P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-
E icien Solu ions
701
USE OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN THE STATE OF MEXICO
1
Espinoza Picha do, Ma in
1
Tecnológico de Es udios Supe io es de Villa Gue e o
Fede al hig wayToluca –Ix apan de la sal km. 64.5. The a m Villa Gue e o
e-mail: maespi@li e.com.mx
ABSTRACT
Al e na i e Ene gy consump ion is one o he g ea measu es o p og ess and wel a e o
socie y. Since he sou ces o ossil and nuclea ene gy a e ini e is ine i able ha a some
poin he demand can no be supplied, unless i is o disco e and de elop new me hods o
ene gy, hese would be he al e na i e ene gy. Tha said i is also ha abuse o cu en
con en ional ene gy oday such as oil, coal combus ion among o he agg a a ing ca y i
p oblems such as pollu ion, inc eased g eenhouse gases and d illing laye ozone.
In he end, i ocuses on desc ibing he di e en ypes o al e na i e ene gy gene a ion o
educe con en ional ene gy consump ion, o educe he demand o ene gy p oduc ion,
aking he S a e o Mexico as a poin o s udying di e en a eas such as opog aphy, clima e
e c. which ha e impac on he p ojec in o de o imp o e he quali y o he en i onmen and
be upda ed on he use o echnologies.
The conclusions ake in o accoun ci izen pa icipa ion in h ee municipali ies o he egion in
which i is obse ed ha he popula ion does no ha e enough in o ma ion abou he subjec ,
bu a e in e es ed in knowing mo e abou he esea ch, making i mo e impo an o c ea e an
educa ion en i onmen al, he esul was ob ained hanks o he g aphical que y Census o
Popula ion and Housing.
This p ojec was conduc ed o p o ide an o e iew o how is elec ici y and households ha
do no ha e se ice, i is a guide o in o ma ion on he di e en ypes o ene gy and aises
he p oposals o be made in di e en a eas o s udy.
This ype o ene gy a p esen no look much bu hey a e becoming a ocus o s udy and
implemen a ion by coun ies and o imp o e he quali y o li e o i s popula ion and aiming a
he educ ion o pollu ion caused by gene a ing con en ional ene gy. As well as p omo ing
esea ch no only o he S a e o Mexico, bu o any egion o he wo ld.
Keywo ds: sus ainable, quali y o li e, ene gy e iciency
Chap e III – Ene gy E iciency
702
1.- Jus i ica ion
This p ojec was done wi h he in en ion o being able o gi e impo ance and ca e
ha ha e hese ene gies o ocus on his issue as al eady men ioned is o in oduce
new me hods o ene gy p oduc ion in o de o educe o e p oduc ion o con en ional
ene gy, and same as disclosing ha he daily ene gy we use un il oday come om
na u e, meaning ha ene gy demand inc eases e e y day and make an o e
p oduc ion o ene gy.
I is impo an o no e ha al e na i e ene gies, al hough enewable, a e also ini e,
and like any o he na u al esou ce will ha e a ully u ilized. The e o e, e en i we can
make he ansi ion o hese new ene gies smoo hly and g adually.
2. Gene al pu pose
Desc ibe he di e en ypes o al e na i e ene gy gene a ion po en ial o educe
con en ional ene gy consump ion, in o de o p o ide se ices o unde se ed
communi ies in he S a e o Mexico ha do no ha e he se ice, si e condi ions ha
lie.
2.1.- Speci ic objec i es
- In oduce o ms o ene gy ans o ma ion by explaining he ope a ion and
e iciency o each o hese.
- Reduce he gene a ion o g eenhouse gases ha ha m ou plane by
implemen ing he use o al e na i e ene gies.
- P opose placemen o al e na i e ene gy gene a o s in egions o he S a e o
Mexico ha occupy mo e.
3.- P oblem
F om one poin o iew, he e is a end globally by a conce n o he ca e o he
en i onmen , in which he use o al e na i e ene gy a ises as a way o help educe
global wa ming h ough p oposals using al e na i e ene gy equipmen .
Thus i is necessa y o in es iga e he possibili y o eplacing he e e yday ways o
using ene gy ha you b ing a mone a y sa ings as a pe sonal bene i and
en i onmen al bene i as a gene al bene i . Wi h ha ecognize he ad an ages o
wo king wi h an al e na i e and clean ene gy.
Thus i is necessa y o in es iga e he possibili y o eplacing he e e yday ways o
using ene gy ha you b ing a mone a y sa ings as a pe sonal bene i and
en i onmen al bene i as a gene al bene i . Wi h ha ecognize he ad an ages o
wo king wi h an al e na i e and clean ene gy.
4.- Fo mula ion o he p oblem.
Why people do no use his ype o ene gy? This is one o he poin s which we ha e
o base, i 's because people do no use hese ene gies, knowing ha hese a e no
new, ha e eme ged yea s ago bu due o misin o ma ion en i onmen al educa ion is
no ca ied. One o he easons why people hesi a e o use hese ene gies is by
belie s ha did no wo k, i 's jus a bad in es men , no gi ing powe supply o supply.
The mos impo an and so you should ealize is ha " he p ac ice o using al e na i e
ene gy con ibu es o p o ec ing he en i onmen , an issue o en hea d in hese imes
we li e in." [7]
P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-
E icien Solu ions
703
5.- Types o al e na i e ene gy and e iciency
5.1.- Al e na i e ene gy
"Ene gy sou ces a e no connec ed o he mains, po en ial ene gies p esen in he
o m na u e, and almos unlimi ed use" [1]
Tha said his ype o ene gy a e p esen all a ound us and can be ans o med in o
elec ici y as well as hea , aised as an al e na i e o adi ional classical which a e
cu en ly in high demand and p oduc ion gene a es eno mous amoun o pollu ion
eleased in o he en i onmen .
5.1.1.- Sola ene gy
The idea o ha nessing sola ene gy is no new, i was no un il la e 1970 ha he
echnology had o make his possible. The basic p ocess is simple. Sola panels
concen a e sunligh ha alls on hem and con e i in o ene gy. This is
accomplished in a ious ways and depends on he objec i e; ei he elec ici y o a
egion o ho wa e o a pool. [2]
5.1.2.- Hyd opowe
Hyd opowe uses he ene gy o alling wa e o u n u bines and gene a e elec ici y.
The ene gy gene a ed in his way depends on con ol o a wa e cou se such as a
i e , o en wi h a dam.
5.1.3.- Biomass uel
"Biomass" de ine almos any ege able was e, wood was e, ag icul u al was e and
land ill, as well as ce ain c ops used as uel. [3]
These was es come om indus ies such as logging, cons uc ion indus y, pape ;
ag icul u al was es come om he cul i a ion o land; and e en solid was e land ills
come om municipal was e.
5.1.4.- Wind ene gy
Small windmills we e common a ound he wo ld un il eplaced by s eam engines and
la e by elec ici y.
In e es in la ge wind u bines inc eased since he oil c isis o 1970. By 1980, wind
powe mills, ows o u bines began o be seen in u al a eas wo ldwide. [1]
5.1.5.- Geo he mal
Geo he mal ene gy akes na u al sou ces, such as ho sp ings and s eam je s, and
uses hem o p oduce elec ici y o supply ho wa e o a egion. [3]
Geo he mal powe plan s send he s eam ha eaches he su ace o he Ea h
h ough u bines. The u bines o a e and d i e gene a o s ha p oduce elec ici y.
Geo he mal ene gy can be used di ec ly o hea ing homes.
5.1.6.- The mal ene gy
"Sola he mal ene gy o he mal ene gy in ol es ha nessing he sun's adia ion o
p oduce hea . The means o achie e his empe a u e is inpu h ough sola
collec o s o collec o s consis ing o a su ace ha is exposed o sunligh abso bs
adia ion and ans o ming i in o hea which is anspo ed h ough luid "[4]
The mal ene gy is he o m o ene gy in ol ed in he hea ing phenomena. When wo
bodies a di e en empe a u es a e con ac ed, he ene gy communica es ho o cold;
he ype o ene gy ha is ans e ed om one body o ano he as a esul o a
empe a u e di e ence.
Chap e III – Ene gy E iciency
704
6.- Communi ies o mexico s a e ha does no ha e he se ice o elec ici y.
F om Oc obe 2009, CFE is esponsible o p o iding elec ic se ice h oughou he
coun y. I consis en ly is he company esponsible o supplying elec ic powe in ou
s a e, CFE is ecognized as one o he la ges elec ic u ili ies in he wo ld and s ill
has in eg a ed all he p ocesses o elec ic se ice. Fo backg ound o help us ge a
be e iew o he o al housing he S a e o Mexico ha ha e elec ici y se ice,
INEGI s a is ics a e aken, wi h he ollowing esul s o gene al and pa icula .
- En i y: Mexico (15)
- To al popula ion: 15 175 86
- Rep esen ing 13.5% o he na ional popula ion.
- Popula ion densi y (inhabi an s / km².): 679.0
- To al municipali ies: 125
- Municipali ies wi h la ge popula ions:
- Eca epec de Mo elos 1656107
- Nezahualcoyo l 1110565
- Naucalpan 833,779
[5]
Fig.1 "Te i o y Edo.Mex". Sou ce: inegi.o g.a
- Housing: To al p i a e dwellings: 3749106
- A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling *: 4.1
This in o ma ion h ows us in he S a e o Mexico 41240 homes do no ha e
elec ici y se ice, you a e alking abou ha 169.084 people li e wi hou his se ice
is gene ally speaking he S a e o Mexico o he e i o y.
P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-
E icien Solu ions
705
. 2 "G a ica se ice o he S a e o Mexico". Sou ce: inegi.o g.a
Municipali ies ha he pe cen age o o al housing is g ea e han 2% and he
necessa y da a ha e o p opose expanding he mains using al e na i e ene gy being
as ollows we e aken. (Table 1)
- Acambay
To al p i a e dwellings: 14 207 5%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.3
- Aculco
To al p i a e dwellings: 10,516, 6.9%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.3
- Almoloya de Alquisi as
To al p i a e dwellings: 3622, 3.9%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.1
- Almoloya de jua ez
To al p i a e dwellings: 32,840, 3.6%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.4
- Amanalco
To al p i a e dwellings: 5254, 7.3%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.4
- Ama epec
To al p i a e dwellings: 6511, 3.1%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.0
- A lacomulco
To al p i a e dwellings: 21,168, 3%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.4
- Chapa de Mo a
To al p i a e dwellings: 6337, 3.9%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.4
- Coa epec Ha inas
To al p i a e dwellings: 8224, 2.8%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.4
- Dona o Gue a
To al p i a e dwellings: 6888, 9.8%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.9
- El O o - Ix apan del O o

Chap e III – Ene gy E iciency
706
To al p i a e dwellings: 7599, 2.9%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.5
To al p i a e dwellings: 1531, 5.6%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.3
- Ix lahuaca
To al p i a e dwellings: 30 851 2.9%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.6
- Jilo epec
To al p i a e dwellings: 19,975, 3.8%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.2
- Jiquipilco
To al p i a e dwellings: 15,210, 3.6%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.5
- Joco i lán
To al p i a e dwellings: 14,570, 3.2%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.2
- Lu ianos
To al p i a e dwellings: 6104, 5.8%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.6
- Mo elos
To al p i a e dwellings: 6470, 7.3%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.4
- O zoloapan
To al p i a e dwellings: 1095, 2.6%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.4
- Polo i lán
To al p i a e dwellings: 3256, 2.4%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.0
- San Felipe del P og eso
To al p i a e dwellings: 23,971, 7.1%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 5.1
- San José del Rincón
To al p i a e dwellings: 17,712, 6.5%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 5.2
- San Simón de Gue e o
To al p i a e dwellings: 1457, 3.6%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.3
- Soyaniquilpan
To al p i a e dwellings: 3007, 4.6%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
* 3.9
- Sul epec
To al p i a e dwellings: 5698, 6%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.5
- Tejupilco
To al p i a e dwellings: 16,121, 3.1%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.4
- Temama la
To al p i a e dwellings: 2772, 2.6%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.1
- Temascalapa
To al p i a e dwellings: 8868, 2.8%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
* 4.1
- Temascalcingo - Temascal epec
P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-
E icien Solu ions
707
To al p i a e dwellings: 14,392, 3.3%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.4
To al p i a e dwellings: 7444, 3.4%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.4
- Temoaya
To al p i a e dwellings: 17,982, 2.4%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 5.0
- Texcal i lán
To al p i a e dwellings: 3835, 3.4%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.5
- Timilpan
To al p i a e dwellings: 3859, 2.2%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.0
- Valle de B a o
To al p i a e dwellings: 14,838, 2.4%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
* 4.1
- Villa de Allende
To al p i a e dwellings: 10,013, 7.1%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.8
- Villa del Ca bon
To al p i a e dwellings: 10,270, 4.5%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.4
- Villa Gue e o
To al p i a e dwellings: 13,884, 3%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.3
- Villa Vic o ia
To al p i a e dwellings: 18,724, 7.2%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 5.0
- Zacualpan
To al p i a e dwellings: 3479, 7.4%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.3
- Zumpahuacán
To al p i a e dwellings: 3434, 6.9%
A e age numbe o occupan s pe dwelling
*: 4.8
Table 1. "Municipali ies wi h he highes numbe o homes wi hou powe "
The da a collec ed on he able, he highligh s a e oo many homes ha do no ha e
mains, ano he poin ha also akes is wi h he p oposed implemen a ion o hese
echnologies would no jus bene i hese homes, bu ha nea by houses would no
longe be supplied di ec ly om he con en ional ne wo k and demand o ene gy
p oduc ion would dec ease, eaching he goal o educing en i onmen al pollu ion as
well as p o ide be e se ice quali y o li e o hese amilies.
7.- Ci izen pa icipa ion
Fo ci izen pa icipa ion ques ionnai e o communi ies in h ee di e en municipali ies
in eg a ed in he S a e o Mexico, which a e Zacualpan, Ix apan de la Sal and Toluca
was held, ques ionnai es o which he esul s a e he ollowing ook place:
In gene al he popula ion has a e y no in o ma ion on his ype o ene gy, ope a ion
and indeed se e as suppo o he declining p oduc ion o con en ional ene gy,
men ion ha one o he p oblems o he implemen a ion o al e na i e ene gy no
only in he S a e o Mexico, bu h oughou he coun y, is a poli ical con lic and
p i a e companies as i is CFE, as men ioned low consump ion o i s p oduc ion by
ha ming i s economy.
Chap e III – Ene gy E iciency
708
Finally wi h he da a collec ed shows ha people a e willing o in es in his ype o
ene gy o help ca e o he en i onmen as well as ha ing i s own bene i , one o he
p oblems de ec ed a e economic and poli ical ac o s.
The e is in e es , a cu iosi y on he pa o he popula ion ha is e y posi i e in he
expec ed esponse o he people, because he esul s say he o al esponden s
would suppo wi h hei ime and esou ces a ailable o hem o his o come ue,
men ion ha i is a new way o ge ene gy which will help hem mee hei daily needs
and ha e a decen li e being one o he main igh s as ag eed in ou Cons i u ion
cu en ly go e ned.
As would also be a ac o o he de elopmen o he coun y in he ield o
in as uc u e se ice, echnological ad ances and no lea ing behind one o he main
objec i es o which his p ojec was ca ied ou is dec easing gene a ion o pollu an s
eleased in o he a mosphe e ha damaging ou plane , esul ing in global wa ming.
8.- Applicable ene gy in egions o he s a e o Mexico
To men ion a speci ic place, in his case he S a e o Mexico is i s necessa y o
know all abou loca ion, ype o clima e, p e ailing winds, e en wi h ew i e s
accoun in o de o ha e he necessa y da a and p opose he use o hese ene gies.
The S a e o Mexico is loca ed in cen al Mexico, in he eas e n pa o he able
Anahuac. Bo de ed on he no h by he s a es o Que é a o and Hidalgo; and sou h
by Gue e o and Mo elos; eas wi h Puebla and Tlaxcala; and wes by Gue e o and
Michoacan, as well as he Fede al Dis ic , which su ounds he no h, eas and wes .
[6]
Below is speci ically desc ibed he main ea u es o di e en echnologies o he use
o enewable ene gy in he S a e o Mexico.
8.1.- Sola ene gy
This ene gy as al eady men ioned is ob ained om sola ays o be e known as
sola adia ion, his will be ans o med h ough a ield o pho o ol aic cells ha
ans o m sunligh in o elec ici y. This is an impo an poin o be aken up in his
ene gy sou ce, as we know he sun is a enewable ene gy sou ce e en said o be
inexhaus ible, we ha e i in e e y co ne o he plane .
Fo e iciency o hese sola cells plan ed is necessa y o open spaces, no ha ing
any obs acles ha can gene a e shadow, add essing wha he S a e o Mexico. ( ig.
3)
Could obse e ha he less moun ainous a ea is he no heas e n pa o he s a e as
indica ed on he map, comp ised o a egion wi h li le ugged opog aphy which is
conduci e o he seeded cells a e gene a ed
P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-
E icien Solu ions
709
.
Fig 3. "Topog aphy o S a e." Sou ce: INEGI
- The mos impo an ad an age o all is ha his ene gy does no pollu e.
- When you' e alking o sola ene gy we can say ha is a powe house.
- I is an ideal sys em o ha nessing ene gy o a eas whe e he powe line ails
( u al, moun ainous islands), o is di icul and cos ly o ans e .
8.2.- Wind ene gy
Wind u bines con e he kine ic ene gy o wind in o mechanical ene gy, ei he o
mo e di ec ly o a machine such as a wa e pump, o o d i e an elec ic gene a o .
In he S a e o Mexico has se e al moun ain idges which a i s heigh he wind is
as e o because he calls a e gene a ed wind unnels is when wo moun ains
dec ease educing dispe sion s ep ha gene a es highe speed winds . The mos
impo an ele a ions in he S a e o Mexico. ( ig. 4).
Fig. 4. "moun ainous a eas o he s a e." Sou ce: INEGI