Increasing the safety and security of strategic railway terminals through environmental and situational aspects

Sus ainable and Resilien In as uc u e ISSN: (P in ) (Online) Jou nal homepage: www. and online.com/jou nals/ s i20 Inc easing he sa e y and secu i y o s a egic ailway e minals h ough en i onmen al and si ua ional aspec s Tomas Lo ecek, Da id Rehak, Ma in H omada, Ji i Poko ny, I o Ha ing & Radosla Kuffa To ci e his a icle: Tomas Lo ecek, Da id Rehak, Ma in H omada, Ji i Poko ny, I o Ha ing & Radosla Kuffa (19 Sep 2024): Inc easing he sa e y and secu i y o s a egic ailway e minals h ough en i onmen al and si ua ional aspec s, Sus ainable and Resilien In as uc u e, DOI: 10.1080/23789689.2024.2403883 To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23789689.2024.2403883 © 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup. Published online: 19 Sep 2024. Submi you a icle o his jou nal A icle iews: 202 View ela ed a icles View C ossma k da a Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a h ps://www. and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode= s i20 Inc easing he sa e y and secu i y o s a egic ailway e minals h ough en i onmen al and si ua ional aspec s Tomas Lo ecek a , Da id Rehak b , Ma in H omada c , Ji i Poko ny b , I o Ha ing d and Radosla Ku a a a Facul y o Secu i y Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Zilina, Zilina, Slo ak Republic; b Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing, VSB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Os a a, Czech Republic; c Facul y o Applied In o ma ics, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic; d Depa men Sa e y and Resilience o Technical Sys ems, F aunho e E ns -Mach-Ins i u , EMI, F eibu g, Ge many ABSTRACT Rail anspo is a i al sub-sec o o c i ical in as uc u e (CI) in public anspo a ion, p ima ily h ough high-speed ail o na ional and in e na ional a el. S a egic ailway e minals, designed o high-capaci y en y/exi o people and ca go, a e key elemen s o CI. Howe e , hey a e also conside ed so a ge s due o h ea s like e o ism and c iminal ac i i y. Cu en di ec i es, s anda ds, and p ocedu es a e inadequa e o p o ec ing hese publicly accessible spaces, which a e also c i ical in as uc u e elemen s (CIE). The e a e no speci ic secu i y s anda ds o he echnical p o ec ion o s a egic ailway o anspo e minals. In esponse, a me hodological p ocedu e has been de eloped o enhance p o ec ion le els. This p ocedu e is based on he CPTED (C ime P e en ion Th ough En i onmen al Design) concep , inco po a ing in e na ional s anda ds o c ime and e o ism p e en ion. I ocuses on assessing he en i onmen al and si ua ional secu i y o ailway e minals and ecommending addi ional echnical measu es o add ess gaps in p o ec ion. ARTICLE HISTORY Recei ed 25 Ma ch 2024 Accep ed 9 Sep embe 2024 KEYWORDS C i ical in as uc u e; ailway e minals; echnical p o ec ion; secu i y measu es; en i onmen al aspec ; si ua ional aspec 1. In oduc ion The g owing in e dependencies be ween sec o al in a- s uc u es a e he esul o an inc easingly la ge c oss- bo de and in e connec ed ne wo k o se ice p o ision using a CI (Secu i y Council 2017). All c i ical sec o s in he Eu opean Union a e cu en ly de ined by he Eu opean Pa liamen ’s Di ec i e on he esilience o c i ical en i ies (Di ec i e 2022/2557). In o al, he e a e 11 s a egic sec o s, including he sub-sec o o ail anspo , which is de e mined by a ious elemen s o he ailway in as uc u e. Acco ding o Di ec i e o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council es ablishing a Single Eu opean Railway A ea (Di ec i e 2012/34), passenge s a ions a e also pa o he ailway in as uc u e. Passenge ailway s a ions can be cha ac e ized as anspo s uc u es wi h b anched acks, allowing ains o be o e aken and c ossed. In hese s a ions, con ac wi h passenge s, ca go handling o ucks (load- ing/unloading), anspo equipmen and o he s a e ensu ed. Railway s a ions in majo ci ies and ai po s, in o de o ul il he equi ed unc ion o mul i unc- ional space, become ail anspo e minals in eg a ing di e en o ms o anspo (e.g., u ban, subu ban, in e na ional, oad, ail, ai ), comme cial ac i i ies as well as a ious en e ainmen se ices (CEN-TR 14,383- –7, 2009). Some ailway e minals ha e a signi ican impac on he implemen a ion o he s a e social unc ion, and hus on he quali y o popula ion li e in e ms o he p o ec- ion o hei li e and heal h. This makes hese acili ies s a egic and is designa ed as ailway CIEs (Rehak, Sli ko a, Pi ne e al., 2020). Howe e , s a egic ail e minals a e no s anda d CIEs, as in addi ion o he a ibu es o signi icance and a ac i eness, hey also exhibi he a ibu es o so a ge s (Fo es , 2006) and public c owded places (McIlha on e al., 2020). S a is ics show ha hey a e no only he a ge o e o is a acks (GTD, 2019), bu also he objec o common c ime and o he an i-social ac i i ies (RAILway POLice, 2022). Based on his ac , he cu en secu i y equi emen s o he s a egic ailway e minals p o ec ion can be classi ied in o h ee g oups in he con ex o in en ional physical h ea s. The i s g oup consis s o measu es ela ed o he CI p o ec ion. These measu es a e no explici ly de ined a he EU le el, bu he obliga ion o implemen hem a he na ional le el a ises om he al eady epealed CONTACT Tomas Lo ecek [email p o ec ed] SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23789689.2024.2403883 © 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i a i es License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc- nd/4.0/), which pe mi s non-comme cial e-use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, and is no al e ed, ans o med, o buil upon in any way. The e ms on which his a icle has been published allow he pos ing o he Accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen . Council Di ec i e (Di ec i e 2008/114) and he cu - en ly alid Di ec i e o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council (Di ec i e 2022/2557). The second g oup consis s o measu es ela ed o he so a ge s p o ec- ion. So a ge s can cu en ly be conside ed a e i o ially de ined a ea wi h a ela i ely high con- cen a ion and numbe o people and an ob ious absence o secu i y measu es, wi h an inc eased isk o e o is a acks (Fo es , 2006). In his con ex , cu en secu i y measu es a e gene ally aimed a minimizing he isks o e o is a acks using a booby- ap explosi e sys em, i ea m, o ehicle (2003; Be lin Police, 2021; 2003; 2012; 2007; JRC EC, 2022; Minis y o he In e io , 2016; Swedish Ci il Con ingencies Agency, 2020). The hi d g oup consis s o measu es ela ed o he public c owded places p o ec ion, some imes also e e ed o as public places o mass ga he ing. This issue was i s add essed by he CPTED concep (Je e y, 1971). In con as o he so a ge s p o ec ion, he CPTED concep p ima ily add esses common o ms o c ime, such as p ope y, iolen o o he c ime (hoo- liganism, g a i i, sp eading d ug addic ion, e c.). This g oup o measu es is al eady speci ied o speci ic ypes o public c owded places, such as shops and o ices (2006), pe ol s a ions (2010), schools and educa ional ins i u ions (2022), public anspo acili ies (2009), o heal hca e acili ies (2015). I ollows om he abo e-p esen ed di ec i es, s an- da ds, and p ocedu es ha hey a e no ully applicable o he publicly accessible space p o ec ion, which is also an CIE. This is mainly due o he na u e o s a egic ailway e minals and he need o ocus on a speci ic g oup o in en ional physical h ea s, ela ed ulne abil- i ies and he esul ing secu i y measu es. These ailway e minals a e so a ge s in he con ex o e o ism, bu as a public space hey a e much mo e o en he a ge o o he physical na u e h ea s, such as o dina y c ime. Fo his eason, i can be s a ed ha he e a e cu en ly no secu i y s anda ds o o he p ocedu es aimed speci- ically a he echnical p o ec ion o s a egic ailway (bu also o he anspo ) e minals. This c ea es esea ch space o he c ea ion o a o malised p ocedu e ha would conside all spe- ci ic aspec s o s a egic ailway e minals. Based on hese ac s, he aim o he a icle is o de ine a me hodological p ocedu e o he implemen a ion o secu i y measu es o inc ease he le el o p o ec- ion o s a egic ailway e minals. This me hodolo- gical app oach will conside bo h he equi emen s de ined in in e na ional s anda ds o he p e en ion o common c ime and e o ism, e.g., 2009 o 2007, as well as cu en secu i y me hods and app oaches, e.g., CPTED (C owe, 2013; Je e y, 1971). 2. Ma e ials and me hods The con en o his pa o he a icle is he de ini ion o he e ms so a ge s and public c owded places and cla i ica ion o he essence o hei high ulne - abili y. In his con ex , s a egic ailway e minals a e de ined and desc ibed and a en ion is paid o hei ulne abili y. Based on hese ac s, cu en app oaches o he p o ec ion o s a egic ailway e minals a e iden i ied, om he pe spec i e o a CI, so a ge s, and public c owded places. 2.1. Vulne abili y o so a ge s and public c owded places So a ge s a e de ined as ‘buildings in which la ge numbe s o people ga he , such as na ional monumen s, hospi als, schools, spo s g ounds, ho els, cul u al cen es, hea es and cinemas, ca es and es au an s, places o wo k, nigh clubs, shopping cen es, and anspo ne - wo ks such as me o, ains, buses and o he s’ (Fo es , 2006; Ka los, La che , & Solomos, 2018; Kellihe , 2018). So a ge s a e also places in on o he ac ual en y in o a ha d a ge ha is p o ec ed (e.g., ai po a i al halls). Acco ding o Benne (2007), a so a ge is a pe son o hing ha is ela i ely unp o ec ed o ul- ne able o a e o is a ack. In his wo k, McEn i e (2018) de ined so a ge s as ‘a po en ial ne wo k o e o is a acks, due o i s openness and accessibili y o he public.’ Acco ding o Hes e man (2019), unlike a acks on ha d a ge s, such as go e nmen ins i u ions, mili a y bases, o o he symbolic si es o e o is g oups, a acking so a ge s can cause a al conse- quences on he na ional psyche and can disc edi he go e nmen ’s abili y o p o ec people. A high deg ee o hei e ec in he use o chemical o biological weapons is played by ou is , shopping, and ec ea ion cen es. In con as , public c owded places a e gene ally all places o la ge numbe o people concen a ion (McIlha on e al., 2020). These a e physical places o en i onmen s cha ac e ized by a high densi y o people ga he ed close o each o he , o en exceeding he ypical space capaci y. These spaces can ange om u ban cen es, public anspo a ion hubs, s a- diums, conce enues, shopping malls o c owded s ee s and ma ke s. So a ge s and public c owded places a e inhe - en ly designed o be open and accessible, which inc eases hei ulne abili y. Acco ding o he Minis y o Homeland Secu i y (Homeland Secu i y, 2018), so a ge s and public c owded places a e places wi h a cha ac e allowing he en y and mo e- men o la ge g oups o people wi h a ela i ely low 2T. LOVECEK ET AL. le el o secu i y and he po en ial occu ence o phy- sical iolence. So a ge s and public c owded places gene ally ep esen objec s, e en s/ac ions and spaces in which a la ge numbe o people a e concen a ed, while hey a e no a all o only pa ially p o ec ed agains e o is a acks and o he iolen c imes. While so a ge s and public c owded places migh seem o exp ess he same hing, i is impo an o ealise ha he e is no secu i y signi icance associa ed wi h public c owded places (Kubiko a, 2017). 2.2. S a egic ailway e minals and hei ulne abili ies Railway e minals a e high-capaci y s a ions used o he en y/exi o people and ca go o/ om he anspo p o- cess. Exis ing classi ica ions ely hea ily on he ‘passenge equency’ indica o , which ocuses on a ic- ela ed issues and links pe o mance o local assump ions (Zemp, S au ache ., Lang e al., 2011). Howe e , his me hod o classi ica ion is insu icien in he ulne abili y con ex , as i does no conside o he s a egically impo an ac o s such as loca ion, accessibili y, signi icance o c i icali y (Rehak, Sli ko a, Pi ne e al., 2020). Based on hese ac o s, i is possible o de ine ailway e minals ha a e s a egic o ail anspo , which signi ican ly inc eases hei a ac i eness in he con ex o e o ism o common c ime. Fo his eason, such s a egic ailway e minals a e mo e ulne able han con en ional ailway s a ions. Te o ism and c ime h ea en he undamen al p inciples o any public anspo sys em, i.e., public us and e icien ope a ion, wi h signi ican eco- nomic and socie al consequences. By i s e y na u e, any agg essi e o iolen beha iou can ha e a nega i e impac on public us in public anspo . This us can also be unde mined by lea ing he en i onmen in a de e io a ing s a e (e.g., di , poo ligh ing, g a i i). The in e na ional s anda d 2009 de ines h ee g oups o gene ic c ime h ea s di ec- ed agains pe sons and buildings o anspo e m- inals, namely: ●a acks agains pe sons (assaul wi h/wi hou physi- cal iolence, sexual assaul and he agains pe sons); ●a acks agains ins i u ions, p ope y and he en i - onmen ( he , obbe y, shoo ing, g a i i, a son and o he o ms o andalism); ●o he o ences and c imes (unau ho ised passage o acks and u ns iles, s ee sales, d ug use, smok- ing in unau ho ised a eas, excessi e consump ion o alcoholic be e ages, begging, e c.). Acco ding o he Basics o So Ta ge s P o ec ion Guidelines (Minis y o he In e io , 2016), in he case o anspo in as uc u e, hese a e a acks on anspo ne wo ks and means o anspo ha can no only a ec a la ge numbe o people, bu can also pa alyse anspo in as uc u e, mul iplying hei impac on socie y. Howe e , indi idual h ea s di e in he p obabili y o occu ence, consequences, o e iciency, and e ec i eness o a ious o ms o secu i y measu es (Sli ko a, Rehak, Michalco a e al., 2022). P ima ily, i is necessa y o deal wi h such a acks ha can ha e a al consequences on he li es o heal h o people and p ope y (e.g., e o is a acks, o ganized c ime). F om 1971 o 2019, a o al o mo e han 1100 a acks on anspo in as uc u es elemen s (ai anspo , oad/bus anspo , ail anspo ) we e eco ded in he wo ld. O hese, a o al o 431 a acks we e eco ded in Eu ope, ep esen ing a 40% sha e. O he 431 a acks, 105 (24% sha e) a ge ed passenge s a ions o ailway e minals. In 98 cases, i was a suicide a ack wi h an explosi e de ice o an booby- ap explosi e sys em. In 6 cases, i was a son and in one case i was an a ack wi h a cold weapon (e.g., a kni e). Howe e , i ea m a acks o ehicle a acks, which ha e ecen ly been o en used o o he ypes o so a ge s, a e no excluded ei he (GTD, 2022). Railway e minals, as a public place, can be subjec o o he o ms o c ime. Fo example, om he da a on he s a e o c ime a ailway s a ions in he Czech Republic, 2555 c imes we e eco ded in 2022 (Kubalo a, 2023). Figu e 1 shows an o e iew o egis e ed o ences and c imes. In 2022, he Czech Republic dis inguishes 69 ca ego ies o egis e ed ac s, wi h only hose ha occu ed mos equen ly p esen ed in he igu e, he o he s being included in he o he ca ego y. I ollows om he abo e ha he isk le el is ele an bo h om he poin o iew o h ea s wi h high conse- quences and low p obabili y o occu ence (e.g., a ack by an explosi e de ice o a son) and om he poin o iew o h ea s wi h low consequences and high p obabili y and equency o occu ence (e.g., andalism o he ). 2.3. Cu en app oaches applicable o he p o ec ion o s a egic ailway e minals The secu i y equi emen s o s a egic ailway e m- inals esul ing om exis ing legisla i e equi emen s, echnical s anda ds equi emen s o equi emen s o o he hi d pa ies can be di ided in o h ee g oups acco ding o he a ibu es o he esea ch subjec , i.e., high concen a ion o people, openness o he public, SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 3 low secu i y le el and public se ice. These h ee g oups pe cei e s a egic ailway e minals as: ●c i ical in as uc u e elemen s; ●so a ge s; ●public c owded places. The need o p o ec s a egic ailway e minals in he con ex o a CI i s eme ged in 2008 om he now- epealed Council Di ec i e on he iden i ica ion and des- igna ion o Eu opean c i ical in as uc u es and on he assessmen o he need o imp o e hei p o ec ion (2008). Howe e , his documen only decla ed in gene al he need o imp o e p e en ion, p o ec ion, p epa edness and esponse o he CI p o ec ion in he EU. Speci ic solu ions emained he esponsibili y o he Membe S a es and hei na ional ules. Fo example, acco ding o he documen The Concep o C i ical In as uc u e in he Slo ak Republic and Ways o i s P o ec ion and De ence (GSK, 2008), he Slo ak Republic conside s such ools o be echnical means o de e ing, de ec ing, e i ying, signal- ling and elimina ing in ude s (mechanical and elec onic), as well as he ac i i ies o secu i y se ices, including he in e en ion o secu i y o ces and a med o ces. Simila ly, in he Czech Republic, a echnical s anda d ocused on he CIEs physical p o ec ion has been issued (2013). Fo he ime being, he las impo an documen is he Di ec i e (2022/2557), which, howe e , again con ains only gene al ules ega ding aspec s o he esilience o c i ical en i ies. I ollows om his Di ec i e ha ‘c i ical en i ies should ake echnical, secu i y and o ganisa ional measu es ha a e app op ia e and p opo iona e o he isks hey ace so as o p e en , p o ec agains , espond o, esis , mi iga e, abso b, accommoda e and eco e om an inciden ’. On he basis o he abo e, i can be s a ed ha all exis ing secu i y equi emen s o he CI p o ec ion a e a he o a o mal na u e, hey do no speci y in mo e de ail he p ocedu es o he CIEs p o ec ion and none o hem is aimed a he anspo e minals p o ec ion. The cu en ly implemen ed secu i y measu es ela ed o he CIEs p o ec ion all mo e in o he a ea o physical p o ec ion sys ems, i.e., mechanical ba ie s, ala m sys- ems, secu i y o ces, and egime measu es (Ga cia, 2008; Kampo a, Lo ecek, & Rehak, 2020). A he u n o he millennium, he Fede al Eme gency Managemen Agency (FEMA) began o issue a se ies o me hodologies ocused on isk manage- men , which g adually ocused on opics such as mi iga- ion o he e o is a acks consequences on buildings (2003; 2003), p o ec ing he u ban en i onmen om e o is a acks (2007) o p o ec ing educa ional acil- i ies om e o is a acks (2012). Wi hin Eu ope, i is ob ious ha issues o so a ge s p o ec ion should be wi hin he compe ence o he membe s a es bu buil on he es ablished legal and p ocedu al basis o he EU. The s a ing poin in his di ec ion can be he Ac ion Plan o suppo he p o ec ion o public spaces (Eu opean Commission, 2017). This documen is conside ed a undamen al basis o he sha ing o knowledge and expe ience a he na ional and ansna ional le el. The nex logical e olu iona y s ep was he c ea ion o Good P ac ices o Suppo he P o ec ion o Public Spaces (Eu opean Commission, 2019). Bes p ac ices ha e been o ganised in o ou a eas, namely assessmen and planning, in o ma ion and aining, physical p o ec ion and coope a ion. P o ec ing public spaces om e o is a acks was an impo an objec i e o he EU Secu i y Union S a egy (Eu opean Commission, 2020b). The Figu e 1. O e iew o egis e ed deeds a ailway s a ions in he Czech Republic in 2022 (Kubalo a, 2023). 4T. LOVECEK ET AL. ocus was on p o iding s onge physical p o ec ion and adequa e de ec ion sys ems wi hou comp omising ci i- zens’ eedoms. As expec ed, he public spaces and so a ge s p o ec ion is also an impo an p io i y o he EU Coun e Te o ism Agenda (Eu opean Commission, 2020a). The Commission has s epped up e o s a EU le el o p omo e secu i y solu ions and o in eg a e secu i y in o public spaces (i.e., buildings and in a- s uc u e) om he e y beginning o he design and u ban planning p ocess. In 2022, he Eu opean Commission issued a me hodological guideline en i led P o ec ion o public spaces om e o is a acks (JRC EC, 2022). Despi e he ac ha he EU has c ea ed a amewo k o he so a ge s p o ec ion, as in he case o he CI p o ec ion, he e is no in e na ionally ecognized echnical s anda d ha would speci y p oce- du es o hei p o ec ion. Admi edly, a ious ame- wo k me hodologies o he so a ge s p o ec ion a e published wi hin he Membe S a es (e.g., Be lin Police, 2021; Minis y o he In e io , 2016; Swedish Ci il Con ingencies Agency, 2020), bu none o hem a e aimed a p o ec ing ailway e minals as possible so a ge s. The issue o p o ec ing public spaces om a ious o ms o c ime is deal wi h in he heo y ocused on en i onmen al design. The i s publica ion o add ess his issue was he CPTED concep (Je e y, 1971). The p inciple o he CPTED concep is based on he claim ha he co ec design and e ec i e use o he buil en i onmen can lead o a educ ion in ea and he c ime incidence, o an imp o emen in he quali y o li e and inc eased p o i abili y. Among he mos ci ed con empo a y au ho s is Paul Cozens, who a gues ha CPTED assumes ha wi h an app op ia e design p ocess and e ec i e use o he en i onmen , a educ ion in c ime and ela ed conce ns can be achie ed (Cozens & Lo e, 2015). Despi e he ac ha he concep o CPTED has been add essed in scien i ic ci cles since he 1970s, he i s in e na ional echnical s anda d dealing wi h his issue was no published un il 2021 (ISO 22341, 2021). This s anda d p o ides guidance o o ganiza ions o es ablish essen ial elemen s, s a egies, and p ocesses o p e en ing and educing c ime and c ime ea in a new o exis ing buil en i onmen . Since 2006, he Eu opean s anda disa ion p ocesses ha e de eloped echnical s an- da ds aimed a p e en ing c ime h ough u ban planning and building design. G adually, s anda ds ocused on comme cial and adminis a i e p emises (CEN/TS 14383-4, 2006), pe ol s a ions (CEN/TR 14383-5, 2010), schools and educa ional ins i u ions (CEN/TS 14383-6, 2022) and public anspo acili ies (CEN/TR 14383-7, 2009) began o eme ge. Ano he wo king g oup has also de eloped a s anda d o he heal hca e acili ies p o ec ion (CEN/TS 16850, 2015). F om he se ice p o- ided poin o iew, hese s anda ds o indi idual objec s ha e hei own speci ics (e.g., legisla i e equi e- men s, po en ial h ea s, ulne abili ies, consequences and impac s, cascade e ec s), so hey canno be di ec ly applied o ailway anspo e minals. 3. Resul s F om he analysis p esen ed abo e, i is clea ha he exis ing secu i y measu es o he s a egic ailway e m- inals p o ec ion a e agmen ed in o se e al a eas. The lack o a cohe en app oach makes i impossible o ake e ec i e and e icien measu es ha conside all he spe- ci ic aspec s o s a egic ailway e minals. Fo his eason, he au ho s o he a icle de ined a me hodological p o- cedu e o he secu i y measu es implemen a ion o inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals p o ec ion le el (he eina e e e ed o as he ‘Me hodology’). The essence o his me hodology is o assess he en i onmen- al and si ua ional secu i y aspec s o ailway e minal and o ecommend missing echnical measu es. The no el y o he me hodology lies p ima ily in he assessmen o he so a ge s echnical p o ec ion le el o he ailway CI by de e mining he isk and secu i y le el. This is implemen ed wi h a di ec link o he calcula ion o he echnical p o ec ion le el using a se o simple c i e ia o which i is possible o assign clea alues. These c i e ia we e de eloped in acco dance wi h he CPTED concep (C owe, 2013; Je e y, 1971) and in acco dance wi h in e na ional s anda ds ela ed o he so a ge s p o ec ion (e.g., FEMA 430, 2007), he public c owded places p o ec ion (e.g., CEN/TR 14383-7, 2009) and physical p o ec ion sys ems (e.g., EN 50136-1, 2012). The p oposed measu es a e inco po a ed in o he o e all design concep o he building, including in ela ion o he possible misuse o anspo means. 3.1. Secu i y measu es ca alogue o inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals echnical p o ec ion The Ca alogue o he implemen a ion o echnical mea- su es o inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals p o ec- ion (he eina e e e ed o as he Ca alogue) is he s a ing poin o objec i ying he echnical p o ec ion measu es selec ion. As s a ed abo e, he c ea ed me ho- dology and he esul ing echnical measu es ca alogue o a e p epa ed in acco dance wi h in e na ional s anda ds ela ed o he so a ge s p o ec ion, he public c owded places p o ec ion, and physical p o ec ion sys ems. The measu es de ined in he Ca alogue a e inco po a ed in o he o e all design concep o he gi en building, includ- ing in ela ion o he possible misuse o anspo SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 5 means. These measu es a e based on a s a egy o na - u al supe ision, con ol, a ea main enance manage- men , and di ision o a eas. The s uc u e o he Ca alogue is p esen ed in Figu e 2. The essence o his Ca alogue is o de ine echnical measu es ha inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals en i onmen secu i y. These measu es a e classi ied in o wo g oups acco ding o hei na u e, namely echnical measu es o he en i onmen al aspec o secu i y and echnical measu es o he si ua ional aspec o secu i y. In bo h cases, hese measu es a e u he classi ied in o in e nal and ex e nal. In his con ex , he en i onmen al aspec o secu i y e lec s he spa ial, layou and design p ope ies o he en i onmen , which a e en i onmen al a ibu es in ela ion o he secu i y bases o he CPTED concep (Lee, Pa k, & Jung, 2016). An o e iew o speci ic ech- nical measu es o he ex e nal en i onmen al aspec o secu i y wi h a ocus on he spa ial aspec is p esen ed in Table 1. On he o he hand, he si ua ional aspec o secu - i y e lec s he su eillance, con ol and main enance en i onmen p ope ies and is based on si ua ional c ime p e en ion. This claim has been suppo ed by a numbe o publica ions (e.g., Mihinjac & Sa ille, 2019; Reynald & Mihinjac, 2019; Sha ia i & Gue e e, 2017). An o e iew o speci ic echnical measu es o he in e nal si ua ional aspec o secu i y wi h a ocus on he o e sigh aspec is p esen ed in Table 2. The echnical measu es o he in e nal si ua ional aspec , wi h a ocus on he su eillance aspec , p i- ma ily e lec he s anda ds ela ed o physical p o- ec ion sys ems. Speci ically, hese a e s anda ds o Mechanical ba ie s (CEN/TR 14383-8, 2019), Video su eillance sys ems (EN 62676-1-1, 2013), Elec onic access con ol sys ems (EN 60839-11-1, 2013), Ala m ansmission sys ems (EN 50136-1, 2012), and Moni o ing and ala m ecei ing cen e (EN 50518, 2019). Technical measu es o o he en i onmen al and si ua ional aspec s o secu i y a e de ined in he inal epo o he g an p ojec SECURAIL (H omada, Lo ecek, & Rehak, 2023). 3.2. Me hodological p ocedu e o inc easing he s a egic ailway e minals echnical p o ec ion le el In connec ion wi h he c ea ed Ca alogue, i is possible o de ine a p ocedu e o inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals echnical p o ec ion le el. The essence o his me hodological p ocedu e is o de e mine he isk le el, Figu e 2. S uc u e o he ca alogue o he implemen a ion o echnical measu es o inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals p o ec ion. 6T. LOVECEK ET AL. o de e mine he secu i y le el, o calcula e and e alua e he echnical p o ec ion le el and o de ine measu es o inc ease he echnical p o ec ion le el. The in e con- nec edness o he indi idual phases o his p ocedu e is p esen ed in Figu e 3. In he ollowing pa o he a icle, a de ailed desc ip- ion o he indi idual phases o he me hodological p o- cedu e is made, including he ma hema ical appa a us ha is necessa y o he calcula ion o en i onmen al and si ua ional aspec s and he echnical p o ec ion le el. 3.2.1. De e mining he isk le el A he beginning o he p ocedu e, i is necessa y o de e mine he isk le el (Phase 1). The essence o his phase is o assess he iskiness o he ex e nal and in e - nal en i onmen o he e alua ed ailway e minal in he con ex o he layou o di ision o he space (i.e., he en i onmen al aspec o isk) and in he con ex o ma e ial and p ocedu al de iciencies in he a ea o supe ision, con ol and main enance (i.e., he si ua- ional aspec o isk). 3.2.1.1. De e mina ion o he en i onmen al aspec o isk. The de e mina ion o he en i onmen al aspec o he isk consis s in he assessmen o he iskiness o he layou o di ision o he ailway e minal a ea. This assessmen is ca ied ou o he ex e io and in e io a eas o he e minal. In bo h cases, he assessmen is Table 1. Technical measu es o he ex e nal en i onmen al aspec wi h a ocus on he spa ial aspec . Aspec Technical measu es Spa ial aspec o ex e nal en i onmen al Aspec The ligh ing o he space is p o ided by a cons an ligh sou ce. The cons an ligh sou ce is in he colou empe a u e ange o 3000 o 4000 K, ep esen ing cold whi e ligh . The ligh sou ce is placed a he maximum possible heigh ha he space allows. The space is illumina ed by a cons an ligh sou ce wi h an in ensi y o a leas 50 lux. The a ea is secu ed by specially designed p o ec i e measu es means ( ixed, mo able o ecessed bolla ds; y e pene a o s; olding ba ie s; ixed o mo able gi de s o poles allowing en y o passage only o au ho ised ehicles depending on hei dimensions; ein o ced conc e e blocks; chain o ope ba ie s; ixed o olding, ga es, e c.) p e en ing he pa king o a passenge ehicle a a dis ance o mo e han 300 me es. The a ea is secu ed by specially designed p o ec i e measu es means ( ixed, mo able o ecessed bolla ds; y e pene a o s; olding ba ie s; ixed o mo able gi de s o poles allowing en y o passage only o au ho ised ehicles depending on hei dimensions; ein o ced conc e e blocks; chain o ope ba ie s; ixed o olding, ga es, e c.) p e en ing he pa king o a an o ligh uck a a dis ance o mo e han 600 me es. The space is secu ed by na u al p o ec i e measu es means (mee ing a minimum heigh o 50 cm), designed o he pu pose o mul i-pu pose unc ion (con aine s wi h plan s, mul i-s age cu bs, s ee ligh ing poles, hyd an s, c ash ba ie s, benches, sculp u es, oun ains, e c.), p e en ing he pa king o a passenge ehicle a a dis ance o mo e han 300 me e s. The space is secu ed by na u al p o ec i e measu es means (mee ing a minimum heigh o 50 cm), designed o he pu pose o mul i-pu pose (con aine s wi h plan s, mul i-s age cu bs, s ee ligh ing poles, hyd an s, c ash ba ie s, benches, sculp u es, oun ains, e c.), p e en ing he pa king o a an o ligh uck a a dis ance o mo e han 600 me e s. The space has a dedica ed pe ime e wi h a solid obs acle (e.g., ence, building, wall). The space ul ils he basic p inciple o na u al su eillance, which is based on he p inciple o “see and be seen”. Table 2. Technical measu es o he in e nal si ua ional aspec wi h a ocus on he supe iso y aspec . Aspec Technical measu es Supe iso y aspec o he in e nal si ua ional aspec The p ocedu e o managing secu i y inciden s (e.g., eac ion o c iminal and o he an i-social ac i i ies, inding suspicious luggage) is o malized and p ac iced wi h employees. I is a o malized p ocedu e o eco ding secu i y inciden s ha ha e occu ed, how hey a e esol ed. The p ocedu e o epo ing secu i y inciden s by he pe sons p esen ( ia SMS, own applica ions, lea le s, pos e s, e c.) is o malized. The p ocedu e o in o ming he pe sons p esen abou he secu i y inciden ( ia SMS, own applica ions, adio, e c.) is o malized. Physical secu i y has o malized egime measu es (license, ce i ica e, guidelines o he pe o mance o secu i y, eco ding o inciden s, e c.). Coope a ion wi h selec ed uni s o he In eg a ed Rescue Sys em is o malized. The space is secu ed by a su eillance (came a) ideo sys em wi h a leas le el 1 secu i y acco ding o EN 62,676-1-1 (2014). The su eillance (came a) ideo sys em has an in elligen ideo analysis unc ion (mo ion de ec ion, de ec ion o non-s anda d beha iou , acing o people, e c.). The su eillance (came a) ideo sys em has AWR (Au oma ic Weekly Reco ding), day/nigh , o IR (In a Ro ) illumina ion. The a ea is pe manen ly supe ised by i s own employee (in o man , icke o ice employee, dispa che , echnical s a , e c.). Pe manen 7/24 su eillance is ca ied ou in he gi en a ea by means o physical secu i y (sel -p o ec ion, p i a e secu i y se ice, municipal, ci y o s a e police, e c.). SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 7 ca ied ou h ough se e al se s o c i e ia, which a e ocused on he assessmen o he spa ial aspec o isk, he disposi ional aspec o isk, and he design aspec o isk. These c i e ia a e e alua ed by means o indi idual e alua ion shee s. An example o an e alua ion shee o he assessmen o he Disposi ional aspec o he isk o he ex e nal space is p esen ed in Table 3. Ba ie s highe han 1.2 me e s, which do no allow a na u al iew o he pe ime e o he s a ion space, play a signi ican ole in assessing he Disposi ional aspec o he isk o he ex e nal space. These a e, o example, ences, walls, columns, sheds, s o age acili ies o ad e - ising banne s. An example o good p ac ice o ensu ing na u al supe ision is p esen ed in Figu e 4. Ano he impo an ac o in assessing he Disposi ional aspec o he isk o he ex e nal space is he g eene y c ea ing a na u al ba ie . In he case o ees, he lowe pa o he c own should no be lowe han 2 me e s abo e he g ound, and he heigh o sc ub should no be highe han 0.7 me e s. An example o good p ac ice in g een ca e in acco dance wi h he CPTED concep is p esen ed in Figu e 5. In he con ex o assessing he Disposi ional aspec o he isk o he ex e nal space, i is also app op ia e o men ion he impo ance o he space o ganiza ion om he poin o iew o he isi o planned ac i i y, e.g., by c ea ing a na u ally con- olled en ance o he objec , he so-called ‘ unnel’. An example o he di e ence be ween an uncon- olled and a na u ally con olled en ance o an objec is p esen ed in Figu e 6. Table 3. Assessmen shee o he assessmen o he disposi ional aspec o he isk o he ex e nal space. E alua ed space E alua ion c i e ion S a us o compliance wi h he c i e ion (Yes/No) Railway e minal building Ba ie s highe han 1.2 me e s (shel e s, ences, walls, e c.) o ming he pe ime e o he s a ion a ea a e opaque and do no allow na u al su eillance. The g eene y o ming he na u al ba ie has a minimum c own heigh o less han 2 me es, o he heigh o he sh ub s and is highe han 0.7 me es. The space is diso ganized om he poin o iew o he isi o ’s planned ac i i y, e.g., by c ea ing a “ unnel”. The layou o he space does no allow o a educ ion in he speed pa ame e o an app oaching ehicle. The layou o he space does no allow i o p e en a on al collision wi h a ehicle. Pa king spaces Ba ie s in he space highe han 1.2 me e s (walls, columns, ad e ising banne s, e c.) c ea ing he layou o he space a e opaque and do no allow na u al supe ision. The g eene y o ming he na u al ba ie has a minimum c own heigh o less han 2 me es, o he heigh o he sh ub s and is highe han 0.7 me es. The space is diso ganized om he poin o iew o he isi o ’s planned ac i i y, e.g., by c ea ing a “ unnel”. The layou o he space does no allow o a educ ion in he speed pa ame e o an app oaching ehicle. The layou o he space does no allow i o p e en a on al collision wi h a ehicle. Unde passes/ O e passes/ Co ido s Ba ie s in he space highe han 1.2 me e s (walls, columns, s alls, s o age objec s, ad e ising banne s, e c.) c ea ing he layou o he space a e opaque and do no allow na u al supe ision. The g eene y o ming he na u al ba ie has a minimum c own heigh o less han 2 me es, o he heigh o he sh ub s and is highe han 0.7 me es. The layou o he space does no allow o a educ ion in he speed pa ame e o an app oaching ehicle. The layou o he space does no allow i o p e en a on al collision wi h a ehicle. Figu e 3. P ocedu e o es ablishing, objec i ying and enhancing he s a egic ailway e minals echnical p o ec ion le el. 8T. LOVECEK ET AL. ●Assessmen shee 4: De e mina ion o he in e nal si ua ional aspec o isk. Wi hin hese shee s, he indi idual ele an c i e ia we e assessed (see, o example, Table 3), he esul s o which a e p esen ed in Tables 8–11. Based on he esul s o he indi idual c i e ia assess- men , i is possible o calcula e he ex e nal en i on- men al aspec o isk (see Fo mula 1), he in e nal en i onmen al aspec o isk (see Fo mula 2), he ex e - nal si ua ional aspec o isk (see Fo mula 3) and he in e nal si ua ional aspec o isk (see Fo mula 4). The esul s o he calcula ions a e p esen ed in Tables 12–15. The las s ep o he i s phase is o de e mine he esul ing isk le el (see Fo mula 5). The esul o he calcula ions is p esen ed in Table 16. The esul ing Rail Te minal R isk le el will hen be used o assess he echnical p o ec ion le el (see Phase 3). Table 8. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal en i onmen al isk c i e ia assessmen . Aspec s assessed Numbe o c i e ia wi h NO answe Numbe o all e alua ed c i e ia EARexi Spa ial aspec o isk 8 19 0.42 Disposi ional aspec o isk 10 12 0.83 Design Aspec o Risk 0 6 0 The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h a NO answe , which is di ided by he numbe o all c i e ia assessed. Table 10. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal si ua ional aspec c i e ia o he isk assessmen . Aspec s assessed Numbe o c i e ia wi h NO answe Numbe o all e alua ed c i e ia SARexi Supe iso y aspec o isk 4 4 1 Con ol aspec o isk 5 15 0.33 Main enance aspec o isk 12 12 1 The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h a NO answe , which is di ided by he numbe o all c i e ia assessed. Table 11. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal si ua- ional aspec c i e ia o he isk assessmen . Aspec s assessed Numbe o c i e ia wi h NO answe Numbe o all e alua ed c i e ia SARini Supe iso y aspec o isk 7 8 0.88 Con ol aspec o isk 8 22 0.36 Main enance aspec o isk 18 18 1 The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h a NO answe , which is di ided by he numbe o all c i e ia assessed. Table 9. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal en i onmen al c i e ia o he isk assessmen . Aspec s assessed Numbe o c i e ia wi h NO answe Numbe o all e alua ed c i e ia EARini Spa ial aspec o isk 18 20 0.90 Disposi ional aspec o isk 8 9 0.89 Design Aspec o Risk 2 15 0.13 The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h a NO answe , which is di ided by he numbe o all c i e ia assessed. Table 12. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal en i onmen al aspec o he isk. Aspec s assessed EARexiw exð ÞiERex Spa ial aspec o isk 0.42 0.35 0.44 Disposi ional aspec o isk 0.83 0.35 Design Aspec o Risk 0 0.3 Table 13. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal en i onmen al aspec o he isk. Aspec s assessed EARiniw inð ÞiERin Spa ial aspec o isk 0.90 0.35 0.67 Disposi ional aspec o isk 0.89 0.35 Design Aspec o Risk 0.13 0.3 Table 14. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal si ua ional aspec o he isk. Aspec s assessed SARexix exð ÞiSRex Supe iso y aspec o isk 1 0.4 0.87 Con ol aspec o isk 0.33 0.2 Main enance aspec o isk 1 0.4 Table 15. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal si ua ional aspec o he isk. Aspec s assessed SARinix inð ÞiSRin Supe iso y aspec o isk 0.88 0.4 0.82 Con ol aspec o isk 0.36 0.2 Main enance aspec o isk 1 0.4 Table 16. De e mina ion o he selec ed ailway e minal esul - ing isk le el. ERex ERin SRex SRin R 0.44 0.67 0.87 0.82 0.7 SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 15 4.2. Phase 2: de e mining he secu i y le el The de e mina ion o he secu i y le el o he ex e nal and in e nal en i onmen o he assessed ailway e m- inal was ca ied ou using he ollowing assessmen shee s: ●Assessmen Shee 5: De e mina ion o he ex e nal en i onmen al aspec o secu i y; ●Assessmen Shee 6: De e mina ion o he in e nal en i onmen al aspec o secu i y; ●Assessmen Shee 7: De e mining he ex e nal si ua ional aspec o secu i y; ●Assessmen Shee 8: De e mina ion o he in e nal si ua ional aspec o secu i y. Wi hin hese shee s, he indi idual ele an c i e ia we e g adually assessed, he esul s o which a e p esen ed in Tables 17–20. Based on he esul s o each c i e ion assessmen , i is possible o calcula e he ex e nal en i onmen al aspec o secu i y (see Fo mula 6), he in e nal en i onmen al aspec o secu i y (see Fo mula 7), he ex e nal si ua- ional aspec o secu i y (see Fo mula 8) and he in e nal si ua ional aspec o secu i y (see Fo mula 9). The esul s o he calcula ions a e p esen ed in Tables 21–24. The las s ep o he i s s age is o de e mine he esul ing secu i y le el (see Fo mula 10). The esul o he calcula ions is p esen ed in Table 25. Table 17. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal en i onmen al aspec c i e ia o he secu i y assessmen . Aspec s assessed Numbe o c i e ia answe ed YES Numbe o all e alua ed c i e ia EASexi Spa ial aspec o isk 15 20 0.75 Disposi ional aspec o isk 6 14 0.43 Design Aspec o Risk 0 4 0 The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h he answe YES, which is di ided by he numbe o all assessed c i e ia. Table 18. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal en i - onmen al aspec s c i e ia o he secu i y assessmen . Aspec s assessed Numbe o c i e ia answe ed YES Numbe o all e alua ed c i e ia EASini Spa ial aspec o isk 36 37 0.97 Disposi ional aspec o isk 18 26 0.69 Design Aspec o Risk 0 2 0 The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h he answe YES, which is di ided by he numbe o all assessed c i e ia. Table 19. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal si ua ional aspec c i e ia o he secu i y assessmen . Aspec s assessed Numbe o c i e ia answe ed YES Numbe o all e alua ed c i e ia SASexi Supe iso y aspec o isk 6 21 0.29 Con ol aspec o isk 1 8 0.13 Main enance aspec o isk 12 12 1 The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h he answe YES, which is di ided by he numbe o all assessed c i e ia. Table 20. Resul s o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal si ua- ional aspec c i e ia o he secu i y assessmen . Aspec s assessed Numbe o c i e ia answe ed YES Numbe o all e alua ed c i e ia SASini Supe iso y aspec o isk 15 54 0.28 Con ol aspec o isk 6 23 0.26 Main enance aspec o isk 15 15 1 The alue o a gi en aspec is de e mined by he numbe o all c i e ia wi h he answe YES, which is di ided by he numbe o all assessed c i e ia. Table 21. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal en i onmen al aspec o he secu i y. Aspec s assessed EASexiy exð ÞiESex Spa ial aspec o isk 0.75 0.35 0.41 Disposi ional aspec o isk 0.43 0.35 Design Aspec o Risk 0 0.3 Table 22. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal en i onmen al aspec o he secu i y. Aspec s assessed EASiniy inð ÞiESin Spa ial aspec o isk 0.97 0.35 0.58 Disposi ional aspec o isk 0.69 0.35 Design Aspec o Risk 0 0.3 Table 23. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal ex e nal si ua ional aspec o he secu i y. Aspec s assessed SASexiz exð ÞiSSex Supe iso y aspec o isk 0.29 0.4 0.54 Con ol aspec o isk 0.13 0.2 Main enance aspec o isk 1 0.4 Table 24. Calcula ion o he selec ed ailway e minal in e nal si ua ional aspec o he secu i y. Aspec s assessed SASiniz inð ÞiSSin Supe iso y aspec o isk 0.28 0.4 0.56 Con ol aspec o isk 0.26 0.2 Main enance aspec o isk 1 0.4 16 T. LOVECEK ET AL. The esul ing Te minal S secu i y le el will hen be used o assess he echnical p o ec ion le el (see Phase 3). 4.3. Phase 3: assessing he echnical p o ec ion le el The assessmen o he ailway e minal echnical p o ec ion le el was ca ied ou by calcula ion acco ding o he Fo mula (11). The esul o he calcula ions is p esen ed in Table 26. The esul ing echnical p o ec ion le el mus hen be ca ego ized acco ding o he scale shown in Figu e 7. In his case, i is clea ha he selec ed ailway e minal echnical p o ec ion eaches a high le el. In such a case, i is ecommended o ca y ou a p e en i e check o he secu i y measu es once a yea and, i necessa y, o ensu e ha hey a e mode nized. 4.4. Phase 4: de ining he measu es o inc ease he echnical p o ec ion le el The essence o de ining measu es o inc ease he le el o echnical p o ec ion o a ailway e minal is: ●iden i ica ion o isk aspec s ha should be minimised; ●iden i ica ion o aspec s o secu i y ha should be maximised (s eng hened). ZIn his case, 13 en i onmen al aspec s o isk, 7 si ua- ional aspec s o isk, 10 en i onmen al aspec s o secu - i y and 18 si ua ional aspec s o secu i y we e iden i ied. Fo a clea e unde s anding, he ecommended mea- su es o s eng hen he en i onmen al aspec s o secu - i y a e p esen ed below: (1) The ex e nal a ea o he ailway s a ion building should be secu ed by specially designed p o ec- i e measu es ( ixed bolla ds, mo able o ecessed; y e pene a o s; olding ba ie s; ixed o mo able gi de s o poles allowing en y o passage only o au ho ised ehicles, depending on hei dimensions; ein o ced conc e e blocks; chain o ope ba ie s; ixed o olding, ga es, e c.) o p e en he pa king o a passenge ehicle a a dis ance o mo e han 300 me es and a ligh goods ehicle a a dis ance o mo e han 600 me es. (2) The ex e nal a ea o he ailway s a ion building should be secu ed by na u al p o ec i e mea- su es means (mee ing a minimum heigh o 50 cm) designed o he pu pose o a mul i- pu pose unc ion (con aine s wi h plan s, mul i- s age cu bs, s ee ligh poles, hyd an s, c ash ba ie s, benches, sculp u es, oun ains, e c.), o p e en he pa king o a passenge ehicle a a dis ance o mo e han 300 me es and a ligh lo y a a dis ance o mo e han 600 me es. (3) The ex e nal a ea o he ailway s a ion building should be implemen ed by special landscaping means (embankmen s, di ches, wa e a eas, e c.) p e en ing he pa king o a passenge ehicle a a dis ance o mo e han 300 me es and a ligh eigh ehicle a a dis ance o mo e han 600 me es. (4) Pa king spaces should ha e a dedica ed pe ime e wi h a solid ba ie (e.g., ence, building, wall). (5) The building s uc u e o he ailway s a ion building and en ance hall should be modi ied wi h new explosion p o ec ion ma e ials (alu- minium oam, du able coa ings, ca bon pla e, ibe - ein o ced polyme s, polyme sandwich composi e, e c.). (6) The openings o he ailway s a ion building and he en ance hall should ha e inc eased passi e esis ance acco ding o 2021 (minimum secu i y class RC2) o 1999 (minimum secu i y class P5A). (7) All elemen s in ended o es ing in he ou doo and indoo en i onmen should be s uc u ally designed in such a way ha hey do no allow o pe manen dwelling (e.g., sleeping). (8) The in e io o he ailway s a ion building and he en ance hall, as well as unde passes and o e passes, should ha e mi o s ins alled o allow pe sons o see beyond blind co ne s and sha p bends. (9) Passenge in o ma ion boa ds wi h anspo ou es, imes and basic na iga ion should be clea ly displayed in all a eas o he ailway e minal. (10) Pa king a eas should be equipped wi h in o ma- ion boa ds wi h a ic ou es, imes, and basic na iga ion isible e en in he e ening. Table 25. De e mina ion o he selec ed ailway e minal esul - ing secu i y le el. ESex ESin SSex SSin S 0.41 0.58 0.54 0.56 0.52 Table 26. Assessmen o he selec ed ailway e minal echnical p o ec ion le el. R S TP 0.7 0.52 0.61 SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 17 5. Conclusion The analysis o he cu en si ua ion shows ha he cu en di ec i es, s anda ds, and p ocedu es a e no ully applicable o su icien o p o ec he publicly accessible space p o ec ion, which is also a CIE. Fo his eason, he e is cu en ly a lack o secu i y s anda ds o o he p ocedu es aimed speci ically a he echnical p o ec ion o s a egic ailway (bu also o he anspo ) e minals. On he basis o hese ac s, a me hodological p ocedu e o he secu i y measu es implemen a ion o inc ease he s a egic ailway e minals p o ec ion le el has been c ea ed. This me hodological p ocedu e is based on he applica ion o he CPTED concep and conside s bo h he equi emen s de ined in in e na ional s an- da ds o he p e en ion o common c ime and e - o ism and cu en secu i y me hods and app oaches ha can be used o p o ec CIEs. The essence o he sugges ed me hodological p ocedu e is he assess- men o he en i onmen al and si ua ional aspec s o he secu i y o ailway e minals and he iden i i- ca ion o weak poin s in he a ea o he spa ial, layou and design a angemen o he ailway e m- inal and in he a ea o supe ision, con ol and main enance. On he basis o he de iciencies iden i- ied in his way, i is possible o de ine adequa e measu es o inc ease he echnical p o ec ion le el. The me hodological p ocedu e is p ima ily in ended o secu i y manage s o s a egic ailway e minals, bu a e pa ial modi ica ion i can also be used o secu i y manage s o bus e minals, ai anspo e minals and mul i unc ional anspo e minals. The applica ion o he me hodological p ocedu e con ibu es o inc easing he s a egic ailway e m- inals echnical p o ec ion le el o , as well as o pe sons and ca go loca ed in i s ex e nal and in e - nal a eas. The applica ion o ecommended secu i y measu es educes he isk and inc eases he secu i y no only o ailway e minals, bu also o ela ed CIEs, which a e dependen on he unc ionali y o he e minals. The me hodological p ocedu e has al eady been success ully es ed a selec ed ailway e minals in he Czech Republic and Slo akia. I is clea om he esul s o he es ing ha he ollow- up esea ch should be ocused mainly on he expan- sion o he assessed aspec s o isk and secu i y in he con ex o o he cu en h ea s o an an h o- pogenic na u e, such as pe sonnel o cybe h ea s. Disclosu e s a emen No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s). Funding This wo k was suppo ed by he Technology Agency o he Czech Republic unde G an numbe CK01000015 and by he Slo ak Resea ch and De elopmen Agency unde G an num- be [APVV-20-0457]. No es on con ibu o s Tomas Lo ecek is a ull p o esso and ice-dean o science and esea ch a he Uni e si y o Žilina, Facul y o Secu i y Enginee ing in Slo akia. In his esea ch ac i i ies he deals wi h issues o designing and e alua ion o he objec p o ec ion sys ems and issues o in o ma ion secu i y managemen . He was p ojec coo dina o o he p ojec Compe ency Based e-po al o Secu i y and Sa e y Enginee ing (502092-LLP -1-2009-1-SK-ERASMUS-EMHE 2010-261814) and pa ne coo dina o o wo p ojec s unded by EC/DG Home A ai s (HOME/2010/CIPS/AG/044 PACITA: Me hodology o phy- sical p o ec ion assessmen o c i ical in as uc u e elemen s agains e o is and o he ypes o a acks and HOME/2013/ CIPS/AG/4000005073 CI-PAC: C i ical In as uc u e P o ec ion Agains Chemical A ack. He has expe ience o dealing wi h p ojec s o FP7 (e.g. FP7-ERAChai s-Pilo Call -2013 621386 Enhancing Resea ch and inno a ion dimension o he Uni e si y o Zilina in in elligen anspo sys ems, 7. FP 313308 The Communi y Based Comp ehensi e Reco e y). He is au ho o scien i ic monog aphs “Design and E alua ion o he Objec P o ec ion Sys ems” and “Objec P o ec ion o C i ical T anspo In as uc u e”. He is a membe o edi o ial boa ds o scien i ic jou nals: Eu opean Jou nal o Secu i y and Sa e y, Communica ions, Jou nal o C iminal Jus ice and Secu i y and C isis Managemen . Da id Rehak is a ull p o esso a he VSB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing. A his acul y, he also holds he posi ion o gua an o o he doc o al s udy p og am “Fi e P o ec ion and Sa e y”. In he yea s 2012- 2015, he held he posi ion o ice dean o science and esea ch. Cu en ly, he is e.g. membe o he In e na ional Associa ion o C i ical In as uc u e P o ec ion P o essionals (IACIPP), membe o he Wo ld Road Associa ion (PIARC), membe o he Czech Technology Pla o m Ene gy Secu i y (TPEB), Edi o -in-Chie o he T ansac ions o he VSB- Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies (TSES), and Associa e Edi o o he In e na ional Jou nal o C i ical In as uc u e P o ec ion (IJCIP). His scien i ic and esea ch wo k is aimed on c i ical in as uc u e esilience & p o ec ion, isk managemen , ci il p o ec ion, ene gy secu i y, en i onmen al p o ec ion, and disas e isk educ ion. Ji i Poko ny g adua ed in 1992 a he Facul y o Mining and Geology o he VSB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, spe- cializa ion Fi e P o ec ion. In 2002, he inished he doc o al p og am Fi e p o ec ion and Indus ial Sa e y. In 2013 he g adua ed om CEVRO Ins i u e in P ague, specializa ion Mas e o Public Adminis a ion. F om 2017 he inished habili a ion. In 1993, began wo king in he Fi e P e en ion Depa men o he Fi e B igade in Opa a. In 2001, he became a head o he Fi e P e en ion Depa men and a Depu y Di ec o o he Fi e Rescue B igade Mo a ian-Silesian egion, e i o ial depa men Opa a. Be ween 2005 and 2010 he 18 T. LOVECEK ET AL. wo ked as a Di ec o o he Fi e P e en ion Depa men o he Fi e Rescue B igade Mo a ian-Silesian egion, egional head- qua e s in Os a a. F om 2011 o 2015 he was a Depu y Di ec o o p e en ion and ci il eme gency p epa edness o he Fi e Rescue B igade Mo a ian-Silesian egion. Since Sep embe 2015 has wo ked as an academic employee a he VSB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing. I o Ha ing gained his doc o a e a Max-Planck-Ins i u e o he Physics o Complex Sys ems (MPIPKS) and TU D esden. Since 2004 he wo ks a F aunho e E ns -Mach- Ins i u e (EMI), cu en ly as Senio Scien is in he Depa men Sa e y and Resilience o Technical Sys ems. He lec u es o he mas e cou ses Risk Enginee ing a Fu wangen Uni e si y o Applied Science (HFU) and o Sus ainable Sys ems Enginee ing (SSE) a he co espond- ing depa men INATECH o he Facul y o Enginee ing o he Uni e si y o F eibu g. Resea ch p ojec s (se up) and co esponding publica ion eco d co e ed in 2023 25 million Eu o esea ch unding. Domains o in e es include he analysis o e en p obabili ies and suscep ibil- i y, o haza ds, damage and ulne abili y, isks and esi- lience o socio- echnical sys ems, in pa icula o c i ical in as uc u es and asse s. Fu he mo e, concep s o engi- nee ing-inspi ed isk and esilience analysis p ocesses and managemen , and ela ed simula ion and (semi-) quan i i- ca ion op ions as well as analy ical app oaches based on sys em pe o mance unc ions. Ano he opic o in e es is unc ional sa e y and eliabili y analysis and ela ed me h- ods, in pa icula when applied o new domains, e.g. au onomous d i ing. P ojec s co e localiza ion and com- munica ion o mo e sus ainable sys ems, e.g. o inspec- ion o o o blades. He (co-) au ho ed 2 books, 25 a icles, 70 con e ence pape s and 7 book chap e s. Ma in H omada g adua ed in 2008 a he Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín in s udy ield Secu i y echnologies, sys ems and managemen . He de ended he disse a ion hesis “Technological Aspec s o C i ical In as uc u e P o ec ion o he SR” in 2011. He wo ked as a consul an o Deloi e Ad iso y, s. .o. and cu en ly wo ks as a lec u e a he Depa men o Secu i y Enginee ing, Facul y o Applied In o ma ics, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín. In 2017 he de ended his habili a ion wo k a he Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing, VŠB – TU in Os a a and ecei ed an academic i le o Associa e P o esso in he Depa men o Secu i y Enginee ing. Sa e y and i e p o ec ion. Wi hin he amewo k o esea ch ac i i ies, he ac i ely ocuses on he p o ec ion and esilience o c i ical (in o ma ion) in as uc u e and he e a- lua ion o unc ionali y o physical p o ec ion sys ems. Radosla Ku a g adua ed in 2004 in he ield o IT echnol- ogies a he A med Fo ces Academy in Lip o sky Mikulas. In 2017, he also g adua ed in Law a he Pan-Eu opean Uni e si y in B a isla a. His wo k was ocused on IT echnol- ogies and compu e ne wo ks. Since 2009, he has been wo k- ing as a echnical di ec o a DIS company. Cu en ly, he is s udying o a PhD a he Facul y o Secu i y Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Žilina. ORCID Tomas Lo ecek h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-3869-7099 Da id Rehak h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-4617-0553 Ma in H omada h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0347-7528 Ji i Poko ny h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1829-8437 I o Ha ing h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0318-6133 Radosla Ku a h p://o cid.o g/0009-0004-3561-8756 Da a a ailabili y s a emen The au ho s con i m ha he da a suppo ing he indings o his s udy a e a ailable wi hin he a icle. Any o he equi ed in o ma ion a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho upon easonable eques . Re e ences Benne , B. T. (2007). Unde s anding, assessing, and espond- ing o e o ism: P o ec ing c i ical in as uc u e and pe - sonnel. Wiley-In e science. Be lin Police. (2021). Eu opean ecommenda ions o he p o ec ion o public spaces agains e o is a acks. Re ie ed Oc obe 31, 2023, om h ps://www.be lin.de/ polizei/_asse s/au gaben/p ae en ion/english_sa eci_hand book_sho e sion.pd Can e bu y Sa e y Wo king Pa y. (2004). Sa e Can e bu y: C ea ing sa e communi ies. 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