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P agma ic imPlica ions o ExPandEd dEic ic
s uc u Es: dEixis as an ExP Ession o hE
concEP o acE in hE sPanish Pa liamEn
Au elia Ca anza Má quez
Uni e sidad Nacional de Educación a Dis ancia (UNED)
Resumen: Es e abajo in en a dilucida las implicaciones p agmá icas del uso
de es uc u as deíc icas expandidas consis en es en es uc u as deíc icas en e -
ce a pe sona que ienen como e e en e una p ime a pe sona, den o de la es e a
polí ica española. En pa icula , analiza emos la es uc u a “es e/a dipu ado/a”
( e e en e→yo) y “es e g upo pa lamen a io” ( e e en e→noso os/as) en el
con ex o de cua o sesiones en el cong eso de los dipu ados que u ie on luga
en 2004 sob e una a iedad de emas. El uso mencionado con as a con la eco-
nomía del lenguaje, p emisa de G ice y del en oque neo-g icean, que aboga po
la p io idad de la e iciencia y la economía en la comunicación desde un pun o
de is a lingüís ico y ilosó ico. La pe spec i a neo-g icean concluyó que las mi-
c o y mac oes uc u as discu si as se debían ene en cuen a ( ex o y con ex o)
pa a pode las in e p e a adecuadamen e. En es e sen ido nos cen a emos en
aquellos ac o es e ins umen os de la co esía, así como de la ele ancia, que
nos pueda ayuda pa a iden i ica la unción de es e uso pa icula de la deixis
den o del ma co del discu so polí ico. Man enemos que es á conec ado con
el concep o de imagen (B own and Le inson, 1987; Go man, 1967), y que su
unción es ob ene au o idad y alo es posi i os po pa e del hablan e. Sin em-
ba go, en algunos casos, ienen un e ec o seg egado del oponen e, a quien se le
a ibuyen alo es nega i os po con as e.
Palab as cla e: Es uc u as deíc icas expandidas, discu so polí ico, imagen, co -
esía, cong eso de los dipu ados, neo-g icean.
Abs ac : This wo k concen a es on he p agma ic implica ions o he use o
deic ical expanded s uc u es consis ing on hi d pe son indexical s uc u es in
ela ion o i s pe son e e en s in he Spanish poli ical sphe e. Pa icula ly, we
will analyze he s uc u e es e dipu ado ( his membe ), ( e e en → I) and es e
g upo pa lamen a io ( his pa liamen a y g oup), ( e e en → we) in he con-
ex o ou di e en sessions in he Spanish Pa liamen held in 2004 e e ing
o a a ie y o opics. Such use con as s wi h he economy o language p e-
cep o G ice and he neo-g icean app oach, which ad oca e o he p io i y o
e iciency and economy in communica ion om a linguis ic and philosophical
96 Au elia Ca anza Má quez
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poin o iew. The neo-g icean pe spec i e concluded ha mic o and mac o
discu si e s uc u es should be conside ed ( ex and con ex ) o an app op ia e
in e p e a ion. In his sense we will ocus on hose ac o s and ins umen s o
poli eness, as well as o ele ance, ha may help o a ge he ole o his pa ic-
ula use o deixis in poli ical discou se. We main ain ha i is connec ed o he
concep o ace (B own and Le inson, 1987;Go man, 1967), and i is aimed a
he ob aining o au ho i y and posi i e alues o he speake . Howe e , in some
cases, hey cause a seg ega ion e ec owa ds he opponen , who is a ibu ed
nega i e alues by con as .
Keywo ds: deic ic expanded s uc u es, poli ical discou se, ace, poli eness, Spa-
nish Pa liamen , neo-g icean.
1. In Roduc Ion
We a e going o concen a e on he p agma ic implica ions o deic ic ex-
panded s uc u es1 consis ing on hi d pe son indexical s uc u es ( his membe ,
his pa liamen a y g oup) wi h i s pe son e e en s (I, we) ound in he Span-
ish poli ical o um. These s uc u es a e e y signi ican in he sense ha he
Spanish sys em allows he omission o he subjec in con ex s whe e hey a e in-
he en in he e b’s mo phology. In his case, i s pe son singula and plu al a e
dis inc i e and he e is no possible misunde s anding in ela ion o he e e en .
In he case o ou s udy, no only a e he subjec s explici bu also mo e complex
s uc u es a e being used. We main ain ha such beha iou con eys p agma ic
implica ions.
In o de o p oceed wi h ou s udy, we ha e chosen a co pus consis ing o ou
di e en deba es in he Spanish Pa liamen dealing wi h ou di e en opics.
Such deba es a e he ollowing:
1. Speech o he Izquie da Unida-Inicia i a pe Ca alunya Ve ds Pa lia-
men a y G oup in ela ion o gende iolence (May 19, 2004), which
will be e e ed as documen 1.
2. Speech o he Sec e a y o De ence (Bono Ma ínez) o in o m abou
issues ela ed o he Yakole 42 c ash in Tu key (July 4, 2004) (docu-
men 2).
3. Speech o he p esiden o he S a e-owned Holding Company o he
T easu y Commi ee, in o de o in o m abou he ac ions o he wo k
g oup c ea ed by he Depu y Go e nmen Commi ee o Economic
Issues in cha ge o analysing he si ua ion o Iza unde he Go e n-
men ’s pe i ion (July 27, 2004) (documen 3).
1 We use he e m “expanded” because hese s uc u es a e a i icially p olonged as hey e e
o single e e en s.
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4. Speech o he Izquie da Unida-Inicia i a pe Ca alunya Ve ds Pa lia-
men a y G oup abou gende iolence, second pa icipa ion (May 25,
2004) (documen 4).
These deba es mee wo main condi ions. The i s one is ha hey deal wi h
di e en issues, which allows us o es he pe inence o he opics and he ole
o he mo al dimension in si ua ions o con lic . Qui e unsu p isingly, hese
s uc u es we e ound in hose con ex s in which mo al con lic s we e a s ake.
The second condi ion we ha e aken in o accoun when selec ing he co pus is
ha ha hey should be con empo a y, as ime dis ance may con amina e he
equali y equi emen we ha e es ablished as a p e equisi e o his compa a i e
analysis. All deba es we e held in he yea 2004.
2. InI IAl consIdeRA Ions
In o de o conduc he analysis we ha e conside ed wo ini ial heo e ical
conside a ions: (a) he impo ance o economy in communica ion and (b) he
unc ions o deixis.
2.1 The impo ance o economy in communica ion
Di e en linguis ic s udies ha e e e ed o he economy p ecep in commu-
nica ion (Co nish 2008; G ice 1967, 1969, 1975, 1989; Ho n 1984, 1989, 2004,
2005; Spe be and Wilson 1995, 2002, among o he au ho s).
The s uc u es we concen a e on in his wo k do no con o m, a p io i and
in gene al e ms, o his p ecep as hey a e used in con ex s whe e mo e simple
s uc u es can be used. Fu he mo e, he Spanish language allows he absence
o he subjec in a sen ence when he o m o he e b iden i ies he subjec .
Fo his eason, subjec i s pe son singula and plu al p onouns a e mo e com-
monly ound in empha ic con ex s, which is no he case in he speeches ana-
lysed. The e o e, analysing he pe inence o he al eady men ioned “economy
p ecep ” seems e iden when dealing wi h he p agma ic implica ions o he
“deic ic expanded s uc u es” unde analysis.
We will p o ide wi h a b ie e iew o h ee heo ies de ending he im-
po ance o language economy. Ca s on (2005) compa ed he philosophies o
G ice, he neog iceans, and hose emb acing RT ( ele an e heo y), all o hem
dealing wi h low cos unc ionali y o language, in his wo k “Rele ance Theo y,
G ice and he neo-G iceans: a esponse o Lau ence Ho n’s “Cu en issues in
neo-G icean p agma ics”. We will e e o his compa isons in ou wo k.
Spe be and Wilson (1995, 2002), he a he s o he Rele ance Theo y, main-
ained ha human cogni ion ends o selec ele an inpu s whose p ocessing
cos s a e easonably low. Acco ding o RT, linguis ic u e ances a e p esupposed
o a ain a ce ain le el o ele ance, ha is, hey imply an accep able cogni i e
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bene i o no unnecessa y p ocessing e o . This en ails an in en ional agen
and in en ion o p o ide ele an in o ma ion. Howe e , his p oposal has been
cla i ied by la e s udies.
G ice, also in his line o hough , desc ibed a numbe o maxims o quan i y
which, acco ding o him, con ibu ed o luency and e ec i eness in communi-
ca ion. This au ho , as well as Spe be and Wilson, assumed a speake whose in-
en ion is o a ec he hea e . (G ice 1975, 1989).
Subsequen ly, Ho n speci ied ha he goal o he G icean heo y was o ex-
plica e speake meaning, o , mo e speci ically, ‘ o cha ac e ize implica u e as pa
o speake meaning’ (Ho n 2005a: 192). Howe e , as Ca s on indica es, Neale
(1992: 509) p o ided wi h a u he cla i ica ion. He speci ied ha G ice’s phi-
losophy o language consis ed o a leas he ollowing ou p ocesses:
• o elucida e he meaning o an exp ession e, wha a speake S said on a
pa icula occasion by u e ing e, and wha S mean when s/he u e ed
e on ha occasion.
• o unde s and he na u e o non-na u al meaning by analysing sen ence
meaning, he speake ’s meaning, and wha is said.
• o explain how wha S says and wha S means may di e .
• o di e en ia e be ween seman ic con en and p agma ic implica ions.
Ho n’s pe spec i e is mainly linguis ic as he concen a es on he ela ion be-
ween g amma and p agma ics; he analyses how p agma ic ac o s may a ec
lexicalisa ion, o ins ance, by p omo ing abb e ia ion o ce ain equen ly used
o ms in o de o sa e speake ’s e o (see Ho n 1984, 2004). He concen a ed
on wo kinds o con e sa ional implica u e. One o hem de i es om his R-
P inciple (minimizing speake ’s e o ), and he o he one om his Q-P inci-
ple (minimizing hea e ’s e o ). Howe e , hei pe spec i e is qui e di e en
om ha o G ice. Fo Ca s on (2005), “While his sys em [Ho n’s] is no in-
ended o p o ide an accoun o u e ance p ocessing like RT, no does i ha e
G ice’s philosophical analy ical conce ns”. Ca son concludes his compa ison o
he G icean, he neo-G icean (Ho n) and he ele ance- heo e ic in a e y clea
way. He explains ha hey deal wi h he same issue al hough om di e en dis-
ciplines: G ice wi h philosophical analysis, Ho n wi h linguis ics, and RT wi h
cogni i e p ocessing, all o hem coinciding in he way hey s essed language
e iciency and unc ionali y. Taking in o accoun hei heo ies, ou iew is ha
he s uc u es unde analysis a e no g a ui ous. They a e mean o cause an e -
ec on he add esses and hus we conside hem linguis ic s a egies whose e -
ec s will be he main conce n o his wo k.
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2.2 The unc ions o deixis
Di e en unc ions o deixis ha e been desc ibed; social deixis may ha e a
dis inc i e unc ion in social ela ions. Wi hin his ypology we ind he use o
p onoun us ed, a poli e o m indica ing espec and he ecogni ion o a ce ain
social s a us o he add esse. Also, we could men ion exo o ic deixis (ad oculos),
empa he ic deixis (emo ional o psychological “dis ance” o “p oximi y” be ween
a speake and a e e en ), pe sonal deixis, e e ing o he ole o pa icipan s (I,
we, ou , mine…), empo al deixis, spa ial deixis, and so on.
F om he poin o iew o p agma ics, deic ics depend on he speake ’s con-
ex , on ex alinguis ic elemen s, o hei co ec in e p e a ion. Fo ins ance, i
we a e old: “you mus le him know abou his issue”, and we a e no amilia
wi h he con ex , we will no be able o unde s and he meaning o he u e -
ance. O as Widdowson and Jaszczol pu i : “The ex is always incomple e and
inde e mina e in ela ion o he discou se which may be de i ed om i wi h
he help o a con ex ” (Widdowson, 2004:8; Jaszczol , 2005:13).
Howe e , Kaplan (1989) de ended he exis ence o a subg oup he called pu e
indexicals, such as “I”, “you”, “he e”, “ oday”, which do no con ey p agma ic
implica ions in he sense ha he speake ’s in en ions a e clea as hey a e sup-
plied di ec ly by he na ow seman ic con ex o he u e ance. In his sense, we
conside ha he use o expanded s uc u es in con ex s whe e “pu e indexicals”
apply mus ha e a p agma ic alue.
We should ake in o accoun ha he main di e ence be ween pu e indexi-
cals and demons a i es ( he elemen s in oducing he expanded s uc u es o
ou analysis) is ha i is he speake ’s in en ion ha de e mines he e e ence o
a demons a i e, no a ixed unc ion o ex e nal ea u es o he con ex o u e -
ance. Pu e indexicals a e di e en om demons a i es in he sense ha hei
e e en s a e inhe en ly dis inc i e whe eas demons a i es may con ey he ol-
lowing possibili y: “A is X” and “A is no X”. Thus, in heo y, a pe son could no
hink o himsel /he sel as wo di e en people a he same ime.
In ou wo k, speake s b eak his ule as hey p esen hemsel es igu a i ely
in a schizoph enic way: om a seman ic pe spec i e, as he speake s o he u -
e ance, and om a p agma ic iew, he psychological dis ance c ea ed by a hi d
pe son s uc u e po ays a e e en appa en ly de ached om he pe son who is
speaking. The seg ega ing e ec o such s a egy p o ides a new con ex ual di-
mension ela ed o ole discou se and he posi ion o he speake in ela ion o
wha s/he is saying.
Role discou se mus be aken in o accoun a his poin as he expanded
s uc u es analyzed ( his membe , his pa liamen a y g oup) a e ela ed o he
communi y o p ac ice (La e and Wenge , 1991; Wenge 1998) o which speak-
e s and in e locu o s belong o. They a e all membe s o he Spanish Pa liamen .
I is qui e pa adoxical bu his seg ega ing s uc u e con eys an in eg a ing e -
ec . I is in his con ex ha poli eness (B own and Le inson 1987) and he

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concep o ace (Go man 1967) apply. In pa icula we will concen a e on he
concep s o posi i e and nega i e ace. Acco ding o B own and Le inson pos-
i i e ace is “ he wan o e e y compe en adul membe ha his ac ion be un-
impeded by o he s” and nega i e ace is desc ibed as “ he wan o e e y membe
ha his wan s be desi able o a leas some o he s” (1987: 62).
In ou s udy, all he in e locu o s ha e a special in e es in hei p oposals o
be accep ed in a con ex o powe imbalance. Al hough all he pa icipan s in
he deba es a e membe s o he Pa liamen , no all he g oups ha e he same el-
e ance o ep esen a ion and all o hem wan hei oices o be hea d by hei
colleges and, a he same ime, wan o please hei o e s and hei expec a ions.
In his sense, he concep s o posi i e and nega i e ace a e o g ea in e es .
3. AnAlysIs
This analysis has been conduc ed in he ollowing manne : i s , we ha e
iden i ied he o ms unde s udy and hen we ha e concen a ed on he con ex
in which hey appea ed and he possible causes and e ec s o such usage. We
s a wi h he s uc u es e e ing o a i s pe son e e en , “ his membe ”.
3.1 Fi s pe son e e en “I” → his membe
documen 1
Example (a)
Pg 333.- (Iu) s a. Ga cía suá ez: No que emos – y no a a se el es ilo
de es a dipu ada- hace una in e ención en la que se ei e en aspec os que
ya han sido a ados. Que emos hace una in e ención cla a, di ec a y que
abo de aspec os di e en e
Ms Ga cía Suá ez: We do no wan – and i is no going o be he s yle
o his membe – o make a speech in which aspec s al eady deal wi h
will be ei e a ed. We wan o make a clea and di ec speech dealing
wi h di e en issues.
Example (b)
Pg 334.- (Iu) s a. Ga cía suá ez: sin cae en alo aciones exage adas ni
d amá icas, que no es la in ención de es a dipu ada, que siemp e p opond á
habla menos de iolencia y ac ua más a a o de la con i encia, quisié a-
mos deja cla as un pa de cosas.
Ms Ga cía Suá ez: Wi hou making exagge a ed and d ama ic e al-
ua ions, which is no he in en ion o his membe , who will always
sugges alking less abou iolence and wo king mo e in a ou o coex-
is ence, we would like o cla i y a ew hings.
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The i s hing ha calls ou a en ion is he syn ac ic dis ibu ion o hese
sen ences. The expanded s uc u es unde s udy a e ound in a pe iphe al posi-
ion, be ween commas, as a cla i ica ion o he main sen ence.
I is also ema kable ha he speake deli e s he speech h ough a i s pe -
son plu al subjec , “we do no wan ”, “we wan o”, “we would like”, all o hem
s uc u es wi h e bs o oli ion, which clea ly po ay he na u e o he dis-
cou se. She is p esen ing he in en ions and hose o he poli ical g oup. She en-
e s a dimension in which she exp esses wha is desi able, o maybe co ec , o
he g oup and wha is no , hus, o e ing a mo al cha ac e iza ion o he sel and
o he g oup she is ep esen ing in ha p ecise momen . He discou se is u -
e ed om he pe spec i e o he g oup and i is only in some cla i ica ions ha
we ind he expanded s uc u es (he sel as an indi idual).
Also, expanded s uc u es appea ed in nega i e cons uc ions, coun e ac ing
a si ua ion he speake inds undesi able. They can be in e p e ed as ed ess
s uc u es in which he speake an icipa es c i icism and jus i ies he sel in on
o an audience ha may ind he discou se incohe en . Maybe o his eason
she s esses he own beha iou in opposi ion o o he people o o he g oups.
We ind he dicho omy “I do no do X, o he s do X”, “ his” as an elemen in op-
posi ion o “ ha ” o “ hose”, e en i hey a e no o e ly exp essed. This assump-
ion implies ha o he people do no beha e in a co ec manne , as he speake
does. In his sense, maybe we should cla i y his s uc u e as “an indi ec ed ess
s uc u e” as i jus i ies he beha iou a he same ime as i also implies a con-
on a ion wi h hose who do no sha e he “s yle”.
In any case, hese s uc u es, which om now on we will call ExS, ein o ce
he asse ions made in he name o he g oup ep esen ed.
Th ough he use o his s uc u e he speake enhances he condi ion o a
“membe ” in a si ua ion whe e she is p esen ing he sel as a pe son wi h mo als
and an icipa es he eac ion o o he “membe s” whose mo ali y may no co e-
spond o he s. I is a complex s a egy. On he one hand, she s esses he mem-
be ship o a g oup whe e he in e locu o s also belong o. A i s , we may hink
ha she is ein o cing he posi i e ace bu he co e con as “ his/ ha ” insin-
ua es an o e gap be ween subg oups. Also ano he gap is e idenced, on he
one hand wha she says, and on he o he hand wha she does no mean wi h
wha she says: “which is no he in en ion o his membe ”, “i is no going o be
he s yle o his membe ”.
Example (c)
Pg. 334.- (Iu) s a. Ga cía suá ez: si bien, como ya ha explicado es a
dipu ada, eso sólo hubie a epe cu ido en una cua a pa e de las muje es
mue as el año pasado.
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Ms Ga cía Suá ez: Al hough, as his membe has al eady explained,
ha would ha e only had an e ec on one ou h o he women mu -
de ed las yea .
In his example we ind an ExS in an a i ma i e con ex . Howe e , i has a
commonali y wi h hose appea ing in nega i e ones. This s uc u e (“ his mem-
be ” → is pe son e e en ) consis en ly appea s pe iphe ally. Thus we should
hink ha in his case i also has a cla i ying and ein o cing goal. The s a e-
men , “as his membe has al eady explained”, has a ei e a i e na u e ha gi es
cohe ence o he speake ’s line o a gumen h ough he ecu ence o he (Ms
Ga cía Suá ez) beha iou in di e en si ua ions; p esen as a na u al ex ension
o he pas (Du an i 2006), hus p o iding wi h empo al cohe ence and using
epe i ion as a pe suasion s a egy. Also, i is ele an o no ice ha he speake
is denouncing some hing ha did no wo k, so she is ein o cing a p e ious
c i icism.
documen 2
Example (a)
Pp.10-11- s . Ma dones se illa (coalición cana ia): Vaya po delan e que,
seño Minis o de de ensa, que us ed acaba de ealiza una delimi ación que
a mí me pa ece ace ada: no en a en una exigencia de esponsabilidades
polí icas […]. en la compa ecencia del seño Minis o de de ensa en on-
ces, don Fede ico illo, an e es a comisión, en la pasada legisla u a, el 4 de
junio, es e dipu ado que habla aho a en nomb e del G upo de Coalición
Cana ia, se ido de us edes, dijo ex ualmen e: Pe o el e ce escalón son
las esponsabilidades, y si las culpas no es án den o del Minis e io de de-
ensa, las esponsabilidades, las que sean, sí pa ece que es án den o del mismo.
M Ma dones Se illa (Cana y Islands Coali ion): I mus say ha , M
Minis e o De ense, you ha e jus made a dema ca ion ha I ind e y
wise: do no call o poli ical esponsibili ies […]. Du ing he speech o
he o me Minis e o De ense, M Fede ico T illo, in his commi ee,
he pas e m o o ice, on June 4, his membe ha is speaking now o
he cana y islands coali ion g oup, you humble se an , said wo d
o wo d: bu he hi d s ep a e esponsibili ies, and i he Minis y o
De ense is o blame, esponsibili ies, wha e e hey may be, seem o be
[deal wi h] wi hin he Minis y.
He e we ind an in e en ion ein o ced h ough wha we could call an “ou o
b ea h” s a egy due o he leng h o his sen ences, bu i s we should men ion
ha he speake is alking abou an issue ha has p o oked g ea con on a ion in
he Spanish poli ical and social sphe e. Six y- wo Spanish soldie s died in a plane
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c ash and his commi ee is ying o decide who is o blame, and especially o
which ex en he p e ious Minis e o De ense should be o blame and punished
o no making su e ha he soldie s a elled in sa e planes, i ha was he case
o jus an un o una e acciden . Whe he i could ha e been p e en ed o no is
he main issue a s ake. Di e en g oups ha e di e en opinions and con lic is on
he able. Red ess in his con ex o con on a ion is achie ed he e by he b eak-
ing o he Maxim o Quan i y. The leng h o he ExS, “ his membe ha is speak-
ing now o he Cana y Islands Coali ion G oup, you humble se an , said wo d
o wo d”, is ema kable. I is expanded in ou ways:
• he speake ein o ces he momen o he speech, he p esen ime, “is
speaking now”, indi ec ly c ea ing a con as wi h he pas .
• he speci ies his pa liamen a y g oup, “ o he Cana y Islands Coali ion
G oup”, singula izing his iden i y wi hin he o um h ough he speci-
ica ion o his g oup, a mino i y g oup, and also legi imizing his condi-
ion o membe o “ he communi y”.
• he adds wha we could call a “chi al ic exp ession” indica ing a collab-
o a i e a i ude, “you humble se an ”, and esul ing in he ein o ce-
men o his posi i e ace.
• he emphasises he accu acy o wha he is going o say, which is exac ly
some hing ha had been said in a p e ious occasion. In o he wo ds, he
insis s in he ideli y o his memo y (“wo d by wo d”) and also in he i-
deli y o his beha iou , s a egy al eady used in he p e ious example al-
hough he e in a mo e exagge a ed manne . Thus, his emphasis on he
c ea ion o he dicho omy p esen /pas is especially p oduc i e.
Tension he e is no as e iden as in he p e ious example whe e he in en ion
was o denounce some hing ha did no wo k. M Ma dones Se illa is de end-
ing he iew o his g oup h ough he elabo a ion o a cohe en discou se. C i i-
cism is no ema kable in his example. The speake ep esen s a mino i y g oup
and h ough he enhancemen o his posi i e ace, and ha o his g oup, he is
p esen ing his con ibu ion as aluable in a o um whe e he wo main poli ical
g oups, he socialis and he conse a i e ones, ha e mo e impo ance in he i-
nal decisions han he es o g oups. M Ma dones Se illa is se ing a con ex
whe e his g oup can be aken in o accoun as an objec i e and cohe en pa ic-
ipan in he making o decisions.
3.2 Thi d pe son e e en “I” → his Pa liamen a y G oup
We ha e ound only one example in he documen s unde analysis. Howe e ,
as we will see, i s na u e and use is di e en om ha o he ExSs p e iously
analyzed.