Sus ainable and Resilien In as uc u e
ISSN: (P in ) (Online) Jou nal homepage: www. and online.com/jou nals/ s i20
Inc easing he sa e y and secu i y o s a egic
ailway e minals h ough en i onmen al and
si ua ional aspec s
Tomas Lo ecek, Da id Rehak, Ma in H omada, Ji i Poko ny, I o Ha ing &
Radosla Kuffa
To ci e his a icle: Tomas Lo ecek, Da id Rehak, Ma in H omada, Ji i Poko ny, I o Ha ing &
Radosla Kuffa (19 Sep 2024): Inc easing he sa e y and secu i y o s a egic ailway e minals
h ough en i onmen al and si ua ional aspec s, Sus ainable and Resilien In as uc u e, DOI:
10.1080/23789689.2024.2403883
To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23789689.2024.2403883
© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma
UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis
G oup.
Published online: 19 Sep 2024.
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Inc easing he sa e y and secu i y o s a egic ailway e minals h ough
en i onmen al and si ua ional aspec s
Tomas Lo ecek
a
, Da id Rehak
b
, Ma in H omada
c
, Ji i Poko ny
b
, I o Ha ing
d
and Radosla Ku a
a
a
Facul y o Secu i y Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Zilina, Zilina, Slo ak Republic;
b
Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing, VSB – Technical Uni e si y o
Os a a, Os a a, Czech Republic;
c
Facul y o Applied In o ma ics, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic;
d
Depa men Sa e y and
Resilience o Technical Sys ems, F aunho e E ns -Mach-Ins i u , EMI, F eibu g, Ge many
ABSTRACT
Rail anspo is a i al sub-sec o o c i ical in as uc u e (CI) in public anspo a ion, p ima ily
h ough high-speed ail o na ional and in e na ional a el. S a egic ailway e minals, designed
o high-capaci y en y/exi o people and ca go, a e key elemen s o CI. Howe e , hey a e also
conside ed so a ge s due o h ea s like e o ism and c iminal ac i i y. Cu en di ec i es,
s anda ds, and p ocedu es a e inadequa e o p o ec ing hese publicly accessible spaces, which
a e also c i ical in as uc u e elemen s (CIE). The e a e no speci ic secu i y s anda ds o he
echnical p o ec ion o s a egic ailway o anspo e minals. In esponse, a me hodological
p ocedu e has been de eloped o enhance p o ec ion le els. This p ocedu e is based on he CPTED
(C ime P e en ion Th ough En i onmen al Design) concep , inco po a ing in e na ional s anda ds
o c ime and e o ism p e en ion. I ocuses on assessing he en i onmen al and si ua ional
secu i y o ailway e minals and ecommending addi ional echnical measu es o add ess gaps in
p o ec ion.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 25 Ma ch 2024
Accep ed 9 Sep embe 2024
KEYWORDS
C i ical in as uc u e;
ailway e minals;
echnical p o ec ion;
secu i y measu es;
en i onmen al aspec ;
si ua ional aspec
1. In oduc ion
The g owing in e dependencies be ween sec o al in a-
s uc u es a e he esul o an inc easingly la ge c oss-
bo de and in e connec ed ne wo k o se ice p o ision
using a CI (Secu i y Council 2017). All c i ical sec o s in
he Eu opean Union a e cu en ly de ined by he
Eu opean Pa liamen ’s Di ec i e on he esilience o
c i ical en i ies (Di ec i e 2022/2557). In o al, he e
a e 11 s a egic sec o s, including he sub-sec o o ail
anspo , which is de e mined by a ious elemen s o
he ailway in as uc u e. Acco ding o Di ec i e o he
Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council es ablishing
a Single Eu opean Railway A ea (Di ec i e 2012/34),
passenge s a ions a e also pa o he ailway
in as uc u e.
Passenge ailway s a ions can be cha ac e ized as
anspo s uc u es wi h b anched acks, allowing
ains o be o e aken and c ossed. In hese s a ions,
con ac wi h passenge s, ca go handling o ucks (load-
ing/unloading), anspo equipmen and o he s a e
ensu ed. Railway s a ions in majo ci ies and ai po s,
in o de o ul il he equi ed unc ion o mul i unc-
ional space, become ail anspo e minals in eg a ing
di e en o ms o anspo (e.g., u ban, subu ban,
in e na ional, oad, ail, ai ), comme cial ac i i ies as
well as a ious en e ainmen se ices (CEN-TR 14,383-
–7, 2009).
Some ailway e minals ha e a signi ican impac on
he implemen a ion o he s a e social unc ion, and hus
on he quali y o popula ion li e in e ms o he p o ec-
ion o hei li e and heal h. This makes hese acili ies
s a egic and is designa ed as ailway CIEs (Rehak,
Sli ko a, Pi ne e al., 2020). Howe e , s a egic ail
e minals a e no s anda d CIEs, as in addi ion o he
a ibu es o signi icance and a ac i eness, hey also
exhibi he a ibu es o so a ge s (Fo es , 2006) and
public c owded places (McIlha on e al., 2020).
S a is ics show ha hey a e no only he a ge o
e o is a acks (GTD, 2019), bu also he objec o
common c ime and o he an i-social ac i i ies
(RAILway POLice, 2022). Based on his ac , he cu en
secu i y equi emen s o he s a egic ailway e minals
p o ec ion can be classi ied in o h ee g oups in he
con ex o in en ional physical h ea s.
The i s g oup consis s o measu es ela ed o he CI
p o ec ion. These measu es a e no explici ly de ined a
he EU le el, bu he obliga ion o implemen hem a
he na ional le el a ises om he al eady epealed
CONTACT Tomas Lo ecek [email p o ec ed]
SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23789689.2024.2403883
© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup.
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i a i es License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-
nd/4.0/), which pe mi s non-comme cial e-use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, and is no al e ed, ans o med, o buil
upon in any way. The e ms on which his a icle has been published allow he pos ing o he Accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
Council Di ec i e (Di ec i e 2008/114) and he cu -
en ly alid Di ec i e o he Eu opean Pa liamen and
o he Council (Di ec i e 2022/2557). The second g oup
consis s o measu es ela ed o he so a ge s p o ec-
ion. So a ge s can cu en ly be conside ed
a e i o ially de ined a ea wi h a ela i ely high con-
cen a ion and numbe o people and an ob ious
absence o secu i y measu es, wi h an inc eased isk o
e o is a acks (Fo es , 2006). In his con ex , cu en
secu i y measu es a e gene ally aimed a minimizing he
isks o e o is a acks using a booby- ap explosi e
sys em, i ea m, o ehicle (2003; Be lin Police, 2021;
2003; 2012; 2007; JRC EC, 2022; Minis y o he In e io ,
2016; Swedish Ci il Con ingencies Agency, 2020).
The hi d g oup consis s o measu es ela ed o he
public c owded places p o ec ion, some imes also
e e ed o as public places o mass ga he ing. This
issue was i s add essed by he CPTED concep
(Je e y, 1971). In con as o he so a ge s p o ec ion,
he CPTED concep p ima ily add esses common o ms
o c ime, such as p ope y, iolen o o he c ime (hoo-
liganism, g a i i, sp eading d ug addic ion, e c.). This
g oup o measu es is al eady speci ied o speci ic ypes
o public c owded places, such as shops and o ices
(2006), pe ol s a ions (2010), schools and educa ional
ins i u ions (2022), public anspo acili ies (2009), o
heal hca e acili ies (2015).
I ollows om he abo e-p esen ed di ec i es, s an-
da ds, and p ocedu es ha hey a e no ully applicable
o he publicly accessible space p o ec ion, which is also
an CIE. This is mainly due o he na u e o s a egic
ailway e minals and he need o ocus on a speci ic
g oup o in en ional physical h ea s, ela ed ulne abil-
i ies and he esul ing secu i y measu es. These ailway
e minals a e so a ge s in he con ex o e o ism, bu
as a public space hey a e much mo e o en he a ge o
o he physical na u e h ea s, such as o dina y c ime.
Fo his eason, i can be s a ed ha he e a e cu en ly
no secu i y s anda ds o o he p ocedu es aimed speci-
ically a he echnical p o ec ion o s a egic ailway
(bu also o he anspo ) e minals.
This c ea es esea ch space o he c ea ion o
a o malised p ocedu e ha would conside all spe-
ci ic aspec s o s a egic ailway e minals. Based on
hese ac s, he aim o he a icle is o de ine
a me hodological p ocedu e o he implemen a ion
o secu i y measu es o inc ease he le el o p o ec-
ion o s a egic ailway e minals. This me hodolo-
gical app oach will conside bo h he equi emen s
de ined in in e na ional s anda ds o he p e en ion
o common c ime and e o ism, e.g., 2009 o 2007,
as well as cu en secu i y me hods and app oaches,
e.g., CPTED (C owe, 2013; Je e y, 1971).
2. Ma e ials and me hods
The con en o his pa o he a icle is he de ini ion
o he e ms so a ge s and public c owded places
and cla i ica ion o he essence o hei high ulne -
abili y. In his con ex , s a egic ailway e minals a e
de ined and desc ibed and a en ion is paid o hei
ulne abili y. Based on hese ac s, cu en app oaches
o he p o ec ion o s a egic ailway e minals a e
iden i ied, om he pe spec i e o a CI, so a ge s,
and public c owded places.
2.1. Vulne abili y o so a ge s and public
c owded places
So a ge s a e de ined as ‘buildings in which la ge
numbe s o people ga he , such as na ional monumen s,
hospi als, schools, spo s g ounds, ho els, cul u al cen es,
hea es and cinemas, ca es and es au an s, places o
wo k, nigh clubs, shopping cen es, and anspo ne -
wo ks such as me o, ains, buses and o he s’ (Fo es ,
2006; Ka los, La che , & Solomos, 2018; Kellihe , 2018).
So a ge s a e also places in on o he ac ual en y
in o a ha d a ge ha is p o ec ed (e.g., ai po a i al
halls). Acco ding o Benne (2007), a so a ge is
a pe son o hing ha is ela i ely unp o ec ed o ul-
ne able o a e o is a ack. In his wo k, McEn i e
(2018) de ined so a ge s as ‘a po en ial ne wo k o
e o is a acks, due o i s openness and accessibili y o
he public.’ Acco ding o Hes e man (2019), unlike
a acks on ha d a ge s, such as go e nmen ins i u ions,
mili a y bases, o o he symbolic si es o e o is
g oups, a acking so a ge s can cause a al conse-
quences on he na ional psyche and can disc edi he
go e nmen ’s abili y o p o ec people. A high deg ee o
hei e ec in he use o chemical o biological weapons
is played by ou is , shopping, and ec ea ion cen es.
In con as , public c owded places a e gene ally all
places o la ge numbe o people concen a ion
(McIlha on e al., 2020). These a e physical places
o en i onmen s cha ac e ized by a high densi y o
people ga he ed close o each o he , o en exceeding
he ypical space capaci y. These spaces can ange
om u ban cen es, public anspo a ion hubs, s a-
diums, conce enues, shopping malls o c owded
s ee s and ma ke s.
So a ge s and public c owded places a e inhe -
en ly designed o be open and accessible, which
inc eases hei ulne abili y. Acco ding o he
Minis y o Homeland Secu i y (Homeland Secu i y,
2018), so a ge s and public c owded places a e
places wi h a cha ac e allowing he en y and mo e-
men o la ge g oups o people wi h a ela i ely low
2T. LOVECEK ET AL.
le el o secu i y and he po en ial occu ence o phy-
sical iolence. So a ge s and public c owded places
gene ally ep esen objec s, e en s/ac ions and spaces
in which a la ge numbe o people a e concen a ed,
while hey a e no a all o only pa ially p o ec ed
agains e o is a acks and o he iolen c imes.
While so a ge s and public c owded places migh
seem o exp ess he same hing, i is impo an o
ealise ha he e is no secu i y signi icance associa ed
wi h public c owded places (Kubiko a, 2017).
2.2. S a egic ailway e minals and hei
ulne abili ies
Railway e minals a e high-capaci y s a ions used o he
en y/exi o people and ca go o/ om he anspo p o-
cess. Exis ing classi ica ions ely hea ily on he ‘passenge
equency’ indica o , which ocuses on a ic- ela ed issues
and links pe o mance o local assump ions (Zemp,
S au ache ., Lang e al., 2011). Howe e , his me hod o
classi ica ion is insu icien in he ulne abili y con ex , as
i does no conside o he s a egically impo an ac o s
such as loca ion, accessibili y, signi icance o c i icali y
(Rehak, Sli ko a, Pi ne e al., 2020). Based on hese
ac o s, i is possible o de ine ailway e minals ha a e
s a egic o ail anspo , which signi ican ly inc eases
hei a ac i eness in he con ex o e o ism o common
c ime. Fo his eason, such s a egic ailway e minals a e
mo e ulne able han con en ional ailway s a ions.
Te o ism and c ime h ea en he undamen al
p inciples o any public anspo sys em, i.e., public
us and e icien ope a ion, wi h signi ican eco-
nomic and socie al consequences. By i s e y na u e,
any agg essi e o iolen beha iou can ha e
a nega i e impac on public us in public anspo .
This us can also be unde mined by lea ing he
en i onmen in a de e io a ing s a e (e.g., di , poo
ligh ing, g a i i). The in e na ional s anda d 2009
de ines h ee g oups o gene ic c ime h ea s di ec-
ed agains pe sons and buildings o anspo e m-
inals, namely:
●a acks agains pe sons (assaul wi h/wi hou physi-
cal iolence, sexual assaul and he agains pe sons);
●a acks agains ins i u ions, p ope y and he en i -
onmen ( he , obbe y, shoo ing, g a i i, a son
and o he o ms o andalism);
●o he o ences and c imes (unau ho ised passage o
acks and u ns iles, s ee sales, d ug use, smok-
ing in unau ho ised a eas, excessi e consump ion
o alcoholic be e ages, begging, e c.).
Acco ding o he Basics o So Ta ge s P o ec ion
Guidelines (Minis y o he In e io , 2016), in he
case o anspo in as uc u e, hese a e a acks on
anspo ne wo ks and means o anspo ha can
no only a ec a la ge numbe o people, bu can
also pa alyse anspo in as uc u e, mul iplying
hei impac on socie y. Howe e , indi idual h ea s
di e in he p obabili y o occu ence, consequences,
o e iciency, and e ec i eness o a ious o ms o
secu i y measu es (Sli ko a, Rehak, Michalco a
e al., 2022). P ima ily, i is necessa y o deal wi h
such a acks ha can ha e a al consequences on he
li es o heal h o people and p ope y (e.g., e o is
a acks, o ganized c ime).
F om 1971 o 2019, a o al o mo e han 1100 a acks
on anspo in as uc u es elemen s (ai anspo ,
oad/bus anspo , ail anspo ) we e eco ded in
he wo ld. O hese, a o al o 431 a acks we e eco ded
in Eu ope, ep esen ing a 40% sha e. O he 431 a acks,
105 (24% sha e) a ge ed passenge s a ions o ailway
e minals. In 98 cases, i was a suicide a ack wi h an
explosi e de ice o an booby- ap explosi e sys em. In 6
cases, i was a son and in one case i was an a ack wi h
a cold weapon (e.g., a kni e). Howe e , i ea m a acks
o ehicle a acks, which ha e ecen ly been o en used
o o he ypes o so a ge s, a e no excluded ei he
(GTD, 2022).
Railway e minals, as a public place, can be subjec o
o he o ms o c ime. Fo example, om he da a on he
s a e o c ime a ailway s a ions in he Czech Republic,
2555 c imes we e eco ded in 2022 (Kubalo a, 2023).
Figu e 1 shows an o e iew o egis e ed o ences and
c imes. In 2022, he Czech Republic dis inguishes 69
ca ego ies o egis e ed ac s, wi h only hose ha
occu ed mos equen ly p esen ed in he igu e, he
o he s being included in he o he ca ego y.
I ollows om he abo e ha he isk le el is ele an
bo h om he poin o iew o h ea s wi h high conse-
quences and low p obabili y o occu ence (e.g., a ack by
an explosi e de ice o a son) and om he poin o iew
o h ea s wi h low consequences and high p obabili y and
equency o occu ence (e.g., andalism o he ).
2.3. Cu en app oaches applicable o he
p o ec ion o s a egic ailway e minals
The secu i y equi emen s o s a egic ailway e m-
inals esul ing om exis ing legisla i e equi emen s,
echnical s anda ds equi emen s o equi emen s o
o he hi d pa ies can be di ided in o h ee g oups
acco ding o he a ibu es o he esea ch subjec , i.e.,
high concen a ion o people, openness o he public,
SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 3
low secu i y le el and public se ice. These h ee g oups
pe cei e s a egic ailway e minals as:
●c i ical in as uc u e elemen s;
●so a ge s;
●public c owded places.
The need o p o ec s a egic ailway e minals in he
con ex o a CI i s eme ged in 2008 om he now-
epealed Council Di ec i e on he iden i ica ion and des-
igna ion o Eu opean c i ical in as uc u es and on he
assessmen o he need o imp o e hei p o ec ion (2008).
Howe e , his documen only decla ed in gene al he need
o imp o e p e en ion, p o ec ion, p epa edness and
esponse o he CI p o ec ion in he EU. Speci ic solu ions
emained he esponsibili y o he Membe S a es and hei
na ional ules. Fo example, acco ding o he documen
The Concep o C i ical In as uc u e in he Slo ak
Republic and Ways o i s P o ec ion and De ence (GSK,
2008), he Slo ak Republic conside s such ools o be
echnical means o de e ing, de ec ing, e i ying, signal-
ling and elimina ing in ude s (mechanical and elec onic),
as well as he ac i i ies o secu i y se ices, including he
in e en ion o secu i y o ces and a med o ces. Simila ly,
in he Czech Republic, a echnical s anda d ocused on he
CIEs physical p o ec ion has been issued (2013). Fo he
ime being, he las impo an documen is he Di ec i e
(2022/2557), which, howe e , again con ains only gene al
ules ega ding aspec s o he esilience o c i ical en i ies. I
ollows om his Di ec i e ha ‘c i ical en i ies should ake
echnical, secu i y and o ganisa ional measu es ha a e
app op ia e and p opo iona e o he isks hey ace so as
o p e en , p o ec agains , espond o, esis , mi iga e,
abso b, accommoda e and eco e om an inciden ’.
On he basis o he abo e, i can be s a ed ha all
exis ing secu i y equi emen s o he CI p o ec ion a e
a he o a o mal na u e, hey do no speci y in mo e
de ail he p ocedu es o he CIEs p o ec ion and none
o hem is aimed a he anspo e minals p o ec ion.
The cu en ly implemen ed secu i y measu es ela ed o
he CIEs p o ec ion all mo e in o he a ea o physical
p o ec ion sys ems, i.e., mechanical ba ie s, ala m sys-
ems, secu i y o ces, and egime measu es (Ga cia,
2008; Kampo a, Lo ecek, & Rehak, 2020).
A he u n o he millennium, he Fede al
Eme gency Managemen Agency (FEMA) began o
issue a se ies o me hodologies ocused on isk manage-
men , which g adually ocused on opics such as mi iga-
ion o he e o is a acks consequences on buildings
(2003; 2003), p o ec ing he u ban en i onmen om
e o is a acks (2007) o p o ec ing educa ional acil-
i ies om e o is a acks (2012). Wi hin Eu ope, i is
ob ious ha issues o so a ge s p o ec ion should be
wi hin he compe ence o he membe s a es bu buil on
he es ablished legal and p ocedu al basis o he EU. The
s a ing poin in his di ec ion can be he Ac ion Plan o
suppo he p o ec ion o public spaces (Eu opean
Commission, 2017). This documen is conside ed
a undamen al basis o he sha ing o knowledge and
expe ience a he na ional and ansna ional le el. The
nex logical e olu iona y s ep was he c ea ion o Good
P ac ices o Suppo he P o ec ion o Public Spaces
(Eu opean Commission, 2019). Bes p ac ices ha e
been o ganised in o ou a eas, namely assessmen and
planning, in o ma ion and aining, physical p o ec ion
and coope a ion. P o ec ing public spaces om e o is
a acks was an impo an objec i e o he EU Secu i y
Union S a egy (Eu opean Commission, 2020b). The
Figu e 1. O e iew o egis e ed deeds a ailway s a ions in he Czech Republic in 2022 (Kubalo a, 2023).
4T. LOVECEK ET AL.

ocus was on p o iding s onge physical p o ec ion and
adequa e de ec ion sys ems wi hou comp omising ci i-
zens’ eedoms. As expec ed, he public spaces and so
a ge s p o ec ion is also an impo an p io i y o he EU
Coun e Te o ism Agenda (Eu opean Commission,
2020a). The Commission has s epped up e o s a EU
le el o p omo e secu i y solu ions and o in eg a e
secu i y in o public spaces (i.e., buildings and in a-
s uc u e) om he e y beginning o he design and
u ban planning p ocess. In 2022, he Eu opean
Commission issued a me hodological guideline en i led
P o ec ion o public spaces om e o is a acks (JRC
EC, 2022). Despi e he ac ha he EU has c ea ed
a amewo k o he so a ge s p o ec ion, as in he
case o he CI p o ec ion, he e is no in e na ionally
ecognized echnical s anda d ha would speci y p oce-
du es o hei p o ec ion. Admi edly, a ious ame-
wo k me hodologies o he so a ge s p o ec ion a e
published wi hin he Membe S a es (e.g., Be lin Police,
2021; Minis y o he In e io , 2016; Swedish Ci il
Con ingencies Agency, 2020), bu none o hem a e
aimed a p o ec ing ailway e minals as possible so
a ge s.
The issue o p o ec ing public spaces om a ious
o ms o c ime is deal wi h in he heo y ocused on
en i onmen al design. The i s publica ion o add ess
his issue was he CPTED concep (Je e y, 1971). The
p inciple o he CPTED concep is based on he claim
ha he co ec design and e ec i e use o he buil
en i onmen can lead o a educ ion in ea and he
c ime incidence, o an imp o emen in he quali y o
li e and inc eased p o i abili y. Among he mos ci ed
con empo a y au ho s is Paul Cozens, who a gues ha
CPTED assumes ha wi h an app op ia e design p ocess
and e ec i e use o he en i onmen , a educ ion in
c ime and ela ed conce ns can be achie ed (Cozens &
Lo e, 2015). Despi e he ac ha he concep o CPTED
has been add essed in scien i ic ci cles since he 1970s,
he i s in e na ional echnical s anda d dealing wi h his
issue was no published un il 2021 (ISO 22341, 2021).
This s anda d p o ides guidance o o ganiza ions o
es ablish essen ial elemen s, s a egies, and p ocesses o
p e en ing and educing c ime and c ime ea in a new
o exis ing buil en i onmen . Since 2006, he Eu opean
s anda disa ion p ocesses ha e de eloped echnical s an-
da ds aimed a p e en ing c ime h ough u ban planning
and building design. G adually, s anda ds ocused on
comme cial and adminis a i e p emises (CEN/TS
14383-4, 2006), pe ol s a ions (CEN/TR 14383-5,
2010), schools and educa ional ins i u ions (CEN/TS
14383-6, 2022) and public anspo acili ies (CEN/TR
14383-7, 2009) began o eme ge. Ano he wo king g oup
has also de eloped a s anda d o he heal hca e acili ies
p o ec ion (CEN/TS 16850, 2015). F om he se ice p o-
ided poin o iew, hese s anda ds o indi idual
objec s ha e hei own speci ics (e.g., legisla i e equi e-
men s, po en ial h ea s, ulne abili ies, consequences
and impac s, cascade e ec s), so hey canno be di ec ly
applied o ailway anspo e minals.
3. Resul s
F om he analysis p esen ed abo e, i is clea ha he
exis ing secu i y measu es o he s a egic ailway e m-
inals p o ec ion a e agmen ed in o se e al a eas. The
lack o a cohe en app oach makes i impossible o ake
e ec i e and e icien measu es ha conside all he spe-
ci ic aspec s o s a egic ailway e minals. Fo his eason,
he au ho s o he a icle de ined a me hodological p o-
cedu e o he secu i y measu es implemen a ion o
inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals p o ec ion le el
(he eina e e e ed o as he ‘Me hodology’). The
essence o his me hodology is o assess he en i onmen-
al and si ua ional secu i y aspec s o ailway e minal and
o ecommend missing echnical measu es.
The no el y o he me hodology lies p ima ily in he
assessmen o he so a ge s echnical p o ec ion le el o
he ailway CI by de e mining he isk and secu i y le el.
This is implemen ed wi h a di ec link o he calcula ion
o he echnical p o ec ion le el using a se o simple
c i e ia o which i is possible o assign clea alues.
These c i e ia we e de eloped in acco dance wi h he
CPTED concep (C owe, 2013; Je e y, 1971) and in
acco dance wi h in e na ional s anda ds ela ed o he
so a ge s p o ec ion (e.g., FEMA 430, 2007), he public
c owded places p o ec ion (e.g., CEN/TR 14383-7, 2009)
and physical p o ec ion sys ems (e.g., EN 50136-1, 2012).
The p oposed measu es a e inco po a ed in o he o e all
design concep o he building, including in ela ion o
he possible misuse o anspo means.
3.1. Secu i y measu es ca alogue o inc ease he
s a egic ailway e minals echnical p o ec ion
The Ca alogue o he implemen a ion o echnical mea-
su es o inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals p o ec-
ion (he eina e e e ed o as he Ca alogue) is he
s a ing poin o objec i ying he echnical p o ec ion
measu es selec ion. As s a ed abo e, he c ea ed me ho-
dology and he esul ing echnical measu es ca alogue o
a e p epa ed in acco dance wi h in e na ional s anda ds
ela ed o he so a ge s p o ec ion, he public c owded
places p o ec ion, and physical p o ec ion sys ems. The
measu es de ined in he Ca alogue a e inco po a ed in o
he o e all design concep o he gi en building, includ-
ing in ela ion o he possible misuse o anspo
SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 5
means. These measu es a e based on a s a egy o na -
u al supe ision, con ol, a ea main enance manage-
men , and di ision o a eas. The s uc u e o he
Ca alogue is p esen ed in Figu e 2.
The essence o his Ca alogue is o de ine echnical
measu es ha inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals
en i onmen secu i y. These measu es a e classi ied in o
wo g oups acco ding o hei na u e, namely echnical
measu es o he en i onmen al aspec o secu i y and
echnical measu es o he si ua ional aspec o secu i y.
In bo h cases, hese measu es a e u he classi ied in o
in e nal and ex e nal.
In his con ex , he en i onmen al aspec o secu i y
e lec s he spa ial, layou and design p ope ies o he
en i onmen , which a e en i onmen al a ibu es in
ela ion o he secu i y bases o he CPTED concep
(Lee, Pa k, & Jung, 2016). An o e iew o speci ic ech-
nical measu es o he ex e nal en i onmen al aspec o
secu i y wi h a ocus on he spa ial aspec is p esen ed in
Table 1.
On he o he hand, he si ua ional aspec o secu -
i y e lec s he su eillance, con ol and main enance
en i onmen p ope ies and is based on si ua ional
c ime p e en ion. This claim has been suppo ed by
a numbe o publica ions (e.g., Mihinjac & Sa ille,
2019; Reynald & Mihinjac, 2019; Sha ia i & Gue e e,
2017). An o e iew o speci ic echnical measu es o
he in e nal si ua ional aspec o secu i y wi h
a ocus on he o e sigh aspec is p esen ed in
Table 2.
The echnical measu es o he in e nal si ua ional
aspec , wi h a ocus on he su eillance aspec , p i-
ma ily e lec he s anda ds ela ed o physical p o-
ec ion sys ems. Speci ically, hese a e s anda ds o
Mechanical ba ie s (CEN/TR 14383-8, 2019), Video
su eillance sys ems (EN 62676-1-1, 2013), Elec onic
access con ol sys ems (EN 60839-11-1, 2013), Ala m
ansmission sys ems (EN 50136-1, 2012), and
Moni o ing and ala m ecei ing cen e (EN 50518,
2019). Technical measu es o o he en i onmen al
and si ua ional aspec s o secu i y a e de ined in he
inal epo o he g an p ojec SECURAIL
(H omada, Lo ecek, & Rehak, 2023).
3.2. Me hodological p ocedu e o inc easing he
s a egic ailway e minals echnical p o ec ion
le el
In connec ion wi h he c ea ed Ca alogue, i is possible
o de ine a p ocedu e o inc ease he s a egic ailway
e minals echnical p o ec ion le el. The essence o his
me hodological p ocedu e is o de e mine he isk le el,
Figu e 2. S uc u e o he ca alogue o he implemen a ion o echnical measu es o inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals
p o ec ion.
6T. LOVECEK ET AL.
o de e mine he secu i y le el, o calcula e and e alua e
he echnical p o ec ion le el and o de ine measu es o
inc ease he echnical p o ec ion le el. The in e con-
nec edness o he indi idual phases o his p ocedu e is
p esen ed in Figu e 3.
In he ollowing pa o he a icle, a de ailed desc ip-
ion o he indi idual phases o he me hodological p o-
cedu e is made, including he ma hema ical appa a us
ha is necessa y o he calcula ion o en i onmen al
and si ua ional aspec s and he echnical p o ec ion le el.
3.2.1. De e mining he isk le el
A he beginning o he p ocedu e, i is necessa y o
de e mine he isk le el (Phase 1). The essence o his
phase is o assess he iskiness o he ex e nal and in e -
nal en i onmen o he e alua ed ailway e minal in he
con ex o he layou o di ision o he space (i.e., he
en i onmen al aspec o isk) and in he con ex o
ma e ial and p ocedu al de iciencies in he a ea o
supe ision, con ol and main enance (i.e., he si ua-
ional aspec o isk).
3.2.1.1. De e mina ion o he en i onmen al aspec o
isk. The de e mina ion o he en i onmen al aspec o
he isk consis s in he assessmen o he iskiness o he
layou o di ision o he ailway e minal a ea. This
assessmen is ca ied ou o he ex e io and in e io
a eas o he e minal. In bo h cases, he assessmen is
Table 1. Technical measu es o he ex e nal en i onmen al aspec wi h a ocus on he spa ial aspec .
Aspec Technical measu es
Spa ial aspec o ex e nal
en i onmen al Aspec
The ligh ing o he space is p o ided by a cons an ligh sou ce.
The cons an ligh sou ce is in he colou empe a u e ange o 3000 o 4000 K, ep esen ing cold whi e ligh .
The ligh sou ce is placed a he maximum possible heigh ha he space allows.
The space is illumina ed by a cons an ligh sou ce wi h an in ensi y o a leas 50 lux.
The a ea is secu ed by specially designed p o ec i e measu es means ( ixed, mo able o ecessed bolla ds; y e
pene a o s; olding ba ie s; ixed o mo able gi de s o poles allowing en y o passage only o au ho ised ehicles
depending on hei dimensions; ein o ced conc e e blocks; chain o ope ba ie s; ixed o olding, ga es, e c.)
p e en ing he pa king o a passenge ehicle a a dis ance o mo e han 300 me es.
The a ea is secu ed by specially designed p o ec i e measu es means ( ixed, mo able o ecessed bolla ds; y e
pene a o s; olding ba ie s; ixed o mo able gi de s o poles allowing en y o passage only o au ho ised ehicles
depending on hei dimensions; ein o ced conc e e blocks; chain o ope ba ie s; ixed o olding, ga es, e c.)
p e en ing he pa king o a an o ligh uck a a dis ance o mo e han 600 me es.
The space is secu ed by na u al p o ec i e measu es means (mee ing a minimum heigh o 50 cm), designed o he
pu pose o mul i-pu pose unc ion (con aine s wi h plan s, mul i-s age cu bs, s ee ligh ing poles, hyd an s, c ash
ba ie s, benches, sculp u es, oun ains, e c.), p e en ing he pa king o a passenge ehicle a a dis ance o mo e
han 300 me e s.
The space is secu ed by na u al p o ec i e measu es means (mee ing a minimum heigh o 50 cm), designed o he
pu pose o mul i-pu pose (con aine s wi h plan s, mul i-s age cu bs, s ee ligh ing poles, hyd an s, c ash ba ie s,
benches, sculp u es, oun ains, e c.), p e en ing he pa king o a an o ligh uck a a dis ance o mo e han 600
me e s.
The space has a dedica ed pe ime e wi h a solid obs acle (e.g., ence, building, wall).
The space ul ils he basic p inciple o na u al su eillance, which is based on he p inciple o “see and be seen”.
Table 2. Technical measu es o he in e nal si ua ional aspec wi h a ocus on he supe iso y aspec .
Aspec Technical measu es
Supe iso y aspec o he in e nal
si ua ional aspec
The p ocedu e o managing secu i y inciden s (e.g., eac ion o c iminal and o he an i-social ac i i ies, inding
suspicious luggage) is o malized and p ac iced wi h employees.
I is a o malized p ocedu e o eco ding secu i y inciden s ha ha e occu ed, how hey a e esol ed.
The p ocedu e o epo ing secu i y inciden s by he pe sons p esen ( ia SMS, own applica ions, lea le s, pos e s,
e c.) is o malized.
The p ocedu e o in o ming he pe sons p esen abou he secu i y inciden ( ia SMS, own applica ions, adio, e c.)
is o malized.
Physical secu i y has o malized egime measu es (license, ce i ica e, guidelines o he pe o mance o secu i y,
eco ding o inciden s, e c.).
Coope a ion wi h selec ed uni s o he In eg a ed Rescue Sys em is o malized.
The space is secu ed by a su eillance (came a) ideo sys em wi h a leas le el 1 secu i y acco ding o EN 62,676-1-1
(2014).
The su eillance (came a) ideo sys em has an in elligen ideo analysis unc ion (mo ion de ec ion, de ec ion o
non-s anda d beha iou , acing o people, e c.).
The su eillance (came a) ideo sys em has AWR (Au oma ic Weekly Reco ding), day/nigh , o IR (In a Ro )
illumina ion.
The a ea is pe manen ly supe ised by i s own employee (in o man , icke o ice employee, dispa che , echnical
s a , e c.).
Pe manen 7/24 su eillance is ca ied ou in he gi en a ea by means o physical secu i y (sel -p o ec ion, p i a e
secu i y se ice, municipal, ci y o s a e police, e c.).
SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 7
ca ied ou h ough se e al se s o c i e ia, which a e
ocused on he assessmen o he spa ial aspec o isk,
he disposi ional aspec o isk, and he design aspec o
isk. These c i e ia a e e alua ed by means o indi idual
e alua ion shee s. An example o an e alua ion shee o
he assessmen o he Disposi ional aspec o he isk o
he ex e nal space is p esen ed in Table 3.
Ba ie s highe han 1.2 me e s, which do no allow
a na u al iew o he pe ime e o he s a ion space, play
a signi ican ole in assessing he Disposi ional aspec o
he isk o he ex e nal space. These a e, o example,
ences, walls, columns, sheds, s o age acili ies o ad e -
ising banne s. An example o good p ac ice o ensu ing
na u al supe ision is p esen ed in Figu e 4.
Ano he impo an ac o in assessing he
Disposi ional aspec o he isk o he ex e nal
space is he g eene y c ea ing a na u al ba ie . In
he case o ees, he lowe pa o he c own should
no be lowe han 2 me e s abo e he g ound, and
he heigh o sc ub should no be highe han 0.7
me e s. An example o good p ac ice in g een ca e in
acco dance wi h he CPTED concep is p esen ed in
Figu e 5.
In he con ex o assessing he Disposi ional
aspec o he isk o he ex e nal space, i is also
app op ia e o men ion he impo ance o he space
o ganiza ion om he poin o iew o he isi o
planned ac i i y, e.g., by c ea ing a na u ally con-
olled en ance o he objec , he so-called ‘ unnel’.
An example o he di e ence be ween an uncon-
olled and a na u ally con olled en ance o an
objec is p esen ed in Figu e 6.
Table 3. Assessmen shee o he assessmen o he disposi ional aspec o he isk o he ex e nal space.
E alua ed space E alua ion c i e ion
S a us o compliance wi h he
c i e ion (Yes/No)
Railway e minal
building
Ba ie s highe han 1.2 me e s (shel e s, ences, walls, e c.) o ming he pe ime e o he s a ion
a ea a e opaque and do no allow na u al su eillance.
The g eene y o ming he na u al ba ie has a minimum c own heigh o less han 2 me es, o he
heigh o he sh ub s and is highe han 0.7 me es.
The space is diso ganized om he poin o iew o he isi o ’s planned ac i i y, e.g., by c ea ing
a “ unnel”.
The layou o he space does no allow o a educ ion in he speed pa ame e o an app oaching
ehicle.
The layou o he space does no allow i o p e en a on al collision wi h a ehicle.
Pa king spaces Ba ie s in he space highe han 1.2 me e s (walls, columns, ad e ising banne s, e c.) c ea ing he
layou o he space a e opaque and do no allow na u al supe ision.
The g eene y o ming he na u al ba ie has a minimum c own heigh o less han 2 me es, o he
heigh o he sh ub s and is highe han 0.7 me es.
The space is diso ganized om he poin o iew o he isi o ’s planned ac i i y, e.g., by c ea ing
a “ unnel”.
The layou o he space does no allow o a educ ion in he speed pa ame e o an app oaching
ehicle.
The layou o he space does no allow i o p e en a on al collision wi h a ehicle.
Unde passes/
O e passes/
Co ido s
Ba ie s in he space highe han 1.2 me e s (walls, columns, s alls, s o age objec s, ad e ising
banne s, e c.) c ea ing he layou o he space a e opaque and do no allow na u al supe ision.
The g eene y o ming he na u al ba ie has a minimum c own heigh o less han 2 me es, o he
heigh o he sh ub s and is highe han 0.7 me es.
The layou o he space does no allow o a educ ion in he speed pa ame e o an app oaching
ehicle.
The layou o he space does no allow i o p e en a on al collision wi h a ehicle.
Figu e 3. P ocedu e o es ablishing, objec i ying and enhancing he s a egic ailway e minals echnical p o ec ion le el.
8T. LOVECEK ET AL.
●Assessmen shee 4: De e mina ion o he in e nal
si ua ional aspec o isk.
Wi hin hese shee s, he indi idual ele an c i e ia we e
assessed (see, o example, Table 3), he esul s o which
a e p esen ed in Tables 8–11.
Based on he esul s o he indi idual c i e ia assess-
men , i is possible o calcula e he ex e nal en i on-
men al aspec o isk (see Fo mula 1), he in e nal
en i onmen al aspec o isk (see Fo mula 2), he ex e -
nal si ua ional aspec o isk (see Fo mula 3) and he
in e nal si ua ional aspec o isk (see Fo mula 4). The
esul s o he calcula ions a e p esen ed in Tables 12–15.
The las s ep o he i s phase is o de e mine he
esul ing isk le el (see Fo mula 5). The esul o he
calcula ions is p esen ed in Table 16.
The esul ing Rail Te minal R isk le el will hen be
used o assess he echnical p o ec ion le el (see
Phase 3).
Table 8. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal
en i onmen al isk c i e ia assessmen .
Aspec s assessed
Numbe o c i e ia wi h
NO answe
Numbe o all
e alua ed c i e ia EARexi
Spa ial aspec o
isk
8 19 0.42
Disposi ional
aspec o isk
10 12 0.83
Design Aspec o
Risk
0 6 0
The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h
a NO answe , which is di ided by he numbe o all c i e ia assessed.
Table 10. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal
si ua ional aspec c i e ia o he isk assessmen .
Aspec s assessed
Numbe o c i e ia
wi h NO answe
Numbe o all
e alua ed c i e ia SARexi
Supe iso y
aspec o isk
4 4 1
Con ol aspec o
isk
5 15 0.33
Main enance
aspec o isk
12 12 1
The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h
a NO answe , which is di ided by he numbe o all c i e ia assessed.
Table 11. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal si ua-
ional aspec c i e ia o he isk assessmen .
Aspec s assessed
Numbe o c i e ia
wi h NO answe
Numbe o all
e alua ed c i e ia SARini
Supe iso y
aspec o isk
7 8 0.88
Con ol aspec o
isk
8 22 0.36
Main enance
aspec o isk
18 18 1
The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h
a NO answe , which is di ided by he numbe o all c i e ia assessed.
Table 9. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal
en i onmen al c i e ia o he isk assessmen .
Aspec s assessed
Numbe o c i e ia wi h
NO answe
Numbe o all
e alua ed c i e ia EARini
Spa ial aspec o
isk
18 20 0.90
Disposi ional
aspec o isk
8 9 0.89
Design Aspec o
Risk
2 15 0.13
The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h
a NO answe , which is di ided by he numbe o all c i e ia assessed.
Table 12. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal
en i onmen al aspec o he isk.
Aspec s assessed EARexiw exð ÞiERex
Spa ial aspec o isk 0.42 0.35 0.44
Disposi ional aspec o isk 0.83 0.35
Design Aspec o Risk 0 0.3
Table 13. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal
en i onmen al aspec o he isk.
Aspec s assessed EARiniw inð ÞiERin
Spa ial aspec o isk 0.90 0.35 0.67
Disposi ional aspec o isk 0.89 0.35
Design Aspec o Risk 0.13 0.3
Table 14. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal
si ua ional aspec o he isk.
Aspec s assessed SARexix exð ÞiSRex
Supe iso y aspec o isk 1 0.4 0.87
Con ol aspec o isk 0.33 0.2
Main enance aspec o isk 1 0.4
Table 15. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal
si ua ional aspec o he isk.
Aspec s assessed SARinix inð ÞiSRin
Supe iso y aspec o isk 0.88 0.4 0.82
Con ol aspec o isk 0.36 0.2
Main enance aspec o isk 1 0.4
Table 16. De e mina ion o he selec ed ailway e minal esul -
ing isk le el.
ERex ERin SRex SRin R
0.44 0.67 0.87 0.82 0.7
SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 15

4.2. Phase 2: de e mining he secu i y le el
The de e mina ion o he secu i y le el o he ex e nal
and in e nal en i onmen o he assessed ailway e m-
inal was ca ied ou using he ollowing assessmen
shee s:
●Assessmen Shee 5: De e mina ion o he ex e nal
en i onmen al aspec o secu i y;
●Assessmen Shee 6: De e mina ion o he in e nal
en i onmen al aspec o secu i y;
●Assessmen Shee 7: De e mining he ex e nal
si ua ional aspec o secu i y;
●Assessmen Shee 8: De e mina ion o he in e nal
si ua ional aspec o secu i y.
Wi hin hese shee s, he indi idual ele an c i e ia we e
g adually assessed, he esul s o which a e p esen ed in
Tables 17–20.
Based on he esul s o each c i e ion assessmen , i is
possible o calcula e he ex e nal en i onmen al aspec
o secu i y (see Fo mula 6), he in e nal en i onmen al
aspec o secu i y (see Fo mula 7), he ex e nal si ua-
ional aspec o secu i y (see Fo mula 8) and he in e nal
si ua ional aspec o secu i y (see Fo mula 9). The
esul s o he calcula ions a e p esen ed in Tables 21–24.
The las s ep o he i s s age is o de e mine he
esul ing secu i y le el (see Fo mula 10). The esul o
he calcula ions is p esen ed in Table 25.
Table 17. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal
en i onmen al aspec c i e ia o he secu i y assessmen .
Aspec s assessed
Numbe o c i e ia
answe ed YES
Numbe o all
e alua ed c i e ia EASexi
Spa ial aspec o
isk
15 20 0.75
Disposi ional
aspec o isk
6 14 0.43
Design Aspec o
Risk
0 4 0
The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h
he answe YES, which is di ided by he numbe o all assessed c i e ia.
Table 18. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal en i -
onmen al aspec s c i e ia o he secu i y assessmen .
Aspec s assessed
Numbe o c i e ia
answe ed YES
Numbe o all
e alua ed c i e ia EASini
Spa ial aspec o
isk
36 37 0.97
Disposi ional
aspec o isk
18 26 0.69
Design Aspec o
Risk
0 2 0
The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h
he answe YES, which is di ided by he numbe o all assessed c i e ia.
Table 19. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal
si ua ional aspec c i e ia o he secu i y assessmen .
Aspec s assessed
Numbe o c i e ia
answe ed YES
Numbe o all
e alua ed c i e ia SASexi
Supe iso y aspec
o isk
6 21 0.29
Con ol aspec o
isk
1 8 0.13
Main enance
aspec o isk
12 12 1
The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h
he answe YES, which is di ided by he numbe o all assessed c i e ia.
Table 20. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal si ua-
ional aspec c i e ia o he secu i y assessmen .
Aspec s assessed
Numbe o c i e ia
answe ed YES
Numbe o all
e alua ed c i e ia SASini
Supe iso y aspec
o isk
15 54 0.28
Con ol aspec o
isk
6 23 0.26
Main enance
aspec o isk
15 15 1
The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h
he answe YES, which is di ided by he numbe o all assessed c i e ia.
Table 21. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal
en i onmen al aspec o he secu i y.
Aspec s assessed EASexiy exð ÞiESex
Spa ial aspec o isk 0.75 0.35 0.41
Disposi ional aspec o isk 0.43 0.35
Design Aspec o Risk 0 0.3
Table 22. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal
en i onmen al aspec o he secu i y.
Aspec s assessed EASiniy inð ÞiESin
Spa ial aspec o isk 0.97 0.35 0.58
Disposi ional aspec o isk 0.69 0.35
Design Aspec o Risk 0 0.3
Table 23. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal
si ua ional aspec o he secu i y.
Aspec s assessed SASexiz exð ÞiSSex
Supe iso y aspec o isk 0.29 0.4 0.54
Con ol aspec o isk 0.13 0.2
Main enance aspec o isk 1 0.4
Table 24. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal
si ua ional aspec o he secu i y.
Aspec s assessed SASiniz inð ÞiSSin
Supe iso y aspec o isk 0.28 0.4 0.56
Con ol aspec o isk 0.26 0.2
Main enance aspec o isk 1 0.4
16 T. LOVECEK ET AL.
The esul ing Te minal S secu i y le el will hen be
used o assess he echnical p o ec ion le el (see Phase 3).
4.3. Phase 3: assessing he echnical p o ec ion le el
The assessmen o he ailway e minal echnical p o ec ion
le el was ca ied ou by calcula ion acco ding o he
Fo mula (11). The esul o he calcula ions is p esen ed
in Table 26.
The esul ing echnical p o ec ion le el mus hen be
ca ego ized acco ding o he scale shown in Figu e 7. In
his case, i is clea ha he selec ed ailway e minal
echnical p o ec ion eaches a high le el. In such a case,
i is ecommended o ca y ou a p e en i e check o he
secu i y measu es once a yea and, i necessa y, o
ensu e ha hey a e mode nized.
4.4. Phase 4: de ining he measu es o inc ease he
echnical p o ec ion le el
The essence o de ining measu es o inc ease he le el o
echnical p o ec ion o a ailway e minal is:
●iden i ica ion o isk aspec s ha should be
minimised;
●iden i ica ion o aspec s o secu i y ha should be
maximised (s eng hened).
ZIn his case, 13 en i onmen al aspec s o isk, 7 si ua-
ional aspec s o isk, 10 en i onmen al aspec s o secu -
i y and 18 si ua ional aspec s o secu i y we e iden i ied.
Fo a clea e unde s anding, he ecommended mea-
su es o s eng hen he en i onmen al aspec s o secu -
i y a e p esen ed below:
(1) The ex e nal a ea o he ailway s a ion building
should be secu ed by specially designed p o ec-
i e measu es ( ixed bolla ds, mo able o
ecessed; y e pene a o s; olding ba ie s;
ixed o mo able gi de s o poles allowing
en y o passage only o au ho ised ehicles,
depending on hei dimensions; ein o ced
conc e e blocks; chain o ope ba ie s; ixed
o olding, ga es, e c.) o p e en he pa king
o a passenge ehicle a a dis ance o mo e
han 300 me es and a ligh goods ehicle a
a dis ance o mo e han 600 me es.
(2) The ex e nal a ea o he ailway s a ion building
should be secu ed by na u al p o ec i e mea-
su es means (mee ing a minimum heigh o
50 cm) designed o he pu pose o a mul i-
pu pose unc ion (con aine s wi h plan s, mul i-
s age cu bs, s ee ligh poles, hyd an s, c ash
ba ie s, benches, sculp u es, oun ains, e c.), o
p e en he pa king o a passenge ehicle a
a dis ance o mo e han 300 me es and a ligh
lo y a a dis ance o mo e han 600 me es.
(3) The ex e nal a ea o he ailway s a ion building
should be implemen ed by special landscaping
means (embankmen s, di ches, wa e a eas, e c.)
p e en ing he pa king o a passenge ehicle a
a dis ance o mo e han 300 me es and a ligh
eigh ehicle a a dis ance o mo e han 600
me es.
(4) Pa king spaces should ha e a dedica ed pe ime e
wi h a solid ba ie (e.g., ence, building, wall).
(5) The building s uc u e o he ailway s a ion
building and en ance hall should be modi ied
wi h new explosion p o ec ion ma e ials (alu-
minium oam, du able coa ings, ca bon pla e,
ibe - ein o ced polyme s, polyme sandwich
composi e, e c.).
(6) The openings o he ailway s a ion building
and he en ance hall should ha e inc eased
passi e esis ance acco ding o 2021 (minimum
secu i y class RC2) o 1999 (minimum secu i y
class P5A).
(7) All elemen s in ended o es ing in he ou doo
and indoo en i onmen should be s uc u ally
designed in such a way ha hey do no allow
o pe manen dwelling (e.g., sleeping).
(8) The in e io o he ailway s a ion building and
he en ance hall, as well as unde passes and
o e passes, should ha e mi o s ins alled o
allow pe sons o see beyond blind co ne s and
sha p bends.
(9) Passenge in o ma ion boa ds wi h anspo
ou es, imes and basic na iga ion should be
clea ly displayed in all a eas o he ailway
e minal.
(10) Pa king a eas should be equipped wi h in o ma-
ion boa ds wi h a ic ou es, imes, and basic
na iga ion isible e en in he e ening.
Table 25. De e mina ion o he selec ed ailway e minal esul -
ing secu i y le el.
ESex ESin SSex SSin S
0.41 0.58 0.54 0.56 0.52
Table 26. Assessmen o he selec ed ailway e minal echnical
p o ec ion le el.
R S TP
0.7 0.52 0.61
SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 17
5. Conclusion
The analysis o he cu en si ua ion shows ha he
cu en di ec i es, s anda ds, and p ocedu es a e no
ully applicable o su icien o p o ec he publicly
accessible space p o ec ion, which is also a CIE. Fo
his eason, he e is cu en ly a lack o secu i y s anda ds
o o he p ocedu es aimed speci ically a he echnical
p o ec ion o s a egic ailway (bu also o he anspo )
e minals. On he basis o hese ac s, a me hodological
p ocedu e o he secu i y measu es implemen a ion o
inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals p o ec ion le el
has been c ea ed.
This me hodological p ocedu e is based on he
applica ion o he CPTED concep and conside s
bo h he equi emen s de ined in in e na ional s an-
da ds o he p e en ion o common c ime and e -
o ism and cu en secu i y me hods and app oaches
ha can be used o p o ec CIEs. The essence o he
sugges ed me hodological p ocedu e is he assess-
men o he en i onmen al and si ua ional aspec s
o he secu i y o ailway e minals and he iden i i-
ca ion o weak poin s in he a ea o he spa ial,
layou and design a angemen o he ailway e m-
inal and in he a ea o supe ision, con ol and
main enance. On he basis o he de iciencies iden i-
ied in his way, i is possible o de ine adequa e
measu es o inc ease he echnical p o ec ion le el.
The me hodological p ocedu e is p ima ily in ended
o secu i y manage s o s a egic ailway e minals,
bu a e pa ial modi ica ion i can also be used o
secu i y manage s o bus e minals, ai anspo
e minals and mul i unc ional anspo e minals.
The applica ion o he me hodological p ocedu e
con ibu es o inc easing he s a egic ailway e m-
inals echnical p o ec ion le el o , as well as o
pe sons and ca go loca ed in i s ex e nal and in e -
nal a eas. The applica ion o ecommended secu i y
measu es educes he isk and inc eases he secu i y
no only o ailway e minals, bu also o ela ed
CIEs, which a e dependen on he unc ionali y o
he e minals. The me hodological p ocedu e has
al eady been success ully es ed a selec ed ailway
e minals in he Czech Republic and Slo akia. I is
clea om he esul s o he es ing ha he ollow-
up esea ch should be ocused mainly on he expan-
sion o he assessed aspec s o isk and secu i y in
he con ex o o he cu en h ea s o an an h o-
pogenic na u e, such as pe sonnel o cybe h ea s.
Disclosu e s a emen
No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
Funding
This wo k was suppo ed by he Technology Agency o he
Czech Republic unde G an numbe CK01000015 and by he
Slo ak Resea ch and De elopmen Agency unde G an num-
be [APVV-20-0457].
No es on con ibu o s
Tomas Lo ecek is a ull p o esso and ice-dean o science
and esea ch a he Uni e si y o Žilina, Facul y o Secu i y
Enginee ing in Slo akia. In his esea ch ac i i ies he deals wi h
issues o designing and e alua ion o he objec p o ec ion
sys ems and issues o in o ma ion secu i y managemen . He
was p ojec coo dina o o he p ojec Compe ency Based
e-po al o Secu i y and Sa e y Enginee ing (502092-LLP
-1-2009-1-SK-ERASMUS-EMHE 2010-261814) and pa ne
coo dina o o wo p ojec s unded by EC/DG Home A ai s
(HOME/2010/CIPS/AG/044 PACITA: Me hodology o phy-
sical p o ec ion assessmen o c i ical in as uc u e elemen s
agains e o is and o he ypes o a acks and HOME/2013/
CIPS/AG/4000005073 CI-PAC: C i ical In as uc u e
P o ec ion Agains Chemical A ack. He has expe ience o
dealing wi h p ojec s o FP7 (e.g. FP7-ERAChai s-Pilo Call
-2013 621386 Enhancing Resea ch and inno a ion dimension
o he Uni e si y o Zilina in in elligen anspo sys ems, 7.
FP 313308 The Communi y Based Comp ehensi e Reco e y).
He is au ho o scien i ic monog aphs “Design and E alua ion
o he Objec P o ec ion Sys ems” and “Objec P o ec ion o
C i ical T anspo In as uc u e”. He is a membe o edi o ial
boa ds o scien i ic jou nals: Eu opean Jou nal o Secu i y
and Sa e y, Communica ions, Jou nal o C iminal Jus ice and
Secu i y and C isis Managemen .
Da id Rehak is a ull p o esso a he VSB – Technical
Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing. A his
acul y, he also holds he posi ion o gua an o o he doc o al
s udy p og am “Fi e P o ec ion and Sa e y”. In he yea s 2012-
2015, he held he posi ion o ice dean o science and
esea ch. Cu en ly, he is e.g. membe o he In e na ional
Associa ion o C i ical In as uc u e P o ec ion P o essionals
(IACIPP), membe o he Wo ld Road Associa ion (PIARC),
membe o he Czech Technology Pla o m Ene gy Secu i y
(TPEB), Edi o -in-Chie o he T ansac ions o he VSB-
Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies
(TSES), and Associa e Edi o o he In e na ional Jou nal o
C i ical In as uc u e P o ec ion (IJCIP). His scien i ic and
esea ch wo k is aimed on c i ical in as uc u e esilience &
p o ec ion, isk managemen , ci il p o ec ion, ene gy secu i y,
en i onmen al p o ec ion, and disas e isk educ ion.
Ji i Poko ny g adua ed in 1992 a he Facul y o Mining and
Geology o he VSB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, spe-
cializa ion Fi e P o ec ion. In 2002, he inished he doc o al
p og am Fi e p o ec ion and Indus ial Sa e y. In 2013 he
g adua ed om CEVRO Ins i u e in P ague, specializa ion
Mas e o Public Adminis a ion. F om 2017 he inished
habili a ion. In 1993, began wo king in he Fi e P e en ion
Depa men o he Fi e B igade in Opa a. In 2001, he became
a head o he Fi e P e en ion Depa men and a Depu y
Di ec o o he Fi e Rescue B igade Mo a ian-Silesian egion,
e i o ial depa men Opa a. Be ween 2005 and 2010 he
18 T. LOVECEK ET AL.
wo ked as a Di ec o o he Fi e P e en ion Depa men o he
Fi e Rescue B igade Mo a ian-Silesian egion, egional head-
qua e s in Os a a. F om 2011 o 2015 he was a Depu y
Di ec o o p e en ion and ci il eme gency p epa edness o
he Fi e Rescue B igade Mo a ian-Silesian egion. Since
Sep embe 2015 has wo ked as an academic employee a he
VSB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Sa e y
Enginee ing.
I o Ha ing gained his doc o a e a Max-Planck-Ins i u e
o he Physics o Complex Sys ems (MPIPKS) and TU
D esden. Since 2004 he wo ks a F aunho e E ns -Mach-
Ins i u e (EMI), cu en ly as Senio Scien is in he
Depa men Sa e y and Resilience o Technical Sys ems.
He lec u es o he mas e cou ses Risk Enginee ing a
Fu wangen Uni e si y o Applied Science (HFU) and o
Sus ainable Sys ems Enginee ing (SSE) a he co espond-
ing depa men INATECH o he Facul y o Enginee ing
o he Uni e si y o F eibu g. Resea ch p ojec s (se up)
and co esponding publica ion eco d co e ed in 2023
25 million Eu o esea ch unding. Domains o in e es
include he analysis o e en p obabili ies and suscep ibil-
i y, o haza ds, damage and ulne abili y, isks and esi-
lience o socio- echnical sys ems, in pa icula o c i ical
in as uc u es and asse s. Fu he mo e, concep s o engi-
nee ing-inspi ed isk and esilience analysis p ocesses and
managemen , and ela ed simula ion and (semi-) quan i i-
ca ion op ions as well as analy ical app oaches based on
sys em pe o mance unc ions. Ano he opic o in e es is
unc ional sa e y and eliabili y analysis and ela ed me h-
ods, in pa icula when applied o new domains, e.g.
au onomous d i ing. P ojec s co e localiza ion and com-
munica ion o mo e sus ainable sys ems, e.g. o inspec-
ion o o o blades. He (co-) au ho ed 2 books, 25
a icles, 70 con e ence pape s and 7 book chap e s.
Ma in H omada g adua ed in 2008 a he Tomas Ba a
Uni e si y in Zlín in s udy ield Secu i y echnologies, sys ems
and managemen . He de ended he disse a ion hesis
“Technological Aspec s o C i ical In as uc u e P o ec ion
o he SR” in 2011. He wo ked as a consul an o Deloi e
Ad iso y, s. .o. and cu en ly wo ks as a lec u e a he
Depa men o Secu i y Enginee ing, Facul y o Applied
In o ma ics, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín. In 2017 he
de ended his habili a ion wo k a he Facul y o Sa e y
Enginee ing, VŠB – TU in Os a a and ecei ed an academic
i le o Associa e P o esso in he Depa men o Secu i y
Enginee ing. Sa e y and i e p o ec ion. Wi hin he amewo k
o esea ch ac i i ies, he ac i ely ocuses on he p o ec ion and
esilience o c i ical (in o ma ion) in as uc u e and he e a-
lua ion o unc ionali y o physical p o ec ion sys ems.
Radosla Ku a g adua ed in 2004 in he ield o IT echnol-
ogies a he A med Fo ces Academy in Lip o sky Mikulas. In
2017, he also g adua ed in Law a he Pan-Eu opean
Uni e si y in B a isla a. His wo k was ocused on IT echnol-
ogies and compu e ne wo ks. Since 2009, he has been wo k-
ing as a echnical di ec o a DIS company. Cu en ly, he is
s udying o a PhD a he Facul y o Secu i y Enginee ing,
Uni e si y o Žilina.
ORCID
Tomas Lo ecek h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-3869-7099
Da id Rehak h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-4617-0553
Ma in H omada h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0347-7528
Ji i Poko ny h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1829-8437
I o Ha ing h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0318-6133
Radosla Ku a h p://o cid.o g/0009-0004-3561-8756
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
The au ho s con i m ha he da a suppo ing he indings o
his s udy a e a ailable wi hin he a icle. Any o he equi ed
in o ma ion a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho
upon easonable eques .
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