Los juegos de la alteridad en Dominique Rolin

/RVMXHJRVGHODDOWHULGDGHQ'RPLQLTXH5ROLQ $55$(=/OREUHJDW-RVp/XLV 8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH  'RPLQLTXH5ROLQDEDQGRQDHQ%pOJLFDGHMDQGRWUDVGHVtDxRVGHYLGD XQ PDULGRDOFRKyOLFRXQDKLMDYDULRVFXHQWRVXQPDQXVFULWRGHVWUXLGR\XQDQRYHOD SXEOLFDGD +X\H GHMDQGR WUDV VXV SDVRV XQD H[LVWHQFLD FRQYHUWLGD HQ XQ GHVDWLQDGR MXHJR PDUFDGR SRU OD YLROHQFLD UD]yQ GH VHU VXILFLHQWH GH VX IULJLGH] \ HVWHULOLGDG OLWHUDULDV (VHPLVPRDxRFRPRRWURVWDQWRVHVFULWRUHVEHOJDVVHLQVWDODHQ3DUtVFLXGDGTXH QR HOLJH DO D]DU\DTXHHQHOODGHVHDHQFRQWUDUORVUHPHGLRVTXHVDQHQVXVPDOHV\OH D\XGHQ D ³SURFUHDU´ OD IHFXQGD DFWLYLGDG OLWHUDULD SDULVLQDIHUWLOL]D UiSLGDPHQWHD OD HPSUHQGHGRUDHVFULWRUDTXLHQHQYHUHFRQRFLGRVXHVIXHU]RDOVHUJDODUGRQDGDFRQ HOSUHPLR)pPLQDSRUVXQRYHOD/H6RXIIOH   +R\DxRVPiVWDUGHOLEURVGHVSXpVDxRVGHSHUVHYHUDQWHWUDVJUHVLyQ IDPLOLDUVRFLDOHLQWHOHFWXDO\XQDIHUWLOLGDGOLWHUDULDTXHOHSHUPLWHDOXPEUDUXQOLEUR FDGDGRVDxRV&DGDQXHYDQRYHODHVWiVXMHWDDXQLQFRQIXQGLEOHGHVHRGHLQLFLDUQXHYRV MXHJRV FRQ HO OHFWRU WUDVODGiQGROR D PXQGRV ILFWLFLRV GRQGH HVFULWRUD \ OHFWRUHV GLVIUXWDQ GHO HQWUHWHQLPLHQWR GHQWUR GH HVH PXQGR UHDO R LPDJLQDULR FUHDGR GHOLEHUDGDPHQWH  /D FRPXQLFDFLyQ TXH KR\ SUHVHQWDPRV HQ HO PDUFR GH HVWH 6,0326,2 '( 6(0,Ï7,&$WLHQHSRUREMHWRPRVWUDUODVXSXHVWDLGHQWLGDGGHODHVFULWRUDPHGLDQWHHO H[DPHQGHVXDOWHULGDGXQDDOWHULGDGTXHQRVHPXHVWUDGHIRUPDXQLIRUPHGHELGRDODV FRQWLQXDVDUWLFXODFLRQHVTXHVX³\R´VXIUHHQORVWH[WRV (QQXHVWURHVWXGLRFRPSDUWLPRVFRQ0HUFHGHV$UULDJDODFRQVWDWDFLyQGHODH[LVWHQFLD GH GHWHUPLQDGRV WH[WRV DXWRELRJUiILFRV GH PXMHUHV HULJLGRV D SDUWLU GHO SULQFLSLR GH DOWHULGDG HV GHFLU ³WH[WRV DXWRELRJUiILFRV GRQGH OD LGHQWLGDG VH FRQMXJD FRQ OD LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDHLQFOXVRFRQODUHQGLFLyQDORWUR´   3DUD HOOR KHPRV VHOHFFLRQDGR VX WULORJtD DXWRELRJUiILFD /¶LQILQL FKH] VRL   /H *kWHDXGHVPRUWV  \/D9R\DJHXVH  HQHOORVHQFRQWUDUHPRVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHHOUHODWR  52/,1'RPLQLTXH/H6RXIIOH3DULV6HXLO  $55,$*$)OyUH]0HUFHGHV0LDPRUPLMXH]$OWHULGDGDXWRELRJUiILFDIHPHQLQD%DUFHORQD $QWKURSRVFROHFF³&XOWXUD\'LIHUHQFLD3HQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFR3HQVDPLHQWRXWySLFR´SiJ  52/,1'RPLQLTXH/¶LQILQLFKH]VRL3DULV/DERU GHXQ³\R´DQWHVGHVHUFRQFHELGRHVGHFLUODKLVWRULDGHVXVSDGUHVSHURFRQWLQXDPHQWH HVSROYRUHDGDSRUORVVLJQLILFDWLYRVLQVWDQWHVGHXQ³\R´SUHVHQWHODWUD\HFWRULDGHXQ ³\R´YLYLGR\QDUUDGRGHVGHXQFRPDDJyQLFRDQWHVDODGHODPXHUWHDQJRVWDWUD\HFWRULD VDOSLFDGDSRUXQ³\R´SUHVHQWH\DVpSWLFRTXH\DFHHQODFDPDGHXQKRVSLWDOHOUHODWR GHXQ³\R´YLYLGRGHVGHODPXHUWHTXHEUDGRUHODWRURFLDGRSRUODJORULDGHXQ³\R´ SDVDGR 3DVDGR SUHVHQWH \ IXWXUR UHDOHV R LPDJLQDULRV FRQYLYHQ HQ HVWH WUtSWLFR DXWRELRJUiILFRGRQGHODHVFULWRUDMXHJDFRQVXLGHQWLGDGDJROSHGHSXOVLRQHVDPRURVDV SURFHGHQWHV GH VX UHODFLyQ FODQGHVWLQD FRQ -LP 3UHVHQWH HQ HVWRV WUHV YRO~PHQHV FRPSUREDUHPRVTXH-LPHVPXFKRPiVTXHXQDFWDQWHTXHIXQFLRQDFRPRLQWHUORFXWRU LQWHUQRGHODQDUUDGRUD 1XHVWUD SULPHUD LQWHQFLyQ DQWHV GH LQLFLDU OD H[SRVLFLyQ HV SURORQJDU QXHVWUDV FRQFOXVLRQHVDODSUiFWLFDWRWDOLGDGGHORVOLEURVSXEOLFDGRVGHVGHSXHVGHVGHHVH DIRUWXQDGRHQFXHQWURHQ9HQHFLDHQHOHQLJPiWLFR-LPFRSURWDJRQL]DFDVLWRGRV VXVHVFULWRV(Q7UHQWHDQVGDPRXUIRX  KRPHQDMHD³OHXUVQRFHVGHSHUOHV´\-RXUQDO $PRXUHX[  HVXQDRGDD-LPDVXDPRU\DVXSDVLyQKDFLDpODOURPDQFHTXHOHVXQH  'RPLQLTXH5ROLQDGHPiVGHHVFULWRUD\DPDQWHHVKLMDPDGUHRKHUPDQDpVWRV VRQ IUDJPHQWRV GH XQD LGHQWLGDG LJXDOPHQWH LQWHUHVDQWHV SHUR REMHWR GH RWUDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV 3RU HOOR QRV KHPRV FHQWUDGR ~QLFDPHQWH HQ ORV PRQyORJRV FX\R QDUUDWDULR HV -LP \ HQ ORV GLiORJRV PDQWHQLGRV HQWUH HOORV 1RV DFRJHUHPRV D ORV PRQyORJRVSHVHDTXHHQ/D9R\DJHXVHDILUPDFRQWXQGHQWHPHQWH  -LPHVWWRXMRXUVOj-LPHVWPRQSDUWHQDLUHLOPHGRQQHODUpSOLTXHVDQVDYRLU EHVRLQGHPDGUHVVHUODSDUROH*UkFHjVDSUpVHQFHHWFRQWUDLUHPHQWjFHTXRQ SRXUUDLW FURLUH PD SHQVpH HQ GpVRUGUH QHVW SDV XQ PRQRORJXH PDLV XQ GLDORJXHVRXWHQXWDQW{WLQWHQVHHWSUHVTXHUDJHXUWDQW{WGpOLFDW    +HPRV FRQVWDWDGR TXH ~QLFDPHQWH D WUDYpV GH HVWRV PRQyORJRV QRV KD VLGR SRVLEOHFRQILJXUDUVXIDFHWDFRPRHVFULWRUD\DPDQWH\DTXH-LP\VXOLWHUDWXUDHVWiQ DXVHQWHVHQODVFRQYHUVDFLRQHVFRQRWURVDFWDQWHV(ORULJHQGHHVWDRPLVLyQUHVLGHHQHO UHFtSURFRGHVHRGHDPDUVHFODQGHVWLQDPHQWHSDUDTXHVXUHODFLyQVHDVHJXUD\GXUDGHUD  52/,1'RPLQLTXH/H*kWHDXGHVPRUWV3DULV'HQRsO  52/,1'RPLQLTXH/D9R\DJHXVH3DULV'HQRsO  52/,1'RPLQLTXH7UHQWHDQVGDPRXUIRX3DULV*DOOLPDUG  52/,1'RPLQLTXH-RXUQDO$PRXUHX[3DULV*DOOLPDUG  52/,12SFLWSiJ /¶LQILQL FKH] VRL /H *kWHDX GHV PRUWV\/D 9R\DJHXVH VRQ WUHV WH[WRV DXWRELRJUiILFRVGHYDQJXDUGLDDPSDUDGRVSRUORVSRVWXODGRVGHO³QRXYHDXURPDQ´TXH DSUXHEDQ HQ XQD REUD DXWRELRJUiILFD OD VXEYHUVLyQ GHO SULQFLSLR GH ³LGHQWLGDG´ SDUD VRPHWHUVHDOD³DOWHULGDG´GLFKRGHRWURPRGRHODXWpQWLFR³\R´GH'RPLQLTXH5ROLQ UHVLGHHQHVHLQWHUORFXWRUOODPDGR-LPDTXLHQFRQVLGHUDUHPRVVX³RWUR\RGLIHUHQWHGH Vt´ /DHVFULWRUDSUHVHQWDSDUWHGHODLGHQWLGDGGHODQDUUDGRUDDPDQWHDXWRELyJUDIDD WUDYpVGHODLGHQWLGDGGHODPDGRXQDLGHQWLGDGTXHHOODPLVPDHVER]DODLGHQWLILFDFLyQ QRV SHUPLWH SRU OR WDQWR HVWDWXLU OD LGHQWLGDG GH GRV VXMHWRV GLVWLQWRVDKRUDELHQHO UHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVUHVSHFWLYDVLGHQWLGDGHVGHODQDUUDGRUDDPDQWHDXWRELyJUDID\GH -LPSUHVXSRQHXQDDOWHULGDGHVGHFLUXQFRQMXQWRGHUDVJRVTXHORVYXHOYHHQSULPHUD LQVWDQFLDGLVWLQWRVQRREVWDQWHPHGLDQWHHVWDRSHUDFLyQGHODGLVWLQFLyQUHFRQRFHUHPRV ODLGHQWLGDGGHO³\R´ 3RGUtDPRV KDEODU HQ WpUPLQRV GH XQ GHVGREODPLHQWR SVtTXLFR TXH LPSOLFD OD H[LVWHQFLDFRQFUHWDGHHVH³RWUR\RGLIHUHQWHGHVt´TXHLQWHUYLHQHSURJUHVLYDPHQWHHQOD FRQFLHQFLD GHO ³\R´ EDMR HO KHFKL]R GHO FLHJR HQDPRUDPLHQWR \ HO HPEUXMR GH OD DGPLUDFLyQ LQWHOHFWXDO (VWH ³RWUDUVH´ LPSOLFD TXH OD YR] GH 'RPLQLTXH 5ROLQ VHD WDPELpQODYR]GH-LPSURYRFDQGRXQMXHJRSROLIyQLFRGRQGHYRFHVJUDYHV\DJXGDVVH RSRQHQSHURTXHLQJHQLRVDPHQWHFRPELQDGDVDUPRQL]DQDODSHUIHFFLyQGLFKRGHRWUR PRGRODLGHQWLGDGGH'RPLQLTXH5ROLQVHRSRQHDODGH-LP\DTXHODGHELOLGDGGH FDUiFWHU\ODYXOQHUDELOLGDGOLWHUDULDGHHOODVHRSRQHQDODIRUWDOH]DPRUDO\DODILUPH]D OLWHUDULDGHpO 6RVWHQHPRV OD KLSyWHVLV GH TXH OD HVFULWRUD KD LQYHQWDGR SDUD OD QDUUDGRUD XQ SUHVHQWHDSyFULIRTXHVHGHVPLHQWHDPHGLGDTXHVHIRUPDODLGHQWLGDGGH-LPHVSRUOR WDQWRHQHO³RWUR\RGLIHUHQWHGHVt´GRQGHVHHQFXHQWUDVXYHUGDGHUR³\R´  5HFRUGDQGR ODVDILUPDFLRQHVGH-XDQ%DUJDOOy  (OGHVGREODPLHQWRTXL]iVQRVXSRQJDPiVTXHXQDPHWiIRUDGHHVDDQWtWHVLVR GHHVDRSRVLFLyQGHFRQWUDULRVFDGDXQRGHORVFXDOHVHQFXHQWUDHQHORWURVX SURSLRFRPSOHPHQWRGHORTXHUHVXOWDUtDTXHHOGHVGREODPLHQWRODDSDULFLyQ GHO2WURQRVHUtDPiVTXHHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODSURSLDLQGLJHQFLDGHOYDFtR TXHH[SHULPHQWDHOVHUHQHOIRQGRGHVtPLVPR\GHODE~VTXHGDGHO2WURSDUD LQWHQWDU OOHQDUOR HQ RWUDV SDODEUDV OD DSDULFLyQ GHO 'REOH VHUtD HQ ~OWLPR  'HKHFKRHQ/H*kWHDXGHVPRUWVODQDUUDGRUDVHSUHJXQWDVL-LPQRHVPiVTXHXQDLQYHQFLyQVX\D WpUPLQRODPDWHULDOL]DFLyQGHODQVLDGHVREUHYLYLUIUHQWHDODDPHQD]DGHOD 0XHUWH    1XHVWUDKLSyWHVLVVHUHIXHU]DFRQODWHRUtDH[SXHVWD\DTXHUHFRUGDUHPRVTXH/H *kWHDX GHV PRUWV HVWi HVFULWR DQWHV GH PRULU ILFFLRQDOPHQWH \ /D 9R\DJHXVH WUDV OD PXHUWHPDQWHQGUHPRVODWHRUtDGHTXHDQWHODHVFRQGLGD\DFHFKDQWHPXHUWHODHVFULWRUD GHFLGHPHGLDQWHHOMXHJRGHODDOWHULGDGGLIXQGLUHVDFRQWURYHUWLGDLGHQWLGDGDODTXH KHPRVDOXGLGR¢3RUTXp-LP\QRFXDOTXLHURWURGHORVPXFKRVSHUVRQDMHVTXHILJXUDQ HQ OD REUD" HQFRQWUDUHPRV OD UHVSXHVWD HQ OD VLJXLHQWH SUHJXQWD ODQ]DGD DO DLUH SRU *pUDUGGH&RUWDQ]HDSURSyVLWRGHODREUDGH'RPLQLTXH5ROLQ³4XHVWFHTXHYLYUH VLQRQDLPHU"4XHVWFHTXDLPHUVLQRQpFULUH"´  -LPFRPRHOODHVDPDQWH\HVFULWRU OXHJRQDGLHPHMRUTXHpOSDUDHQFDUQDUHVH³RWUR\RGLIHUHQWHGHVt´VyORHQDSDULHQFLD \D TXH HV LJXDOPHQWH VX ³RWUR Vt PLVPR´ &RPR UHVSXHVWD D OD SUHJXQWD TXH KHPRV IRUPXODGRDOSULQFLSLRGHOSiUUDIRXWLOL]DUHPRVLJXDOPHQWHHOWHVWLPRQLRGH'RPLQLTXH 5ROLQ³$XIRQG-LPHVWjODIRLVXQKRPPHHWXQOLYUH´  -LPHVFXHUSR\DOPDOD QDUUDGRUDDPDQWHDPDVXHURV\ODQDUUDGRUDDXWRELyJUDIDDGPLUDVXSV\FKH-LPWLHQH SRU HOOR XQD H[LVWHQFLD ItVLFD FRPR XQ ³RWUR \R GLIHUHQWH GH Vt´ HVSLULWXDO TXH SURJUHVLYDPHQWHVHDSRGHUDGHO³\R´FRQVFLHQWHSDUDDPDUODFRQVRODUODDFRQVHMDUODX RULHQWDUODHQODYLGD\HQODOLWHUDWXUD +D\ XQ FRQWLQXR GHVHR GHO ³\R´ '5 KDFLD HO ³RWUR \R GLIHUHQWH GH Vt´ - SURYRFDGRSRUODQHFHVLGDGGHDPRUGHFRQVXHORGHFRQVHMRRGHRULHQWDFLyQHVWDV FDUHQFLDVGHO³\R´FRQILJXUDQHVH³RWUR\RGLIHUHQWHGHVt´DGPLUDGR\FRQYHUWLGRHQ REMHWRGHYHQHUDFLyQDSXQWDUHPRVTXHHVWDGLVSRVLFLyQGHLGHQWLGDGHVLPSOLFDPXFKR PiVTXHXQDFRPSOLFLGDG\DTXHHOGHVDPSDURRODLQGHIHQVLyQGHODQDUUDGRUDDPDQWH DXWRELyJUDIDSUHFLVDQGHOIDYRU\GHODIXHU]DGH-LPVHWUDWDUtDGHREWHQHUGHpOXQ HTXLOLEULRGHVWLQDGRDUHIRU]DUXQDLGHQWLGDGHQGHVRUGHQ 6LJXLHQGR OD WHRUtD GH 'ROH]HO SDUD TXLHQ HO GREOH VH SURGXFH FXDQGR ³GRV HQFDUQDFLRQHVGHXQVROR\PLVPRLQGLYLGXRFRH[LVWHQHQXQVROR\PLVPRPXQGRGH ILFFLyQ´  \WUDWiQGRVHGHXQDDXWRELRJUDItDSRGUtDPRVDILUPDUTXH'RPLQLTXH5ROLQ VHGHVGREODHQODQDUUDGRUDDPDQWHDXWRELyJUDID\HQ-LPSDUDORVDPDQWHVODDXWRUDKD  %$5*$//Ï&DUUDWp-XDQ³+DFLDXQDWLSRORJtDGHO'REOHHOGREOHSRUIXVLyQSRUILVLyQ\ SRUPHWDPRUIRVLV´,GHQWLGDG\DOWHULGDGDSUR[LPDFLyQDOWHPDGHOGREOH6HYLOOD$OIDUSiJ  '(&257$1=(*pUDUG³'RPLQLTXH5ROLQRXODFRORQQHUHQYHUVpH´'(+$(6)UDQVHG /HERQKHXUHQKRPPDJH+RPPDJHj'RPLQLTXH52/,1%UX[HOOHV/DERUSiJ  52/,12SFLWSiJ  '2/(=(//©/HWULDQJOHGXGRXEOH8QFKDPSWKpPDWLTXHª3RpWLTXHQQRYSiJ LPDJLQDGRSHURVyORHQSDUWHHVWHPXQGRGHILFFLyQGRQGHODSDVLyQSRUHOKRPEUH\ SRUVXHVFULWXUDFDUHFHQGHUHIHUHQFLDWHPSRUDO\DTXHWUDVSDVDODYLGD\ODDJRQtDKDVWD DFXDUWHODUVHHQODPXHUWH 0HUFHGHV$UULDJDGLVWLQJXHHQORVWH[WRVGH*HUWUXGLV*yPH]GH$YHOODQHGD\GH 6LELOOD$OHUDPRXQD³DOWHULGDGDPRURVD´\XQD³DOWHULGDGDXWRULWDULD´HQ'RPLQLTXH 5ROLQKHPRVREVHUYDGRODSUR\HFFLyQGHXQD³DOWHULGDGDPRURVD´\GHXQD³DOWHULGDG LQWHOHFWXDO´HVWD~OWLPDVHHQFXHQWUDPX\SUy[LPDDOD³DOWHULGDGDXWRULWDULD´SXHVWR TXHODSURWDJRQLVWDDXWRELRJUiILFDFRQVLGHUDD-LPXQD³DXWRULGDG´LQWHOHFWXDO 'RPLQLTXH5ROLQVHUHFRQRFHHQORVMXLFLRVGH-LPHVWHUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODYR] QDUUDGRUDDPDQWHHQODYR]GHODPDQWHSURPXHYHODFRQYHUVLyQGHO³\R´HQHO³RWUR\R GLIHUHQWHGHVt´GHFX\DVLPELRVLVQDFH³QRVRWURV´TXHSRVHHORV³UDVJRVVpPLFRV´  GH ODVLGHQWLGDGHVGHORVDPDQWHV  1RXVVRPPHVFKH]QRXV3RXUrWUHSOXVH[DFWHQRXVVRPPHVFKH]PRLOXL-LP VDSSDUWLHQV -LP PDSSDUWLHQV 1RWUH SRXYRLU GH V\PELRVH HVW DEVROX 1RWUH GRXEOHPRLMRXLWGXQH qPH SHUVRQQHTXHQRXVFRQGDPQRQVGrWUHVHXO    5HFXUULHQGRGHQXHYRDODVFRQFOXVLRQHVGH0HUFHGHV$UULDJD³HOLQWHUORFXWRUTXHHQ XQSULQFLSLRVHUtDHOREMHWRGHOGLVFXUVRHQHOFXUVRGHODUHODFLyQGLDOyJLFDHQODTXH HQWUD VH WUDQVIRUPD HQ VXMHWR HQ RWUR \R TXH XVXUSD OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO \R DXWRELRJUiILFR´   (O VLJXLHQWH H[WUDFWR LOXVWUD HVWD DILUPDFLyQ ³OH WHPSV VHVW DUUrWp GHVSXLVTXH-LPHWPRLH[LVWRQVOXQSDUODXWUH´  LQFLGLUHPRVHQHOVLJQLILFDGRTXH DGTXLHUH HVWD GHFODUDFLyQ SRU HO LQWHQFLRQDGR XVR GH OD SUHSRVLFLyQ 3$5 QR YLYHQ FRQIRUPHDOWySLFRGHO³XQR3$5$HORWUR´VLQRGHO³XQR$75$9e6GHORWUR´HVWH³D WUDYpV´LPSOLFDODIXVLyQGHGRVLGHQWLGDGHVFXDQGRVHSURGXFHOD³WUDYHVtD´ ,JXDOPHQWHLQWHUHVDQWHUHVXOWDHOMXHJRGHPLUDGDVHQWUHORVDPDQWHV³/HV\HX[GH-LP DJLVVHQWHQGLUHFWVXUOHQYHUVGHPDFRUQpH$LQVLSXLVMHREVHUYHUVRQUHJDUGSDWLHQW TXLPHYRLWHQWUDLQGHOHYRLU´  1XHVWUDUHIOH[LyQQRVFRQGXFHDOPLWRGH1DUFLVRD -LPWUDQVIRUPDGRHQXQSRpWLFRHVSHMR\DODQDUUDGRUDDPDQWHHQXQ1DUFLVRPRGHUQR  8WLOL]DUHPRVHOWpUPLQR³VHPD´HQVHQWLGRILJXUDGR\DOXGLHQGRDODFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQUHDOL]DGDSRU% 3RWWLHUTXLHQSURSRQHHOVHPDFRPRHOUDVJRGHOSODQRGHOFRQWHQLGRORRSRQHDOIHPDTXHGHVLJQDHO UDVJRGLVWLQWLYRHOSODQRGHODH[SUHVLyQ  52/,12SFLWSiJ  $55,$*$2SFLWSiJ  52/,12SFLWSiJ  52/,12SFLWSiJ 6L OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH OD LGHQWLGDG GH OD QDUUDGRUDDPDQWH VH UHDOL]D D WUDYpV GH ³OD FRQFLHQFLDDPRURVDGHODDOWHULGDG´HVRSRUWXQRFRQILJXUDUORVUDVJRV³VpPLFRV´GHORV DPDQWHV /DLPDJHQTXHODSURWDJRQLVWDDXWRELRJUiILFDRIUHFHGHVtPLVPDFRUUHVSRQGHDODGH XQD PXMHU JXDUHFLGD WUDV XQ FDUiFWHU GpELO \ SRU HOOR LQGHIHQVD DQWH FXDOTXLHU FRQWLQJHQFLD³-DPDLV-LPQHVHVWPRTXpGHPHVSHXUV>@'LHX[TXLOPHSDUDvWJUDQG HWYLJRXUHX[´  /DLQWHUYHQFLyQGH-LPHYLWDHOGHVIDOOHFLPLHQWRJUDFLDVDXQDIRUWDOH]D TXHLQFXPEHSUHVXQWDPHQWHPXFKRPiVDVXVYDORUHVDIHFWLYRVTXHDVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFDV (VWH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HQ -LP SUy[LPR DO SDWHUQDOLVPR VH \X[WDSRQH D VXV IUHFXHQWHVPXHVWUDVGHWHUQXUDDFWLWXGPiVELHQGHXQPDWHUQDOLVPRHVSHUDGRDSULRUL HQ'RPLQLTXH5ROLQ³-LPjFHVPRPHQWVOj>SHVDGLOODV@PHVHUUHGLVDQW³&HVWPRLWD PqUHQHFUDLQVULHQMHVXLVOj´  /DGXO]XUD\WUDQTXLOLGDGGHHVWDVSDODEUDVFRELMDQHO FXHUSR\HOHVStULWXGHXQVHUGHVFRQVRODGRWUDVHQIUHQWDUVHPHGLDQWHODHVFULWXUDDORV WUDXPDVIDPLOLDUHVTXHHPHUJHQGHVXELRJUDItD(VWDDPELJHGDGFRQYLHUWHD-LPHQXQ DPDQWH KHUPDIURGLWD GRQGH ODV ILJXUDFLRQHV SDWHUQD -HDQ 5ROLQ \ PDWHUQD ±(VWKHU &ODGHOFRH[LVWHQDOWHUQDQHLQWHUYLHQHQVHJ~QORUHTXLHUDHOLQVWDQWH (O ³SDGUH´ TXH -LP PHWDIRUL]D LQFOX\H XQD GREOH LPDJHQ GH ³SURWHFFLyQ´ \ GH ³DXWRULGDG´³$ORUVLOVDLVLWPDPDLQSRXUPHFRQWUDLQGUHjVRUWLUGXOLWFHTXHMHIDLV VDQVKpVLWHUMHOXLDLWRXMRXUVREpL´  8WLOL]DRUJXOORVDPHQWHHOYHUER³REHGHFHU´\D TXHKD\XQGHOLFDGRVRPHWLPLHQWRGHO³\R´TXHFDUHFHGHLQLFLDWLYDDQWHODYROXQWDGGH HVH ³RWUR \R GLIHUHQWH GH Vt´ VHJXUR \ H[SHUWR TXH FRPSOHPHQWD VLQ QLQJ~Q WLSR GH KXPLOODFLyQ ODV GHILFLHQFLDV GHO ³\R´ HQ HVH ³RWUR \R GLIHUHQWH GH Vt´ RFXOWR HQFRQWUDPRVODUHDOL]DFLyQFRPSOHWDGHVXLGHQWLGDG³QRXVDYRQVWRXMRXUVEHVRLQGX FRQIRUW GH ODXWUH´   OD SDODEUD ELHQHVWDU GLOX\H HO VHQWLGR SH\RUDWLYR GH OD SDODEUD ³DXWRULGDG´ $SURSyVLWRGHHVWHGHVGREODPLHQWRSVtTXLFRGH-LPDPDQWHHQ-LPDPDQWHSDGUH \HQ-LPDPDQWHPDGUHPDQWHQGUHPRVODKLSyWHVLVGHTXHODFULVLVGHLGHQWLGDGGHOD QDUUDGRUDDPDQWH SURYRFD HO LQWHUURJDQWH HQ WRUQR D VX ³\R´ OR TXH RFDVLRQD XQD UHJUHVLyQ KDFLD HVWDGRV DQWHULRUHV D OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH VX LGHQWLGDG SHUVRQDO 'H OD DGPLUDFLyQSRUHOKRPEUHDODYHQHUDFLyQSRUHOHVFULWRUQRVyORSRUTXHHVXQDSDUWHGH  52/,12SFLWSiJV  52/,12SFLWSiJ  52/,12SFLWSiJ  52/,12SFLWSiJ HVD ILJXUDFLyQ GH ³OD´ DXWRULGDG HQ OD SDUHMD VLQR SRUTXH HV ³XQD´ DXWRULGDG HQ OD OLWHUDWXUDHQ-LPUHVLGHSRUORWDQWRODRSLQLyQVREUHODTXHVHDSR\DSDUDHVFULELUDVX YH]GHpOUHFLEHODLQIOXHQFLDFUHDWLYDTXHUHVXOWDGHODVLQFHUDHVWLPDSRUVXVOLEURV 6REUH OD DOWHULGDG LQWHOHFWXDO QR QRV H[WHQGHUHPRV \D TXH 'RPLQLTXH 5ROLQ OD SODVPD XWLOL]DQGR HO PLVPR SURFHGLPLHQWR TXH HQ OD DOWHULGDG DPRURVD HV GHFLU PHGLDQWHHOMXHJRGHORVFRPSOHPHQWDULRV\DTXHPLHQWUDVODQDUUDGRUDDXWRELyJUDIDHV LQVHJXUD-LPSRVHHXQDHVFULWXUDILUPH\VHJXUD'HQXHYRHO³RWUR\R´HMHUFHXQHIHFWR GHFRPSOHPHQWDULHGDGUHVSHFWRDO³\R´TXHH[KLEHVXGHELOLGDGRFXOWDQGRVXIRUWDOH]D WUDV OD PiVFDUD GHO ³RWUR \R´ (O GHVHR GH VDWLVIDFHU D VX FRPSOHPHQWDULR PRWLYD \ IRUWDOHFHDODQDUUDGRUDDXWRELyJUDIDTXHLQFUHPHQWDVXLQJHQLREDMRHOVDELRFRQVHMRGH -LP³-HGpVLUHPHVXUSDVVHU0RQRUJXHLOYDMRXHUjSOHLQ,OIDXWTXH-LPVRLWILHUGH PRLGHPRQVW\OHGXQH FHUWDLQH PpORGLH QRQ LPSULPpHSOHLQHGpFKRVLQWHUFDODLUHV QRQLPSULPDEOHV´  (OFRPHWLGRGH-LPQRFRQVLVWHHQODVXSHUYLVLyQRFRUUHFFLyQGH ORVIROLRVUHGDFWDGRVFRPRHQODDOWHULGDGDPRURVDVXIXQFLyQQRHVODGHXQDDXWRULGDG UHSUHVLYD\DTXHHVWiGHVWLQDGDLJXDOPHQWHDH[KRUWDUDOFRPSOHPHQWDULRSDUDTXHQR GHVIDOOH]FD HQ OD UHGDFFLyQ GH HVDV GRORURVDV PHPRULDV ³,O GLVDLW VRXYHQW FH TXL FRPSWHFHVWDYRLUGHODYDQFHHQWUDYDLOODQWVDQVDUUrWFHVWVHWHQLUHQVRPPH´   'HOPLVPRPRGRTXHFRPRÈQJHOHV6LUYHQWKDSXHVWRGHPDQLILHVWR  DSURSyVLWR GH(QIDQFH1DWKDOLH6DUUDXWHUHFXUUHDVX³RWUR\R´DVX³GREOH\RHVFLQGLGR´SDUD SHUPLWLUVH HO HVSDFLR DXWRELRJUiILFR OD E~VTXHGD GHO ³\R´ HQ OD REUD GH 'RPLQLTXH 5ROLQKDWHQLGRSRUORWDQWRTXHUHDOL]DUVHR\HQGRODYR]TXHGLVFXUUtDWUDVXQDPiVFDUD FX\RV UDVJRV KDQ LGR GHVILJXUiQGRVH D PHGLGD TXH KHPRV GHVYHODGR HO YHUGDGHUR VLJQLILFDGRGHOMXHJRSURSXHVWRSRUODHVFULWRUDSUHVHQWDUQRVXQDGLDOpFWLFDGRQGHHO ³RWURGLIHUHQWHGHVLPLVPR´VHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQODFRQWUDSDUWLGDGHO³\R´SDUDTXHpVWH ~OWLPRSXHGDUHFRQRFHUVHDWUDYpVGHODVDIHFFLRQHV(VWDDIHFFLyQGHO³\R´SRUHO³RWUR´ HQFXHQWUDHQODILFFLyQXQPHGLRSULYLOHJLDGRTXHSHUPLWHODE~VTXHGDGHODLGHQWLGDG &RPRDILUPDED3DXO5LFRHXU³SDUDVHU³DPLJRGHVt´>@VHSUHFLVDKDEHUHQWUDGR \DHQXQDUHODFLyQGHDPLVWDGFRQRWURFRPRVLODDPLVWDGSDUDVtPLVPRIXHVHXQD DXWRDIHFFLyQULJXURVDPHQWHFRUUHODWLYDGHODDIHFFLyQSRU\SDUDHORWURDPLJR´    ,ELGHPSiJ  52/,12SFLWSiJ   6,59(17 ÈQJHOHV ³)RQFWLRQQHPHQW GHV YRL[ QDUUDWLYHV GDQV (QIDQFH GH 1DWKDOLH 6DUUDXWH´(VWXGLRVGHOHQJXD\OLWHUDWXUDIUDQFHVDQSiJV  5,&2(853DXO6tPLVPRFRPRRWUR0DGULG6LJOR;;,SiJV $QXQFLiEDPRV DO SULQFLSLR GH OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ QXHVWUR GHVHR GH DFHUFDUQRV ~QLFDPHQWHD-LPDTXLHQKHPRVFRQVLGHUDGRHVH³RWUR\RGLIHUHQWHGHVtPLVPR´GHXQ ³\R´OODPDGR'RPLQLTXH5ROLQDKRUDELHQODHVFULWRUDVLHPSUHGLVSXHVWDDODIXVLyQ DILUPDFRQWXQGHQWHPHQWH³PRQDYHQWXUHDXWKHQWLTXHDYHF0DUWLQ>VXPDULGRPXHUWRHQ @DFRPPHQFpORUVTXHMDLUHQFRQWUp-LP-HPHVXLVPLVHjDLPHU0DUWLQjWUDYHUV -LP´  -LPHVSRUORWDQWRXQDPDQWHGHSDSHOLQYHQWDGRSRUODHVFULWRUDSDUDHVFULELU VX KLVWRULD GH DPRU SRU 0DUWLQ 0LOOHUHW VHUtD SRU FRQVLJXLHQWH XQ DPDQWH DSyFULIR LQFOXVRFXDQGRDOJXQDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVGHVXELRJUDItDILFWLFLDFRLQFLGDQFRQODELRJUDItD UHDO 3RVWXODUtDPRV HQWRQFHV LQLFLDU XQ VHJXQGR MXHJR SRQLpQGRQRV D ODV yUGHQHV GH 3DXOGH0DQGHHVWDIRUPDFRQVLGHUDUtDPRVD-LPODSURVRSRSH\DGH0DUWtQSXHVWR TXH OD QDUUDGRUDDPDQWHDXWRELyJUDID OOHYD D HVFHQD D XQ PXHUWR SDUD SURORQJDU PHGLDQWHODDFWXDFLyQGH-LPHQHOUROGH0DUWtQVXDPRUSRU0DUWtQ  52/,12SFLWSiJ