A hens Jou nal o A chi ec u e - Volume 11, Issue 1, Janua y 2025 – Pages 97-108
( ecei ed: 5 Ap il 2023, ecei ed in e ised o m: 6 Feb ua y 2024, accep ed: 27 Decembe 2024)
h ps://doi.o g/10.30958/aja.11-1-5 doi=10.30958/aja.11-1-5
The P o ec ion o T adi ional A chi ec u e
in Spain and I aly1
By Vidal Gómez Ma ínez
& Ma ia G azia Tu co
This pape is he esul o he join esea ch p ocess ca ied ou by he au ho s
in he con ex o he isi ing p o esso p og amme o Sapienza Uni e si y o
Rome, in which hey ha e had he oppo uni y o pa icipa e on se e al occasions.
The wo k ocuses on a compa a i e analysis o he ea men gi en o e nacula
a chi ec u e in Spain and I aly ( he au ho s' coun ies o o igin). The subjec is
app oached bo h om a concep ual and legisla i e poin o iew. Al eady a he
concep ual le el - om he e y de ini ion o he cul u al phenomenon i sel - a
di e en app oach o he ma e can be app ecia ed, de ining i as popula
a chi ec u e in Spain and mino a chi ec u e in I aly. A he no ma i e and
legisla i e le el, he h ee undamen al aspec s in which he no ma i e amewo k
encompasses e nacula a chi ec u e in bo h Spain and I aly ha e been s udied
in dep h: he alua ion, p o ec ion and conse a ion o his a chi ec u e.
1
In oduc ion
The concep o his o ical he i age has e ol ed om an in e es in monumen s
and wo ks o a o mo e complex eali ies such as e hnology o in angible
he i age. Ve nacula a chi ec u e s a ed o a ac in e es be ween he 1930s and
1960s, wi h di e en app oaches esul ing in di e en e minology in di e en
egions. While in Anglo-Saxon in luenced coun ies he e m “ e nacula a chi ec u e”
is used in e e ence o i s link wi h a speci ic e i o y o place - by assimila ion o
he e m e e ing o local ways o speaking, in F ance he exp ession “a chi ec u e
adi ionnelle” is used o i s gene a ion by mechanisms inhe i ed om he expe ience
accumula ed by p e ious gene a ions - bo h in cons uc ion and a chi ec u e. In bo h
Spain and Po ugal he e m “a qui ec u a popula ” is used o i s link wi h he i al
expe ience o he people who build and inhabi i . In I aly he exp ession “mino
a chi ec u e” is gene ally used, due o he exclusion o i s as pa k o monumen al
a chi ec u e and he legacy o Gusc a o Gio annoni's en i onmen alism.
2
O he
mo e con empo a y and poe ic e e ences allude o anonymous a chi ec u e o
a chi ec u e wi hou an a chi ec ,
3
since i s de ini ion p ocess does no s a om
Resea che , Cen o de Es udos de A queologia, A es e Ciências do Pa imónio, Po ugal.
Associa e P o esso , Depa men o His o y, Rep esen a ion and Res o a ion o A chi ec u e, Sapienza
Uni e si y o Rome, I aly.
1
. This ex is he esul o he collabo a ion o he au ho s, who ha e p oduced he chap e s
independen ly. Vidal Gómez Ma ínez wo ds 1 o 2655 (1s o 6 h page) and Ma ia G azia Tu co wo ds
2656 o 5000 (6 h o 12 h page).
2
. S abile, FC “Gus a o Gio annoni e la cul u a dell’ambien ismo”. Bolle ino del Cen o di
s udi pe la s o ia dell’a chi e u a Casa dei C escenzi. 1 nuo a se ie (2017): 135-146.
3
. Rudo sky, B (1964) A chi ec u e wi hou a chi ec s. A sho in oduc ion o non-pedig eed
a chi ec u e, New Yo k: Doubleday & Company Inc.
Vol. 11, No.1
Ma ínez & Tu co: The P o ec ion o T adi ional A chi ec u e in…
98
he a chi ec 's exp essed e lec ion in each case, bu is based on he he i age ecei ed
h ough ypologies.
In any case, all hese exp essions a emp o summa ize in a single adjec i e
he essence o a pa imonial eali y oo complex and ex ensi e o be de ined wi h a
single wo d. O he many de ini ions made by schola s o he subjec , ha o Ca los
Flo es, which needed a heo e ical body based on wen y- ou poin s o desc ibe i ,
should be highligh ed o i s b ead h.
4
I is, in ac , an a chi ec u e wi h s ong local
oo s in bo h ma e ial and unc ional e ms, based on ypological and cons uc i e
knowledge passed down om gene a ion o gene a ion, execu ed by he people
and o he people who inhabi i , who do no ha e he o mal powe o g ea
monumen s, cons i u e he as majo i y o he subu b o his o ic ci ies, and is
ealized wi hou he pa icipa ion o a chi ec s.
In ecen yea s, pa icula emphasis has been placed on he cul u al ac o s o
his a chi ec u e,
5
which suppo s he in ima e li e o people and is de ined by hei
conc e e way o li ing - be o e geog aphical ac o s o a ailable ma e ial esou ces
- ha is, i is he ui and e uge o he cul u e o he people who build and inhabi
i . I is he e o e an a chi ec u e o g ea alue and ele ance o each people and a
he same ime acqui es uni e sal alue in he map o cul u es o which humani y
has gi en ise in i s de elopmen .
Folk a chi ec u e has a la e cul u al ecogni ion. F om he oman ic in e es in
he pic u esque and he alo iza ion o he u ban ab ic as suppo and en i onmen
o he monumen , we a i e a he concep o he His o ic Cen e and om he e he
exp ess e e ence o e nacula a chi ec u e as a he i age eali y wi h i s own alues.
F om he 1930s onwa ds, la ge-scale s udies o popula a chi ec u e began o
be conduc ed in coun ies such as Spain,
6
Po ugal
7
and I aly
8910
. Howe e , his
in e es was no e lec ed in in e na ional cha e s un il a ew decades la e , i s
wi h he 1964 Venice Cha e ,
11
in which he i s explici allusion o he His o ic
Cen e is included, and inally in he 1999 Ve nacula He i age Cha e ,
12
dedica ed
s ic ly o e nacula a chi ec u e. Mo e ecen ly, ICOMOS emphasizes he ele ance
and he i age alues o e nacula a chi ec u e, pa icula ly in he ecogni ion o he
u al landscape as cul u al he i age.
13
4
. Flo es, C (1973) A qui ec u a popula española, Mad id: Aguila SA de ediciones.
5
. Gómez Ma ínez, V (2017) La casa sin nomb e Una casa popula adicional en la
p o incial de Se illa, Se illa: Uni e sidad de Se illa.
6
. To es Balbás L (1930) La i ienda popula en España. In Folklo e y cos umb es de España.
B acelona: Casa edi o ial Albe o Ma ín. Vol. 3, 139-504.
7
. Ta o a F, Pimen el R (1961) A qui ec u a popula em Po ugal. Lisboa: Sindica o nacional
dos a qui ec os.
8
. As o i G, Pasolini M, Cia ochi L (1926), A chi e u a mino e in I alia. Vol. I. Roma. Roma:
C. C udo & C.
9
. As o i G, Pasolini M, Cia ochi L (1926), A chi e u a mino e in I alia. Vol. II. Roma. Roma:
C. C udo & C.
10
. Zocca M (1940) A chi e u a mino e in I alia. Vol. III. Subu bio di Roma e Lazio. Roma:
Casa edi ice Ca lo Colombo.
11
. In e na ional Cha e on he Conse a ion and Res o a ion o Monumen s and Si es, 1964.
II In e na ional Cong ess o A chi ec s and Technicians o His o ic Monumen s, Venice, 1964.
12
. Cha e o he Buil Ve nacula He i age, 1999. 12 h Gene al Assembly o ICOMOS, Mexico, 1999.
13
. P inciples Conce ning he Ru al Landscape as He i age. 19 h ICOMOS Gene al Assembly,
A hens Jou nal o A chi ec u e
Janua y 2025
99
A he same ime - usually wi h some delay - he ecogni ion o hese alues is
gaining g ound in socie y h ough his o ic he i age legisla ion, which has included
among i s objec i es he p o ec ion o he su ounding en i onmen i s and his o ic
monumen s and owns la e . A p esen , e nacula a chi ec u e is included in
he i age legisla ion and plans wi h some di icul y.
Me hodology and Objec i es
The di e en app oaches o he subjec ound in di e en coun ies esul in
equally di e en cul u al pe cep ions, he i age alua ion and legal p o ec ion, each
wi h i s own po en ials and sho comings. The undamen al aim o his con ibu ion is
o p omo e he mu ual en ichmen o he i age isions and legal egimes o popula
a chi ec u e in Eu ope - as a common cul u al en i onmen om a wide ange o
pe spec i es.
To his end, a compa a i e analysis is made o he h ee undamen al aspec s
o he i age p o ec ion: e alua ion, p o ec ion and p ese a ion. Fi s , he s udies
ca ied ou since he beginning o in e es in he subjec and i s in luence on socie y
a e analysed. This is ollowed by a collec ion and analysis o he legal amewo k
and s anda ds o he i age p o ec ion o he speci ic case o popula a chi ec u e.
Finally, he esul s o cul u al pe cep ion and he i age p o ec ion a e analysed on
he basis o a cons uc i e app oach, i.e., he s a e o conse a ion o popula
a chi ec u e.
This con ibu ion ocuses on he case o Spain and I aly, due o hei pa allel
pa hs, wi h some imes sha ed and some imes an agonis ic concep s.
Di e en App oaches o he Subjec
Spain and I aly close he no he n a c o he Medi e anean and sha e a long
his o y h ough hei ma i ime ou es om he landing o he oops o Cnaeus and
Publius Co nelius Excipion in Empo ion - now Ampu ias. In Roman imes, Roman
cul u e, echnology and adi ions eached he Ibe ian Peninsula and empe o s o
Hispanic o igin such as T ajan eached Rome. The Ca holic eligion and he di e en
pe iods o Spanish ule in Naples and Sicily c ys allised o e ime in o wo cul u es
o hei own bu wi h nume ous connec ions and simila i ies.
Since he awakening o socio-cul u al in e es in he knowledge and conse a ion
o he his o ical he i age, I aly has been a wo ld-leading agen in he heo e ical
e lec ion and p ac ical de elopmen o in e en ion on his he i age wi h he
app oaches o au ho s such as Camilo Boi o o Gus a o Gio annoni, who ha e had
a s ong in luence on he Spanish scene whe e he expe ience o Leopoldo To es
Balbás eme ges. Howe e , in he case o e nacula a chi ec u e, he app oaches a e
adically di e en .
New Delhi, 2017.
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Due o hese geog aphical, social and cul u al p oximi ies, his pape makes a
compa a i e analysis be ween Spanish and I alian expe iences. Due o he limi a ions
o he a icle's o ma , i ocuses on he adi ional domes ic a chi ec u e - he
adi ional house - o medium-sized u ban nuclei, whe e he his o ic esiden ial
u ban ab ic has no been subjec ed o he p essu es and eplacemen p ocesses o
la ge ci ies. In bo h coun ies, he p o ec ion egula ions mo e wi hin a dual legal
amewo k a na ional and egional le el, so ha he egions o Lazio in I aly and
Andalusia in Spain a e aken in o accoun o ob ain a simila pe cep ion o he
eali ies s udied.
The Spanish Case
The in e es o a chi ec s and his o ians in popula a chi ec u e in Spain is
e iden om he i s qua e o he 20 h cen u y and ocuses mainly on esiden ial
a chi ec u e, he popula house. Besides he a o emen ioned wo ks by Leopoldo
To es Balbás (1930) and Ca los Flo es (1973), he ini ia i es o he Di ección
Gene al de A qui ec u a (1942)
14
and Luis Feduchi
15
(1978) s and ou . These a e
la ge-scale wo ks ha a emp o ou he en i e geog aphy, collec ing he mos
ep esen a i e examples o he popula case.
On a egional scale, he us a ed “In en a io de a qui ec u a popula de Andalucía”
(In en o y o popula a chi ec u e in Andalusia) s ands ou , which sough a comple e
ca aloguing in h ee biennial campaigns dedica ed o p oduc i e a chi ec u e (1992-
93), esidence (1994-95) and wel a e (1996-97). A e a spon aneous bu ui ul i s
campaign, and despi e a emp s o imp o e he o ganisa ion, he campaign dedica ed
o social housing ailed due o a lack o esou ces and abo e all due o he lack o
ansdisciplina i y o he eams - composed exclusi ely o e hnologis s - unable o
ecognise and p ocess in an o de ly manne he as adi ional housing he i age
p esen in Andalusia.
On a smalle scale, he e a e nume ous wo ks by local esea che s analysing
popula housing in municipal and egional con ex s, achie ing a g ea e le el o
de ail and dep h bu losing he e e ence o he eal e i o ial layou o he objec
hey a e s udying.
In he legal ield, since he 1931 cons i u ion, he Basic Laws
16
17
18
19
ha e
clea ly de ined socie y's igh s o he his o ical he i age and he manda o y na u e
o i s p o ec ion by he s a e, bo h by he cen al and egional adminis a ions.
Consequen ly, he co esponding laws o he p o ec ion o his o ical he i age
20
21
14
. Di ección Gene al de A qui ec u a (1942) Plan nacional de mejo amien o de la i ienda
en los poblados de pescado es. Mad id: Di ección Gene al de A qui ec u a.
15
. Feduchi L, Bo ego F, Temp ano J (1978) I ine a ios de a qui ec u a popula española.
Ba celona: Edi o ial Blume.
16
. Cons i ución de la República española, 1931.
17
. Cons i ución española, 1978.
18
. Es a u o de au onomía pa a Andalucía, Ley O gánica 6/1981.
19
. Re o ma del Es a u o de au onomía pa a Andalucía, Ley O gánica 2/2007.
20
. Ley ela i a al Pa imonio A ís ico Nacional, Gace a de Mad id Nº 145, 1933.
21
. Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Pa imonio His ó ico Español.
A hens Jou nal o A chi ec u e
Janua y 2025
101
22
23
a e issued wi h an o e lapping na ional and egional legal amewo k. Since
he 1933 law, exp ess e e ence has been made o bo h monumen s and 'u ban and
us ic ensembles' in which he adi ional domes ic ab ic is embedded.
Since he 1985 law, a se ies o ca ego ies o asse s o cul u al in e es ha e
been es ablished acco ding o he cha ac e is ics ha de ine he di e en elemen s
o he His o ical He i age and, al hough he e is no explici e e ence o popula
a chi ec u e, he de ini ion o “Conjun o His ó ico” (His o ical Ensamble) includes
he essence ha de ines i :
“la ag upación de bienes inmuebles que o man una unidad de asen amien o, con inua o
dispe sa, condicionada po una es uc u a ísica ep esen a i a de la e olución de una
comunidad humana po se es imonio de su cul u a o cons i ui un alo de uso y dis u e
pa a la colec i idad. Asimismo es Conjun o His ó ico cualquie núcleo indi idualizado
de inmuebles comp endidos en una unidad supe io de población que eúna esas
mismas ca ac e ís icas y pueda se cla amen e delimi ado.”
24
This legisla ion uses a posi i e designa ion c i e ion, i.e. only hose elemen s
exp essly decla ed by he adminis a ions esponsible o Cul u e and His o ical
He i age a e conside ed His o ical He i age and subjec o legal p o ec ion. I
he e o e u ges he a o emen ioned adminis a ions o decla e as Goods o Cul u al
In e es - o a simila igu e - he se o buildings and u ban nuclei wi h he
a o emen ioned cul u al alues and es ablishes he obliga ion o d aw up o adap
u ban planning o hei knowledge and p o ec ion. This ansla es in o he d a ing
o gene al planning igu es ha analyse he en i e his o ic ci y in dep h, bo h in i s
u ban and a chi ec u al aspec s, p o ec ing no only he singula elemen s, bu also
he popula a chi ec u e in each o i s componen buildings.
On he o he hand, own planning includes among i s undamen al unc ions
he p o ec ion o His o ical He i age, which es ablishes a second mechanism o
he p o ec ion o popula a chi ec u e, which allows his a chi ec u e o be p o ec ed
e en when i is no ecognised as pa o a His o ical Complex - h ough he ca alogues
included in he Gene al U ban Plans.
The p o ec ion o his o ical he i age in Andalusia has, in addi ion o he
'Conseje ía de Cul u a', he 'Ins i u o Andaluz de Pa imonio His ó ico', which ad ises
on and p omo es he knowledge and p o ec ion o his o ical he i age. Th ough he
digi al guide i is possible o consul he Gene al Ca alogue o His o ical He i age
o Andalusia, which includes 117 His o ical Si es, whe e popula a chi ec u e is
one o he main he i age alues. O hese 117 decla ed His o ic Si es, in No embe
2017 almos hal (57) had p o ec ion documen s d awn up and app o ed.
Faced wi h legisla i e duplica ion and in o de o a oid he p oblems o
egional managemen o His o ic He i age - such as me hodological con adic ions
22
. Ley 1/1991, de 3 de julio, de Pa imonio His ó ico de Andalucía.
23
. Ley 14/2007, de 26 de no iemb e, del Pa imonio His ó ico de Andalucía.
24
. In English i would ead: he g ouping o immo able p ope ies o ming a uni o se lemen ,
con inuous o dispe sed, condi ioned by a physical s uc u e ep esen a i e o he e olu ion o a
human communi y because i bea s wi ness o i s cul u e o cons i u es a alue o he use and
enjoymen o he communi y. Likewise, a His o ic Si e is any indi idualised nucleus o p ope ies
included in a highe uni o popula ion which has he same cha ac e is ics and can be clea ly delimi ed.
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Ma ínez & Tu co: The P o ec ion o T adi ional A chi ec u e in…
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o he pa ial pe cep ion o cul u al eali ies de eloped in e i o ies emb aced by
di e en adminis a i e eali ies - he "Plan Nacional de A qui ec u a T adicional"
25
was d a ed in 2014 as a documen om which o es ablish common s a egies.
In p ac ice, his s ong legisla i e p o ec ion is ansla ed in o he supe ision
by he adminis a ion esponsible o Cul u e and His o ical He i age o in e en ion
p ojec s on popula a chi ec u e in decla ed His o ical Cen es up o he elabo a ion
o p o ec ion plans, which a e also con olled by he adminis a ion i sel . Once
hese plans a e app o ed, he local adminis a ions a e in cha ge o con olling
in e en ions on popula a chi ec u e.
The esul s o his p o ec ion a e o en comp omised by an insu icien
knowledge o i s alues and po en ial on he pa o socie y - which alues i as pa
o i s cul u e bu pe cei es i s p ese a ion as a bu den - and by an a chi ec u al
discipline wi h li le echnical aining in he i age and es o a ion - which is no a
undamen al pa o he compulso y cu icula o ob aining he i le o a chi ec
and which has ew specialised pos -g adua e s udies.
The I alian Case
In he 1920s, he Associazione A is ica a i Cul o i di A chi e u a, unde he
auspices o Coun ess Ma ia Pasolini Pom i, launched an ambi ious p og amme o
he s udy o mino I alian a chi ec u e o ganised in egional olumes so ha i s
con en would be cohe en in e ms o his o y, s yle and a chi ec u e. The in oduc ion
o he p og amme ecognises he need o s udy mino a chi ec u e - as he ue
essence o ci ies - and exp esses a p emoni o y lamen o he lack o in e es in he
subjec in I aly - compa ed o ini ia i es in coun ies such as Swi ze land. I is a
collec ion o pho og aphs o modes a chi ec u e, basically esiden ial and eligious.
The i s wo olumes a e dedica ed o Rome and he hi d and las - published a e
he coun ess' dea h - o he subu bs o Rome and Lazio
26
27
28
.
The mos ele an igu e in hese ea ly yea s is undoub edly ha o Gus a o
Gio annoni, who e e s o mino a chi ec u e wi h he poe ic image o lowe s
g owing a he oo o la ge buildings, wi hou losing sigh o i s main dis inguishing
ea u es such as spon anei y, use o local ma e ials, adap a ion o he clima e and,
abo e all, ha i is a clea and modes e lec ion o popula li e. He p oposes i as
an i eplaceable en i onmen o la ge wo ks, wa ning ha eplacing he modes
elemen s o he his o ic u ban ab ic will dep i e monumen s o hei ela ionship
wi h he en i onmen and hei signi icance as a .
29
25
. Ca ión Gu ie ez A (2015) Plan Nacional de A qui ec u a T adicional. Mad id: Minis e io
de Educación, Cul u a y Depo e. Sec e a ía Gene al Técnica. Subdi ección Gene al de Documen ación y
Publicaciones.
26
. As o i G, Pasolini M, Cia ochi L (1926), A chi e u a mino e in I alia. Vol. I. Roma. Roma:
C. C udo & C.
27
. As o i G, Pasolini M, Cia ochi L (1927), A chi e u a mino e in I alia. Vol. II. Roma. Roma:
C. C udo & C..
28
. Zocca M (1940) A chi e u a mino e in I alia. Vol. III. Subu bio di Roma e Lazio. Roma:
Casa edi ice Ca lo Colombo.
29
. Gio annoni G (1940) A chi e u a mino e di Roma e del Lazzio.
A hens Jou nal o A chi ec u e
Janua y 2025
103
In he ollowing decades, wo ks o egional and local scope we e p oduced,
co e ing di e en pa s o he I alian geog aphy such as Apulia,
30
Venice,
31
Sa dinia,
32
Pisa,
33
Chie i.
34
Wi h he excep ion o he wo k dedica ed o Venice -
which in ol es an exe cise in p o ound ecogni ion o esiden ial a chi ec u e wi h
no es, plans and ele a ions o g ea p ecision - we gene ally ind collec ions o
pho og aphs and d awings, wi h he o ma o a a el no ebook as a clea e e ence.
F om he 1980s onwa ds, he concep o “mino cen es” began o ake hold
and s udies began o o e a mo e comple e iew o hem hanks o a mo e s uc u ed
me hodology.
353637
I is p ecisely in Lazio ha we ind one o he highes esolu ion
wo ks dedica ed o he mino cen es o he Aniene alley.
38
The - mode n - p o ec ion o I aly's his o ical he i age began in he 19 h cen u y
wi h he edic o Ca dinal Pacca in 1820. A e uni ica ion, he Gene al Di ec o a e
o Exca a ions and Monumen s i s and he Gene al Di ec o a e o Academies
and Lib a ies and o he Di usion o Cul u e la e , we e o be he ins i u ions
esponsible o he p o ec ion o he His o ic He i age. The i s s uc u ed laws on
he subjec a e Law no. 364 on An iqui ies and Fine A s o 1909 and abo e all Law
no. 1089 o June 1939 on he P o ec ion o Things o A is ic and His o ical In e es .
39
The 1948 Cons i u ion
40
s a es in A icle 9 ha he epublic “Tu ela il paesaggio
e il pa imonio s o ico e a is ico della Nazione” (p o ec s he landscape and he
his o ical and a is ic he i age o he na ion).
In his way, he du y o sa egua ding Cul u al He i age is en us ed o he S a e,
which de elops i h ough na ional and egional laws. In 1960, he Gubbio Cha e
41
o he p o ec ion o His o ic Cen es was d awn up, pe haps he documen wi h
he mos di ec ela ionship wi h mino a chi ec u e, compa ing i wi h he
con o ma ion o he his o ic ci y. In he 1960s and 1970s, commissions we e se up
(F anceschini and Papaldo) o o ganise he wo k necessa y o he d a ing o a
new law, which would no a i e un il he single ex o 1999.
42
Al eady in he 21s
30
. Ceschi C (1935) A chi e u a mino e in Puglia. Lapigia, i is a di A cheologia, S o ia e
A e 13.87-93.
31
. T incana o E R (1948) Venezia mino e. Milano: Edizioni del Milione.
32
. Mossa V (1953) A chi e u a eligiosa mino e in Sa degna. Sassa i: Edizioni Gallizzi.
33
. Cu uni A (1976) Aspe i della coside a a chi e u a mino e pisana. Bolle ino del Cen o di
s udi pe la s o ia dell’a chi e u a. 24. 145-155.
34
. Mancini R (2013) A chi e u a mino e nel Chie ino. Pesca a: Mancini Pesca a.
35
. T onca P (1987) Tipologie dell’a chi e u a mino e. La media alle dell’A e no. L’Aquila:
Amminis azione P o inciale di L’Aquila.
36
. Cole a T (2005) La conse azione dei cen i s o ici mino i abbandona i. Il caso della
Campania. Napoli: Uni e si à degli s udi di Napoli “Fede ico II”.
37
. S abile F R, Zampilli M, Co esi C (2009) Cen i s o ici mino i. P oge i pe il ecupe o
della belleza. Roma: Gangemi edi o e.
38
. Longo C, Albisini P, A enaboli E (1979) Cen i s o ici mino i nel Lazio: me odologie
d'indagine e p opos e di in e en o campione nella alle dell'Aniene. Roma: Edizioni Kappa.
39
. Fe e i A (2010) Legislazione dei beni cul u ali e del paesaggio. Nozioni essenziali.
A zano: Edizioni Simone.
40
. Cos i uzione della Repubblica I aliana, 1948.
41
. Ca a di Gubbio, Con egno Nazionale pe la Sal agua dia e il Risanamen o dei Cen i
S o ici, Gubbio, 1960.
42
. D. L. 29 o ob e 1999, n. 490 Tes o unico delle disposizioni legisla i e in ma e ia di beni
cul u ali e ambien ali, a no ma dell'A . 1 della legge 8 o ob e, n. 352.
Vol. 11, No.1
Ma ínez & Tu co: The P o ec ion o T adi ional A chi ec u e in…
104
cen u y, he ju isp udence was comple ed wi h he 2004 Cul u al He i age and
Landscape Code
43
and i s subsequen co ec ions.
The law o 1939 p o ec s "le cose, immobili e mobili, che p esen ano in e esse
a is ico, s o ico, a cheologico o e nog á ico" ( hings, immo able and mo able,
ha a e o a is ic, his o ical, a chaeological o e hnog á ico in e es ), which will
la e gene a e he concep o Cul u al He i age and which will be p og essi ely
inco po a ed exp essly in nume ous exp essions o I alian cul u e o which a
nega i e p o ec ion c i e ion is es ablished, i.e., all he elemen s lis ed in he law
emain unde he p o ec ion o he law, whose owne s mus jus i y hei exclusion
i hey deem i app op ia e - es ablishing an an iqui y c i e ion o wo ks o a -.
Among he elemen s lis ed in he di e en na ional legisla ions, he e is no
explici men ion o his o ic cen es o mino a chi ec u e. The only explici de ini ion
o his o ic cen es can be ound in he 1999 Legge u banís ica della egione Lazio.
44
"sono cen i s o ici gli o ganismi u bani di an ica o mazione che hanno da o o igine
alle ci à con empo anee. Essi si indi iduano come s u u e u bane che hanno man enu o
la iconoscibili à delle adizioni, dei p ocessi e delle egole che hanno p esiedu o alla
lo o o mazione e sono cos i ui i da pa imonio edilizio, e e ia ia e spazi inedi ica i”
45
In Lazio, in addi ion o his u ban planning legisla ion, he e a e he 1997 No me
in ma e ia di beni e se izi cul u ali del Lazio
46
[40], ocused on cul u al managemen ,
and he Regional Commission o he Cul u al He i age o Lazio.
Fo i s pa , u ban planning legisla ion es ablishes - s a ing om he b idge
law on own planning (Law no. 765/67)
47
[41] - he need o in eg a e his o ic cen es
in o he gene al plan, as well as he need o es ablish speci ic pa ame e s acco ding
o hei his o ical and a is ic alues.
The Minis y o Cul u e p o ides an on-line ca alogue wi h 831,114 egis e s,
o ganised in 3 ca ego ies and 9 disciplina y sec o s, among which he e is no di ec
e e ence o mino a chi ec u e o his o ic cen es.
Despi e he sca ce speci ic e e ences and mechanisms o he p o ec ion o
mino a chi ec u e o his o ic cen es, I aly in gene al and Lazio in pa icula conse e
a la ge pa o i s his o ic u ban ab ic, p obably due o he gene ic p o ec ion o
elemen s o his o ic, a is ic and cul u al in e es , as well as o he deep adi ion o
es o a ion, bo h in he socie y i sel and in he uni e si ies whe e i is pa o he
cu icula and o which many highly specialised cou ses a e dedica ed.
43
. D. L. 22 gennaio 2004, n. 42, Codice dei beni cul u ali e del paesaggio, ai sensi dell'a icolo
10 Legge 6 luglio 2002, n. 137.
44
. L. R. 22 dicemb e 1999, n. 38, No me sul go e no del e i o io del Lazio.
45
. In English: his o ic cen es a e he ancien u ban o ganisms ha ga e ise o con empo a y
ci ies. They a e iden i ied as u ban s uc u es ha ha e e ained he ecognisabili y o he adi ions,
p ocesses and ules ha ha e p esided o e hei o ma ion and a e made up o buil he i age, he
oad ne wo k and unbuil spaces.
46
. L.R. 24 No emb e 1997, n. 42, No me in ma e ia di beni e se izi cul u ali del Lazio.
47
. Legge 6 agos o 1967, n. 765, Modi iche ed in eg azioni alla legge u banis ica 17 agos o
1942, n. 1150.
A hens Jou nal o A chi ec u e
Janua y 2025
105
Conclusions
Al hough he e a e no s udies ha allow a di ec compa ison on he conse a ion
o e nacula a chi ec u e o his o ic ensembles, i is clea ha he s a egies
de eloped o e he yea s in bo h coun ies o e key elemen s o he p ope p o ec ion
and conse a ion o his he i age. A cumula i e s a egy o bo h expe iences could
bene i om he main po en ials and co ec he sho comings o each.
- Speci ic ecogni ion o he he i age alues o e nacula a chi ec u e, beyond
he en i onmen al alues o monumen s, bo h as pa o he his o ic ci y and
as a chi ec u e wi h i s own en i y and alues.
- Gene ic p o ec ion o all adi ional a chi ec u e, wi hou he need o
es ablish speci ic decla a ions, in o de o gua an ee he p ese a ion o he
ensemble o buildings and wi h i he his o ic u ban ab ic.
- De elopmen o speci ic s udy and p o ec ion plans o e nacula
a chi ec u e, bo h in he ield o own planning and a chi ec u e.
- Obliga ion o se up ansdisciplina y wo king g oups wi h p o essionals
om he ields o a chi ec u e, his o y, a chaeology and e hnology o
de elop hese plans.
- C ea ion o speci ic p o essional p o iles wi h specialised aining as an
essen ial condi ion o in e en ion in e nacula a chi ec u e as in o he
he i age disciplines.
I would be ad isable o a clea imp o emen o he esul s o he e alua ion,
p o ec ion and conse a ion policies o ex end his s udy o o he coun ies in he
Eu opean sphe e, es ablishing a sys em o common indica o s - le els o eplacemen
o e nacula a chi ec u e, use o adi ional building sys ems, le els o occupa ion,
sui abili y o he needs o cu en daily li e,..... - which allows a compa a i e analysis
o he esul s in e ms o he s a e o conse a ion o popula a chi ec u e.
Bibliog aphy
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