9 poin s abo e a e age)
4.4.1. Beha io o he la ges in Andalucia in on o TV
In Andalucia o audience measu emen 1.333 million o e 65 a e coun ed (408,000
exceeding 75), he dominan p o ile women (56.57%) and he a e age low o low
(nea ly 45%) social class.
Going o he Hea ings Depa men o Sou h Canal and based on he da a p o ided
by Kan a Media, specializing in measu emen company, we app ecia ed ha he
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a e age audience o Sou h Canal om Janua y o July 2014, gi e a pe cen age o
20.1% o olde 65, almos 4.5 poin s highe han i is in people. I we s ay wi h hose
o e 75 yea s, he audience would ise o 26%. The p o ile o use s, women accoun
o 21.1% and low o lowe middle class 26.6%.
In Andalusia o audience measu emen 1.333 million o e 65 a e coun ed (408,000
exceeding 75), he dominan p o ile women (56.57%) and he a e age low o low
(nea ly 45%) social class.
Going o he Hea ings Depa men o Sou h Canal and based on he da a p o ided
by Kan a Media, specializing in measu emen company, we app ecia ed ha he
a e age audience o Sou h Canal om Janua y o July 2014, gi e a pe cen age o
20.1% o olde 65, almos 4.5 poin s highe han i is in people. I we s ay wi h hose
o e 75 yea s, he audience would ise o 26%. The p o ile o use s, women accoun
o 21.1% and low o lowe middle class 26.6%
BEHAVIOR OLDER THAN ANDALUCIA
FACING TELEVISION
SHARE
SCREEN%
(Da a 01.01.2014
o 07.06.2014)
TARGET C.SUR TVE1 TVE2 T5 A3
CUA
TRO
LA
SEXTA TDT TEMAT RESTO
paying
SENIORS IN
ANDALUCIA
DE 65 + yea s
20,1 9,8 3,2 15,9 13,5 4,1 5,8 21 4,5 2,1
65 o 74 yea s
17,5 10,2 3,3 15,6 13,5 4,1 6,8 21,8 5,2 2
75 and +
26 8,9 3 16,7 13,5 4,1 3,7 19,2 2,9 2
Men aged 65
and +
18,8 10,3 3,9 12,5 12,2 4,8 7,6 21,1 6,7 2
Women 65 and
+
21,1 9,4 2,7 18,6 14,6 3,5 4,5 20,8 2,9 1,9
Middle class 65
and +
17,5 10,7 2,9 18,1 17,3 4 6,2 18,3 2,9 2,1
Table 1: Beha io o he la ges Andaluces on o he ele ision
Sou ce: Kan a media
110
Di e en ia ing be ween he gene ali y o ele ision and Canal Su , he da a would be
65 o 74 yea s
HEARING OF OLDER IN ANDALUSIA
(ALL CHAINS AND CANAL SUR) - FEE AND RATING
CHAIN TARGETS
UNIVERSE
( housands)
SHARE
%
housands
OLDER IN
ANDALUCIA
DE 65 + yea s
1333 100 344
TOTAL 65 o 74 yea s 925 100 238
TODAS LAS 75 and + 408 100 105
TELEVISIONES Men aged 65 and + 578 100 148
Women 65 and + 754 100 195
Middle class 65 and +
media de 65 y + 452 100 109
OLDER IN
ANDALUCIA
DE 65 + yea s 1333 20,1 69
CANAL 65 o 74 yea s 925 17,5 42
SUR 75 and + 408 26 27
Men aged 65 and + 578 18,8 28
Women 65 and + 754 21,1 41
Middle class 65 and + 452 17,5 19
Table 2: Hea ing olde adul in Andalucia
Sou ce: Kan a media
We no e, he e o e, ha in Andalucia olde audience is concen a ed a ound he
egional ele ision wi h a amily consump ion o ien ed p og amming. This p oblem
in ol es a wide audience ope a o s, he low le el o eplenishmen o ha hea ing
and he decline o he alue o uni s due o lowe ad e ising sales po en ial as a
consume o his popula ion, which lea es hem ou o business s a egies ad e ising
in es men . So, some imes, despi e ha ing high a ings, he alue o ad e ising
sales, GRP (G oss Ra ing Poin ) known d ops conside ably. This ac o is c ucial o
comme cial chains wi h ad e ising as i s main sou ce o unding minus alo en his
audience.
I we de ail he p e e ed p og ams o e 65 yea s in Andalucia popula ion, would be:
111
CSTV PROGRAM SELECTIÓN AND LEVEL
HEARING PROGRAM
PROGRAM HEARING %
MISA DE ROMEROS 47,5
NOTICIAS 1 29,7
NOTICIAS PROVINCIALES 1 33,2
LA TARDE AQUI AHORA 28,1
MENUDA NOCHE 25,7
TOROS PARA TODOS 39
SE LLAMA COPLA 35
SE LLAMA COPLA (JUNIOR) 31,9
SALUD AL DIA 27,8
CÓMETELO 21,9
DESTINO ANDALUCIA 23,6
25 AÑOS GALA ANDALUCIA 28-F 28,2
LA BASCULA 19,2
Table 3: Sou h Channel P og ams and hea ing la ges in Andalucia
Sou ce: Kan a media
is no ewo hy ha he mo e o en hey a e wo non- egula b oadcas s, such as
Rocío Pilg image Day and Gala o Andalucia. Then wo in o ma ion (No icias 1, and
i s Desconexión P o incial), and p og ams ela ed o bull igh ing. They also highligh
he song con es and wo p esen ed by Juan y Medio. One o hem, “La Ta de aquí y
aho a” is no speci ically aimed a he popula ion, bu eng ossing o ha e a sec ion o
people da ing, among which p edomina e he elde ly. The o he p og am whose
main ac o s o mino s.
Abo e he a e age he e a e ou spaces; wo heal hy: “Cóme elo “Salud al día”; and
wo ela ed o he Communi y “Des ino Andalucia” and “Es e es mi Pueblo.”
4.4.2. Senio s in o ma i e Canal Su TV
Since senio s spend many hou s wa ching TV, we wan o include in his s udy
analyzing image e lec ing he in o ma ion on his g oup.
Canal Su , is he Andalucia egional ele ision. You a ings a ound 10%, and
cu en ly does no ha e any p og am ic ional own p oduc ion, so he analysis will
ocus on he news. They a e g ouped in o wo “day” and “daily” ca ego ies, acco ding
o wo c i e ia, he equency and con en . Tha is, no only depend on i s b oadcas
equency, bu which con o ms o he p esen . Fo example, Di ec Andalucia is
issued daily, bu will be included in “non-daily” because i s o ma is di e en om
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AUTHORS:
Agus ín López Olmo
120
I combines he p ac ical exe cise o jou nalism wi h eaching. He holds a PhD in
Jou nalism om he Complu ense Uni e si y o Mad id and wo ks as a jou nalis o
Canal Su TV p og ams specializing in epo age. He is also an associa e in he
School o Communica ion a he Uni e si y o Se ille in Audio isual Techniques and
P ocesses Cibe cul u a Jou nalism and p o esso . His in es iga ions deal wi h
audiences and ele ision and Eu opean issues.
José An onio Na a o Mo eno:
I ea u es a cu iculum ha seeks a balance be ween eaching, esea ch and wo k
ac i i ies. F om he academic pe spec i e has been in ol ed wi h h ee uni e si ies:
Complu ense, Au onomous o Ba celona and Se ille. I is p ecisely in he la e ,
whe e he wo ks as an associa e p o esso . Doc o in communica ion> hesis "Local
Tele ision in Andalusia". In his ole as esea che has been linked o se e al g oups,
bo h a he Uni e si y o Se ille, and he Au onomous Uni e si y o Ba celona. In
2009, leads he esea ch p ojec "Eu opean Communica ion Andalusian Fo um". In
his p o essional ca ee he has been a jou nalis in "Canal Su " since 1990. This means
i has ca ied ou he design o p og ams o making documen a ies. Among his
bibliog aphy is "Local ele ision in Andalusia, he new communica ion". (1999) and
"10 yea s o RTVA". (2000).