HID 34 (2007) 147-158
HID 34 (2007)
PATRONAGE AND INDEBTEDNESS:
PORTUGAL, CASTILE AND THE PAPAL
COURT AROUND THE YEAR 1300*
Pe e li n e h A n
S John’s College
Uni e si y o Camb idge
In he s anda d biog aphies o Boni ace VIII conside a ion o Po uguese a -
ai s has been la gely igno ed, wi h Boase o example, in his s ill aluable s udy,
limi ing himsel o he obse a ion ha nego ia ion o he 40 a icles o he Po -
uguese Chu ch (‘a piece o wo k ha aised p oblems and o med opinions’, and
one in which he hen Ca dinal Benede o Cae ani was in ol ed) ‘mus be gi en
no small place in he genesis o Cle icis laicos and unam sanc am’.1 Such is he
con ex , bu no he con en , o he p esen no e.
A he ime o Nicholas IV’s elec ion in Feb ua y 1288, o hi een long
yea s he king and kingdom o Po ugal had been su e ing he consequences o
excommunica ion and in e dic , as speci ied in ‘De egno Po ugalie’, G ego y X’s
‘cons i u ion, o dinance and p o ision’ o Sep embe 1275.2 The g a i y o hese
consequences was desc ibed by he pope in a ious communica ions o King
Dinis, on he one hand he cumula i e e ec s o dep i a ion o he sac amen s,3 on
he o he he abuses epo edly in lic ed upon ecclesias ics by laymen who, unde
co e o cus om (‘which i we e be e o call co up ion’), we e claiming ha hei
pa onal igh s en i led hem and hei amilies o o ce hemsel es upon chu ches
and monas e ies, demanding hospi ali y, looding he clois e s wi h dubious com-
pany, and obbing he men o eligion no only o he con en s o hei la de s bu
also o he solace o hei beds.4
* I am g a e ul o Ma ia João B anco, And é Vi ó ia, and membe s o he LZR Semina (Uni e -
si y o Camb idge) o he bene i o hei p ecious assis ance.
1. T. S. R. Bo A s e , Boni ace VIII (London, 1933), 18. Likewise, A. PA A V i C i n i BA g l i A n i , Boni acio
VIII (Tu in, 2003), 27n.
2. Reg. G eg. X, 628; summa ized in A. he C u l A n o , His . de Po ugal, III. 173-6.
3. ‘Hec es o ma’, 16 Ma ch 1289: Reg. Nich. IV, 718; A. D. de Sousa Co s A , ‘Concilio p o in-
cial de Compos ela ealizado em 1292, com a pa icipação de bispos po ugueses, e a da a do e ec uado
no empo do A cebispo D. João A ias. (No ambien e das Conco da as de el-Rei D. Dinis)’, I ine a ium,
32 (1987), 393-470, a p. 410.
4. ‘… p e enden es ex abusu consue udinem que dicenda es po ius co up ela, ad monas e ia e
ecclesias p edic a causa exigendi e accipiendi iolen e hospi ia p o sue olun a is libi o cum comi i a
148
HID 34 (2007) 147-158
PETER LINEHAN
Since he dea h o he Po uguese pope, John XXI, in May 1277 and in Feb-
ua y 1279 ha o A onso III, econciled o Rome jus as he g im eape eached
ou o him, he some ime a chbishop o B aga, Ca dinal O doño Ál a ez (albei
no himsel Po uguese, as adi ionally claimed) had been on hand o o e see Po -
uguese in e es s. And bo h be o e and a e he ca dinal’s dea h in he las mon hs
o 1285 he e had been abo i e a emp s a nego ia ion:5 he beginnings o app ox-
ima ion owa ds a se lemen o papal-Po uguese di e ences, he Po uguese con-
sequences o which we e o p o e mo e a - eaching e en han Boase sugges ed,
p eceded 1288.6 Ne e heless, i was no un il he June o ha yea ha D. Dinis
ga e he p ocess i m di ec ion by appoin ing wo o he mos no able o his up-
and-coming cle ics, Ma inho Pi es can o o É o a and João Ma ins de Soalhães,
canon o Coimb a, o ac as his p oc o s a he papal cou .7
Al hough a case migh be made o e isi ing he ensuing diploma ic ex-
changes and he complexi ies o he Ele en and hen he Fo y A icles,8 ha is no
my pu pose he e. Ins ead, I wish o ocus on ha pai o upwa dly mobile cle ics,9
in 1288 bo h o hem al eady oyal cle ks, and on one in pa icula o he in luen-
ial iends hey acqui ed a he papal cu ia.
I he indexes o he F ench School’s calenda s o he papal egis e s o he
yea s since Nicholas III c ea ed him ca dinal-deacon o S. Ma ia de Via La a in
1278 a e any hing o go by,10 Giacomo Colonna had hi he o had no pa icula
connexion wi h Po uguese a ai s. Bu by he end o 1289 João Ma ins was his
mili um, a mige o um e pedi um acceden es, ic ualia equen e a pe sonis monas e io um e eccle-
sia um p edic a um sibi pos ulan exhibe i e equen e cela io um panis, ini e annone alio umque
ic ualium cla es pe iolen iam apien es ic ualia ipsa non solum suis usibus necessa ia capiun sed
ea dissipan eno mi e e consumun ac, mulie es inhones as ple umque in oducen es, do mi o ia a-
um in a e ac lec os e pannos ipso um a um iolen e accipe e non e en u am pe se ipsos quam
suos amulos se ien es dic o um a um quie em clamo ibus e loquelis inhones is ac umul uosis in-
cessibus pe u ban es’: ‘Hii sun a iculi’, 3 Sep . 1289: (A[ qui o] D[is i al,] B[ aga], Cx. Bulas 1, no.
21=A chi io Seg e o Va icano, Reg. Va . 44, c. 458, o. 208 [Reg. Nich. IV, 1353]).
5. P. li n e h A n , The Ladies o Zamo a (Manches e , 1996), 100; idem & Ma ga i a o e s se V i l l A ,
‘A misa ibu ed omb and i s implica ions: Ca dinal O doño Ál a ez and his iends and ela ions’, Ri-
is a di S o ia della Chiesa in I alia, 57 (2003), 53-63.
6. Nicholas IV,‘Occu i ’, epi omizing he his o y o ela ions be ween Po uguese c own and Po -
uguese episcopa e since he pon i ica e o Clemen IV and he cou se o nego ia ions leading o he
40 A icles, he eby con i med subjec o a i ica ion by he poli ical na ion, and speci ying he cou se
o disciplina y ac ion o be ollowed in he e en o non-compliance by he king o his successo s (7
Ma ch 1289): Reg. Nich. IV, 717; A. me C A i , Raccol a di Conco da i su ma e ie ecclesias iche a la
San a Sede e le au o i à ci ili, I. 1098-1914 (Va ican Ci y 1954), 107-11.
7. Ibid., 105-6.
8. Co s A , ‘Concilio p o incial de Compos ela’, 406-14; idem, ‘D. F ei Tello, a cebispo-p imaz, e
as conco da as de D. Dinis’, in IX Cen ená io da dedicação da Sé de B aga. Cong esso In e nacional.
Ac as, II/i (B aga 1990), 283-316, a 300-5; F. F. lo P e s , ‘A p opósi o do con li o en e a Ig eja e Po u-
gal no empo de D. Dinis’ [1964], in lo P e s , Colec ânea de Es udos de His ó ia e Li e a u a, III (Lis-
bon, 1997), 185-94.
9. Fo Ma inho Pi e s , see H. V. Vi l A , As dimensões de um pode . A diocese de É o a na Idade
Média, Lisbon 1999, 74-9; o João Ma ins, J. A. Fe e i A , Fas os episcopães da Ig eja p imacial de
B aga (sec. III-sec. XX), II (Famalicão, 1930), 113-25.
10. Which hey may no be, hose o he Regis e s o Ma in IV being plainly de ec i e.
HID 34 (2007) 147-158
Pa onage and indeb edness: Po ugal, Cas ile and he papal Cou a ound he yea 1300 149
chaplain, and i was on he ca dinal’s ecommenda ion as well as ou o conside -
a ion o he king ha he was dispensed o enjoy a subs an ial po olio o eccle-
sias ical bene ices in plu ali y.11 Ea lie s ill, Ca dinal Giacomo had been busying
himsel wi h Po uguese a ai s, in he p e ious Ma ch enabling Vasco Pe es, one
o his Po uguese chaplains, o secu e an indulgence o he bishop o Viseu,12 and,
as is indica ed by ce ain no a ial anno a ions on he op-le co ne o he ec o
o he ins umen , making himsel esponsible o he acquisi ion o addi ional
eng ossmen s o he bull absol ing D. Dinis.13 I was h ough his agency ha in
Ma ch 1290 he pon i ins uc ed he new a chbishop o B aga, D. Tello, o con-
sec a e he Roman chu ch o S. Lucia ‘qua uo po a um’.14 And in he ollowing
May he was again ac i e, his ime in connexion wi h he issue o he papal p i i-
lege au ho ising he di ision along na ional lines o he O de o San iago.15
Nicholas IV’s bull o ounda ion o he Uni e si y o Lisbon (9 Augus 1290)
a o ds a u he example o he his o ical alue o such diploma ic minu iae. The
le e , ‘De s a u egni’, has been equen ly published.16 Bu hi he o no a en ion
has been paid o he in o ma ion on he igh o he old whe e he sc ibe iden i-
ied himsel .17 The e idence he e ha Po ugal’s p incipal iend a he papal cou
a he ime o he ounda ion o i s i s uni e si y was none o he han he same
Ca dinal Giacomo Colonna may go some way o explain why, in he yea s imme-
dia ely ollowing, ha ins i u ion’s p og ess was so e a ic. I was no only he hos-
ili y o he Lisbon locals speci ied by D. Dinis in Feb ua y 1308 ha caused he
mig a ion o he Po uguese s udium o Coimb a.18 I was also he s udium’s lack
o e he p e ious decade o an in luen ial champion a he papal cou .
Fo al hough Giacomo Colonna was one o he membe s o he college o
ca dinals o whom he elec ion as a chbishop o B aga o Ma inho Pi es, he can-
o o É o a and he ea lie o he king’s p oc o s o gain p omo ion, was e e ed
11. The chu ch o S. Miguel de A oo, dioc. Coimb a (wi h ca e o souls), canon ies and p ebends
in he chu ches o Lisbon, Coimb a and Lamego, ‘e quedam p es imonia sine cu a in di e sis eccle-
siis’, in addi ion o which he was now pe mi ed o enjoy ‘unum aliud bene icium, cum cu a el sine’:
Reg. Nich. IV, 1727 (1 Dec. 1289); p in ed Co s A , ‘Concílio p o incial’, 417-18.
12. IAN/TT, Sé de Viseu, mç. 11 (Pon i icios), no. 4, do se: ‘Mag[is e] Velascus Pe i capellanus
d[omi]ni Iac[obi] diac[oni] ca d[inalis] hanc impe [ a ] | indulgenciam p o d[omi]no Visen. ep[iscop]
o’: ‘Lice malo um incen o ’ (23 Ma ch 1289) = Reg. Nich. IV, 796.
13. IAN/TT, Cx. Bulas, mç. 8, no. 5: ‘ ian iiij. de manda o d[omi]ni Iac[obi]’ (meaning ‘make ou
eng ossmen s o his on he ins uc ion o Ca dinal Giacomo’): ‘Fili ca issime’ (23 Ma ch 1289) = Reg.
Nich. IV, 795. (The e was no o he Ca dinal Giacomo in he cu ia a his ime.)
14. Reg. Nich. IV, 2399 (13 Ma . 1290).
15. IAN/TT, C. E. (Bulas), cx. 4, no. 17 (Reg. Nich. IV, 7555): ‘Pas o alis o icii’, he sc ibe’s signa-
u e eading ‘Io. Gall. de manda o d[omi]ni Ia. ca d’. Io. Gall. – Iohannes de Gallicano – was a membe
o Ca dinal Giacomo’s amilia: G. F. nü s k e , ‘Un e suchungen übe das Pe sonal de päps lichen Kan-
zlei 1254-1304 [II]’, A chi ü Diploma ik, 21 (1975), 249-431, a 277-8.
16. Mos ecen ly by A. mo e i A d e sá, Cha ula ium uni e si a is Po ucalensis, I (1288-1377),
(Lisbon, 1966), 12-14. I appea s in he papal egis e as Reg. Nich. IV, 3102.
17. ‘Io. Gal. de man[da o] | .I. de Col[um]pna’: IAN/TT, Cx. Bulas, mç. 12, no. 2.
18. Reg. Clem. V, 2666; mo e i A d e sá, Cha ula ium uni e si a is Po ucalensis, I. 39-40.
150
HID 34 (2007) 147-158
PETER LINEHAN
o examina ion se en mon hs in o Boni ace VIII’s pon i ica e,19 he Colonna ca -
dinals’ subsequen qua el wi h he pon i and hei deposi ion om he college
o ca dinals in 1297 a ally damaged any cause wi h which hey we e associa ed.
Thus, while he Mon pellie s udium, also a ou ed by Nicholas IV, con inued o
p ospe , he Lisbon s udium languished.20 E idence o he pope’s un emi ing en-
de a agains he Colonna and hei associa es is ound h oughou Eu ope. In Po -
ugal, because Lau en ius de Fuscis de Be a, canon and a chdeacon o B aga, was
he chaplain and chambe lain o Ca dinal Pie o, he was dep i ed o his bene ices
and eplaced by ano he I alian absen ee, his one unquali ied o appoin men by
bo h age and o de s.21 Fo he same eason in e alia, in Cas ile a simila a e o e -
ook Bishop Velasco o Ciudad Rod igo.22
Exemp om his pe secu ion, e iden ly because hey enjoyed he a ou
o King Dinis, we e João Ma ins de Soalhães and Ge aldo Domingues, dean o
B aga, chaplain o Ca dinal Giacomo23 and in Oc obe 1297 Roman p oc o o João
Ma ins.24 By hen João Ma ins himsel was bishop o Lisbon, his e usal o accep
elec ion o he see o B aga in 1292 ha ing esul ed in he appoin men o Ma inho
Pi es.25 Now, a he eques o King Dinis, and doub less because he king had need
o him a home, he was dispensed om making he ‘ad limina’ isi o he papal
cou .26 Equally, hough, business o his own demanded his p esence a Rome, no-
ably an enqui y ini ia ed in No embe 1298 in o he complain o he bishop o
Coimb a, Ped o Collaço, ha his chu ch had su e ed eno mous loss on accoun o
he ans e o p ope ies o João Ma ins ‘no as bishop bu as a p i a e pe son’ by
Ped o’s p edecesso Aime ico.27 In Ma ch 1299 he case was being a gued a he
19. Reg. Bon. VIII, 344 (p in ed S. do m í n g u e z sá n C h e z , Documen os de Boni acio VIII (1294-1303)
e e en es a España [León, 2006], no. 120).
20. G. o m e s A n , ‘Nicolas IV e la onda ion de l’Uni e si é de Mon pellie ’, in E. me n e s ò , Nic-
colò IV: un pon i ica o a O ien e ed Occiden e (Spole o, 1991), 39-52.
21. Reg. Bon. VIII, 2164 (do m í n g u e z sá n C h e z , no. 476).
22. Reg. Bon. VIII, 2031 (do m í n g u e z sá n C h e z , no. 447).
23. As such, in Janua y 1292 he was dispensed o enjoy bene ices in plu ali y, including canon ies
a B aga, Lisbon, Coimb a and Lamego. One o he execu o s o his p o ision was he can o o É o a,
mA i n h o Pi e s : Reg. Nich. IV, 6504-5. See A. M. S. A. o d i g u e s e al., Os capi ula es B aca enses
(1245-1374): no ícias biog á icas (Lisbon, 2005), 59.
24. ‘In nos a p oposuis i’, 10 Oc . 1297, g an ing pe mission o bo ow up o 400 ma ks o sil e :
ADB, Ga . das No ícias Vá ias, no. 22. A loan o ha sum om he membe s o he Ammana i Com-
pany was aised la e ha mon h: ADB, Ga . das No ícias Vá ias, no. 23.
25. Abo e, n. 19. Acco ding o his accoun , ‘cum eum ex ce a causa de iu e non possin elige e,
pos ula un ’, bu João enounced he pos ula ion. H. V. Vi l A and M. C. B A n C o , ‘Se i , gou e ne
e legue : l’é êque Ge aldo Domingues (1285-1321)’, A Ig eja e o Cle o Po uguês no Con ex o Eu-
opeu (Lisbon, 2005), 95-116, a 100, sugges ha illegi imacy was he p oblem. I so, i did no s and
in he way o his elec ion o Lisbon in Ma ch 1294, a ca e ully o ches a ed a ai in which mis akes
we e a oided by es ing all powe s o elec ion in a single canon, Pe us Remigii: ADB, Ga . dos P i -
ilegios, 5. When ansla ing him (and his a chi e, whence his no e) o B aga in 1313 Clemen V ab o-
ga ed ‘omnem de ec um seu impedimen um quodlibe ’: ADB, Ga . dos A cebispos, 45.
26. ‘Celsi udinis ue li e is’, 4 Oc . 1297: ADB, Ga . das No ícias Vá ias, no. 21.
27. ‘… non amen sicu episcopo se anquam p i a e pe sone pe ipsum e he edes ipsius in pe -
pe uum possidenda concessi , ecep is ab eo p op e hoc quibusdam aliis casalibus que unc ad ipsum
HID 34 (2007) 147-158
Pa onage and indeb edness: Po ugal, Cas ile and he papal Cou a ound he yea 1300 151
La e an be o e he ac ing ‘audi o li e a um con adic a um’, Huguccio de Ve cel-
lis, canon o B uges.28 And a Anagni on 6 Sep embe 1301 bo h João Ma ins and
Ge aldo Domingues (since he p e ious yea bishop o Po o)29 we e he e in pe son
because i was in he papal p esence ha on ha day each o hem sough lea e o
bo ow h ee housand gold lo ins on he secu i y o hemsel es and hei sees.30
Loans such as hese, ea ma ked o p o ision o ‘necessi ies’ and ad ance-
men o hei chu ches’ a ai s, we e o cou se ou inely aised by p ela es a he
cu ia. Wha is in e es ing abou hese wo hough is ha i was on ha same day,
6 Sep embe 1301, ha he long-desi ed, and hugely expensi e, papal bull legi i-
mising Fe nando IV o Cas ile and his siblings was a las secu ed by he agen s o
Fe nando’s mo he , Ma ía de Molina.31
In he iumphal accoun o ha achie emen , one ha had been wo ked o
by ai means and oul o a decade o mo e, he Cas ilian ch onicle o Fe nan-
do’s eign made much o Ma ía de Molina’s success in sc imping and sa ing he
en housand sil e ma ks demanded by he pope. And i was common knowledge
how much he success o he nego ia ion owed o he exe ions o he papal e e -
enda y, he Cas ilian Pe us Hispanus.32
Al hough he na u e o he ela ionship be ween he h ee housand Po u-
guese gold lo ins and he en housand Cas ilian sil e ma ks is unce ain,33 ce ain
ema ks con ained in h ee le e s home om he king o A agon’s men a Rome
sheds some ligh on he ques ion. The i s , om Godo è de Foix and da ed 25 Au-
gus , old o he a i al h ee days ea lie o he bishops o Coimb a and Po o and
o wo o Fe nando IV’s knigh s (Fe nando being desc ibed, in acco dance wi h
A agonese ideology, as he son no o King Sancho bu o he ‘la e lo d Sancho
o Cas ile’). They had come o h ee easons: wo dispensa ions and a legi imi-
za ion. Thei p incipal in e es was in Fe nando IV’s union wi h Dinis’s daugh e ,
Cons ança (Jaume II o A agón’s niece) and ha o Dinis’s son A onso ( he u u e
A onso IV) wi h Fe nando’s sis e Bea iz. The legi imiza ion issue came las .34 The
Iohannem episcopum sue dum axa a ione pe sone e non a ione Ulixbonen. ecclesie pe ineban ’:
ADB, Ga . dos Cou os, no. 88.
28. Ibid.
29. Vi l A & B A n C o , ‘Se i , gou e ne ’, 103
30. Reg. Bon. VIII, 4121 (do m í n g u e z sá n C h e z , no. 816-17).
31. Reg. Bon. VIII, 4403 (do m í n g u e z sá n C h e z , no. 818).
32. A. mA C o s Po u s , ‘Los dos ma imonios de Sancho IV de Cas illa’, Escuela Española de A -
queología e His o ia en Roma: Cuade nos de T abajo, 8 (1956), 7-108; C ónica de Fe nando IV, c. 8
(p. 119a); P. li n e h A n , His o y and he His o ians o Medie al Spain (Ox o d, 1993), 540.
33. F. BA e h g e n , ‘Quellen und Un e suchungen zu Geschich e des päps lichen Ho - und Finanz-
e wal ung un e Boni az VIII’, Quellen und Fo schungen aus I alienischen A chi en und Biblio-
heken, 20 (1928-9), 114-237, a 234 (Oc . 1301, 3 ma che=5 lo eni au i). C . W. e. lu n , Financial
Rela ions o he Papacy wi h England o 1327 (Camb idge, Mass., 1939), 467, quo ing an exchange
a e o i e lo ins o he ma k.
34. ‘Episcopi Colimbe iensis [sic] e Po ugalensis nuncii egis Po ugalie e duo mili es Fe andi
ilii quondam domini Sancii de Cas ella in a e un Anagniam die ma is an e es um bea i Ba holo-
mei e ue un ob ime excep i [leg. ecep i] e aiun eis commissa ia. P imo es concessa dispensacio,
quod dic us Fe andus possi con ahe e ma imonium cum ilia ( egis) Po ugalensis (?) nep e es a,

152
HID 34 (2007) 147-158
PETER LINEHAN
au ho o he o he , Gue au d’Albala , w i ing on 14 Sep embe , epo ed ha he
had been in con e sa ion wi h ‘ he bishop’ (subsequen ly iden i ied as he bishop o
Lisbon), who s a ed ha he e e enda y (Pe us Hispanus) led hem o belie e ha
he ma e was a o egone conclusion. Bu he pope was causing complica ions. Fo
while he was p epa ed o make ee wi h dispensa ions, on he legi imiza ion ques-
ion his one objec was o sc ew as much as he could ou o ‘ hem’,35 ‘ hey’ appea -
ing o be he Cas ilian and Po uguese con ingen s collec i ely. Such was he pope’s
way wi h e e yone he wan ed money om.36
Bu by any accoun he e was dissension, he A agonese agen con inued, be-
cause he pope wan ed mo e gold han hey had b ough , and hey we e unwilling
o make up o he sho all in sil e .37 Wha he A agonese pe haps did no know
was ha some o ha gold had been used o und no Fe nando’s legi imiza ion bu
a he he dispensa ion o him o ma y he king o Po ugal’s daugh e ; in o he
wo ds, no o acquiescence in he consequences o he king o Cas ile’s pa en s’
inces bu o pe mission o him o commi inces o his own.38 So in ac , and
doub less on accoun o he e o s o F ench diplomacy o aise he s akes beyond
b eaking poin , Boni ace’s policy o milking pe i ione s ex ended o pe i ione s o
dispensa ions, wi h he esul ha a a c i ical momen o he his o y o Cas ile i s
ule was educed o u ning o a couple o Po uguese bishops in o de o ul il ob-
liga ions en e ed in o (a he ea y o Alcañices ou yea s ea lie ), o honou his
side o a dynas ic deal, and so bege a ‘ ijo de bendicion’ and law ul hei .39
secundo quod ilius egis Po ugalie possi con ahe e cum ilia p edic i domini Sancii, e cio quod
dominus papa legi imabi e habili abi p edic um Fe andum e a es suos ad successionem omnem,
que eis po e i (?) ob eni e’: H. Finke, Aus den Tagen Boni az VIII. (Müns e -in-W., 1902), xxiii. God-
o è was e iden ly misin o med abou he iden i y o he i s Po uguese p ela e. C . he epo o
ano he A agonese agen , Gue au d’Albala , and his knowledge o he bishop o Lisbon: ‘…quod oc-
a a die assump ionis bea e Ma ie [22 Augus ] [ ene u]n Anagniam episcopus Lixbonensis e epis-
copus Po ugalensis cum quibusdam mili ibus Cas ellanis e quodam a e Uclesii, qui consue i esse
in Lo cha, e ue un pe papam e e e enda ium mi abili e bene ecep i e illa die cum e e enda io
comede un . Pecie un au em a papa, u dispensa e , quod in e ilios domini Sancii e egis Po ugalie
possin con ahi ma imonia. I em e quod legi ima e ilios dic i Sancii e eos edde e habiles ad egni
successionem e quod pe suam dispensa ionem e decla acionem: hiis in ellec is sec e e ab episcopo
Lixbonensi, cuius no i iam magnam e amilia i a em habui, cum os, se enissime domine, ad egem
Po ugalie me misis is’ [my emphasis]: idem, Ac a A agonensia, I (Be lin, 1908), 102-3. Fo Albala ’s
p esence in Po ugal in 1294, e e ed o he e: ibid, 106.
35. In le e s da ed en days a e issue o he bull o legi imiza ion, he pope was a pains o empha-
sise he eno mi y o wha he had g an ed: an ac o g ace ha abolished he in amy o he king’s pa en s
and cleansed he blackened epu a ion o he oyal house, o which he e was no p eceden (‘auc o i-
as’) in his p edecesso s’ ac s, he insis ed: Reg. Bon. VIII, 4404 (dó m i n g u e z sá n C h e z , no. 819).
36. ‘…quod e e enda ius ece a eos eni e, quasi supe e ce a. Se modo papa in icaba nego-
cia. Nam supe ma imoniis con ahendis in e p edic os oleba dispensa e liben e . Se supe legi i-
macione non i a ci o. (…) Papa amen non p op e aliud ab ini io exage a i negocium, nisi u maio em
peccuniam posse ex o que e ab eis. Talem enim modum se a in omnibus, a quibus peccuniam spe a
habe e. (…)’: Fi n k e , Aus den Tagen., xx ii-xx iii.
37. ‘Nunc au em es dissensio in e eos, quia papa pe i au um e plus quam apo a e in , ipsi nol-
un da e ma chas a gen i ad alo em au i’: ibid., xx iii.
38. Cons ança was he g ea g and-daugh e o Al onso X, Fe nando he g andson.
39. C . li n e h A n , His o y and he His o ians, 539-40. Fo Cas ile’s ac u ed economy and socie y a
his ime, see C ón. Fe nando IV, c. 3 (p. 110a), and he epo o he A agonese agen Be na de Sa ía
HID 34 (2007) 147-158
Pa onage and indeb edness: Po ugal, Cas ile and he papal Cou a ound he yea 1300 153
As Fe nando IV eely acknowledged almos ou yea s la e , h ee housand
o he six housand lo ins hey had bo owed be ween hem had gone owa ds he
cos o ha dispensa ion: ‘Sepades que don Johan, obispo de Lixbona, e don Gi-
aldo, obispo del Po o, me p es a on en co e de Roma, po a la mi despensaçion,
es mill lo ines d’o o,’ and ha he had unde aken o epay hem o e h ee yea s
om he en s o he ci y o Se ille: ‘E yo o e po bien de gelos pone en las en as
de y, de Seuilla, quelos ayan d’aqui a es años, cada año mill lo ines’ -- hough he
migh as well ha e done so om he e enues o he Cas ilian Chu ch, which, a e
ebuking him and his p edecesso s o ha ing helped hemsel es o o mo e han
six y yea s, he pope had licensed him o con inue o do o a u he h ee.40
In Sep embe 1301 i had been al oge he o he ad an age o D. Dinis o ha e
Fe nando IV’s successional quali ica ions a ended o, o he was jus ou mon hs
away om ma ying his daugh e o him.41 In he sp ing o 1304 he allowed him-
sel o be pe suaded by his wi e, Isabel o A agón, o subsidize his son-in-law o
he une o a million ma a edíes.42 Mo eo e , he was also seeking o ad ance he
p ospec s o his bas a d son A onso Sanches, and o secu e o him a dispensa ion
o ma y a lady o whom he was ela ed in he e y same deg ee as Fe nando IV’s
pa en s had been. In Oc obe 1302 he pon i e e ed he ma e o he dependable
judgmen o Bishops Fe nando Ma ins o É o a and ... João Ma ins o Lisbon.43
As o he easons o he bishops’ anxie y abou epaymen almos ou yea s
la e , he dea h o Boni ace VIII in Oc obe 1303 and he ea lies s ages o he
p ocess e e sing he an i-Colonna measu es o 1297 p o ide he beginnings o
an answe . Du ing he acancy ollowing Benedic XI’s b ie pon i ica e, he pub-
lica ion, in Pa is in ea ly Sep embe 1304, o Guillaume de Noga e ’s p o es a-
iones, wi h hei desc ip ion o Boni ace as ‘no ue pope’ bu as a ‘ hie and
obbe ’, he e ic, idola e , sodomi e e c. was ollowed by umou s o he ehabil-
i a ion o he Colonna. Again, news o his was p omp ly con eyed home by he
A agonese oyal agen s a Rome.44 And in Ap il 1305, wi h he papal acancy con-
inuing, so did he chu ch o Toledo’s man a Pe ugia in a le e ull o gossip, u-
mou and ac , a i id le e conce ning he ‘bad s a e’ o he ci y o Rome and
he a med bands o Colonna and O sini igh ing o con ol i – hough o ou pu -
poses wha is o pa icula in e es is he s eng h o suppo i epo ed o he
iew ha ‘e e y hing ha Boni ace did has o be e oked and annulled, being
he wo k o one who was no pope’: p ecisely as Boni ace himsel had e oked
and annulled e e y hing ha his p edecesso Celes ine V had done, ega ding he
on 20 June 1301, ‘la e a de Cas ela es en o anol es amen e y a g an ca es ia’: A. gi m é n e z so l e ,
Don Juan Manuel. Biog a ía y es udio c í ico (Za agoza, 1932), 251.
40. Appendix II, lin. 25-27; Reg. Bon. VIII, 4407 (do m í n g u e z sá n C h e z , no. 820).
41. C. go n z á l e z mí n g u e z , Fe nando IV de Cas illa (1295-1312). La gue a ci il y el p edominio
de la nobleza (Vi o ia, 1976), 128.
42. Ibid., 153. C . Fi n k e , Aus den Tagen, xx iii: ‘P e e ea, incli e domine, dixi michi episcopus
Lixbonensis, quod se epu a cle icum es um’ (G. de Albala o Jaume II o A agón).
43. Reg.Bon.VIII, 4937 (do m í n g u e z sá n C h e z , no. 936); Vi l A , As dimensões, 69-74.
44. J. Co s e , Boni ace VIII en p ocès. A icles d’accusa ion e déposi ions des émoins (1303-1311)
(Rome, 1995), 218-19, 241-4; Fi n k e , Ac a A agonensia, I. 185.
154
HID 34 (2007) 147-158
PETER LINEHAN
O de o San iago o example.45 Fo , e en wo se han Boni ace’s Celes ine, i was
now being said ha Boni ace himsel had no only no been pope; he had no e en
been Ch is ian; he had been he enemy o Ch is , a Pa a ene and ‘omne sin ley’:46
cha ges plainly based on Noga e ’s accusa ions. To he a chbishop o Toledo as he
ead his i s implica ion would ha e been ala mingly clea .
In b ie , i all he la e pope’s ac s we e annulled, he oyal dispensa ion o
1301 would be wo hless, and he king o Cas ile would e e o being a bas a d
wi hou igh o succession. I Boni ace had no been pope, he king o Cas ile’s
dispensa ion was no dispensa ion, and i his dispensa ion was no dispensa ion,
many consequences ollowed, o which he likelihood ha he king would eel no
p essing anxie y o epay hose who had helped him acqui e a now wo hless doc-
umen was a guably he leas impo an – excep o cou se o he bishops o Lis-
bon and Po o. Such no doub was he conclusion ha occu ed o Fe nando IV’s
Po uguese c edi o s, one o whom, Ge aldo Domingues o Po o, was in Cas ile
be ween Janua y and Ap il 1305 ep esen ing D. Dinis a he a i ica ion o he
A bi a ion o To ellas which ma ked he end o en-yea s o wa a e be ween
Cas ile and A agón: he conclusion o a diploma ic p ocess based on he assump-
ion ha Fe nando’s i le was good.47 Now, as he pa ies assembled a he Cis e -
cian monas e y o Hue a on he Cas ilian-A agonese bo de , ha assump ion was
h own in o doub .
The dea h in mid-Ap il o Fe nando’s Jewish almoxa i e, Samuel de Vil o-
ado, he only man e en emo ely capable o educing he oyal inances o o de ,48
cons i u ed a u he e e se o he king’s c edi o s. Bu Fe nando had pledged his
Se ille e enues as secu i y, so a e hei appoin men a Lisbon on 2 June hi he
he bishops’ agen s be ook hemsel es.49 They had al eady secu ed om he king
le e s pa en and a manda e add essed o he ecabdado es o his en s a Se ille,
o de ing epaymen o he deb o e a pe iod o h ee yea s, wi h he o me speci-
ying imp essi e sanc ions in he e en o non-compliance.50 Jus how emp y hose
h ea s we e was now e ealed when he deb -collec o s eached Se ille and p e-
sen ed hei documen a ion o Samuel Abenxuxem, he king’s almoxa i e, a his
house in he jude ía he e. F us a ingly, a his poin o he na a i e he documen
45. A. BA o l o m e i o m A g n o l i , ‘Le bolle di Celes ino V cassa e da Boni acio VIII’, A chi um Hi-
s o iae Pon i iciae, 37 (1999), 61-83. Fo he e ec o he e oca ion on he peninsula s a us o he
O de o San iago, see D. W. lo m A x , ‘El ey Don Diniz de Po ugal y la O den de San iago’, Hidal-
guía, 30 (1982), 477-87, a 481-3; P. A. li n e h A n and P. N. R. zu s h i , ‘Fia A. The ea lies known oll
o pe i ions signed by he pope (1307)’, English His o ical Re iew, 122 (2007), 998-1015, a 1004-5.
46. M. gA i B o i s d e BA l l e s e o s , ‘Roma despues de la mue e de Boni acio VIII’, Bole ín de la Real
Academia de la His o ia, 84 (1924), 351-6, a 353.
47. go n z á l e z mí n g u e z , Fe nando IV, 177, 196-7.
48. Ibid., 140, 204.
49. Appendix I.
50. A ienza, 8, 10 Ma ch 1305: ‘E non agan ende al po ninguna mane a, si non, a los cue pos τ a
quan o ouiesen, me o na ia po ello’ (Appendix II, lin. 17). Paymen was s ipula ed in he pe iod be-
ween 1 Decembe and ‘[el] dia de la çinquesma’ (Quinquagesima, which in he yea 1304-5 had allen
on 28 Feb ua y). On 2 June he e m had been s a ed o be Pen ecos , i.e. ou days la e : Appendix I.
HID 34 (2007) 147-158
Pa onage and indeb edness: Po ugal, Cas ile and he papal Cou a ound he yea 1300 155
published below is badly damaged. Bu enough o i is legible o demons a e he
p eca ious s a e o he oyal inances.
The almoxa i e declined o make paymen s om he income o ‘la F on e a’
because he king had commi ed i o ‘Johan Nunez -- Juan Núñez de La a – ade-
lan ado de la on e a, one o Fe nando’s p incipal o men o s and a long- e m ad-
he en o he La Ce da claiman o he Cas ilian h one.51 Nei he he king no Juan
Núñez had au ho ised him o make disbu semen s. And e en i he had he could no
ha e done so since, wha wi h hoa ding o whea by he municipali ies, he Mili a y
O de s, he e ce os and he g ain-wa ehouses, he supplying o Al onso Pé ez de
Guzmán’s equi emen s a Ta i a, he p oblems o de ence h oughou he egion,
and wha was owed o hose who had o ha e money ‘en la nomina del Rey’ he e
was a de ici in he accoun s o some 800,000 ma a edíes and no hing o be had.52
So a had oyal au ho i y slipped by 1292 ha Sancho IV had ound himsel
obliged o coun e sign his own manda es.53 By July 1305 i had slipped u he :
Fe nando IV had his cheques e used. Ci il o de had no been es o ed by he
ending o ci il wa . The king o Cas ile was ou side his own iscal loop while he
independence enjoyed by his Jewish almoxa i e a Se ille demons a ed his own
impo ence and he u ili y o he legisla ion dec eed a he ecen co es o Medina
del Campo, no leas he p ohibi ion o he likes o D. Samuel om holding pub-
lic o ice.54 While he ca ee s o his wo Po uguese c edi o s lay be o e hem, wi h
p imacy in he one case and bu che y in he o he ,55 o Cas ile and i s ule in he
summe o 1305 he only immedia e p ospec was bank up cy.
51. go n z á l e z mí n g u e z , Fe nando IV, passim; S. R. do u B l e d A y , The La a Family. C own and no-
bili y in medie al Spain (Camb idge, Mass., 2001), 92-5.
52. C . he ‘Nómina de la F on e a’ o 1290, p in ed F. J. he n á n d e z , Las en as del ey. Sociedad
y isco en los einos cas ellano-leonesas del siglo XIII (Mad id, 1993), I.391-418.
53. F. J. he n á n d e z & P. li n e h A n , The Moza abic Ca dinal. The li e and imes o Gonzalo Pé ez
Gudiel (Flo ence, 2004), 352.
54. Co es de los an iguos einos de León y de Cas illa, ed. Real Academia de la His o ia, I (Mad id
1861), 172-9 (§9: ‘O osi a lo que nos pidie on que los judios non uesen cogedo es nin sob e cogedo-
es nin a endado es, enemos po bien que lo non sean’).
55. Ge aldo Domingues was ansla ed o he see o Palencia in 1307 (bo owing a u he 6,000 lo-
ins a A ignon o assis he p ocess). The e he was able o a end on D. Cons ança, one o hose whose
ma iages he had helped acili a e in 1301. As bishop o É o a, he was done o dea h in 1321 by ano he
bene icia y o Pope Boni ace’s acquiescen a i ide in such ma e s, he bas a d p e ende o he Po u-
guese h one A onso Sanches (abo e, p. 217): IAN/TT, C. E. (Bulas), cx. 4, no. 39; Vi l A and B A n C o ,
‘Se i , gou e ne ’, 95 .