Chap e 10
Resul s and Discussion
Paula Po as-Pe ei a and Pila Me cade -Moyano
Abs ac This chap e p esen s a p ac ical applica ion o LCA wi hin he con ex o
nano echnology in cons uc ion. Speci ically, i ocuses on an en i onmen al e alu-
a ion aimed a de e mining he mo e sus ainable al e na i e be ween a nano-silica-
modi ied asphal mix u e and an unmodi ied asphal mix u e used in oad pa ing. The
p ac ical exe cise, i led Compa a i e Li e Cycle Assessmen (LCA) o Unmodi ied
and Nano-Silica-Modi ied Asphal Mix u es o Road Pa ing: A P ac ical Exe cise,
p o ides a de ailed compa ison o he wo ma e ials, emphasizing hei en i on-
men al implica ions ac oss key li e cycle s ages. By in eg a ing nano echnology in o
con en ional cons uc ion ma e ials, his s udy con ibu es o he unde s anding o
i s po en ial en i onmen al bene i s and challenges, o e ing aluable insigh s o
sus ainable in as uc u e de elopmen .
Keywo ds Li e Cycle Assessmen ·Nanoma e ials ·Cons uc ion ·
Sus ainabili y ·Nanosilica ·Asphal
A e he in es iga ion, i is concluded ha one o he undamen al me hodologies
o assessing he en i onmen al ami ica ions o a p oduc o se ice is h ough he
applica ion o Li e-Cycle Assessmen (LCA). In his sec ion, we del e in o a p ac-
ical demons a ion o conduc ing a Li e Cycle Assessmen wi hin a nano echnology
cons uc ion con ex , which main objec i e is o conduc an en i onmen al e alua ion
o disce n he mos ecologically sound op ion be ween he u iliza ion o a nano-silica-
modi ied asphal mix u e and an unmodi ied asphal mix u e on he p ocess o pa ing
a oad. The p ac ical exe cise is i led:
P esen Add ess:
P. Po as-Pe ei a (B)·P. Me cade -Moyano
Depa men o Building Cons uc ion I, Highe Technical School o A chi ec u e, Uni e si y o
Se ille, Se ille, Spain
e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
P. Me cade -Moyano
e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
© The Au ho (s) 2025
P. Me cade -Moyano and P. Po as-Pe ei a (eds.), Li e Cycle Analysis Based on
Nanopa icles Applied o he Cons uc ion Indus y,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-031-79115-4_10
163
164 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Compa a i e Li e Cycle Assessmen (LCA) o Unmodi ied and Nano-Silica-
Modi ied Asphal Mix u es o Road Pa ing: A P ac ical Exe cise
Asphal s ands as he p edominan choice o pa emen ac oss he globe, boas ing
unpa alleled popula i y. I is comp ised o bi umen, se ing as he binding agen ,
in e wined wi h ei he c ushed o na u al agg ega es. This amalgama ion o compo-
nen s culmina es in he c ea ion o asphal mix u es, he co ne s one o mode n
oad cons uc ion. Consequen ly, asphal mix u es a e endowed wi h he capaci y
o o e unpa alleled d i ing com o while also acili a ing adap able main enance
p ocedu es. The design o asphal pa emen s is me iculously c a ed o ensu e peak
pe o mance o e hei in ended li espan. Ne e heless, hese pa emen s unde go
de o ma ions wi hin ela i ely sho ime ames. This, exace ba ed by escala ing
a ic olumes and ha sh wea he phenomena, has p omp ed au ho i ies o e seeing
asphal pa emen s o explo e al e na i e emedies aimed a bols e ing hei esilience
agains mechanical wea and en i onmen al s esso s [1].
In his con ex , al hough ew addi i es exis , nano echnology and nanoma e ials
ha e ecen ly ga ne ed conside able a en ion om he pa emen indus y. Pa icu-
la ly, he u iliza ion o nanoma e ials as modi ie s o asphal is expe iencing a su ge
in popula i y, owing o hei dis inc i e p ope ies ha signi ican ly enhance asphal
binde pe o mance [1].
Inco po a ing nano-silica in o asphal mix u es has been demons a ed o yield
nume ous ad an ages. I enhances esis ance o oxida i e aging, mi iga es u ing
e ec s, imp o es heological p ope ies, educes asphal molecule in e ac ion,
he eby lowe ing mixing and compac ion empe a u es. Fu he mo e, i bols e s
adhesion, esilience agains c acking and u ing, albei a he expense o dec eased
duc ili y and empe a u e sensi i i y [1].
Despi e he mani old bene i s o in eg a ing nanoma e ials in o asphal , unce -
ain ies loom o e hei en i onmen al epe cussions. Hence, as a o emen ioned, his
s udy endea ou s o e alua e nano-silica-modi ied and unmodi ied asphal mix u es
using he LCA me hodology.
To accomplish he main objec i e o he p ac ical demons a ion o he in es-
iga ion, ini ially, an LCA o an unmodi ied asphal mix u e will be conduc ed.
Subsequen ly, he esul s will be ho oughly analysed and con as ed, based on hei
en i onmen al impac ca ego ies, wi h he p o ided LCA esul s o a nano-silica-
modi ied asphal mix u e. Ul ima ely, he mos en i onmen ally p e e able asphal
a ian will be iden i ied. The applica ion o LCA o NMAM o e s a aluable ool
o in o ming s akeholde s and decision-make s in he judicious selec ion o pa e-
men modi ica ion addi i es, empowe ing hem o ha ness he comple e ad an ages o
in eg a ing nanoma e ials in o pa emen s, while concu en ly mi iga ing any possible
ad e se en i onmen al impac s.
10 Resul s and Discussion 165
1 Li e Cycle Assessmen o an Unmodi ied Asphal Mix u e
In o de o ca y he LCA o an unmodi ied asphal mix u e, i is essen ial o de ine
he cons uc ion p ocess o pa ing a s ee , which encompasses a se ies o in ica e
p ocedu es aimed a gua an eeing he longe i y, sa e y, and isual appeal o he
oadway. To execu e he pa ing o a new oad co ec ly, mul iple laye s mus be laid,
each se ing.
In his ins ance, he ollowing laye s will be implemen ed on he exis ing
compac ed na u al g ound: a sub-base laye , a base laye , an in e media e laye ,
and a su acing laye . Below, he a ious componen s comp ising he cons uc ion
de ail a e elabo a ed upon (Fig. 1).
Conside ing he p eceding s a emen s, an analysis is conduc ed o de e mine he
LCA o an unmodi ied asphal mix u e wi h he aim o iden i ying and quan i ying
he ma e ials u ilized. As a o emen ioned, he Func ional Uni (FU) se es as he
ounda ion o all LCA in es iga ions. I ep esen s a quan i ied measu e o a p oduc
sys em’s pe o mance, u ilized as a s anda d e e ence uni in LCA analyses. Es ab-
lishing a ixed alue o he FU is essen ial, as he esul ing en i onmen al impac
ou comes ac oss a ious impac ca ego ies a e con ingen upon his chosen uni .
Fo his s udy, a Func ional Uni o 1000 kg (1 ) o asphal mix u es p oduc ion
was adop ed. This assessmen ocuses ini ially on segmen ing he mix u e in o i s
cons i uen laye s, as depic ed in Fig. 1. In he ini ial phase, he cons uc ion uni
o he laye is de e mined, delinea ed by he ma e ial cons i u ing he laye i sel ,
which, in his ins ance, pe ains o g ani ic a i icial agg ega e.
The Li e Cycle In en o y (LCI) phase en ails he collec ion o ac ual da a and
he modelling o he p oduc sys em. In o de o ga he da a on ma e ial ex ac ion,
p ocessing and p oduc ion, he e alua ion e sion (2024. ) o he ‘Gene ado de
p ecios de la cons ucción’, a downloadable so wa e ool de eloped by he Spanish
company CYPE Ingenie os, S.A., has been u ilized. This so wa e is a ailable o
download a h ps://gene ado p ecios.cype.es/desca ga_gene ado .h m?0.
Fig. 1 Road pa emen cons uc ion sec ion o an unmodi ied asphal mix u e
166 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Following his, he Li e Cycle Impac Assessmen (LCIA) phase ensues. Du ing
his s age, he collec ed da a unde goes analysis o assess i s con ibu ion o each
impac ca ego y. LCIA encompasses cha ac e iza ion, no maliza ion, e alua ion, and
weigh ing, depending on he speci ic LCIA me hodology u ilized.
The ini ia ion o he LCA p ocess o an unmodi ied asphal mix u e, he ’Cons uc-
ion P ice Gene a o ’ so wa e will be accessed, which should ha e been p e iously
downloaded. Upon p og am ini ia ion, he ab o p ojec ype and geog aphical
loca ion selec ion will be opened. Fo his s ee pa ing exe cise, ’u ban spaces’ will
be chosen as he p ojec ype, wi h Spain designa ed as he loca ion. Subsequen ly,
wi hin he le -hand side b own menu o he in e ace, he p ecise wo k loca ion will
be de ined by selec ing he p o ince ollowed by he municipal a ea.
•Sub-base laye
To ini ia e he LCA p ocess, he i s s ep in ol es e alua ing he impac o he
sub-base laye . Subsequen ly, in he b oken-down p ices ab o he menu, he ma e-
ial cons i u ing he sub-base laye o be analysed, a i icial g ani ic g a el, will
be sea ched o . In his case, i can be ound unde he ca ego ies o u ban pa e-
men s and pa emen s—bases and subbases—g anula —g anula subbase. Once he
ma e ial is loca ed, i s p ope ies will be con igu ed, including he illing ma e ial
(a i icial g ani e g a el) and he compac ion le el ela i e o he maximum d y
densi y achie ed in he Modi ied P oc o es , se a 95%. Wi h he ma e ial pa am-
e e s de ined, i s in o ma ion, including b eakdown p ice, speci ica ions, gene a ed
was e, en i onmen al impac indica o s, and heal h and sa e y da a, can be ex ac ed.
Fo his ins ance, da a conce ning he b eakdown p ice, was e gene a ed, and en i-
onmen al impac indica o s will solely be e ie ed using he expo op ion in PDF
o ma si ua ed on he igh -hand side o he in e ace. Following ha , he downloaded
in o ma ion will be analysed.
In he ollowing able (Table 1), which iden i ies and quan i ies he ma e ials
u ilized o he laye cons uc ion, a de ailed desc ip ion o he ma e ial o he espec-
i e laye is p o ided i s , along wi h i s iden i ica ion code and uni o measu emen .
Addi ionally, in he second pa o he able, di ided in o six columns, he di e en
ma e ials comp ising he laye a e ca ego ized, along wi h he equipmen , machine y,
and labou equi ed o i s execu ion, as well as he complemen a y di ec cos s
s emming om i . The “code” column ep esen s he iden i ica ion code o he co e-
sponding ma e ial used by he so wa e ool employed; he “uni ” column deno es
he uni o measu emen o he ma e ial; he “desc ip ion” column o e s a b ie
desc ip ion o he ma e ial; he “pe o mance” column indica es he execu ion ime
in hou s, based on he equipmen , machine y, and labou u ilized; he “uni p ice”
column de ines he hou ly a e o execu ion; and inally, he “cos ” column ep esen s
he ac ual cos o execu ion, aking in o accoun he pe o mance and uni p ice.
10 Resul s and Discussion 167
Table 1 Uni cos o he sub-base laye
MBG010 m3G anula base
G anula base wi h a i icial g ani e g a el, and compac ion a 95% o he Modi ied P oc o
wi h mechanical means, in 30 cm hick laye s, un il eaching a d y densi y o no less han 95%
o he Modi ied P oc o o he maximum ob ained in he Modi ied P oc o es , ca ied ou
acco ding o UNE 103.501, o imp o e he esis an p ope ies o he soil. The p ice does no
include he pe o mance o he Modi ied P oc o es
Code Uni Desc ip ion Pe o mance Uni
p ice
Cos
1Ma e ials
m 01zah010d A i icial g ani e g a el 2.200 10.93 24.05
Ma e ials sub o al 24.05
2Equipmen and machine y
mq02 o 030b hSel -p opelled andem compac o , 63 kW,
9.65, wo king wid h 168 cm
0.110 46.83 5.15
mq04dua020b hF on dump dumpe wi h 2 payload 0.110 10.58 1.16
mq02cia020j hTanke uck, 8 m3capaci y 0.011 121.25 1.33
Equipmen and
machine y sub o al
7.64
3Labou
mo113 hO dina y cons uc ion labou e 0.199 21.19 4.22
Labou sub o al 4.22
4 Addi ional di ec cos s
% Addi ional di ec cos s 2.000 35.91 0.72
Di ec cos s (1 +2+
3+4)
36.63
Table 2 Was e gene a ed by he sub-base laye
LER
code
Type Weigh
(kg)
Volume
(l)
01 04
08
G a el and c ushed ock was e o he han hose men ioned in
code 01 04 07
15.603 10.402
Was e gene a ed 15.603 10.402
To assess was e gene a ion, Table 2p o ides de ailed in o ma ion on he was e
gene a ed om he execu ion o he laye , quan i ied in bo h mass (kg) and olume
(l) uni s. As expec ed, since he sub-base laye consis s solely o a i icial g ani e
agg ega e, i cons i u es he sole ype o was e.
168 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Table 3 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he sub-base laye
Li e cycle s age En i onmen al impac indica o s Use o esou ces
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq.
(kg)
CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq.
(kg)
(PO4)3−eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
To al
A1-A2-A3
15.400 2.20e−06 0.220 0.044 0.220 1.10e−05 264.000 15.400 264.000 0.660
A4 2.891 0.004 0.202 0.040 0.011 0.002 318.035 39.071 0.607
A5 2.664 1.76e−07 0.012 0.048 0.002 9.86e−05 37.299 35.878 5.328
To al A4-A5 5.555 0.004 0.214 0.088 0.013 0.002 355.334 74.949 5.936
To al ene gy
and emissions
20,955 0.004 0.434 0.132 0.233 0.002 619.334 15.400 338.949 6.596
A1: Raw ma e ials supply
A2: T anspo a ion o aw ma e ials
A3: P oduc manu ac u ing
A4: P oduc anspo a ion
A5: Cons uc ion and ins alla ion p ocess
GWP: Global wa ming po en ial
ODP: S a osphe ic ozone deple ion po en ial
AP: Po en ial o acidi ica ion o soil and wa e esou ces
EP: Eu ophica ion po en ial
POCP: T oposphe ic ozone o ma ion po en ial
ADPE: Abio ic esou ce deple ion po en ial o non- ossil esou ces
ADFP: Abio ic esou ce deple ion po en ial o ossil esou ces
PERT: To al use o enewable p ima y ene gy
PERNRT: To al use o non- enewable p ima y ene gy
FW: Ne use o ap wa e esou ces
10 Resul s and Discussion 169
Table 4 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he sub-base laye du ing he manu ac u ing p ocess
Consump ion Li e cycle s age
Manu ac u ing
A1. Raw ma e ials supply
A2. T anspo a ion o aw ma e ials
A3. P oduc manu ac u ing
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3−eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
Ma e ials Weigh (kg)
Na u al
agg ega e
2,200.000 15.400 2.20e−06 0.22 0.044 0.22 1.10e−05 264.00 15.40 264.00 0.660
Machine y Volume (l)
To al ene gy and emissions 15.400 2.20e−06 0.22 0.044 0.22 1.10e−05 264.00 15.40 264.00 0.660
170 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Table 5 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he sub-base laye du ing he cons uc ion p ocess ( anspo )
Consump ion Li e cycle s age
Cons uc ion
A4. P oduc anspo a ion
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3−eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
Ma e ials Weigh (kg)
Na u al
agg ega e
2,200.000 2.891 0.004 0.202 0.040 0.011 0.002 318.035 39.071 0.607
Machine y Volume (l)
To al ene gy and
emissions
2.891 0.004 0.202 0.040 0.011 0.002 318.035 39.071 0.607
10 Resul s and Discussion 171
Table 6 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he sub-base laye du ing he cons uc ion p ocess (cons uc ion)
Consump ion Li e cycle s age
Cons uc ion
A5. Cons uc ion and ins alla ion p ocess
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3−eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
Ma e ials Weigh (kg)
Na u al
agg ega e
2,200.000 0.016 1.04e−09 6.91e−05 2.83e−04 1.34e−05 5.81e−07 0.220 0.108 0.031
Machine y Volume (l)
Gasoil 0.968 2645 1.75e−07 0.012 0.048 0.002 9.79e−05 37.035 35.748 5.291
Auxilia y
means
0.003 2.06e−10 1.37e-05 5.61e-05 2.65e−06 1.15e−07 0.044 0.021 0.006
To al ene gy and
emissions
2.664 1.76e−07 0.012 0.048 0.002 9.86e−05 37.299 35.878 5.328
178 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Table 10 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he base laye du ing he manu ac u ing p ocess
Consump ion Li e cycle s age
Manu ac u ing
A1. Raw ma e ials supply
A2. T anspo a ion o aw ma e ials
A3. P oduc manu ac u ing
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3- eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
Ma e ials Weigh (kg)
Asphal
bi umen
63.000 17.010 1.26e−06 0.126 0.013 0.004 6.30e−06 2,853.900 1.890 3,099.600 0.032
Na u al
agg ega e
987.000 3.948 6.91e−07 0.079 0.010 0.079 2.96e−06 69.090 4.935 69.090 0.197
To al 1,050.000 20.958 1.95e−06 0.205 0.022 0.083 9.26e−06 2,922.990 6.825 3,168.690 0.229
Machine y Volume (l)
To al ene gy and
emissions
20.958 1.95e−06 0.205 0.022 0.083 9.26e–06 2,922.990 6.825 3,168.690 0.229
10 Resul s and Discussion 179
Table 11 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he base laye du ing he cons uc ion p ocess ( anspo )
Consump ion lePa a> Li e cycle s age
Cons uc ion
A4. P oduc anspo a ion
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3- eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
Ma e ials Weigh (kg)
Asphal
bi umen
63.000 0.207 2.69e−04 0.014 0.003 7.66e−04 1.24e−04 22.768 2.797 0.043
Na u al
agg ega e
987.000 3.243 0.004 0.227 0.045 0.012 0.002 356.706 43.821 0.681
To al 1,050.000 3.450 0.004 0.241 0.048 0.013 0.002 379.474 46.618 0.724
Machine y Volume (l)
To al ene gy and
emissions
3.450 0.004 0.241 0.048 0.013 0.002 379.474 46.618 0.724
180 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Table 12 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he base laye du ing he cons uc ion p ocess (cons uc ion)
Consump ion Li e cycle s age
Cons uc ion
A5. Cons uc ion and ins alla ion p ocess
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3−eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
Ma e ials Weigh (kg)
Asphal
bi umen
63.000 4.50e−04 2.97e−11 1.98e−06 8.10e−06 3.82e−07 1.66e−08 0.006 0.003 9.00e−04
Na u al
agg ega e
987.000 0.007 4.65e−10 3.10e−05 1.27e−04 5.99e−06 2.61e−07 0.099 0.049 0.014
To al 1,050.000 0.007 4.95e−10 3.30e−05 1.35e−04 6.37e−06 2.77e−07 0.105 0.052 0.015
Machine y Volume (l)
Gasoil 0.178 0.486 3.21e−08 0.002 0.009 4.13e−04 1.80e−05 6.810 6.574 0.973
Auxilia y
means
0.002 1.14e−10 7.58e−06 3.10e−05 1.46e−06 6.37e−08 0.024 0.012 0.003
To al ene gy and
emissions
0.496 3.27e−08 0.002 0.009 4.21e−04 1.83e−05 6.939 6.637 0.991
10 Resul s and Discussion 181
•In e media e laye
To con inue he LCA p ocess, he nex s ep in ol es e alua ing he impac o he
in e media e laye . Subsequen ly, in he b oken-down p ices ab o he menu, he
ma e ial cons i u ing he in e media e laye o be analysed, ho mix bi uminous AC,
will be sea ched o . In his case, i can be ound a he same place as he base
laye , unde he ca ego ies o u ban pa emen s and pa emen s—u ban pa emen s—
bi uminous mix u es and i iga ion—ho mix bi uminous AC. Once he ma e ial is
iden i ied, i s p ope ies will be con igu ed, including he ype and maximum size o
agg ega e (32 mm limes one), he ype o laye (in e media e laye ) and he ype o
binde o use in he mix u e (B35/50), as well as he ype o mix u e (semi-dense),
he applica ion onnage (mo e han 1000 /day) and he bi umen (0.05 o bi umen
pe o mix u e). Wi h he ma e ial pa ame e s de ined, i s in o ma ion, including
b eakdown p ice, speci ica ions, gene a ed was e, en i onmen al impac indica o s,
and heal h and sa e y da a, can be ex ac ed. Fo his ins ance, as in he p e ious
laye s, da a conce ning he b eakdown p ice, was e gene a ed, and en i onmen al
impac indica o s will solely be e ie ed using he expo op ion in PDF o ma
si ua ed on he igh -hand side o he in e ace. Following ha , he downloaded
in o ma ion will be analysed.
As in he p e ious laye s, in he ollowing able (Table 13), which iden i ies and
quan i ies he ma e ials u ilized o he in e media e laye cons uc ion, a de ailed
desc ip ion o he ma e ial o he espec i e laye is p o ided i s , along wi h i s iden-
i ica ion code and uni o measu emen . Addi ionally, in he second pa o he able,
he di e en ma e ials comp ising he laye a e ca ego ised, along wi h he equip-
men , machine y, and labou equi ed o i s execu ion, as well as he complemen a y
di ec cos s s emming om i .
To assess was e gene a ion, Table 14 p o ides de ailed in o ma ion on he was e
gene a ed om he execu ion o he laye , quan i ied in bo h mass (kg) and olume
(l) uni s. As expec ed, since he base laye consis s solely o bi uminous mix u es, i
cons i u es he sole ype o was e.
Rega ding he en i onmen al impac and esou ce u iliza ion o he in e media e
laye , de ailed wi hin a e he speci ic embodied ene gy alues o he ma e ial, along
wi h hei co esponding con e sion ac o s (see Table 15). Likewise, he able illus-
a es en i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s i emised o a ious s ages
o he li e cycle.
Subsequen ly, in Tables 16,17, and 18, he en i onmen al impac and esou ce
consump ion me ics o he in e media e laye a e o ganized by li e cycle phase, cha -
ac e ized by he ma e ials, machine y, and auxilia y esou ces u ilized. Du ing he
p oduc ion phase (Table 16) and he anspo a ion o he p oduc phase (Table 17), he
182 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Table 13 Uni cos o he in e media e laye
MPB001 Ho mix
bi uminous AC
Con inuous ho bi uminous mix AC 32 bin B35/50 S, o in e media e laye , semi-dense, wi h
limes one agg ega e o 32 mm maximum size, wi h 0.05 o bi umen pe o mix u e, o an
applica ion onnage o mo e han 1000 /day. The p ice does no include anspo a ion o he
mix u e
Code Uni Desc ip ion Pe o mance Uni p ice Cos
1Ma e ials
m 47aag001ngj Con inuous ho
bi uminous mix
AC 32 bin B35/50
S, o in e media e
laye , semi-dense,
wi h limes one
agg ega e o 32
mm maximum
size, wi h 0.05 o
bi umen pe o
mix u e, acco ding
o UNE-EN
13,108–1
1.050 83.42 87.59
Ma e ials
sub o al:
87.59
2Equipmen and machine y
mq11ex 030 h81 kW chain
asphal pa e
0.011 231.73 2.55
mq02 on010a h Sel -p opelled
andem ib a ing
olle , 24.8 kW,
2450 kg, wo king
wid h 100 cm
0.011 56.81 0.62
mq11com010 h Sel -p opelled i e
compac o , 12/22
0.011 66.47 0.73
Equipmen and
machine y
sub o al:
3.90
3Labou
mo041 h1s ci il wo ks
cons uc ion
o ice
0.066 22.25 1.47
mo087 hCi il wo ks
cons uc ion
assis an
0.044 21.56 0.95
Labou sub o al: 2.42
4 Addi ional di ec
cos s
(con inued)
10 Resul s and Discussion 183
Table 13 (con inued)
MPB001 Ho mix
bi uminous AC
Con inuous ho bi uminous mix AC 32 bin B35/50 S, o in e media e laye , semi-dense, wi h
limes one agg ega e o 32 mm maximum size, wi h 0.05 o bi umen pe o mix u e, o an
applica ion onnage o mo e han 1000 /day. The p ice does no include anspo a ion o he
mix u e
Code Uni Desc ip ion Pe o mance Uni p ice Cos
% Addi ional di ec
cos s
2000 93.91 1.88
Ten-yea main enance cos : 13.41ein he i s
10 yea s
Di ec cos s (1 +2+3+4): 95.79
Re e ence and i le o he s anda d Applicabili yaObliga ionbSys emc
EN 13,108–1:2006 1.3.2007 1.3.2008
Bi uminous mix u es. Ma e ial speci ica ions.
Pa 1: Bi uminous conc e e
EN 13,108–1:2006/AC:2008 1.1.2009 1.1.2009 1/2+/3/4
aDa e o applicabili y o he ha monized s anda d
bDa e on which he coexis ence pe iod ends
cSys em o e alua ing and e i ying he cons ancy o bene i s
Table 14 Was e gene a ed by he in e media e laye
LER code Type Weigh (kg) Volume (l)
17 03 02 Bi uminous mix o he han hose men ioned in code 17 03
01
11.025 11.025
Was e gene a ed 11.025 11.025
en i onmen al impac and esou ce consump ion me ics o he in e media e laye
a e delinea ed based on he wo cons i uen ma e ials: asphal bi umen and na u al
agg ega e. Unlike he sub-base and base laye s, in he manu ac u ing phase o his
in e media e laye , asphal bi umen exhibi s highe impac alues han na u al agg e-
ga es, whe eas du ing he cons uc ion phase, na u al agg ega e demons a es highe
impac alues ac oss all en i onmen al impac and esou ce consump ion indica-
o s.Du ing he p oduc ion phase (Table 16), asphal bi umen gene ally shows signi i-
can ly highe alues ac oss mos en i onmen al impac indica o s compa ed o na u al
agg ega e. Howe e , he e a e excep ions whe e bo h ma e ials exhibi mo e balanced
alues, pa icula ly in indica o s ela ed o soil and wa e esou ce acidi ica ion deple-
ion, eu ophica ion po en ial, oposphe ic ozone o ma ion po en ial, and abio ic
esou ces o non- ossil esou ces deple ion po en ial. Resou ce u iliza ion indica-
o s show g ea e a iabili y: na u al agg ega e ends o ha e a mo e p onounced
impac on he indica o conce ning o al enewable p ima y ene gy consump ion,
while asphal bi umen ypically demons a es subs an ially highe alues o he
indica o o o al non- enewable p ima y ene gy consump ion. None heless, o he
184 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Table 15 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he in e media e laye
Li e cycle
s age
En i onmen al impac indica o s Use o esou ces
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq. (kg) SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3−eq. (kg) e ileno eq. (kg) Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
To al
A1-A2-A3
20.958 1.95e−06 0.205 0.022 0.083 9.26e-06 2,922.990 6.825 3,168.690 0.229
A4 3.450 0.004 0.241 0.048 0.013 0.002 379.474 46.618 0.724
A5 0.496 3.27e−08 0.002 0.009 4.21e−04 1.83e–05 6.939 6.637 0.991
(con inued)
10 Resul s and Discussion 185
Table 15 (con inued)
Li e cycle
s age
En i onmen al impac indica o s Use o esou ces
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq. (kg) SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3−eq. (kg) e ileno eq. (kg) Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
To al
A4-A5
3.945 0.004 0.244 0.057 0.013 0.002 386.413 53.256 1.716
To al
ene gy and
emissions
24.903 0.004 0.449 0.080 0.096 0.002 3,309.403 6.825 3,221.946 1.945
A1: Raw ma e ials supply
A2: T anspo a ion o aw ma e ials
A3: P oduc manu ac u ing
A4: P oduc anspo a ion
A5: Cons uc ion and ins alla ion p ocess
GWP: Global wa ming po en ial
ODP: S a osphe ic ozone deple ion po en ial
AP: Po en ial o acidi ica ion o soil and wa e esou ces
EP: Eu ophica ion po en ial
POCP: T oposphe ic ozone o ma ion po en ial
ADPE: Abio ic esou ce deple ion po en ial o non- ossil esou ces
ADFP: Abio ic esou ce deple ion po en ial o ossil esou ces
PERT: To al use o enewable p ima y ene gy
PERNRT: To al use o non- enewable p ima y ene gy
FW: Ne use o ap wa e esou ces
186 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Table 16 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he in e media e laye du ing he manu ac u ing p ocess
Consump ion Li e cycle s age
Manu ac u ing
A1. Raw ma e ials supply
A2. T anspo a ion o aw ma e ials
A3. P oduc manu ac u ing
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3- eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
Ma e ials Weigh (kg)
Asphal
bi umen
63.000 17.010 1.26e−06 0.126 0.013 0.004 6.30e−06 2,853.900 1.890 3,099.600 0.032
Na u al
agg ega e
987.000 3.948 6.91e−07 0.079 0.010 0.079 2.96e−06 69.090 4.935 69.090 0.197
To al 1,050.000 20.958 1.95e−06 0.205 0.022 0.083 9.26e−06 2,922.990 6.825 3,168.690 0.229
Machine y Volume (l)
To al ene gy and
emissions
20.958 1.95e−06 0.205 0.022 0.083 9.26e−06 2,922.990 6.825 3,168.690 0.229
10 Resul s and Discussion 187
Table 17 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he in e media e laye du ing he cons uc ion p ocess ( anspo )
Consump ion Li e cycle s age
Cons uc ion
A4. P oduc anspo a ion
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3- eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
Ma e ials Weigh (kg)
Asphal
bi umen
63.000 0.207 2.69e−04 0.014 0.003 7.66e−04 1.24e−04 22.768 2.797 0.043
Na u al
agg ega e
987.000 3.243 0.004 0.227 0.045 0.012 0.002 356.706 43.821 0.681
To al 1,050.000 3.450 0.004 0.241 0.048 0.013 0.002 379.474 46.618 0.724
Machine y Volume (l)
To al ene gy and
emissions
3.450 0.004 0.241 0.048 0.013 0.002 379.474 46.618 0.724
194 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Table 21 (con inued)
Li e cycle
s age
En i onmen al impac indica o s Use o esou ces
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq. (kg) SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3−eq. (kg) e ileno eq. (kg) Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
To al
A4-A5
3.945 0.004 0.244 0.057 0.013 0.002 386.413 53.256 1.716
To al
ene gy and
emissions
24.903 0.004 0.449 0.080 0.096 0.002 3,309.403 6.825 3,221.946 1.945
A1: Raw ma e ials supply
A2: T anspo a ion o aw ma e ials
A3: P oduc manu ac u ing
A4: P oduc anspo a ion
A5: Cons uc ion and ins alla ion p ocess
GWP: Global wa ming po en ial
ODP: S a osphe ic ozone deple ion po en ial
AP: Po en ial o acidi ica ion o soil and wa e esou ces
EP: Eu ophica ion po en ial
POCP: T oposphe ic ozone o ma ion po en ial
ADPE: Abio ic esou ce deple ion po en ial o non- ossil esou ces
ADFP: Abio ic esou ce deple ion po en ial o ossil esou ces
PERT: To al use o enewable p ima y ene gy
PERNRT: To al use o non- enewable p ima y ene gy
FW: Ne use o ap wa e esou ces
10 Resul s and Discussion 195
Table 22 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he su acing laye du ing he manu ac u ing p ocess
Consump ion Li e cycle s age
Manu ac u ing
A1. Raw ma e ials supply
A2. T anspo a ion o aw ma e ials
A3. P oduc manu ac u ing
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3−eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
Ma e ials Weigh (kg)
Asphal
bi umen
63.000 17.01 1.26e−06 0.126 0.013 0.004 6.30e−06 2,853.900 1.89 3,099.600 0.032
Na u al
agg ega e
987.000 3.948 6.91e−07 0.079 0.01 0.079 2.96e−06 69.09 4.935 69.09 0.197
To al 1,050.000 20.958 1.95e−06 0.205 0.022 0.083 9.26e−06 2,922.990 6.825 3,168.690 0.229
Machine y Volume (l)
To al ene gy and
emissions
20.958 1.95E−06 0.205 0.022 0.083 9.26E−06 2,922.990 6.825 3,168.690 0.229
196 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Table 23 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he su acing laye du ing he cons uc ion p ocess ( anspo )
Consump ion Li e cycle s age
Cons uc ion
A4. P oduc anspo a ion
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3- eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
Ma e ials Weigh (kg)
Asphal
bi umen
63.000 0.207 2.69e−04 0.014 0.003 7.66e−04 1.24e−04 22.768 2.797 0.043
Na u al
agg ega e
987.000 3.243 0.004 0.227 0.045 0.012 0.002 356.706 43.821 0.681
To al 1,050.000 3.450 0.004 0.241 0.048 0.013 0.002 379.474 46.618 0.724
Machine y Volume (l)
To al ene gy and
emissions
3.450 0.004 0.241 0.048 0.013 0.002 379.474 46.618 0.724
10 Resul s and Discussion 197
Table 24 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he su acing laye du ing he cons uc ion p ocess (cons uc ion)
Consump ion Li e cycle s age
Cons uc ion
A5. P oceso de cons ucción e ins alación
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3−eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
Ma e ials Weigh (kg)
Asphal
bi umen
63.000 4.50e−04 2.97e−11 1.98e−06 8.10e−06 3.82e−07 1.66e−08 0.006 0.003 9.00e−04
Na u al
agg ega e
987.000 0.007 4.65e−10 3.10e−05 1.27e−04 5.99e−06 2.61e−07 0.099 0.049 0.014
To al 1,050,000 0.007 4.95e−10 3.30e−05 1.35e−04 6.37e−06 2.77e−07 0.105 0.052 0.015
Machine y Volume (l)
Gasoil 0.178 0.486 3.21e−08 0.002 0.009 4.13e−04 1.80e−05 6.810 6574 0.973
Auxilia y
means
0.002 1.14e−10 7.58e−06 3.10e−05 1.46e−06 6.37e−08 0.024 0.012 0.003
To al ene gy and
emissions
0.496 3.27e−08 0.002 0.009 4.21e−04 1.83e−05 6.939 6.637 0.991
198 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
2 Li e Cycle Assessmen o a Nano-Silica-Modi ied Asphal
Mix u e
Upon comple ion o he LCA o an unmodi ied asphal mix u e, con i ming
he subs an ial en i onmen al and esou ce u iliza ion impac o asphal bi umen
h oughou di e en s ages o i s li e cycle, especially in he ini ial phases, he subse-
quen cou se o ac ion en ails conduc ing a compa able e alua ion o a nano-silica-
modi ied asphal mix u e. Due o he absence o ma e ials wi h nanopa icles in
he ‘Cons uc ion P ice Gene a o ’ so wa e, da a conce ning he LCA o a nano-
silica-modi ied asphal mix u e will be sou ced om published scien i ic li e a u e.
Howe e , i ’s wo h no ing ha his da a could ha e been sou ced om any da abase
con aining such in o ma ion. By adop ing his app oach, i becomes possible o asce -
ain he asphal a ian ha is mos en i onmen ally p e e able. This me hodology
p o es o be applicable ac oss di e se geog aphical egions and da abases, p o ided
ha equisi e da a is accessible.
The impac alues o each o he a ious ca ego ies employed in he LCA o
a nano-silica-modi ied asphal mix u e will be sou ced om he scien i ic a icle
en i led “Li e Cycle Assessmen o he P oduc ion Phase o Nano-Silica-Modi ied
Asphal Mix u es,” au ho ed by Sackey Solomon, Lee Dong-Eun, and Kim Byung-
Soo, who a e associa ed wi h Kyungpook Na ional Uni e si y o Ko ea. This a icle
was published in he MDPI “Applied Sciences” Jou nal on Ma ch 29 h, 2019. Fo
his s udy, as well as o he p e ious LCA, a Func ional Uni o 1000 kg (1 ) o
asphal mix u es p oduc ion was adop ed.
Table 25 En i onmen al Impac Ca ego ies [1]
Impac Ca ego y Re e ence Uni Impac Resul
En i onmen al impac |global wa ming kg CO2-eq 7.44563 ×103
Human heal h| espi a o y e ec s, a e age kg PM2.5-Eq 8.86935 ×102
En i onmen al impac |ozone deple ion kg CFC-11-Eq 3.71600 ×10–2
En i onmen al impac |eu ophica ion kg N-Eq 1.49156 ×101
Human heal h|ca cinogenic kg benzene-Eq 2.18467 ×103
En i onmen al impac |pho ochemical oxida ion kg NOx-Eq 3.03420 ×101
Human heal h|non-ca cinogenics kg oluene-Eq 6.07040 ×106
En i onmen al impac |eco oxici y kg 2.4-D-Eq 1.08917 ×104
En i onmen al impac |acidi ica ion moles o H +-Eq 1.87879 ×105
10 Resul s and Discussion 199
The o hcoming able (Table 25) displays he di e en en i onmen al impac
indica o s published in he e e enced scien i ic a icle, along wi h hei espec i e
impac alues. These alues will se e as he basis o compa ison wi h he ou comes
de i ed om he LCA o an unmodi ied asphal mix u e.
In he ensuing able (Table 26), adop ing a simila o ma o ha employed in he
LCA o an unmodi ied asphal mix u e, a condensed summa y o Table 25 is p o ided,
exclusi ely p esen ing he alues o en i onmen al impac indica o s sha ed by bo h
LCAs. These indica o s will be pi o al in acili a ing a compa a i e analysis, aiding
in he de e mina ion o he asphal a ian wi h he highes en i onmen al p e e ence.
As depic ed in he p eceding able (Table 26), his scien i ic publica ion does no
p o ide da a ca ego ized by each o he li e cycle s age, bu ins ead p esen s o e all
alues o he p oduc ’s en i e li espan. The e o e, he compa ison be ween bo h case
s udies will be conduc ed using he o al alues o each asphal mix u e.
Table 26 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he nano-silica-modi ied asphal
mix u e
Li e cycle s age En i onmen al impac indica o s
GWP ODP AP EP
CO2eq. (kg) CFC 11 eq. (kg) SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3−eq. (kg)
To al A1-A2-A3 – – – –
A4 – – – –
A5 – – – –
To al A4-A5 – – – –
To al ene gy and
emissions
744.563 ×103371.600 ×102187.879 ×105149.156 ×101
A1: Raw ma e ials supply
A2: T anspo a ion o aw ma e ials
A3: P oduc manu ac u ing
A4: P oduc anspo a ion
A5: Cons uc ion and ins alla ion p ocess
GWP: Global wa ming po en ial
ODP: S a osphe ic ozone deple ion po en ial
AP: Po en ial o acidi ica ion o soil and wa e esou ces
EP: Eu ophica ion po en ia
200 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
3 Quan i a i e Assessmen o he A ained Ou comes
Subsequen o he comple ion o he LCA o an unmodi ied asphal mix u e and
he acquisi ion o esul s om a LCA o a nano-silica-modi ied asphal mix u e, a
g aphical ep esen a ion is employed o compa e he esul s ob ained o each case
s udy ac oss hei en i e li e cycle, in o de o disce n he mos ecologically sound
op ion.
As indica ed in he p eceding sec ion, due o he absence o ca ego ized da a
o each li e cycle s age in he consul ed scien i ic publica ion, he compa ison
be ween bo h case s udies will ely on he o al alues o each o he asphal mix u es
compa ed. Consequen ly, he esul s ob ained om he LCA o an unmodi ied asphal
mix u e o each laye o he oad asphal p ocess (uni o wo k) a e consolida ed in o
a single able (Table 27). Due o he absence o asphal mix u e and he exclusi e use
o a i icial g ani ic g a el in he sub-base laye , he esul s ob ained o his laye
will no unde go e alua ion.
Finally, a g aphical compa ison is gene a ed o illus a e he esul s ob ained
o each case s udy h oughou hei en i e li e cycle, ocusing on he impac ca e-
go ies sha ed by bo h LCAs: global wa ming po en ial, s a osphe ic ozone deple ion
po en ial, po en ial o acidi ica ion o soil and wa e esou ces, and eu ophica ion
po en ial (Table 28).
A e e alua ing a con en ional asphal mix u e in e ms o ma e ials p oduc-
ion emissions h ough he LCA me hodology and compa ing hese indings wi h
hose o a nano-silica-modi ied asphal mix u e, he esea ch unde sco es signi ican
dispa i ies in hei impac con ibu ions. No ably, he nano-silica-modi ied a ian
exhibi s no ably wo se pe o mance ac oss all ou analysed impac ca ego ies, pa ic-
ula ly in he ca ego ies o global wa ming po en ial and s a osphe ic ozone deple ion
po en ial.
The ca ego y demons a ing he mos p onounced dispa i y lies in he po en ial
o acidi ica ion o soil and wa e esou ces, whe e he nano-silica-modi ied asphal
mix u e egis e s an impac magni ude exceeding con en ional asphal by a ac o o
100.000. Simila ly, he analysis e eals subs an ial a iabili y in he impac ca ego y
o s a osphe ic ozone deple ion po en ial, on accoun o he nea -negligible impac
o unmodi ied asphal , which is almos ze o. Fu he mo e, no able dispa i ies a e also
obse ed in he ca ego y o global wa ming po en ial, whe e he impac o he nano-
silica-modi ied asphal mix u e is 10 imes g ea e . Con e sely, he eu ophica ion
po en ial ca ego y showcases mo e balanced alues in bo h asphal mix u es.
Howe e , he conclusions de i ed om his esea ch conce ning nano-silica
should no be ex apola ed o all o he ypes o nanoma e ials. The en i onmen al
e ec s and o e all ou comes associa ed wi h he in eg a ion o nanoma e ials in o
asphal depend on he manu ac u ing me hods speci ic o each nanoma e ial ype.
10 Resul s and Discussion 201
Table 27 En i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he base, in e media e and su acing laye s
Li e cycle s age En i onmen al impac indica o s Use o esou ces
GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADFP PERT PERNRT FW
CO2eq.
(kg)
CFC 11 eq.
(kg)
SO2eq.
(kg)
(PO4)3−eq.
(kg)
e ileno eq.
(kg)
Sb eq. (kg) (MJ) (MJ) (MJ) (m3)
To al
A1-A2-A3
62.874 5.85e−06 0.615 0.066 0.249 2.78e−05 8,768.97 20.475 9,506.07 0.687
A4 1.035 0.012 0.723 0.144 0.039 0.006 1,138.422 139.854 2.172
A5 1.488 9.81e−08 0.006 0.027 1.26e–03 5.49e−05 20.817 19.911 2.973
To al A4-A5 11.835 0.012 0.732 0.171 0.039 0.006 1,159.239 159.768 5.148
To al ene gy
and emissions
74.709 0.012 1.347 0.24 0.288 0.006 9,928.209 20.475 9,665.838 5.835
A1: Raw ma e ials supply
A2: T anspo a ion o aw ma e ials
A3: P oduc manu ac u ing
A4: P oduc anspo a ion
A5: Cons uc ion and ins alla ion p ocess
GWP: Global wa ming po en ial
ODP: S a osphe ic ozone deple ion po en ial
AP: Po en ial o acidi ica ion o soil and wa e esou ces
EP: Eu ophica ion po en ial
POCP: T oposphe ic ozone o ma ion po en ial
ADPE: Abio ic esou ce deple ion po en ial o non- ossil esou ces
ADFP: Abio ic esou ce deple ion po en ial o ossil esou ces
PERT: To al use o enewable p ima y ene gy
PERNRT: To al use o non- enewable p ima y ene gy
FW: Ne use o ap wa e esou ces
202 P. Po as-Pe ei a and P. Me cade -Moyano
Table 28 Compa ison o he en i onmen al impac and esou ce use indica o s o he uppe laye s
En i onmen al impac indica o s
GWP
(Global
wa ming
po en ial)
ODP
(S a osphe ic
ozone deple ion
po en ial)
AP (Po en ial o
acidi ica ion o
soil and wa e
esou ces)
EP (Eu ophica ion
po en ial)
CO2eq.
(kg)
CFC 11 eq. (kg) SO2eq. (kg) (PO4)3−eq. (kg)
Unmodi ied asphal
mix u e
74.709 0.012 1.347 0.24
Nano-silica-modi ied
asphal mix u e
7,445.63 371.60 187,879.00 14.92
Re e ence
1. S. Solomon, L. Dong-Eun, K. Byung-Soo, Li e Cycle Assessmen o he P oduc ion Phase o
Nano-Silica-Modi ied Asphal Mix u es. Appl. Sci. 9(7), 1315 (2019)
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