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DOI: 10.21062/m .2022.082 © 2022 Manu ac u ing Technology. All igh s ese ed. h p://www.jou nalm .com
De e mina ion o Mechanical P ope ies o Plas ic Componen s Made by 3D
P in ing
Jose Sedlak (0000-0002-9819-8259)1, Zdenek Joska (0000-0001-6474-789X)2, Lucie H backo a (0000-0003-2498-
5492)1, E a Ju icko a (0000-0002-8018-7391)1, Denisa H usecka (0000-0003-1459-0040)1, Ond ej Ho ak3
1Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín, Facul y o Managemen and Economics, Depa men o Indus ial Enginee ing
and In o ma ion Sys ems, Mos ni 5139, Zlin 760 01, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email p o ec ed], lh back[email p o ec ed],
[email p o ec ed], h usecka@u b.cz
2 Uni e si y o De ence in B no, Facul y o Mili a y Technology, Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Kouni-
co a 65, B no 602 00, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
3Badalky 269, Lysice 679 71, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
The p esen ed a icle deals wi h he de e mina ion o selec ed mechanical p ope ies o addi i e ma e ials
used o 3D p in ing (PETG, PLA, ABS, ABS +, PLA ESD, ASA, PC / ABS). Due o he ac ha 3D
p in ing has exploded o e ecen yea s and addi i e manu ac u ing has become popula in some in-
dus ies, he quali y o inpu ma e ials and hei mechanical p ope ies is ex emely impo an . We used
3D p in e O iginal P usa MK3 o p epa e samples o es ing. Indi idual samples p in ed om all abo e
men ioned ma e ials we e analyzed using selec ed mechanical es s (s a ic ensile es , ha dness es s).
In he s a ic ensile es , selec ed pa ame e s ( ensile s eng h limi , ensile modulus, elonga ion) we e
de e mined o all addi i e samples, which we e s a is ically p ocessed. The pa ame e s o wo me hods
o measu ing ha dness we e also s a is ically e alua ed, namely Sho e and ball inden a ion. All es ed
addi i e ma e ials we e compa ed wi h he aim o ob aining he inal anking (poin e alua ion o es ed
ma e ials wi h quan i ica ion o p ice cos s). The bes p ope ies a e he pe o med es s we e achie ed
by he addi i e ma e ial PLA Filamen Plas y Mladeč.
Keywo ds: Adi i e manu ac u ing, 3D p in ing, Fused ilamen ab ica ion, Mechanical p ope ies, Tensile es ,
Ha dness es s
In oduc ion
The complex geome y o he inal p oduc was
always he bigges p oblem o designe s, un il he ad-
en o Rapid P o o yping addi i e echnology. Rapid
P o o yping echnology, also known as 3D p in ing,
consis s o se e al me hods de eloped in he la e
1980s. Fo a long ime, his echnology was used only
in cons uc ion and in a p o essional indus ial en i-
onmen o c ea e p o o ypes o e en inished com-
ponen s. 3D p in ing is a e y b oad concep ha inc-
ludes many p oduc ion me hods. One o hem is he
addi i e me hod Fused Filamen Fab ica ion (FFF)
[1], [2].
In ecen yea s, he si ua ion has changed sha ply
and 3D p in ing has been g adually made a ailable o
o dina y use s / consume s hanks o educed acqui-
si ion cos s. Thanks o his, new p in ing me hods de-
eloped apidly. Addi i e ma e ials used in 3D p in-
ing a e also unde going g ea de elopmen [2], [3].
Nowadays, 3D p in ing echnology o e s a wide po -
olio o addi i e ma e ials. In addi ion o he basic po-
lyme ic ma e ial, o example, a ce amic, me al o
composi e addi i e ma e ial is also used. A he same
ime, he 3D p in ing echnology i sel has ad anced
and is used mo e in o he a eas han jus in he posi-
ion o enginee ing.
3D p in ing has been widely used, o example, in
he ield o medicine (implan p oduc ion), pha macy
(d ugs), enginee ing, cons uc ion, ood, bu also in
he au omo i e, ae ospace, ene gy, consume in-
dus ies, e c. [3], [4]. 3D p in ing echnology is no lon-
ge only used o he p oduc ion o p o o ypes and
hei es ing p io o pu ing in o p oduc ion, bu also
as an independen p oduc ion echnology in ce ain
sec o s whe e he echnological p ocess and o he ci -
cums ances allow. I is o his eason ha e e highe
demands a e placed on he quali y o he ma e ial used,
i s mechanical p ope ies, heal h sa e y (in heal hca e),
and o he pa ame e s acco ding o he ype o indus y
in which he inal p oduc is o be used. Many au ho s
in hei s udies compa ed de o es jus indi idual pa a-
me e s o he ma e ials in es iga ed in o de o assess
hei sui abili y o a pa icula pu pose. One o he
mos commonly used ma e ials o 3D p in ing is ABS
(Ac yloni ile-bu adiene-s y ene). Raney e al. [5] es-
ed he ensile s eng h o his ma e ial and ound ha
he ensile o ce measu ed agains he laye s is only
74% o 79% o he o ce measu ed along he laye s.
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Dizon e al. [6] made an ex ensi e esea ch in he
ield o es ing mechanical p ope ies o ma e ials o
3D p in ing, du ing which ound ha he es c i e ia
and he whole es ing p ocess is e y di e en in di e-
en esea ch g oups and o en also depends on he
pu pose o he use o esul ing 3D p in ing p oduc s.
So a , he e is no s anda dized p ocedu e o es ing
he mechanical p ope ies o ma e ials and indi idual
s udies di e conside ably om each o he . Mos au -
ho s ocus mainly on he ensile s eng h o ma e ials
[5], [7], [8], [9], [10] and shea [11] o de o ma ion
caused by p essu e [12], o he s ocus on some o he
mechanical p ope ies such as " olding beha io " [13]
o ac u e models du ing comp ession loading [14].
Fu he s udies a e de o ed o examining he spe-
ci ic p ope ies o addi i e ma e ials o a speci ic pu -
pose. Fo example, Alssabbagh e al. [15] analyzed
nine ma e ials (including common ones such as PLA,
ABS, e c.) o e alua e he mass a enua ion coe icien
and selec he mos sui able ma e ial o eplace human
so issue. Mos au ho s in hei s udies es he mos
common ma e ials used o 3D p in ing (such as ABS,
PETG o PLA). In p ac ice, howe e , he e a e also
coun less special ma e ials o 3D p in ing o a ious
special pu poses (ae ospace indus y, medicine,
ene gy, e c.). Fo example, Zaldi a e al. [16] o Kap-
lun e al. [17] in es iga ed he e ec o 3D p in ing on
he mechanical and he mal p ope ies o one o he
mos du able polyme s used o 3D p in ing
ULTEM® 9085. The esul s we e compa ed wi h
plas ic injec ion echnology, whe e he s eng h o he
examined samples was demons ably highe by abou
40%.
In addi ion o he ype o ma e ial, he mechanical
p ope ies o addi i e p oduc ion p oduc s (3D p in-
ing) a e also a ec ed by he p oduc ion p ocess i sel .
Acco ding o he indings o Dizon e al [6], he bes
ensile p ope ies a e achie ed when he ilamen is
placed longi udinally, ie pa allel o he loading di-
ec ion. Melenka e al [7] in u n es ed he elas ici y o
he sample depending on he ibe olume ac ion
and Sood e al [18] assessed he in luence o i e im-
po an p ocess pa ame e s ( hickness o one ibe la-
ye , o ien a ion, angle and wid h o he as e and ai
gap) on he ensile, lexu al and impac s eng h o he
sample. The esul s o esea ch on quali y pa ame e s
(dimensions and su ace quali y) ca ied ou on 3D
p in ing p oduc s p oduced by he DMLS me hod
poin o compliance wi h he s a ed quali y o he p o-
duc ion echnology and an e en dis ibu ion o i egu-
la i ies in su ace oughness measu emen s [19].
In ou a icle, we ocus on he mechanical p ope -
ies o addi i e ma e ials ha a e commonly used o
3D p in ing in bo h indus ial p oduc ion and hobby
en i onmen s. In addi ion o he ensile s eng h o
he sample, hei ha dness is also es ed in he o m o
he esis ance o he sample su ace o he sc a ching
o ano he , ha de ma e ial. This ype o es is mos ly
neglec ed in he abo e esea ch, bu i is no less im-
po an o he quali y o p oduc s p oduced by 3D
p in ing echnologies [20]. Pa o he p esen ed s udy
is also an economic e alua ion o all he mos
commonly a ailable a ian s o ma e ials. In ecen
yea s, 3D p in ing echnology has become qui e es a-
blished in mo e echnologically ad anced indus ies
and, oge he wi h he use o new ma e ials, makes i
possible o imp o e he p ice / quali y a io and hus
ensu e g ea e compe i i eness o he company [21].
Fused ilamen ab ia ion echnology
Fused Filamen Fab ica ion (FFF) is a p in ing me-
hod whose p oduc ion p ocess consis s o mel ing
he inpu ma e ial. The ilamen wound on he spool
is p essed by means o an injec ion mechanism ( wo
gea s connec ed o he mo o ) in o a hea ed nozzle, in
which i is mel ed in o a semi-liquid s a e. The mol en
ma e ial is hen applied in indi idual laye s o a hea ed
subs a e, whe e i is cooled by ambien ai un il i so-
lidi ies. P in ing o one laye akes place simul a-
neously in X and Y coo dina es. A e he end o one
laye , he p in head wi h he nozzle mo es in he Z
axis by he laye hickness upwa ds and a new laye is
p in ed. In his way, he whole p ocess is epea ed un-
il he esul ing objec is c ea ed. A he end o he p o-
duc ion p ocess, i is necessa y o emo e he p in ing
suppo s [22], [23], [24]. De o ma ion o he PLA ma-
e ial can be caused depending on he hea ing o he
p in ing pad and he solu ion can be o cu he objec
du ing he p in ing p ocess [25].
Filamen as an inpu ma e ial is made o many y-
pes o ma e ial. The addi i e FFF me hod equi es
p in suppo o complex shapes ha a e c ea ed in
he same way as he esul ing model, wi h only a lowe
ill densi y and ewe edge loops. P in suppo s can
be p in ed om he same ma e ial as he esul ing mo-
del, o a special wa e -soluble building ma e ial. P o-
o ype models p oduced by his me hod a e used in
design es ing o p oduc inno a ion. Models can also
be exposed o mechanical and wea he condi ions
co esponding o eali y [22], [23], [24]. The densi y o
he PLA ma e ial is also a ec ed by he densi y o he
sample illing, which was es ed by a ensile es , his
es con i med ha he shape o he ille does no
a ec he alues ob ained by he ensile es [26].
The main ad an ages o FFF echnology a e mini-
mal was e (suppo s), high p in ing speed and good
mechanical p ope ies [22], [23]. Disad an ages inc-
lude limi ed dimensional accu acy depending on he
ma e ial used, p in nozzle diame e , and suscep ibili y
o sh inkage du ing cooling. [22], [23], [28]. In he ex-
pe imen , he ensile s eng h was es ed using he
highe and lowe empe a u e limi s speci ied by he
manu ac u e o PLA, PETG and ABS ma e ials, and
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i is app op ia e o use he uppe limi o he empe a-
u es ecommended by he manu ac u e [27] .
S a ic ension es and ha dness es s
In his pa o he pape , selec ed mechanical es s,
which we e subsequen ly applied in he expe imen al
pa , will be cha ac e ized.
S a ic ension es
The s a ic ensile es is one o he mos o en used
mechanical es s. The p inciple o he ensile es is
p esc ibed by he ČSN EN ISO 527-2 s anda d. The
es is usually pe o med a oom empe a u e (23 ºC).
I is used o de e mine he ensile s eng h Rm, he
yield s eng h Re, he con ac ual yield s eng h Rp0,2,
he ensile modulus E and o he ensile s ess-depen-
den cha ac e is ics. [29], [30].
The ul ima e s eng h Rm is he s ess alue ea-
ched a maximum load be o e he es ba up u es.
The alue o Rm is a signi ican ma e ial alue, classi-
ying indi idual ypes o ma e ials and is de e mined
acco ding o ela ion (1) [31], [32], [33]:
𝑅

𝐹

𝑆

󰇟𝑀𝑃𝑎󰇠, (1)
Whe e:
Rm…S ess a he limi o s eng h [MPa],
Fm…Maximum load o ce [N],
S0…Ini ial c oss-sec ion o he sample [mm2] [34].
Hooke's law ep esen s he ela ionship be ween
s ess and ela i e elonga ion, see ela ionship (3). In
he con ac ile ensile diag am, Hook's law is plo ed
as a s aigh line. The di ec ion o he line is gi en by
he modulus o elas ici y in ension E and can be ex-
p essed by equa ion (2) [31], [32], [33]:
𝐸 an 󰇛𝛼󰇜, (2)
Whe e:
E…Modulus o elas ici y in ension [MPa],
α…Angle o he line wi h ho izon al axis [º],
S0…Ini ial c oss sec ion o he sample [mm2] [34],
[35], [36].
𝜎𝐹
𝑆𝐸∙ΔL
L

𝐸∙𝜀󰇟𝑀𝑃𝑎󰇠, (3)
Whe e:
σ…Tensile s ess [MPa],
F…Loading o ce [N],
S…Ac ual c oss sec ion o he sample [mm2],
E…Modulus o elas ici y in ension [MPa],
ΔL…Change in he leng h o he es sample [mm],
L0…Ini ial sample leng h [mm],
ε…Rela i e elonga ion [-] [34], [35], [36].
Elonga ion (Ax) de e mines he scale o o mabili y
o he ma e ial. The alue o duc ili y can be de e mi-
ned om ε a e he up u e o he es ba by equa ion
(4) [32], [33].
𝐴

100∙






100∙




󰇟%󰇠, (4)
Whe e:
AX…Elonga ion [%],
Lu…Final leng h [mm],
L0…Ini ial leng h [mm],
ΔLu…Absolu e inc emen o ini ial leng h a e
up u e [mm] [32].
The index (x) ep esen s he ype o es od. Fo
sho es ba s, "x" is no gi en. Fo long es ba s, he
duc ili y is indica ed A11,3. The duc ili y o he ma e ial
measu ed on he disp opo iona e es ba s is indica-
ed ela i e o i s ini ial leng h (L0 = 50 mm is deno ed
A50). The sho e he es od, he highe he duc ili y
alue [32], [33].
The ac u e o he es ba mus be in he middle
hi d o he measu ed leng h. I he qua y is loca ed
in ano he a ea, he measu ed alue o Ax may di e
om he ac ual [32], [33].
Ha dness es
Ha dness is he mos commonly used es de ining
he mechanical p ope ies o a polyme ic ma e ial. The
esis ance o he su ace o he pene a ion o ano he
ha de ma e ial is de ined and he ma e ials a e di ided
in o igid, ha d and ough. The measu emen o ha d-
ness by he pene a ion me hod is in p inciple he in-
den a ion o an pene a ing body (inden e ) o a ious
shape by a p ede ined o ce in o he su ace o he es-
ed ma e ial. The measu emen me hod is di ided ac-
co ding o he shape o he inden e (ball, cone). A e
a de ined ime in e al, he pene a ion dep h o he
inden e is hen measu ed. In he case o plas ic ma e-
ial, bo h plas ic and elas ic de o ma ion a e aken in o
accoun [32], [37], [38], [39].
Fig. 1
Ha dness measu emen by he ball inden a ion me hod
[26]
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The ball inden a ion me hod is de ined by he s an-
da d ČSN EN ISO 2039-1: Plas ics - De e mina ion
o ha dness - Pa 1: The ball inden a ion me hod is a
measu emen me hod in which a ha dened s eel ball
o diame e D (5 mm) is p essed in o he es ma e ial,
see Fig. 1 [30], [40], [41].
The es specimen is i s loaded wi h an ini ial load
o 9.8 N and hen wi h a es load o 49 N o 961 N.
The magni ude o he es load depends on he esul-
ing inden a ion dep h, which mus be be ween 0.15
mm and 0.35 mm. The ha dness is ead a e 30 s o
measu emen and calcula ed acco ding o equa ion (5)
[30]: 𝐻𝛼∙


,
󰇟Nmm

󰇠, (5)
Whe e:
α…Fac o (0,0535) [mm-1],
FC…To al load [N],
h…Dep h o pene a ion o he ball in o he ma e-
ial [mm],
H…Ball inden a ion ha dness [N·mm-2] [30].
Sho e ha dness is one o he mos common ha d-
ness measu emen s in p ac ice. Acco ding o he ha d-
ness ange, a dis inc ion is made be ween Sho e A
ha dness measu emen s, used o so e ma e ials, and
Sho e D, o ha de ma e ials. Sho e A and Sho e D
measu emen me hods di e in he shape o he in-
den ed ip. The ips a e p essed in by a sp ing. The
dep h o which he measu ing ip is p essed de e mi-
nes he deg ee o ha dness. The ha dness o he plas ic
ma e ial akes on alues in he ange 0 o 100 HSh o
he Sho e me hod [30].
The hickness o he es ma e ial mus be a leas
6 mm o bo h me hods. When measu ing wi h he
Sho e A me hod, he alue is ead a e 3 s (measu ed
om he i s con ac wi h he su ace) and he ha d-
ness by he Sho e D me hod is ob ained a e 15 s o
he measu emen [30].
Expe imen al pa
Indi idual es specimens we e made on an FFF
3D p in e O iginal P usa MK3. The p in ing pa ame-
e s o he indi idual ypes o ma e ials we e chosen
wi h ega d o he in o ma ion ob ained om he ma-
e ial shee s and da a o indi idual manu ac u e s (ex-
ude and pad empe a u e). O he necessa y pa ame-
e s, such as p in speed, ex usion and cooling, a e
p ede ined by he p in e manu ac u e and a e al eady
in he P usaSlice compu e so wa e.
Tab. 1
Addi i e ma e ials used [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53]
Ma e ial P oduce Rm
[MPa]
E
[MPa]
A
[%]
Ha dness
[HRH]
ABS P usa - - - -
ABS+ De il Design - - 30 105
PC/ABS Filamen Plas y Mladeč - - - -
ASA
De il Design - - 20 107
Filamen Plas y Mladeč - - - -
Fillamen um 40 1726 35 92
PETG
Filamen Plas y Mladeč - - - -
P usamen - 1500 - -
Spec um 27,1 360 9,5 -
PLA
Filamen Plas y Mladeč - - - -
Fillamen um 53 3600 6 -
P usamen - 2200 - -
PLA ESD 3DXSTAT 55 2560 10 -
Filamen s wi h a diame e o 1.75 mm we e chosen
o he 3D p in e used. In addi ion o di e en ypes
o addi i e ma e ial, ma e ials om se e al supplie s
a e es ed. The addi i e ma e ials used, including
supplie s and basic mechanical p ope ies, a e lis ed in
Tab. 1. The es specimens we e p in ed ho izon ally
wi h 100 % inne ill and h ee ci cum e en ial pe ime-
e s.
P epa a ion o es samples
4.1.1 S a ic ensile es
The shape and dimensions o he es specimen
we e chosen acco ding o he ČSN EN ISO 527-2
s anda d. This s anda d speci ies he condi ions o
es ing o plas ic ma e ial and he de e mina ion o
hei mechanical p ope ies in he ensile es . The
s anda d was chosen despi e he ac ha i desc ibes
es specimens c ea ed by injec ion molding, p essing
o cas ing because he e is s ill no s anda d ha would
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desc ibe he ensile es o samples c ea ed by 3D p in-
ing echnology [55], [56].
Fo he ensile es , acco ding o he s anda d ČSN
EN ISO 527-2, a es od ma ked 1BA was chosen,
see Fig. 2. The 1BA es od was chosen due o he
sa ings o he used addi i e ma e ial o p oduc ion
and sho e 3D p in ing ime [55], [56].
Fig. 2
Dimensions o ensile es ba
Fo be e s a is ical e alua ion o ensile es s, 5
pieces o es ods we e made om each ype o ma-
e ial and supplie . The o al p in se ies was 65 pieces.
4.1.2 Sho e ha dness es
The shape and dimensions o he es specimen o
measu ing he Sho e ha dness we e chosen acco ding
o EN ISO 7619. This s anda d speci ies he condi i-
ons o es ing specimens made o ubbe , ulcanized
o he moplas ic elas ome . The dimensions o mea-
su ing Sho e ha dness a e shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
Sho e ha dness es specimen
4.1.3 Ball inden a ion es
Nei he he shape no he dimensions o he es
specimen o measu ing he ha dness by he ball in-
den a ion me hod a e p esc ibed in any exis ing s an-
da d. Fo es specimens, i is impo an o ha e a
su icien heigh so ha he measu ed ha dness o he
es specimen is no a ec ed in any way by he ha d-
ness o he base o he measu ing de ice. The dimen-
sions o he es specimen o measu ing ha dness by
ball inden a ion a e shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4
Tes specimen o measu ing he ha dness o inden a-
ion by a ball
Ca ying ou mechanical es s
4.2.1 S a ic ensile es
The ensile es was pe o med on a Zwick Z100
es ig. The es equipmen is connec ed o he com-
pu e uni in which he es p og am XX supplied by
Zwick is loca ed ia a cable. The p og am also se es
o e alua e he cou se o ensile es s and he esul ing
pa ame e s (yield s eng h, yield s eng h, modulus o
elas ici y and plo ing he cou se o eco ds om he
ensile es ).
A he beginning o he measu emen , i was ne-
cessa y o se he inpu da a. I was he dis ance
be ween he clamping jaws, which was 60 mm, and he
inpu dimensions o he na owed pa o he es ba s.
A e he es od has been co ec ly a ached be ween
he jaws, i is possible o s a a es measu emen using
he compu e p og am es Xpe . The es is au oma-
ically e mina ed a e he es ba up u es. The p o-
g am eco ds and hen e alua es he indi idual ensile
p ope ies o he ma e ial, which a e expo ed o Excel
o u he s a is ical e alua ion.
4.2.2 Sho e ha dness es
The Sho e D me hod was used o measu e ha d-
ness, which allows measu ing plas ic ma e ials in he
ha dness ange o 10 o 90 HShD. The ha dness o he
es specimens was measu ed on a Digi Tech ha dness
es e . A es specimen is placed on he suppo o he
es equipmen . A e s a ing he measu emen , he
inden e is p essed in o he es specimen o 15 s. A -
e he ime has elapsed, he esul ing measu ed ha d-
ness is displayed on he ou pu de ice.
4.2.3 Ball inden a ion es
Ball ha dness measu emen e y unique. A special
measu ing de ice is equi ed o measu e he ha dness,
and he e o e i was necessa y o pe o m he es in
coope a ion a he Ins i u e o Tes ing and Ce i ica-
ion based in Zlín. The measu emen o he ha dness

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o he inden a ion by he ball was pe o med on one
piece o es specimen wi h i e epe i ions.
E alua ion o esul s achie ed
The expe imen ally ob ained da a we e e alua ed
o indi idual es measu emen s sepa a ely, including
a compa ison o he alues gi en by he supplie in he
ma e ial shee s. The e alua ed pa ame e s include he
ensile s eng h, ensile modulus, elonga ion, Sho e
ha dness and ball inden a ion ha dness. The ob ained
da a we e indi idually e alua ed using he s a is ical
so wa e Mini ab. Fi s , he Ande son-Da ling No -
mali y Tes was used o de e mine whe he o no he
da a had a no mal dis ibu ion. The assump ion o
no mally dis ibu ed da a is equi ed when calcula ing
s a is ical pa ame e s and he Ano a es . In gene al: i
he P- alue is less han 0.05, da a wi h a eliabili y g e-
a e han 95 % do no ha e a no mal dis ibu ion. In
his case, i is impo an o dele e some alues.
O he wise, he da a can be u he p ocessed and he
mean, mean, e o , s anda d de ia ion, median, mi-
nimum, maximum and con idence in e al de e mi-
ned using he One-Sample T- es .
Tab. 2 shows he basic s a is ically e alua ed pa a-
me e s and hei alues o he ABS addi i e ma e ial.
The e alua ion o all addi i e ma e ials was pe o med
in he same way as o he ABS addi i e ma e ial. Wi h
a ew excep ions, he ma e ial shee s do no con ain,
see Tab. 1, no mechanical p ope ies speci ied by he
supplie [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50],
[51], [52], [53], [54].
Tab. 2
Basic s a is ical pa ame e s o ABS addi i e ma e ial
Pa ame e s Tensile
s eng h alues
Tensile
modulus
alues
Elonga ion alues
Sho e
ha dness
alues
Ball
inden a ion
ha dness
alues
Mean alue 37.82 MPa 748.92 MPa 6.88 % 76.73 HShD 55.24 N·mm-2
Mean alue e o 0.20 88.31 0.18 0.21 1.23
S . de ia ion 0.46 197.46 0.41 0.87 2.75
Median 37.84 MPa 787.55 MPa 6.76 % 76.90 HShD 55.90 N·mm-2
Minimum 37.20 MPa 438.11 MPa 6.50 % 74.70 HShD 51.80 N·mm-2
Maximum 38.42 MPa 920.15 MPa 7.56 % 77.70 HShD 58.20 N·mm-2
Reliabili y le el
(95,0 %) 0.93 0.36 0.26 0.15 0.53
Con idence in e al 37.25 MPa
38.39 MPa
503.70 MPa
994.10 MPa
6.37 %
7.39 %
76.27 HShD
77.18 HShD
51.82 N·mm-2
58.66 N·mm-2
Discussion on achie ed esul s
The g aphical dependence on Fig. 5 shows he
mean alues o he pa ame e Rm o indi idual ypes
o addi i e ma e ials, including hei con idence in e -
al.
F om he g aphical dependence on Fig. 5 i is e i-
den ha he ensile s eng h Rm o se e al ma e ials
exceeds he o he s. This is he case, o example, wi h
PC / ABS and PLA ma e ials, ega dless o he
supplie (o he ma e ials do no each he Rm alues
o hese ma e ials). Acco ding o he compa ison and
pe o med analysis o indi idual addi i e ma e ials, o
mos o hei Rm alues hey do no each he
p esc ibed alue om he ma e ial shee , see Tab. 1.
Acco ding o he a ailable and s a ed alues om he
ma e ial shee see Tab. 1 and Fig. 5, he max. alue Rm
( o PLA ESD addi i e ma e ial) and he min. Rm a-
lue ( o PETG Spec um addi i e ma e ial) is always
plo ed [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50],
[51], [52], [53], [54].
F om he o e all e alua ion see Tab. 3 and Fig. 5,
i can be seen ha he highes alue o he ensile
s eng h Rm is eached by he addi i e ma e ial PLA
Filamen Plas y Mladeč.
Tab. 3 shows he mean alues in he 95 % con i-
dence in e al.
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Tab. 3
Mean alues in he 95% con idence in e al
Ma e ial P oduce Rm
[MPa]
E
[MPa]
A
[%]
Ha dness
[HShD]
Ha dness
[N·mm-2]
ABS P usa 37.82 748.92 6.88 76.73 55.24
ABS+ De il Design 31.90 906.53 6.20 75.38 85.58
PC/ABS Plas y
Mladeč* 55.52 989.74 5.97 76.23 60.78
ASA
De il Design 40.38 1086.98 5.33 76.04 73.48
Plas y Mladeč* 40.46 857.67 6.64 75.76 87.20
Fillamen um 34.41 832.67 7.34 71.45 43.00
PETG
Plas y
Mladeč* 41.90 1053.66 8.65 72.80 67.86
P usamen 45.74 1946.50 5.53 71.79 64.60
Spec um 46.59 1041.46 10.12 74.03 78.15
PLA
Plas y Mladeč* 58.61 1684.03 4.83 77.92 118.14
Fillamen um 55.61 1259.19 5.08 81.73 99.56
P usamen 55.98 1551.65 4.67 78.06 92.76
PLA ESD 3DXSTAT 35.62 826.96 16.56 65.75 77.22
*Filamen Plas y Mladeč
Fig. 5
Compa ison o ensile s eng h Rm [MPa]
The g aphical dependence on Fig. 6 shows he
mean alues o he pa ame e E o indi idual ypes
o addi i e ma e ials, including hei con idence in-
e al.
PLA ESD
PLA P usamen
PLA Fillamen um
PLA Filamen Plas y Mladeč
PETG Spec um
PETG P usamen
PETG Filamen Plas y Mlade
č
ASA Fillamen um
ASA Filamen Plas y Mlade
č
AS
A De il De
sign
PC/ABS
ABS+
ABS
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Rm [MPa]
PLA ESD
PETG Spec um
37.82
31.90
55.61
55.98
35.62
55.52
40.38 40.46
34.41
41.90
45.74
46.59
58.61
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Fig. 6
Compa ison o modulus o elas ici y in ension E [MPa]
F om he o e all e alua ion see Tab. 3 and Fig.
6, i can be seen ha he highes modulus o elas i-
ci y in ension E was eached by he addi i e ma e-
ial PETG P usamen . The mean alue o he
PETG P usamen addi i e ma e ial exceeds he wo
PLA ma e ials, and i s con idence in e al is much
wide han ha o he PLA ma e ial. Du ing he en-
sile es , he PETG ma e ial showed ce ain p o-
blems, and he e o e he bes esul in e ms o he
modulus o elas ici y in ension E was achie ed by
he addi i e ma e ial PLA Filamen Plas y Mladeč.
I he alue o he modulus o elas ici y in en-
sion E was p esc ibed by he supplie in he ma e ial
shee , i s de e mined / measu ed alue did no each
he p esc ibed size (excep o he addi i e ma e ial
PETG P usamen and PETG Spec um) see Tab. 1
[42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51],
[52], [53], [54].
Acco ding o he a ailable and s a ed alues
om he ma e ial shee see Tab. 1 and Fig. 6, he
max. alue E ( o he addi i e ma e ial PLA Filla-
men um) and he min. E alue ( o PETG Spec um
addi i e ma e ial) is always plo ed [42], [43], [44],
[45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54].
The g aphical dependence on Fig. 7 shows he
mean alues o he pa ame e A o indi idual y-
pes o addi i e ma e ials, including hei con idence
in e al.
F om he g aphical dependence on Fig. 7 i is
e iden ha he highes mean alues o duc ili y A
each he addi i e ma e ial PLA ESD. Howe e , i s
con idence in e al is e y wide, and he e o e i is
no app op ia e o conside his ma e ial as he bes
in e ms o duc ili y. Fo his eason, he bes elas ic
p ope ies a e achie ed by he addi i e ma e ials
PLA Filamen Plas y Mladeč and PETG P usamen .
Acco ding o he a ailable and s a ed alues
om he ma e ial shee see Tab. 1 and Fig. 7, he
max. alue E ( o he addi i e ma e ial PLA Filla-
men um) and he min. E alue ( o PETG Spec um
addi i e ma e ial) is always plo ed [42], [43], [44],
[45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54].
The g aphical dependence on Fig. 8 shows he
mean alues o Sho e ha dness o indi idual ypes
o ma e ials, including hei con idence in e al. All
ma e ials ha e almos he same ha dness. The
highes ha dness alues a e achie ed by PLA Filla-
men um and he lowes ha dness alues a e achie-
ed by PLA ESD.
PLA ESD
PLA P usamen
PLA Fillamen um
PLA Filamen Plas y Mladeč
PETG Spec um
PETG P usamen
PETG Filamen Plas y Mladeč
ASA Fillamen um
ASA Filamen Plas y Mladeč
ASA De il Design
PC/ABS
ABS+
ABS
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
E [MPa]
PLA Fillamen um
PETG Spec um
748.92
906.53
1259.19
1551.65
826.96
989.74 1086.98
857.67 832.67
1053.66
1946.50
1041.46
1684.03
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Fig. 7
Elonga ion compa ison A [%]
Fig. 8
Sho e ha dness compa ison [HShD]
The g aphical dependence on Fig. 9 shows he
mean alues o he ball inden a ion ha dness o indi-
idual ypes o ma e ials, including hei con idence
in e al. F om he g aphical dependence on Fig. 9 i is
e iden ha he highes ha dness alues a e achie ed
by he ma e ial PLA Filamen Plas y Mladeč and he
lowes ha dness alues a e achie ed by he ma e ial
ASA Fillamen um.
PLA ESD
PLA P usamen
PLA Fillamen um
PLA Filamen Plas y Mlade
č
PETG Spec um
PETG P usamen
PETG Filamen Plas y Mladeč
ASA Fillamen um
ASA Filamen Plas y Mlade
č
ASA De il Design
PC/ABS
ABS+
ABS
40
30
20
10
0
A [%]
ASA Fillamen um
PLA Fillamen um
6.88 6.20
5.08 4.67
16.56
5.97 5.33
6.64
7.34 8.65
5.53
10.12
4.83
PLA ESD
PLA P usamen
PLA Fillamen um
PLA Filamen Plas y Mladeč
PETG Spec um
PETG P usamen
PETG Filamen Plas y Mladeč
ASA Fillamen um
ASA Filamen Plas y Mladeč
ASA De il Design
PC ABS
ABS+
ABS
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
H [HShD]
76.73 75.38
81.73
78.06
65.75
76.23 76.04 75.76
71.45 72.80 71.79 74.03
77.91