THE
ARCHAEOMETALLURGY
OF
COPPER
AT
PEINAN,
JORDAN:
FIELD
RESEARCH
AND
ANALYTICAL
WORK
OF
AN
ANCIENT
ORE
DISTRICT
(!)
And eas
Haup mann
1.
AIMS
AND
METHODS
OF
ARCHAEOMETALLURGY
Resea ch
wo k
in
a chaeome allu g
is
ocussed
basically
on
he
de elopmen
and
di usion
o
ancien
ex ac ion
and
ea men
o
me áis,
and
he e
a e
wo
undamen
al
ques ions
which
may
be
aced
back
e en
o
he
beginnings
o
a chaeology
i sel .
The
i s
is
add essed
o
he
echnology
o
me al
p oduc ion.
The
second
deals
wi h
p o enance
s udies
o
econs uc
ancien
ade
ways.
The
echnology
o
me al
p oduc ion
comp ises
he
in es iga ion
o
mining
and
smel ing
echniques,
and
he
u he
ea men
o
me áis
such
as
e íning,
alloying,
and
smi hing.
S udies
on
hese
opics
we e
pe o med
as
ea ly
as
he
beginning
o
his
cen-
u y,
among
o he s
by
Gowland
[1]
o
Zschocke
and
P euschen
[2].
They
quickly
ecog-
nised
he
bene i
o
compa ing
he
a chaeological
wi h
e hnog aphic
e idences
o
p imi-
i e
mining
and
smel ing
echniques
in
coun ies
such
as
Japan,
A ica
o
he
Fa
Eas .
Such
obse a ions
a e
as
impoi an
as
expe imen al
wo k,
because
i
has
been
shown
epea edly
ha
one
o
he
jeopa dises
o
econs uc ing
ancien
me allu gical
p ocesses
is
an
in ellec ual
o e load
by
me hods
o
modem
me al
echnology.
In es iga ions
on
me al
p oduc ion,
based
upon
esea ch
o
ancien
p oduc ion
cen
es,
we e
neglec ed
in
a chaeology
o
a
long
ime.
This
is
due
o
i s
esea ch
heo y
which
up
un il
oday
is
mainly
ocussed
on
a - ela ed
a chaeology,
and,
henee,
di-
ec ed
by
aes he ic
aspec s.
In
addi ion,
ma e ials
like
slag
-ancien
was e—
a e
ha dly
o
unde s and
by
con en ional
me hods
o
a chaeology.
To
unlock
in o ma ions
om
slags
and
o es,
no
only
he
ins umen al
applica ion
o
chemical,
mine alogical
and
physical
me hods
is
necessa y.
An
in e p e a ion
o
esponse
a chaeological
ques ions
in
a
quali ied
ma e
is
essen ially
based
upon
he
dialogue
be ween
a chaeologis s
and
scien is s,
which
also
p esupposes
a
p ope
"adjus men "
o
me hods
and
scien i ic
p oblems
o
a chaeology.
In
his
sense,
pionee ing
wo k
on
mining
a chaeological
and
a chaeome allu gical
emains
o
p ehis o ic
me al
p oduc ion
was
published
[3,4
and
5].
DMT-Deu sches
Be gbau-Museum.
Heme s .
45.
D
-44791
Bochum.
Email:
[email p o ec ed]
I
;ii
;
:
•!
I
a
a ch'L'Il""!
""
""="•>
'h^'"
^-hí
scnous
coopc a ion
be we^n
-ARCHAi;c,M,, RY
osul.cd
,n
cnsidc able
scienu ic
daiinH.?
™
"'
,„
a chac<.l.,u .
Hxaniples
a e
Ae
chem
analyses
m
a chaeomclallu L-y
and
..ihc
iclds.
DNA
analyses
»n
bio-
Uni e !!?'
í
*
'""chacomci
onl
a cl
is
ull
csiablished
uni e si ies
in
Eu ope.
. .
.
p odii ^^
a c ac s
wc c
in csiiua cd
nio c
inicnsi ely
ihan
ancien
h^
T'!
^
bcginning
o
a cha^
o n
Th
^
o igin
o
me áis
o
sou ccs,
o
i ul
he
o e
hcy
wc e
sme
o
o lí
P o enance
s udics
wc c
he
basis
o
econs ue
ancien
ade
ways
^
on
oh
'"^0"Tia ions
on
he
sp cad
o
me allu gy.
The
so
la
ia gesi
esea ch
p oj^
s a is ical
analyses
o
me al
ohjee s
as
ea ied
)ui
in
he
six ies
y
iso ?'"'
^
An angen
de Me aiiu gie".
La e ,
lead
innc
^
became
onc
o
he
mos
poue ull
ool
in
p o enance
s udic^'
esea ch
wo k
was
ea ied
ou
by
he
Ciales/Ox o d
and
by
he
Hei-
e g/Mainz
esea ch
g oup.
Du ing
all
his
wo k
i
became
ob i nis
iha
p o en^ce
les
a e
in ima ely
connec ed
wi h
ques ions
o
he
o e
deposi .
and
he
echnology
ea ly
me allu gical
p ocesscs.
-í""—
•"—
.
.
.
,
.
especially
on
ancien
p oduc ion
siles.
,
^
^"'-Aiions
OI
ine
o e
uc|ki.sii.
¿mu
ine
i ,.—
—-
ea iy
me allu gical
p ocesscs.
Henee,
he e
is
a
conside able
deniand
on
í
eld
'ecially
on
ancien
p oduc ion
si es
o
in es iua e
o es,
ancien
mines,
and
smel ing
;s.
^
III
CoNCíRHSü
Nacional
dl
A queome ía
421
mine aliza ions,
o
a
lesse
con ení,
eme ge
a
he
Wadis
Abu
Kusheiba/Abu
Qu -
he
si e
The
coppe
o e
deposi
o
Peinan
is
loca ed
a
he
eas e n
ma gin
o
he
Wadi
A abah
igu e
I)
which
is
pa
o
a
ans o m
s ike-slip
íaul
om
he
Red
Sea
o
he
Za-
g os-Tau us
subduc ion
zone.
By
a
la e al
mo emen
o
he
A abian
and
he
A ncan
ia es,
he
i
di ided
he
o iginally
cohe en
eoppc
o e
dis ic s
o
Timna
and
Peinan,
he
mine aliza i
^iya
a he
sou h
The
ou c ops
o
coppe
o e
in
he
Peinan
dis ic
comp ise
an
a ea
o
ca.
20
x
25
( igu e
2).
Fieid
wo k
ea ied
ou
in
a
join
p ojcc
bc ween
he
Depa men
o
An-
iQUi ies,
Ammán
(Jo dán)
and
he
Deu sches
Be gbau-Museum,
Bochum
(Gena^^y)
as
e ealed
ha
a
Peinan
ea ly
coppe
p oduc ion
ook
place
on
a
la ge
indus^al
^^ale.
Smel ing
si es
wi h
150.000
o
200.()()()
o
slag
and
mo e
han
150
copps
®xceeded
by
a
any
ac i i y
a
Timna
o
a
he
smel e
o
Bi
Nasib,
Sinai.
Indeed,in
^
is
egión
no
o he
smel ing
si e
o
simila
sizc
is
known.
Peinan,
he e o e,
mus
ha e
P'ayed
an
impo an
ole
in
he
ea ly
coppe
supply
o
he
sou he n
Le an .
he
exploi a ion
o
he
o e
deposi
Peinan
is
pa
o
an
o e
dis ic
which
is
exposed
a
se e al
local
i ies
along
he
ma -
8|ns
o
he
Wadi
A abah.
I
is
a
s a a o m,
sedimen a y
deposi
o
a
mul is age
on-
8in.
The
o es
mono onously
consis
o
seconda y
coppe
o es
such
as
a acami e»
^
^
Medi e anean
Sea
Nile
del a
lAín
Ghazal
Je icho^^^Ghassul
Nahal
Mishma ^
Shiqmim
Abu
Ma a
A ad
Bi
Sa ad!
I
Bab
edh
-
Ob a
iNumei a
i
▲
Peinan
Abu
Kusheiba
#Beidha
Tell
Maqass
Bi
Nasib
oo
km
Red
Sea
Figu e
1.
Geog aphic
map
o
he
sou he n
Le an
and
Sinai
wi h
coppe
deposi s
(-)
and
a chaeologi-
cal
si es
(*)
men ioned
in
he
ex .
422
As'dke^ í
Hmjp mann
30
45
40
35
-
30
30
-
Wii be
d-Jo iye
Khi bo
cl-uhuwebe
.
_'k
Wii be
en-„.h_.
Ras
"
^
en-Naqob
WADI
PIDAN
Ain
el- idan
¡y.
Feino"
SA9-15
_
16
PEINAN
SLS!íí! «.,
18.19
Abu
Ohubbaneh
Ba ca
ol-Heh e
Smel ing
si e
Mining
a ea
JORDAN
Umm
el-Amad
5
km
35
15
25
30'
35
35
Figu e
2.
The
ancien
o e
dis ic
in
he
a ea
o
Feinan
a
he
oo hill.s
o
he
Jo danian
Pla ean.
Indi-
ca ed
a e
smel ing
si es
and
mining
a eas.
Each
mining
symhol
ep esen s
a
locali y
whe e
.some imes
i p
a
i y
indi idual
mines
ha e
been
disco e ed.
The
loca ion
o
mines
on
he
n ap
a e
p ima ily
associa ed
wi h
ou c ops
o
coppe
o es.
Se lemen s
men ioned
in
he
e.x
a e
abo
shown.
chi e,
and
a ious
coppe
silica es
(ch ysocolla,
diop as)
which
a e
embedded
in
ía
dipping
shales
and
sands ones
[9].
Di e en
o
many
o he
p ehis o ic
o e
dis ic s
which
a e
mo e
o
less
des oyed
by
modem
mining
ac i i ies,
a
Feinan
i
is
possible
s ill
oday
o
collec
high
g ade
o es
wi h
a
coppe
concen a ion
o
>
50%.
This
ype
o
o e
deposi
is
a he
a e
in
he
Nea
Eas ,
i
has
jus
one
pa ailei
in
La e
P ecamb ian
sedimen s
in
he
sou hwes
o
he
Sinai
peninsula
[10].
O he wise,
and
his
is
o
majo
impo ance
o
be e
unde s and
he
de elopmen
o
me allu gy
in
he
Oíd
Wo ld,
sul ídic
o e
deposi s
a e
p e ailing.
These
a e
mos ly
o
hyd o he mal
o igin,
and
he
i on
hu
o
gossan
o
such
deposi s
is
exposed
o
he
su ace.
Wi h
in-
c easing
dep h,
a
zone
o
oxidized
o es
is
below
he
ou c op;
i
co e s
a
seconda y
en-
ichmen
zone
and
inally
he
p ima y
o e
deposi .
This
sequence
o
changing
com-
posi ions
se ed
as
a
simpli ied
model
o
explain
he
s epwise
de elopmen
o
me allu gy:
III
Cong eso
Nacional
de
A queome ía
423
he
ea lies
use
o
na i e
coppe ,
hen
he
smel ing
o
oxidic
coppe
o es,
oliowed
by
he
ex ac i e
me allu gy
o
(complex)
sul ídic
Cu/Fe-sul ídes.
Due
o
hei
o igin,
Feinan
and
Timna
a e
ha dly
o
dis inguish
in
hei
mine al
con en ,
geochemis y,
and
in
he
iso opic
composi ion
o
hei
lead
[11
and
12].
Fo
ins ance,
he
chemical
composi ion
o
mo e
han
100
samples
o
o es
om
Timna,
and
he
same
numbe
om
Feinan
showed
ha
he
concen a ions
o
hose
elemen s
a e
simila
in
bo h
deposi s
which
should
be
mo e
o
less
en iched
du ing
smel ing
in
he
me al
(Ag,
Pb,
Zn,
As,
Sb,
Co,
Ni).
This
implica es
ha
also
me al
objec s
made
om
Timna
o
Feinan
coppe
o es,
espec i ely,
a e
ha dly
o
dis inguish.
The e
is
a
possibili y,
howe e ,
o
sepá a e
a
leas
he
coppe
o es
om
he
wo
locali ies.
This
is
due
o
hei
di e en
geological
se ing.
A
Feinan,
he
majo
o e
ho izon
in
he
Dolomi e-Limes one-Shale
Uni
(DLS)
is
widely
exposed
o
he
su ace
especially
in
he
Wadi
Daña
and
Khalid
( igu e
3).
The
uppe
pa
o
his
o ma ion,
in
a
hickness
o
ca.
1-1.5
m,
p o ides
plen i ul
g eenish
coppe
silica es,
malachi e,
and
a acami e,
embedded
in
a
se ies
o
Camb ian
shales
which
con ain
conside able
concen a ions
o
ca bona es,
manganese
o es
and
phospho i e
( igu e
4).
The
co e-
sponding
o ma ion
in
he
wes ,
he
Timna-Fo ma ion,
is
bu ied
unde
a
hick
sequence
o
sedimen s
and,
wi h
bu
a
ew
small
ou c ops
[12],
was
only
exploi ed
by
modem
mining
ac i i ies.
A
Feinan,
o es
om
he
DLS
we e
easily
o
exploi
in
ancien
imes,
because
o
he
iabili y
o
he
shales.
In
a
s a ig aphic
highe
o ma ion,
he
Massi e
B own
Sands one
(MBS)
hin
ein
illings
occu
which
we e
o med
by
a
emobi-
400
.
Wadi
Dona
Umi
Khalid
V
Vedi
Abad
■<
X
'
I
I
Massige
b aune
Sands eine
i--
-'-'1
Bun e
Sand-u
Tons eine
y///
Doiomi -Kalk-Tons ein olge
I-
■
"
I
A k
ose
-
Sands ei
ne
!•
•
I
G ani
Cu-E z
GEOLOGIE
UNO
BERGBAU
IM
FENAN-GEBIET
lUJ
X
Chalkoli hisch
(ZU
X
Rbmisch
X
F uhe
B onzezei
I
IX
Eisenzei
Figu e
3.
Simpli ied
de elopmen
o
mining
ac i i ies
in
he
Feinan
dis ic .
The
geological
sec ion
Wadi
Khalid-Wadi
Daña
.shows
s o
o e-bea ing
o ma ions
(Massi e
B own
Sands one,
MBS,
and
Dolomi e-
Limes one-Shale
Uni ,
DLS).
They
we e
e.xploi ed
in
di e en
pe iods
by
speci ic
echniques.
424
I
i!
:
l
¡'
III
CoNcíRiiso
Nacional
dk
A qui-ome ía
425
gañese^
■
"
coppe -nmn^onesc
o e
wi h
Mcnis
o Coppe
.sili((' e. .
en he idcd
in
hlock
^
oxides.
The
coppe
con ení
o
ihis
samples
is
44
w .'/ .'
Seale:
0.2.'^
<
" .
iza ion
o
coppe .
Due
o
hei
spa ial
disi ibu ion,
his
mine aliza ion
had
o
be
POi ed
by
di e en
mining
echniques
( igu e
3).
Howc c ,
i
is
his
o ma ion
ba
®n ains
exclusi ely
a
Timna
cup i ied
plan
elies.
Nei he
a
Timna,
ño
a
Peinan
na i e
coppe
was
ound.
This
is
wo h
men ion-
'"8,
because
his
was
pe haps
he
main
eason
why
me allu gy
in
he
sou he n
Le-
an
s a ed
wi h
a
ch onological
delay
in
compa ison
wi h
Ana olia
and
I a"-
he^P
coppe
equen ly
occu s
in
o e
deposi s,
and
i
was
u ilized
e en
since
e
e-Po e y
Neoli hic
pe iod
o
making
beads
and
small
ools
by
ho
and
cold
wo king.
in
^' oge he ,
he
ancien
me allu gis s
a
Peinan
had
bene i
om
he
o es
a ailabl^
"^any
espec s:
They
we e
smel ed
by
a
one-s age
p ocess.
No
oas ing
was
necessa y
as
i
i®
c
case
wi h
sul idic
o es,
e.g.
om
hose
a
Rio
Tin o
o
Cyp us.
he^
high
pe cen age
o
i
neg ained
clay
mine als
in
he
hos
ock
especially
i*^
®
LS
conside ably
imp o ed
he
eac ion
a e
o
he
componen s.
wh'^h
assoeia ion
wi h
manganese-(hyd -)oxide.s
p o ided
a
"sel - luxing"
quickly
led
o
he
o ma ion
o
a
liquid
slag
inside
he
umace.
In
addi ion,
be
me allu gis s
had
no
o
con ol
he
gas-a mosphe e
o
he
umace
in
such
a
se e e
way
as
i
is
necessa y
du ing
smel ing
i on- ich
composi ion
o
o es.
4.
THE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
THE
USE
OF
ORES
AT
FEINAN
One
o
he
majo
goals
o
he
p ojec
was
o
es ablish
a
ch onological
ame
o
he
use
o
o es
and
he
majo
ac i i ies
o
coppe
p oduc ion
in
he
Peinan
dis ic .
Fo
se e al
easons,
we
almos
exclusi ely
collec ed
cha coal
samples
om
inside
he
mines,
and
om
slag
heaps
cu
by
e osión
o
da ing
by
'^C-measu emen s.
Al oge he
51
adioca bon-measu emen s
we e
ca ied
ou
a
he
Uni e si y
o
Heidelbe g.
As
ou
main
ield
ac i i ies
we e
based
upon
su eys,
po e y
could
be
collec ed
jus
om
he
su ace
and,
henee,
was
o
ümi ed
alué.
In
addi ion,
while
po e y
only
a ely
is
ound
in
ancien
mines
and
slag
heaps,
hey
abound
in
cha coal
elies
om
he
use
o
wood
e.g.
o
ligh
o
imbe ing
and
om
smel ing
ac i i ies.
The
esul s
ob ained
a e
no
comple e,
and
hey
will
be
comple ed
by
u he
exca a ions.
O es
om
he
coppe
deposi
o
Peinan
we e
u ilized
o
a
pe iod
o
oughly
10.000
yea s
( igu e
5).
They
we e
used
o
making
beads
and
cosme ics
du ing
he
P e-Po e y
Neoli hic
in
he
8"'
millennium.
The
i s
e idence
o
smel ing
da es
o
he
S""
millennium.
I
does
no
come
om
Peinan
i sel ,
bu
om
chalcoli hic
se lemen s
in
he
Bee
She a
basin,
in
a
dis ance
o
100
km
and
mo e,
whe e
o es
om
Peinan
we e
expo ed
o
and
we e
smel ed
inside
he
illages.
Du ing
he
Ea ly
B onze
Age
(EBA)
II-IV,
he e
is
he
i s
e idence
o
a
mass
p oduc ion
a
Peinan.
Li le
ac i i ies
we e
p o en
om
he
Middle
B onze
Age,
bu
a
he
La e
B onze
and
he
I on
Age
he e
is
e idence
o
Sa dJ
^2qm m
Nahai
Mls ima
Wsdl
Fld^n
A,
11
T« l
WadI
Ponan
Wadl
Rdan
Aj
—
'
"i
Banja
oJ^ío lyo
J
Ras
on^laqa i
Ponan
lb«
4,9
C iwai
3
Ham a
uan
Ja yo
Nahas
Penan
S
Ba qa
el-He íya
M:
Wadl
Oana.
Khalid
B.
9
10000
B
C
8000
6000
4000
2000
O
A.D
2000
Figu e
5.
O e iew
o
adioca hon-da a
om
he
Feinan
a ea.
I
shows
ha
he
o e
deposi
waí
u Uiz.ed
since
he
P e-Po e y
Neoli hic
p
un ii
he
Roman-Byzan ine
pe iod.
No
shown
a e
ac i i ies
in
he
Mam-
luck
pe iod.
426
''
'
II
A.SDKEAS
some
echnc^' ^
'ndus ial
scale.
Majo
slag
hcaps
da e
o
he
Román
pe iod,
some
echos
o
me al
p oduc ion
we e
ound
a
he
Mamiuck
pe iod.
5.
EXTRACTIVE
me allu gy
o
coppe
and
snliHi ^
(scien i ic)
s udies
on
ancien
slags
we e
ocussed
on
he
o ma ion
we e
in p
^ampies
ha
we e
nol
oldc
han
he
LBA.
As
a
ule,
slags
don
hp
younge
smel ing
si es
such
as
Cyp us,
Rio
Tin o,
Lau-
ma e iak
Tuscany
[13,
14,
15, 16,
17,
18
and
191.
All
hese
i iAn
.L
ha
hey
we e
p oduced
a e
he
incep ion
and
de elop'
iíimo/->
K,,
níii
A
.,*
o
he
men n h
common
ha
hey
we e
p oduced
a e
he
incep ion
and
de elop'
slae
h
III
CoNGRBSo
Nacional
de
A queome ía
427
e
p oce.ss
-
as
i
was
named
by
C addock
|2()1.
Also
mos
o
h
aps
a
Peinan
da e
o
he
La e
B onze
and
I on
Ages
and
o
he
Román
pe iod
desV
^
especially,
howe e ,
ha
he
ield
e idence
a
Peinan
p o i-
copne
p oduc ion
o
he
EBA
in
he
Nea
Eas .
The e
a e
se e al
co es
smel ing
si es
wi h
an
es ima ed
onnage
o
2800
o
slag
which
yea s
Th
P oduc ion
o
se e al
hund ed
ons
o
me al
wi hin
a
pe iod
o
lOOO
oas"
M
coppe
p oduc ion
exis s
ex e
excep ion
o
he
island
o
Ky hnos
(21
].
In
addi ion,
"si e
coppe
p ocessing
was
exca a ed
wi h
mo e
han
600
cas ing
moulds
and
^^gmen s
o
hem,
o e
ICO
me al
objec s,
nume ous
c ucible
agmen s,
and
a
cache
shaped
ba
ingo s
[221.
This
me al
ac o y
was
loca ed
in
a
wa e -bea ing
A ab^lT^^*^^
he
Wadi
Pidan
opens
a
na u al
ansi
om
he
Peinan
a ea
o
he
V/adi
an
and,
he ewi h,
an
access
o
he
wes e n
ci ies
and
se lemen s
in
Canaan.
in es iga ion
o
slags
unlocks
mos
impo an
in o ma ions
o
and
smel ing
p ocesses.
By
means
o
mine alogical
ex u e
and
phase
con en
35
:hemical
bulk
analyses
in o ma ions
on
smel ing
pa ame e s
can
be
ob ained
sUch
^"lel ing
empe a u e
(o
in e al
o
solidi ica ion,
om
which
empe a u es
in
he
^_ nace
may
be
econs uc ed),
composi ion
o
he
gasa mosphe e
( edox-condi ions)»
scosi y,
and
he
composi ion
o
he
cha ge.
Howe e ,
he
las
men ioned
poin
only
J"o ides
accep able
esul s
i
slag
analyses
we e
compa ed
wi h
he
ac ual
o es
which
"^® l
o
smel ing.
O he wise,
i
is
ha d
o
a güe
whe he
sel - luxing
o es
we e
imV^^
^ "
luxes
we e
added
o
imp o e
he
o ma ion
o
slag.
The
las
poin
would
bab/^^^^
^
echnological
de elopmen ,
simila
o
delibé a e
alloying
p ocesses.
a
luxes
was
o e es ima ed
in
a chaeome allu gy,
as
a
esul
o
a
has y
ns
e ence
o
p ehis o ic
me allu gy
o
mode n
echnologies
and
p ác icos.
A e
my
' iion,
he e
is
no
ha d
e idence
ye
o
he
delibé a e
use
o
l
uxes
be o e
he
La e
^ onze
Age.
^
T'he
chemical
bulk
composi ions
o
slags
p oduced
a
Peinan
since
he
Ea ly
B onzc
h s^
MnO,
and
PeO
a e
he
p edominan!
componen s
( igu e
6):
con
mainly
silica e
slags
e y
ich
in
manganese
we e
p oduced
du ing
Q ^^^"^^l ing.The
phase
con en
comp ises
eph oi e
(MujSiOa),
a ious
modi ica ions
^"-py oxenoids,
(Bus ami
and
Rhodoni )
and
high
amoun s
o
glass.
Slags
o
Oli ine
MnO
Figu e
6.
Chemical
composi ion
o
coppe
slags
om
dij e en
pe iods
in
he
Peinan
dis ic .
All
bii
hose
om
he
Mamiuck
pe iod
a e
ex emely
ich
in
manganese.
Román
slags
a e
su p isingly
high
in
SiO;.
/
=
Ea ly
B onze
Age
//////.
2
=
¡ on
Age.
3
=
Román
pe iod.
4
=
Mamiuck
pe iod.
such
composi ions
a e
a he
a e
in
Oíd
Wo ld
a chaeome allu gy.
They
we e
obse ed
jus
in
o e
dis ic s
whe e
manganese
o es
a e
in e g own
wi h
coppe
o es,
e.g.
Timna,
Cyp us,
and
Omán.
O he wise,
he
mos
common
composi ions
a e
i on- ich
silica e
slags
wi h
he
well
known
ayali e.
The
p ojec ion
o
educed
bulk
analyses
o
slags
om
Peinan
in o
sui able
phase
diag ams
(e.g.
in o
he
ema y
sys em
Ca0-Mn0-Si02)
poin s
o
liquidus
empe a u es
be ween
1190
and
1300
°C.
E en
a
la ge
ange
o
CaO-
and
MnO-
concen a ions
would
no
a ec
hese
a he
low
empe a u es,
i.e.
he
me a-
llu gis s
had
no
o
ake
ca e
abou
a ying
con en s
o
dolomi e
o
manganese
in
he
cha ge
and
in
almos
e e y
case
i
was
possible
o
p oduce
a
liquid
slag.
In
he
Román
pe iod
smel ing
was
ca ied
ou
a
highe
empe a u es.
We
conclude
his
om
highe
SÍO2
concen a ions
which
indica e
empe a u es
o
>
1400
®C.
These
empe a u es
p obably
we e
ha dly
eached
in
eali y,
and
i
should
be
conside ed
ha ,
in
gene al,
alkali-concen a ions
would
lowe
he
mel ing
ange
o
a
silica e
liquid.
Expe imen al
.Ja.

!
'
I
i
i
.lli!
428
Asmi
AS
nieasu emen s
o
h »
i
■
"ideedshowed
ha
ihey^woul^h^V'^
aiid
I on
Aycs
slays
in
hc
labo a o y
iney
would
be
l.qudied
he ween
1
1
70
and
1210
°C.
•ain
much
hig o'GiO-con^^^^^
Age
slags
c""'
cia ion
o
o es
be o e
ch'i p'
This
niiuli
be
due
o
a
poo
bene
i
"•«k
in
he
o e.
This
a,s
mo cl. /hl'pp c'X'''"'",'''"'''"'''''
'
''
"
•"'"P""'"."
aN
•nma i ely
ihe
-in
mj.,
p,
"bspously
had
a
sell
lluxina
composilio"-
""8
i"'
wind-d i en
umaces
ai
^"nng
cxpc inien al
uo k
o
ccons uc
e
"ace
cons uc ion
e-í pH
u/
h
U
í>bsc ed
ha
he
Ca- ieh
elay
used
o
'
"'■c/hcs oek
c,
a
la L'e
ex en
a
empe a u es
a ound
esul ed
om^'^ h^^M
h^
'^bow
a
na ow
aniie
oí"
eompíísi ions
which
p ^"
'haeolo¿a lwel
'T
'Im
is
con l med
by
a -
P''
was
ound
niM
u/ai
'"•'"l
'<>
an
I oii
Age
smelling
"
'uuna
íijjed
wi h
manganese
o es
(24)
I age^o
u
^'^^n^o-physieal
p ope ies
p o ide
a
decisi e
a<í-
o nside
í.
''"'
T
"
'
<-4-'
P------
"
'he
CO/CO.
«oiue
ne
umace
and
he
emne :iíii -. .
.
. .
.
o;_
^""•age
,h
'
'-"p
T
'■'"^'""-PhyMcal
pn.pc
«'io
nside
í.
''"'
""i
"
'
'h'--
'i
III
CoNCiRi-sc)
Nacional
di-:
ARQUEOMi míA
429
<=«es
'i
^"T?
"='"P<=''"'" c,
npanganese
oxide
and
ai.so
manganese
si-
«'hich !,
,,T
T®'"'
^■">•■"¡"8
'hnn
¡ on
siliSa e
slags
«"osp e
;
'
°T
^'■<-'""=7"-"" gy.
They
a e
no.
alTcCed
by
a
changing
■n>n e
wii
?
:
"'¡'Jiiion
o
cha coal
in o
he
u nace.
'"8condiHon?n''T""' '!!
p"°"
'"""Sánese,
e.spee i cly.
unde
s ong
educ-
°
oxy
"
p
'Silica os
a e
e cn
liquid
unde
a
su pl"S
'-•OnoxS
C
^""'d
solodily
due
o
he
p ecipi a ion
o
and
hep,;
.
™"'^'d®'-ably
a ee
hc
.scpa a ion
o
me al
om
he
slag-
'
'^"ce,
he
quali y
o
smel ing
ope a ions
in
gene al.
™'idinea ion
empe a u es
o
slags
using
plo s
neous
"P""
ma e ial
wbich
de lni i cly
was
o med
om
a
homoge-
'n
caseT"''
'■■"m
he
La e
B onze
and
I on
Ages.
Ve o p
undecomposed
ehcs
o
he
cha ged
ma e ial,
he
me hod
is
useless.
'•e
o
é
'he
incipien
s ages
o
ex ac i a
me allu gy-
e*hibi
'í'"
"I'"®""'"'"-
■''hey
o en
did
no
each
he
ulJy
liquid
s a e
and
oxide
o^'ons
o
he
o es
cha ged,
and
a e
ex emely
high
in
coppe
o
coppe *
■
show
all
ea u es
o
a
sho - e mina ed
smel ing
in
small
eac ion
esseis
millennium
BC
se lemen
o
Viíc
•
j
he
^ad"
p
example,
we e
eco e ed
om
he
4'"
millennium
BC
se lemen
oí
eas e
ep e.sen a i
o
coppe
smel ing
slags
o
his
pe iod
in
he
cha ^
^^di e anean
[25].
A
mac og aph
( igu e
7)
indica es
ha
only
pa s
o
he
® e
we e
liqui ied.
They
consis
o
elinopy oxene,
magne i e,
and
glass,
and
La ge^'^*^^'
composi ion
poin s
o
a
smel ing
empe a u e
o
app oxima ely
1150
" T.
con é
consis
o
mm-sized
agmen s
o
sands one
whe e
he
o iginal
mine al
^ id
ex u e
is
p ese ad.
The e
is
no
e idence
o
he
use
o
any
luxes.
In
S®'
i
Fi il e
7.
Mac og aph
o
a
siag
om
he
4'''
mille mium
BC
se lemen
o
Wadi
Fidan
4
(Feinan
a ea).
The
slag
did
no
each
he
idly
liquid
s a e
and
con ains
la ge
agmen s
o
undecomposed
sands one
(whi e
and
g ey
inclusions)
and
d ople s
o
cup i e
and
coppe
(no
isible
on
he
o o).
Wid h
o
he
slag:
5,5
cm.
ñe a!,
ayali e,
a
common
phase
in
slags
om
la e
pe iods,
is
missing.
Ins ead,
Cu-
and
Cu/Fe-oxides
like
cup i e,
eno i e
and
dela ossi e
a e
ypical
p edominan
cons i uen s
and
a e
eason
o
majo
losses
o
coppe
in
he
slag.
They
indíca e
a
i
ing
unde
lew
educing
condi ions.
This
is
- ypical
o
smel ing
p ocesses
in
small
c ucibles.
We
conclude
om
he
ex u e
and
he
phase
con en
o
hese
ea ly
slags
ha
i
ne e
was
he
p ima y
goal
o
smel ing
p ocesses
o
p oduce
a
liquid
slag.
Rega ding
he
high
coppe
con en
o
he
o es
a ailable
i
was
p obably
much
mo e
he
in en-
ion,
o
educe
o e,
o
liqui y
he
me al
and
o
sepá a e
i
om
he
hos ock,
which
by
chance
migh
o
migh
no
ha e
eached
he
liquid
s a e
[26].
A
mechanical
sepa a ion
o
coppe
by
c ushing
and
g inding
he
slag
was
a
common
p ac ice
o
me al
eco e y.
6.
THE
COPPER:
VARYING
QUALITY
OF
METAL
IN
DIFFERENT
PERIODS
Slags
use
o
con ain
inclusions
o
coppe
which
we
selec ed
ou
o
me allog aphy
and
chemical
analyses
(elec ón
mic op obe
analysis
and
ICP-OES)
o
cha ac eiize
he
me al
p oduced.
We
in es iga ed
his
aspec
in
o de
o
be e
dis inguish
be ween
na
u al
impu i ies
and
delibe a ely
alloying
p ac ices
in
la e
s udies
o
me al
a e ac s.
Excellen
ield
condi ions
enabled
us
o
di e en ia e
be ween
smel ing
si es
om
di -
e en
pe iods,
and,
he e o e,
be ween
coppe
p oduced
e.g.
du ing
he
EBA
and
he
I on
Age
( igu e
8).
430
•
1
!
10000-^/9
0,01
J
0.001
0.0001
J
0.00001
0^
'ídO
i ]
Pb
Zn
Ni
Co
Coppe
1
Chalcoli hic
2
Ea ly
B onze
Age
3
I on
Age
O es:
BMl
Peinan
DLS
~]
Peinen
MBS
^'gu e
8.
Inle qua He
un ies
and
medians
<>
se i- al
ace
elemen s
in
o es
and
coppe
p il s
oni
slogs
J on
he
Peinan
u ea
(no malized
o
Cu
=
100).
No e
he
a yin i
concen a ions
o
elemen s
in
cop-
P^ om
dij e en
pe iods.
Basically,
coppe
o es
and
coppe
om
Peinan
a e
cma kably
pu é
in
o he
o es
and
me áis
in
he
eas em
Medi e ancan.
Inclusions
o
cup i a
o
^al ides
a e
e y
low
in
he
me al,
bu
occasionaiiy
we
obse e
inclusions
o
i ®""
Phosphides
which
a e
no
uncommon
in
coppe
p oduced
om
sedimen a y
o e
d®'
Posi s.
Looking
mo e
in o
de ails,
we
obse ed
a ying
concen a ions
o
mino -
and
ace
elemen s
in
he
me al.
This
is
caused
by
he
exploi a ion
o
a ious
pa s
o
he
deposi ,
and
by
he
echnological
de elopmen
o
u naces.
Due
o
he
use
o
® es
om
he
MBS,
he
lead
concen a ions
a e
a he
low
in
EBAI
coppe ;
we
obse e
an
lac ease
up
o
a
ew
pe cen
o
his
elemen
(i.e.
an
en ichmen
by
a
ac o
o
lO^O)
coppe
om
he
3"^
and
P'
millennium,
when
o es
om
he
DLS
we e
minad.
he
o he
hand,
concen a ions
in
coppe
o
i on
and
zinc
a e
p ima ily
in lne*^'
C6d
by
echnological
aspec s.
Thei
dis ibu ion
in
slag
o
me al
is
a
unc ion
o
h®
^ lox-condi ions,
i.e.
he
oxygen
concen a ion
in
he
gas
a mosphe e
o
he
u nace.
^ íh
i on-
and
zinc-con en s
in
he
I on
Age
coppe ,
he e o e,
may
be
expiained
hy
^®ag
educing
i ing
condi ions
caused
by
a
new
cons uc ion
o
smel ing
u naces.
While
EBa
i
c ucibles
and
na u al
d augh
u naces
o
he
EBA
II-IV
ope a ed
unde
®|Ta ic,
bu
a he
low
educing
condi ions
[27],
be e
con olled
s ong
educing
con-
he°"^
^e e
achie ed
in
la e
pe iods
by
he
use
o
bellows
and
uye es.
They
caused
^
»
P ecipi a ion
o
a
ew
pe cen
o
me allic
i on.
High
amoun s
o
i on
in
coppe »
cases
e en
i on
objec s
we e
epo ed
om
I on
Age
Timna.
In
con as
o
Peinan»
III
Cong eso
Nacional
de
A queome ía
431
whe e
manganese
o e
cons i u es
he
p e ailing
hos ock,
i on-(hyd-)oxides
a e
asso-
cia ed
wi h
coppe
o e
he e.
Gale
e
al.
[28]
con incingly
demons a ed
by
lead
iso-
ope
analyses
on
o es,
coppe -
and
i on-a e ac s
how
i on
p oduc ion
was
de eloped
om
he
me allu gy
o
coppe .
7.
LEAD
ISOTOPE
ABUNDANCE
RATIOS
OF
COPPER
FROM
FEINAN
To
ace
he
dis ibu ion
o
expo ed
Peinan
coppe
and
o
econs uc
ancien
ade-
ways,
a
se ies
o
o es
and
me al
inclusions
om
slags
we e
analyzed
o
hei
lead
iso ope
abundance
a ios
a
he
Max-Planck-Ins i u e
o
Chemis y
a
Mainz.
He e-
wi h,
any
p oblems
ela ed
o
ace
elemen
a ia ions
in
he
o e
deposi
and
on
he
way
om
o e
o
me al
can
be
a oided.
I
was
a
majo
ad an age
o
analyze
coppe
p ills
in
slags
om
well
da ed
smel ing
si es,
because
hey
a e
be e
ep esen a i e
han
single
o e
samples.
We
made
wo
obse a ions
which
a e
cha ac e is ic.
The
i
s
is
a
la ge
ange
o
composi ions
o
lead
iso ope
abundance
a ios
in
coppe
o es
as
a
esul
o
he
mul i-
s age
o igin
o
he
deposi .
This
a ia ion
is
iden ical
wi h
Timna,
bu
he
"Timna/Pei-
nan ield
can
easily
be
sepa a ed
om
o he
o e
dis ic
in
he
eas em
Medi e anean
( igu e
9).
Second,
and
his
is
a
use ul
ool
o
dis inguish
be ween
coppe
om
he
wo
deposi s,
is
a
clus e
o
lead
iso opes
in
all
di e en
abundance
a ios
o
o es
om
he
DLS.
This
is
iden ical
wi h
all
coppe
p ills
analyzed
om
he
EBA
and
I on
Ages.
I
ully
suppo s
he
ield
e idence:
mining
ac i i ies
du ing
hese
pe i
ods
ocussed
exclusi ely
on
his
o e
ho izon
which
was
widely
exposed
o
he
su -
ace
in
he
whole
Peinan
a ea.
A
Timna,
he
co esponding
Timna
o ma ion
is
ex
posed
o
he
su ace
by
one
e y
small
ou c op
a
Gi a
Sasgon
[29].
Any
composi ions
o
me al
objec s,
he e o e,
ha
ma ch
he
DLS
and
he
coppe
de i ed
om
his
o ma ion,
wi h
a
high
deg ee
o
p obabili y
has
i s
o igin
in
Peinan
a he
han
in
Timna.
8.
EXPORT
OF
COPPER
ORES
AND
COPPER
The
b illian
g een
and
blueish
colou ed
coppe
o es
om
Peinan
we e
u ilized
and
aded
since
he
P e-Po e y
Neoli hic
Pe iod
a
he
S'''
millennium
BC.
A
ha
ime
a
new
ashion
eme ged
in
he
eas em
Medi e anean.
The
coulou
ed,
u ilized
since
he
Paleoli hic,
changed
o
g een,
and
abundan
í
nds
o
g een
beads,
igu es,
and
cos-
me ics
we e
made
in
se lemen s.
Among
hese
"g eens ones"
we e
mine als
such
as
amazoni e,
u quois,
C -apa i e,
C -calci e,
and
in
he
Le an
also
seconda y
coppe
o es.
They
we e
iden i ied
easily
by
X- ay
di ac ion
and
pe og aphic
analyses.
In
case
o
Cu-silica es,
hei
o igin
om
Peinan
could
be
de e mined
wi h
a
high
deg ee
o
p obabili y,
because
hey
a e
widesp ead
exposed
o
he
su ace.
A
o he
deposi s,
hese
mine als
a e
ei he
e y
a e
o
do
no
occu .
Beads
and
o he
ma e ials
made
o
Cu-silica es
we e
ound,
o
ins ance,
a
Bas a,
Beidha,
and
a
Ain
Ghazal,
a
Je icho
( igu e
1),
and
e en
a
Yi ahel
in
Galilee.
They
432
o
HAVPnLWi
III
CoNCRiiso
Nacional
d .
A qu ome ía
433
Z14
Z12
Z10
zoe
zoe
Z04
2°8pb/2oepb
Fenan
und
Timna
Vi
'
+■44-+7
+
.-¿1
O
/
I
y
I
/•
K
/'
/Q>
y
Zypem
1
E gani
Maden
•
J
-- "
^
^
^
I
A
V''
^
(
Ana oiien
und
Agáis
Zypom2^>''
/
✓''
'
/
"
¿-Keban
/
»
*
/
/
'
»
'
I
i
'
*
*
/
*
'
'
3
/
m
^
I
^
✓
*
✓
_
Saudl-A abian
_
*
Saudí-A abien
•
Sinai
2O7pb/20epb
0.82
0.84
0.86
o.sa
a9o
Figu e
9.
Lead
iso ope
abi ndance
a ios
o
coppe
o es
om
ihe
Wadi
A aba
(aii
symhois
e.xcep
i
lled
ci cles
and
as e isks).
They
de ine
he
"Feinan-Timna- ield"
wbieh
is
di 'e en
om
all
oíbe
composi ions
known
om
Saudi-A ahia
and
o e
deposi s
in
¡he
Nea
Fas .
a e
e idence
ha
he
Peinan
dis ic
wa.s
embeddcd
in
a
a
eaching
ading
ne wo k.
The
adi ion
o
ading
o es
om
Peinan
con inued
un il
he
5"'
and
4'*'
millennium
BC
when
he
ea lies
emains
o
ex ac i e
me allu gy
appca
in
chalcoli hic
se lemen s
o
he
Bee
She a
basin.
This
indica es
ha
he
monopol
o
coppe
was
in
his
e
gión,
in
a
conside able
dis ance
o
he
sou ce,
and
i
poin s
o
a
domes ic
mode
p o-
due ion
o
coppe .
On
he
o he
hand,
he
dis ibu ion
o
Peinan
coppe
o es
was
limi-
ed
o
he
sou hem
Le an .
As
ye ,
he e
is
no
e idence
o
a
u he
eaching
ade
o
o es
om
he e.
Coppe
om
Peinan
is
p obably
also
among
he
400
me íii
objec s
o
he
amous
Jadean
Dese
Hoa d
om Nahal
Mishma .
I
is
da ed
o
he
i s
hal
o
he
4""
mil-
^nium
BC.
The
a e ac s
o
his
hoa d
a e
basicaliy
di ided
in
wo
g oups
o
objec s
'
u
consis s
o
"p es ige
i ems"
such
as
c owns,
scep e s
and
aceheads;
he
second
consis s
o
" ools"
such
as
axes,
adzes
and
chisels.
While
he
"p es ige
i ems"
a e
made
o
an
exo ic
coppe -a senic-an imony-
alloy,
he
" ools"
we e
cas
om
pu é
coppe
wi h
a
low
concen a ion
o
ace
elemen s.
This
seems
su p i-
sing,
and
one
would
expec
he
" ools"
o
be
made
o
ha de
alloys
ins ead
o
ela i ely
so
coppe .
Howe e ,
he
main
easons
o
manu ac u e
he
"p es ige
i ems"
p obably
we e
he
ex emely
low
mel ing
poin
o
he
alloys
which
conside ably
imp o ed
he
cas ing
quali ies,
and
aes he ic
easons.
We
can
de íni ely
exelude
ha
he
me al
o
he
p es ige
i ems"
esul s
om
local
sou ces.
The
analyses
o
hund eds
o
o es
and
cop
pe
p ills
om
slags
in
Timna,
Peinan,
and
he
Sinai
peninsula
demóns a e
ha
such
alloys
we e
no
smel ed
om
local
o es.
Howe e ,
he
chemical
signa u e
o
he
" ools"
ma ches
he
one
o
he
coppe
o es
om
he
Wadi
A abah
-Timna
and
Peinan-,
and
he
analyses
o
lead
iso ope
abundance
a ios
poin
o
a
possible
o igin
om
Peinan.
This
obse a ion
is
suppo ed
by
indi ec
e idence
o
5"'
millennium
BC
mining
ac i-
i ies
and
he
me al
p oduc ion
a ound
3500
BC
a
Wadi
Pidan
4.
The
" ools"
may
p incipally
also
esul
om
Timna-o es
which,
e en
o
a
lesse
ex en ,
we e
aded
du ing
he
4"'
millennium
BC
o
Tell
Abu
Ma a
in
he
Bee
Sheba
basin,
bu
mainly
o
Tell
Maqass
nea
Aqaba
[30].
The
e idence
o
chalcoli hic
coppe
smel ing
a
Timna
i sel ,
howe e ,
is
s ill
hea ily
deba ed.
Coppe
i sel
was
expo ed
om
Peinan
no
be o e
he
Ea ly
B onze
Age
II
a
he
beginning
o
he
3*^
millennium
BC.
Du ing
his
pe iod,
coppe
was
p oduced
in
la ge
amoun s
and
eached
an
"Indus ial
S age".
I
ook
place
in
he
icini y
o
he
o e
de
posi s,
as
e idenced
by
nume ous
mines
and
smel ing
si es.
Tin
b onzes
we e
aded.
Me allu gy
inside
habi a ion
si es
was,
as
a
ule,
limi ed
o
manu ac u ing
p ocesses
[30].
The
ma ke
o
Peinan-coppe
again
was
in
he
wes .
Recen
exca a ions
by
Le y
e
al.
[22]
b ough
o
ligh
pe haps
he
la ges
EBA
coppe
ac o y
o
he
Nea
Eas
a
Ham a
I dan.
This
si e
seemed
o
ha e
been
no
only
he
cen e
o
coppe
p o-
cessing
and
cas ing
o
he
en i e
Peinan
a ea.
In
addi ion,
i
was
p obably
he
con
ol
ling
poin ,
a
checkpoin
o
he
expo
o
coppe
o
he
wes .
This
disco e y
is
mos
in e es ing,
because
i
comple es
he
í
eld
e idence
as
men ioned
be o e:
The
EBA
coppe
mining
and
smel ing
ac i i ies
a
Peinan,
i.e.
he
p ima y
p oduc ion,
is
he
la ges
known
so
a
in
he
Nea
Eas .
We
can
demóns a e
ha
Peinan
coppe
was
expo ed
in
la ge
quan i ies
again
o
se lemen s
and
o
he
EBA
II/III
ci ies
in
he
wes
and
in
he
no h.
In
con as
o
p oblems
o
p o enancing
which
exis
o
chalcoli hic
coppe
by
he
a ia y
o
lead
iso ope
abundance
a ios,
we
now
a e
able
o
ollow
mo e
com o able
he
dis ibu
ion
o
Peinan
coppe .
The
eason
is
he
clus e
o
iso ope
composi ions
o
o es
om
he
DLS
which
was
exclusi ely
exploi ed
du ing
his
pe iod.
I
men ioned
be o e
a -
gumen s
o
he
ield
e idence.
An
excellen
example
a e
he
coppe
objec s
om
A ad,
an
EBII
ci y
nea
he
sou h-
wes em
edge
o
he
Dead
Sea.
We
analyzed
21
awls,
axes,
and
chisels.
Wi h
bu
a
ew
excep ions,
he
chemical
and
lead
iso opic
composi ion
o
hese
objec s
we e
iden ical
wi h
coppe
smel ed
du ing
he
EBA
in
he
Peinan
a ea
( igu e
10,
[10]).
We
obse e
a
much
be e
con o mi y
o
hese
da a
han
i
was
he
case
wi h
Nahal
Mishma .
This
í
'
'
■
:
i¡
I
■
I
I
434
A mnAS
Hau masx
208
Pb
206
JO.
l^ad
'Soiope
abundance
o ios
o
coppe
^'" e acis
om
A ad
ond
he
Sinai.
The
lead
iso ope
<^omposi ion
in
all
bu
wo
coppe
°'^e ac s
om
A ad
and
he
Sinai
"
"^"^ya ible
wi h
an
om
Peinan,
'
^
all
coppe
o es
^^nai
analyzed
can
be
uled
ou
( om
[JO]}.
2.140
2.120
2.100
2.080
2.060
2.040
Pb
★
me al
•
slag
•
Feinan
O
o e-MBS
4^
o e-DLS
"jí
o e-MBS
Abu
Kusheiba
A
o e
Sinai
4^
A ad
a i ac s
-}
^CD
*
CD
A
A
O
207
Pb
206
Pb
L_
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
l^caused
by
he
exclusi e
exploi a ion
o
he
DLS
o e
o ma ion
which
is
cha ac e ized
P''onounced
homogenei y
in
i s
chemical
and
iso opic
composi ion.
We
can
no
exelude
ha
he
objec s
om
A ad
may
ha e
hei
o igin
in
Timna.
This,
is
unlikely
o
wo
easons.
Fins ,
he
o e
dis ic
o
Peinan
is
close
o
A ad,
y
abou
70
km
away.
Timna,
in
he
sou hwes e n
pa
o
he
A abah,
is
nea ly
130
om
A ad.
Second,
he
o e
o ma ion
o
he
dolomi e-limes one-shale
uni
is
ex-
"^si ely
exposed
o
he
su ace
a
Peinan;
a
Timna,
in
con as ,
he e
a e
only
a
'y
small
ou c ops
o
his
o ma ion.
Ob iously,
coppe
was
p oduced
he e
only
in
quan i ies.
Ro henbe g
and
Shaw
[291
de.sc ibed
jus
a
small
mine,
Timna
250,
la
^
^"^el ing
si e,
Timna
149
a
Gi a
Sasgon,
which
is
da ed
o
he
EBA
IV,
i-e.
han
he
l
ou ishing
pe iod
o
A ad.
In
any
case
i
can
be
excluded
ha
he
A ad
^'a ading
.
..
....
^y
Bei h-A ieh
[32].
and
-
iiuuiiMiiii^
w.
,,,
any
case,
II
can
mai
'
ading
cen e
o
coppe
om
he
Sinai
peninsula,
as
sugges ed
by
Ami an
[31]
1/
*
III
Cong eso
Nacional
de
A queome ía
9.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
435
[1]
Gowland,
W.,
1899,
The
Ea ly
Me allu gy
o
Coppe ,
Tin
and
I on
in
Eu ope,
as
Illus-
a ed
by
Ancien
Remains
and
he
P imi i e
P ocesses
Su i ed
in
Japan.
A chaeologia
56,
267-322.
[2]
Zschocke,
K.
and
P euschen,
E.,
1932,
Das
u zei liche
Be gbaugebie
en
Mühlbach-
Bischo sho en.
Ma .
U geschich e
Ós e .,
He
6.
[3]
Tyleco e,
R.F.,
1962,
Me allu gy
in
A chaeology.
London.
[4]
Ro henbe g,
B.,
1973,
Das
Tal
de
biblischen
Kup e mmen.
Lübbe,
Be gisch-Gladbach.
[5]
We ime,
T.A.
and
Muhly,
J.D.
(eds.),
1980,
The
Coming
o
he
Age
o
I on.
London.
[6]
Junghans,
S.,
Sangmeis e ,
E.
and
Sch ode ,
M.,
1960,
Me allanalysen
kup e zei liche
und
ühb onzezei liche
Boden unde
aus
Eu opa.
Be lín.
[7]
Junghans,
S.,
Sangmeis e ,
E.
and
Sch ode ,
M.,
1968,
Kup e
und
B onze
in
de
ühen
Me allzei
Eu opas,
Bd.
1-3.
Be lín.
[8]
Junghans,
S.,
Sangmeis e ,
E.
and
Sch ode ,
M.,
1974,
Kup e
und
B onze
in
de
ühen
Me allzei
Eu opas
4.
Be lín.
[9]
Haup mann,
A.,
2000,
Zu
ühen
Me allu gíe
des
Kup e s
ín
Penan/Jo dáníen.
De
An-
schní ,
Beíhe
10,
Bochum,
ín
p ess.
[10]
Haup mann,
A.,
Begemann,
F.
and
Schmí -S ecke ,
S.,
1999,
Coppe
Objec s
om
A ad
-
Theí
Composi ion
and
P o enance.
BASOR
314,
1-17.
[11]
Haup mann,
A.,
Begemann,
F.,
Heí kempe ,
E.,
Pemicka,
E.
and
Schmí -S ecke ,
S.,
1992,
Ea ly
Coppe
P oduced
a
Peinan,
Wadí
A aba,
Jo dán:
The
Composi ion
o
O es
and
Coppe .
A cheoma e ials
6(1),
1-33.
[12]
Sege ,
A.,
Bey h,
M.
and
Ba -Ma hews,
M.,
1992,
The
Geology
o
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