Digitalization as an Enabler in Railway Maintenance: A Review from “The International Union of Railways Asset Management Framework” Perspective

Academic Edi o s: Albe Lau and
Yang Song
Recei ed: 24 Feb ua y 2025
Re ised: 7 Ap il 2025
Accep ed: 9 Ap il 2025
Published: 11 Ap il 2025
Ci a ion: Rod íguez-He nández, M.;
C espo-Má quez, A.;
Sánchez-He guedas, A.;
González-P ida, V. Digi aliza ion as
an Enable in Railway Main enance: A
Re iew om “The In e na ional
Union o Railways Asse Managemen
F amewo k” Pe spec i e.
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
in as uc u es10040096
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Re iew
Digi aliza ion as an Enable in Railway Main enance: A Re iew
om “The In e na ional Union o Railways Asse Managemen
F amewo k” Pe spec i e
Mau icio Rod íguez-He nández * , Adol o C espo-Má quez , An onio Sánchez-He guedas
and Vicen e González-P ida *
Highe Technical School o Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Se ille, P.C. 41092 Se ille, Spain; [email p o ec ed] (A.C.-M.);
[email p o ec ed] (A.S.-H.)
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] (M.R.-H.); [email p o ec ed] (V.G.-P.);
Tel.: +34-747432379 (M.R.-H.)
Abs ac : This pape conduc s a comp ehensi e e iew o he ole o digi aliza ion in
ailway main enance managemen , pa icula ly h ough he lens o he In e na ional Union
o Railways (UIC) asse managemen amewo k. The s udy aims o assess how digi al
echnologies such as Big Da a, he In e ne o Things (IoT), and A i icial In elligence (AI)
se e as enable s o mo e e icien and e ec i e main enance p ac ices in he ailway
sec o . By employing a bibliome ic analysis, we iden i y he cu en ends, challenges,
and gaps in he li e a u e conce ning he in eg a ion o digi al ools in o main enance
managemen amewo ks. The indings e eal ha while digi aliza ion o e s signi ican
po en ial o op imizing main enance ope a ions and enhancing decision-making p ocesses,
i s success ul implemen a ion equi es a mo e in eg a ed app oach ha aligns wi h he
s a egic goals o ailway o ganiza ions. This pape also discusses u u e esea ch di ec ions,
emphasizing he need o a global amewo k inco po a ing echnological ad ancemen s
and o ganiza ional change o achie e sus ainable and sa e ailway ope a ions.
Keywo ds: digi aliza ion; main enance managemen ; ailway; amewo k c i icali y
1. In oduc ion
Main enance o ailway in as uc u e is a complex ask ha in ol es planning, cos
con ol, sa e y, eliabili y, en i onmen al impac , and quali y o se ice [
1
]. O e he yea s,
nume ous sec o ized solu ions ha e been p oposed o add ess speci ic p oblems wi hin
ailway main enance managemen . Howe e , hese solu ions o en lack an in eg a ed
app oach ha is applicable o all s ages o he main enance managemen p ocess and ac oss
he ailway in as uc u e [
2
]. This agmen a ion has e ealed a c i ical need o imp o e
exis ing s udies om a mo e comp ehensi e pe spec i e, wi h he aim o op imizing no
only main enance managemen bu also he o e all pe o mance o he ail business.
In his con ex , digi aliza ion and he use o da a ha e eme ged as key ac o s in
ans o ming ailway main enance managemen . Digi aliza ion allows o a mo e e ec-
i e in eg a ion o he di e en aspec s o managemen indi idually and acili a es he
implemen a ion o main enance managemen amewo ks om a comp ehensi e app oach,
allowing a p io i ized alloca ion o esou ces by op imizing he use o he ailway in as uc-
u e as a whole [
3
–
6
]. In he con ex o ailway main enance, digi aliza ion is de ined as he
p ocess o in eg a ing digi al echnologies o op imize asse managemen , ailu e p edic ion,
and he o e all ope a ional e iciency o he ailway sys em. This p ocess encompasses
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/in as uc u es10040096
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 2 o 36
bo h es ablished digi al p ac ices, such as he use o moni o ing senso s, condi ion-based
main enance da a analy ics, and Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys ems (GIS), and eme ging
echnologies, including he In e ne o Things (IoT), A i icial In elligence (AI), and digi al
wins, which enable ad anced simula ions and eal- ime analysis. Di e en ia ing be ween
hese wo ca ego ies is c ucial o assessing he impac o digi aliza ion on decision-making
wi hin he UIC asse managemen amewo k, p o iding a s uc u ed pe spec i e on he
le el o digi al ma u i y in he ailway sec o . This g owing in e es in digi aliza ion aises
a undamen al ques ion: Is digi aliza ion an e ec i e enabling ac o o implemen ing
ailway main enance managemen models, and wha is he dep h o esea ch in each dimen-
sion? The amewo k p oposed by he In e na ional Union o Railways (UIC) is conside ed
a e e ence o hese dimensions.
To answe his ques ion, his s udy aims o e iew he exis ing li e a u e and compa e
i wi h a sec o al e e ence amewo k, iden i ying he po en ial in each ca ego y and
he oppo uni ies o s udy in unde de eloped a eas. As his opic is explo ed, he need
o inco po a e a global con ex in o each s udy o guide u u e esea ch is highligh ed.
This analysis is based on he asse managemen amewo k p o ided by he UIC, a key
egula o y e e ence in he ailway indus y, which acili a es decision-making on c i ical
aspec s o ailway in as uc u e main enance managemen . We also conside he app oach
p o ided by he cu en e e ence amewo ks o digi al main enance managemen [
7
],
which uses digi aliza ion as an enable o he ools and echniques applied o main enance
managemen . Finally, academic and p o essional esea ch a e explo ed and, in his case,
e lec ed in he comp ehensi e e iew o he S2R p ojec s [8].
In his con ex , i should be no ed ha he UIC (In e na ional Union o Railways)
amewo k is widely ecognized o i s sys ema ic and comp ehensi e app oach o ailway
asse managemen , especially in i s alignmen wi h s anda d ISO 55001 [
9
], which is a
global s anda d adop ed by mul iple asse -in ensi e sec o s. This amewo k p o ides
p ac ical guidelines o he implemen a ion o asse managemen and ensu es ha key
decisions ela ed o he ope a ion, main enance, eno a ion, and imp o emen o ailway
in as uc u e a e jus i ied, implemen ed, and e i ied consis en ly and e icien ly. This
makes i an indispensable ool o ailway o ganiza ions looking o maximize he alue o
hei asse s h oughou hei li ecycle [10].
In he analysis de eloped a he beginning o Sec ion 2, which was cons uc ed om
an exhaus i e li e a u e e iew, he po en ial impac s o digi aliza ion a e syn hesized
and g ouped in o di e en managemen ca ego ies acco ding o he UIC amewo k, as
shown in Table 1. This analysis selec s ep esen a i e wo ks ha exempli y he cu en
ends in ailway digi aliza ion and in oduces he key aspec s o digi aliza ion ha will
be ex ensi ely de eloped in Sec ion 3, also p oposing a s uc u e o assess i s impac on
ailway main enance managemen . In Sec ion 2.2, a b oad and comp ehensi e e iew o he
li e a u e is p esen ed o p o ide an o e iew o exis ing s udies on ailway main enance
managemen and digi aliza ion, anging om managemen models and eme ging ech-
nologies o indus y egula ions and o he ele an aspec s. Subsequen ly, in Sec ion 2.3,
he e e ence amewo k p oposed by he UIC is e alua ed, opening he discussion o a
amewo k en iched by digi aliza ion as a ca aly ic ac o in he managemen o ailway
main enance. In Sec ion 4, a c i ical analysis o he indings is o e ed, del ing in o hei
p ac ical and heo e ical implica ions, and he s udy’s limi a ions a e iden i ied, p oposing
di ec ions o u u e esea ch. We conclude in Sec ion 5by highligh ing he main indings
and con ibu ions o he s udy, unde lining he impo ance o digi aliza ion in he e ised
amewo k and sugges ing ecommenda ions o i s e ec i e implemen a ion. This sec ion
highligh s he ele ance o ou esea ch o guide u u e academic explo a ions and i s
po en ial impac on imp o ing he e iciency and sa e y o ail sys ems.
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 3 o 36
Table 1. Po en ial impac in UIC high-le el ca ego y s. Resea ch Railway Aspec s and digi aliza ion
ield.
Pape
P incipal Digi aliza ion
Field
Resea ch
Railway Aspec
Po en ial Impac in UIC High-Le el Ca ego ies
Ope a ional
Manage-
men
Risk Man-
agemen
S a egic
Planning:
Pe o mance
E alua ion
O ganiza-
ional
Change
[11]
•A i icial In elligence
(AI)
•Au oma ion and
Robo ics
•SRTIT (1)
•SEARM (2)
•RRMO (3)
•IPMTRI (4)
•APDRT (5)
High Ve y High High Mode a e Mode a e
[12]
•Big Da a
•Da a Analysis and
Business In elligence
(BI)
•A i icial In elligence
(AI)
•SRTIT (1)
•SEARM (2)
•RRMO (3)
•IPMTRI (4)
•APDRT (5)
Ve y High High Ve y High High Mode a e
[13]•Big Da a
•
Da a Analysis and BI
•RRMO (3) Ve y High High Ve y High High Mode a e
[14]
•Cybe secu i y
•In e ne o Things
(IoT)
•
Da a Analysis and BI
•Au oma ion and
Robo ics
•SRTIT (1)
•RRMO (3)
•IPMTRI (4) Ve y High Ve y High High High Ve y High
[15]
•
Da a Analysis and BI
•Au oma ion and
Robo ics
•In e ne o Things
(IoT)
•SEARM (1)
•RRMO (3)
•RRSDO (5) High Mode a e Mode a e Ve y High Unde
[16]
•
Da a Analysis and BI
•Au oma ion and
Robo ics
•Big Da a
•A i icial In elligence
(AI)
•SRTIT (1)
•SEARM (2)
•RRMO (3) High Mode a e Ve y High Ve y High Mode a e
Ou
Pa-
pe
•Digi aliza ion in all
ields as an enabling
and in eg a ing
ac o
•SRTIT (1)
•SEARM (2)
•RRMO (3)
•IPMTRI (4)
•RRSDO (5)
•APDRT (6)
Ou s udy conside s he UIC model as a basis and p esen s a discussion
o esea ch oppo uni ies in unde -s udied and high-po en ial ields,
adding a global pe spec i e ha highligh s digi aliza ion as an enabling
medium.
2. S a e-o - he-A Analysis
This sec ion desc ibes and sys ema ically analyzes he exis ing li e a u e and egula-
ions o he sec o . Suppo ed by he p ac ical expe ience o he au ho s and he p o essional
esea ch o he sec o [
17
], we seek o iden i y he gaps, ends, and, abo e all, he knowledge
gaps ha jus i y his esea ch. Fo his pu pose, a s udy me hod desc ibed in Sec ion 2.1 is
used, which is b oken down in o wo le els o dep h: a i s le el de eloped in Sec ion 2.2
ha is o ien ed o co e a la ge olume o a icles and s udy ime; and a second le el
de eloped in Sec ion 2.3 ha ocuses on achie ing a mo e de ailed and in-dep h analysis
by e iewing he Resea ch Railway Aspec (RRA) o main enance managemen in ail oads
whe e he s udy o he egula ions o he ailway sec o is inco po a ed. As a esul , we seek
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 4 o 36
o es ablish he sec o ’s e e ences ha allow us o de e mine he esea ch oppo uni ies
ega ding he po en ial ha hey con ibu e o he managemen model.
The s udy begins wi h he analysis o he s a e o he a in he digi al managemen
o ailway main enance. Using he me hods o bibliome ic analysis applied by Gomez-
Luna [
18
]. This s udy iden i ies and classi ies he key aspec s o in e es o he scien i ic
communi y, s udied in six Resea ch Railway Aspec s (RRAs) (Sec ion 2.2.2), which a e
complemen ed by he p o essional esea ch de eloped in Eu opean S2R p ojec s and guilds,
om which a ise app oaches o he ailway main enance managemen , such as hose
con ibu ed by he UIC in hei UIC Asse Managemen Wo king G oup [
10
]. In his
sense, he esea ch makes a jou ney om app oaches such as he one [
19
] which e eals
aluable insigh s in o ailway asse managemen . P oposals such as ha o Re . [
20
]
ad ance da a in eg a ion and digi aliza ion. Wo ks such as ha o Re . [
21
] demons a e
how he in eg a ion o da a and machine lea ning echnologies can imp o e main enance
managemen . S udies such as Re . [
22
] iden i y he need o mo e e icien models ha
can p edic bo h wea and a igue in olling s ock. On he o he hand, p oposals such as
ha o Re . [
23
] imp o e main enance managemen ; g ea e in eg a ion o digi al ools is
equi ed o mo e accu a e managemen . Finally, ega ding digi aliza ion, mo e ecen
wo ks such as ha o Re s. [
24
,
25
] show how he in eg a ion o da a and machine lea ning
echnologies can imp o e main enance planning. Howe e , hese s udies also no e ha how
o c oss-cu ingly in eg a e hese ad ances in o exis ing managemen sys ems has ye o be
add essed [
11
]. Conside ing he p o essional expe ience applied in he sec o , a e e ence
base o he esea ch has been he egula ions and s anda ds o he sec o , highligh ing
he impo ance o ISO 55000 [
10
] and he s anda ds EN 50126 [
26
], EN 50128 [
27
], and
EN 50129 [
28
] o asse managemen and sa e de elopmen o ailway sys ems. These
s anda ds, in con as o ad ances in scien i ic esea ch, p o ide gene al and c oss-cu ing
guidance, bu lack (like all s anda ds) a p ac ical app oach o hei implemen a ion in
ailway main enance managemen . In line wi h wha is p oposed by he UIC, anspo
managemen i sel mus also be conside ed as poin ed ou by Re . [
29
], and he esilience
o a ailway ne wo k is unde s ood as he combina ion o in as uc u e main enance and
anspo managemen . Analyzing hese pe spec i es, he e e ence amewo k p oposed
by he UIC is con i med as a basis, aking digi aliza ion as a key enable [
30
]. E en mo e
so, conside ing ha ailway sys ems a e highly complex ne wo ks made up o a sys em o
sys ems [31].
To illus a e hese ela ionships in a consolida ed manne , a compa a i e able is
p esen ed (Table 1). Using he same schema as Re . [
11
] in hei IA li e a u e e iew, in
his in oduc ion app oach, i compiles six e iew pape s ela ed o ou ield o s udy “The
Digi aliza ion”, e iews he po en ial impac in UIC ca ego ies, and makes a compa ison
wi h ou esea ch. To unde s and he po en ial impo ance o digi aliza ion in all ields o
ailway main enance managemen , i e high-le el ca ego ies ha e been collec ed om he
UIC amewo k [
32
]. Ope a ional managemen includes he daily ope a ion o he ail oad,
ou e ope a ional planning, wo k execu ion, and ne wo k ope a ion. These ac i i ies ensu e
ha he ail se ice ope a es e ec i ely and e icien ly. Risk managemen encompasses
he iden i ica ion, analysis, and mi iga ion o isks associa ed wi h ail in as uc u e and
ope a ions, which a e c i ical o in o med decision-making and o minimize dis up ions
and ensu e sa e y. S a egic planning in ol es he de ini ion o o ganiza ional objec i es
and asse s a egy as well as he de elopmen o s a egic asse managemen plans and
in as uc u e asse plans. This planning guides long- e m di ec ion and esou ce alloca ion.
Pe o mance e alua ion ocuses on moni o ing and analyzing he pe o mance o ail
in as uc u e and se ices, which may include measu ing e ec i eness, e iciency, and
alignmen wi h s a egic objec i es. O ganiza ional change encompasses ini ia i es o
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 5 o 36
imp o e o change s uc u es, p ocesses, o cul u es wi hin he o ganiza ion, including
change managemen in esponse o he implemen a ion o new sys ems o echnologies.
Acco ding o he li e a u e e iew o e he las ew yea s and wi h he pu pose o
cha ac e izing each o he s udies, 10 key ields o digi aliza ion in he ailway ield a e
p esen ed, which a e u he illus a ed in he ollowing de ail by ci ing some au ho s who
e e o each o he ields, espec i ely, in hei esea ch:
•
Digi al T ans o ma ion [
33
]: In eg a ion o digi al echnologies in all a eas o he ail-
oad, which undamen ally changes how hey ope a e and deli e s alue o cus ome s.
•
Cloud Compu ing [
34
]: Use o he cloud o imp o e he e iciency o ailway ope a-
ions, such as ime able managemen , ain main enance, and ou e op imiza ion.
•
Big Da a [
35
]: Analysis o la ge olumes o da a om senso s on ains and acks,
which helps in imp o ing sa e y, p edic i e main enance, and ope a ional e iciency.
•
A i icial In elligence [
36
]: Implemen a ion o AI o ou e op imiza ion, p edic i e
main enance o in as uc u e and ains, and o imp o e cus ome expe ience wi h
au oma ed cus ome se ice sys ems.
•
In e ne o Things (IoT) [
37
]: IoT senso s on ains and acks moni o ing condi ions in
eal ime, aiding in p e en i e main enance and sa e y.
•
Cybe secu i y [
38
]: P o ec ion o ailway sys ems agains cybe -a acks, which is
especially impo an due o he inc easing use o connec ed and sma echnologies.
•
Blockchain [
39
]: Applied o imp o e anspa ency and e iciency in eigh logis ics
and icke ing.
•
Au oma ion and Robo ics [
40
]: T ain au oma ion (d i e less ains) as well as he use
o obo s o main enance and epai asks.
•
Vi ual and Augmen ed Reali y [
41
]: VR/AR o s a aining, sa e y, main enance
simula ions, and cus ome expe ience (e.g., in- ide en e ainmen ).
•
Da a Analy ics and Business In elligence [
42
]: In ensi e use o da a analy ics o op i-
mize ope a ions, om ain schedules o p icing and cus ome se ice s a egies.
Se e al e iews ha e been ca ied ou in ecen yea s, and six ha e been speci ically
chosen o in oduce ou esea ch, which gi e an accoun , espec i ely, o he ield o digi al-
iza ion s udied ( e lec ed in he “P incipal Digi aliza ion Field” column) and i s ela ionship
wi h he managemen ca ego ies ecognized in he UIC amewo k (Table 1). This shows
he po en ial impac o hese s udies on he di e en ca ego ies o he managemen model
desc ibed in he UIC ( e lec ed in he “Po en ial Impac in UIC Hi le el ca ego y” columns).
Finally, he ARRs co e ed in each s udy ha e been assigned, p o iding a global and ini ial
pe spec i e o he exis ing le el o co e age o hem. This ini ial amewo k p o ides
guidance on he ision o p inciple o ou s udy, on which he basis o u u e esea ch
will be laid: a digi aliza ion solu ion in ailway managemen should no be an end in i sel
bu an enabling ca alys ha conside s all aspec s o managemen models in he sec o o
e ec i ely con ibu e o he ou come o he sys em as a whole.
The e alua ion me hod o de e mining he impac o a icles in hei ca ego ies
in ol es an analysis based on he ollowing eigh c i e ia:
Thema ic Rele ance: The di ec connec ion be ween he pape ’s opic and he speci ic UIC
ca ego y is examined, including how i add esses he p ocesses, challenges, o goals o he
ca ego y.
P ac ical Applicabili y: E alua e whe he he pape ’s echnologies o me hodologies
di ec ly apply o he ca ego y o equi e signi ican adap a ions.
Inno a ion and Technological Ad ances: Whe he he pape in oduces no el echnologies
o app oaches and hei deg ee o ad ancemen o e cu en p ac ices in he ca ego y.
Impac on Decision-Making: How he pape ’s indings may in luence s a egic and
ope a ional decisions wi hin he ca ego y.

In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 6 o 36
E idence and Case S udies: The p esence and ele ance o empi ical e idence, such as
case s udies o da a analysis, o suppo he pape ’s asse ions a e e iewed.
Gene ali y s. Speci ici y: A dis inc ion is made be ween indings applicable in mul iple
con ex s and hose speci ic o a pa icula si ua ion.
Con ibu ions o Knowledge: E alua es how he pape con ibu es o exis ing knowledge
in he ca ego y by illing gaps, e u ing p io belie s, o deepening unde s anding.
Fu u e Pe spec i es and T ends: Discussion o u u e esea ch o eme ging de elopmen s
and hei po en ial long- e m impac on he ca ego y a e conside ed.
In e ac ion wi h O he Fac o s o Ca ego ies: The in e ac ion o he pape ’s echnology o
me hodology wi h o he ele an ac o s in he ail indus y and i s in e dependence wi h
o he ca ego ies a e examined. These c i e ia allow a balanced and de ailed e alua ion o
he po en ial impac o each pape . The e alua ions a e classi ied in o ou le els:
Ve y High, High, Mode a e, and Low, depending on he deg ee o alignmen o he pape
wi h he objec i es and needs o he ca ego y, he s eng h o he e idence p esen ed, he
inno a ion, he p ac ical ele ance, and he impac on he de elopmen o he ca ego y.
While Ve y High and High le els indica e a signi ican and di ec in luence o he pape on
he ca ego y, Mode a e and Low le els e lec a mino impac .
I is g ouped acco ding o six Resea ch Railway Aspec s (RRAs), which eme ges om
he bibliome ic analysis de eloped using he VosViewe 1.6.19 ool, which we will explain
in de ail in Sec ion 2.3 o he a icle:
SRTIT (1): Sus ainable Railway T anspo and In as uc u e Technology;
SEARM (2): S uc u al Enginee ing and Ad anced Railway Main enance;
RMMO (3): Railway Main enance Managemen and Op imiza ion;
IPMTRI (4): Inspec ion and P edic i e Main enance Technologies o Railway In as uc-
u e;
RRSDO (5): Railway Rolling S ock Design and Ope a ion;
APDRT (6): Analysis and P edic ion o Deg ada ion on Rail oad T ack.
2.1. C i e ia and App oaches: Bibliome ic and Scien ome ic Re iews
To p o ide a comple e o e iew o he s a e o he a o main enance managemen
esea ch in ailway sys ems, we ini ially ollow he me hodology p oposed by Re s. [
43
,
44
].
The au ho s, espec i ely, use bibliome ic and scien ome ic analyses o unde s and and
classi y he ields o s udy, a p inciple on which ou li e a u e e iew is based as a basis o
unde s anding he aspec s (RRAs) a ec ing ailway main enance managemen .
Figu e 1shows a g aphic desc ip ion o he s udy p ocess. Fi s , h ee ecognized
sou ces o scien i ic in o ma ion we e e iewed, choosing WoS as he p ima y sou ce,
lea ing Scopus and ScienceDi ec as complemen a y sou ces o in o ma ion. The i s s ep
was o pe o m a sea ch acco ding o he ollowing pa h: (main enance AND amewo k
AND ailway) OR (main enance AND managemen AND ailway) OR (main enance AND
model AND ailway) OR (main enance AND managemen AND digi aliza ion). Then, we
de ined he RRAs, and he bibliome ic analysis ool VOS iewe [
45
] was used as a ool o
esea ch and g aphic ep esen a ion whe e we ob ain he clus e s o in e es o Resea ch
Railway Aspec s (RRAs). Finally, as can be iewed in he las wo s eps o he p ocess
in Figu e 1, an exhaus i e p ocess o academic and egula o y e iew was de eloped o
con e ge on a compa ison ha will allow o es ablishing gaps based on an agenda o
u u e esea ch.
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 7 o 36
In as uc u es 2025, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 37
Figu e 1. Li e a u e e iew me hodology and esea ch s uc u e.
2.2. Re iews and Analyses
2.2.1. C i e ia and App oaches:
The i s analysis pe o med accoun s o he scien i ic in e es . Fo his pu pose, con-
sul a ions we e made bo h in WoS (see Figu e 2) and SCOPUS (see Figu e 3), om which
i can be obse ed ha he numbe o publica ions pe yea has inc eased 10 imes since
2000, whe e i s maximum in ensi y was achie ed in he las 5 yea s wi h an a e age
g ow h o o e 30% (see Table 2). This can be easily explained by wo ac o s: he i s is
ha he in e es in ail anspo has inc eased in ecen decades [46], and he second is
ha he inhe en ly echnological de elopmen o i s special ies (such as ailway signaling,
o example) is na u ally accompanied by a componen o digi aliza ion [47], which has
so a been in ensely exploi ed bu in i s mul iple niches sepa a ely, as we will see in he
nex sec ion. This end is a i s alida ion o he mo i a ion o he p esen s udy as i
clea ly mani es s ha he subjec s a e cu en and o in e es in he scien i ic and business
communi ies.
Table 2. Decade media numbe o pape s published om WoS and Scopus sou ces.
Annual Media Pa-
pe s 2000–2009 2010–2019 2019–2024 To al o 2024
WoS 113 261 645 6946
Scopus 58 226 486 5247
Figu e 1. Li e a u e e iew me hodology and esea ch s uc u e.
2.2. Re iews and Analyses
2.2.1. C i e ia and App oaches:
The i s analysis pe o med accoun s o he scien i ic in e es . Fo his pu pose, con-
sul a ions we e made bo h in WoS (see Figu e 2) and SCOPUS (see Figu e 3), om which i
can be obse ed ha he numbe o publica ions pe yea has inc eased 10 imes since 2000,
whe e i s maximum in ensi y was achie ed in he las 5 yea s wi h an a e age g ow h o o e
30% (see Table 2). This can be easily explained by wo ac o s: he i s is ha he in e es in
ail anspo has inc eased in ecen decades [
46
], and he second is ha he inhe en ly ech-
nological de elopmen o i s special ies (such as ailway signaling, o example) is na u ally
accompanied by a componen o digi aliza ion [
47
], which has so a been in ensely exploi ed
bu in i s mul iple niches sepa a ely, as we will see in he nex sec ion. This end is a i s
alida ion o he mo i a ion o he p esen s udy as i clea ly mani es s ha he subjec s a e
cu en and o in e es in he scien i ic and business communi ies.
Table 2. Decade media numbe o pape s published om WoS and Scopus sou ces.
Annual Media Pape s 2000–2009 2010–2019 2019–2024
To al o 2024
WoS 113 261 645 6946
Scopus 58 226 486 5247
In as uc u es 2025, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 37
Figu e 2. Annual numbe o pape s published om WoS sou ces.
Figu e 3. Annual numbe o pape s published om Scopus sou ces.
2.2.2. Co-Wo d Analysis
To deepen he analysis o he bibliog aphic ma e ial, his sec ion de elops a g aphical
mapping o he da a using he isualiza ion so wa e VOS 1.6.19 [45]. To illus a e he
cha ac e is ics o he publica ions h ough map analysis, we will analyze he mos e-
quen keywo ds o he jou nals. To do so, we examine he co-occu ence o au ho key-
wo ds in o de o see hose ha appea mo e equen ly in he same a icles. I should be
no ed ha he au ho ’s keywo ds e e o hose keywo ds ha usually appea below he
abs ac s and a e used o iden i y he subjec o he pape . Figu e 4 shows he esul s wi h
a minimum h eshold o 25 occu ences ( esul ing in 391 keywo ds ha will cha ac e ize
he Resea ch Railway Aspec s) and he 500 mos equen co-occu ence connec ions. Each
colo ep esen s a clus e .
F om VOS iewe esul s (Figu e 4), six Resea ch Railway Aspec s (RRAs) can be
iden i ied (see clus e colo s), which a e explained below and summa ized in Table 3.
Table 3. Bibliome ic summa ies o Resea ch Railway Aspec s (RRAs).
Resea ch Railway As-
pec (RRA) Desc ip ion A eas o S udy
Examples o Rele an
Keywo ds
Sus ainable Railway
T anspo and In a-
s uc u e Technology
(SRTIT)
Focuses on inno a i e ech-
nologies o imp o e e i-
ciency and sus ainabili y in
in as uc u e planning,
cons uc ion, and manage-
men .
3D Modeling—Sus ainabili y—Digi ali-
za ion—Ene gy E iciency—G een In a-
s uc u e—Inno a ion—Asse Manage-
men —Digi al Technologies—Sa e y—
U ban Planning
3D modeling, sus aina-
b
le de elopmen , digi-
aliza ion, asse manage-
men , in as uc u e, e i-
ciency
S uc u al Enginee ing
and Ad anced Rail-
way Main enance
(SEARM)
Focuses on he de elopmen
o ad anced echnologies o
he e ec i e main enance o
ailway in as uc u es.
P edic i e Main enance—S uc u al
Analysis—Reliabili y—Nondes uc i e
Inspec ion—Compu a ional Modeling—
Railway Sa e y—Reliabili y—Asse
P edic i e main enance,
s uc u al analysis, elia-
b
ili y, nondes uc i e in-
spec ion, asse manage-
men
Figu e 2. Annual numbe o pape s published om WoS sou ces.
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 8 o 36
In as uc u es 2025, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 37
Figu e 2. Annual numbe o pape s published om WoS sou ces.
Figu e 3. Annual numbe o pape s published om Scopus sou ces.
2.2.2. Co-Wo d Analysis
To deepen he analysis o he bibliog aphic ma e ial, his sec ion de elops a g aphical
mapping o he da a using he isualiza ion so wa e VOS 1.6.19 [45]. To illus a e he
cha ac e is ics o he publica ions h ough map analysis, we will analyze he mos e-
quen keywo ds o he jou nals. To do so, we examine he co-occu ence o au ho key-
wo ds in o de o see hose ha appea mo e equen ly in he same a icles. I should be
no ed ha he au ho ’s keywo ds e e o hose keywo ds ha usually appea below he
abs ac s and a e used o iden i y he subjec o he pape . Figu e 4 shows he esul s wi h
a minimum h eshold o 25 occu ences ( esul ing in 391 keywo ds ha will cha ac e ize
he Resea ch Railway Aspec s) and he 500 mos equen co-occu ence connec ions. Each
colo ep esen s a clus e .
F om VOS iewe esul s (Figu e 4), six Resea ch Railway Aspec s (RRAs) can be
iden i ied (see clus e colo s), which a e explained below and summa ized in Table 3.
Table 3. Bibliome ic summa ies o Resea ch Railway Aspec s (RRAs).
Resea ch Railway As-
pec (RRA) Desc ip ion A eas o S udy
Examples o Rele an
Keywo ds
Sus ainable Railway
T anspo and In a-
s uc u e Technology
(SRTIT)
Focuses on inno a i e ech-
nologies o imp o e e i-
ciency and sus ainabili y in
in as uc u e planning,
cons uc ion, and manage-
men .
3D Modeling—Sus ainabili y—Digi ali-
za ion—Ene gy E iciency—G een In a-
s uc u e—Inno a ion—Asse Manage-
men —Digi al Technologies—Sa e y—
U ban Planning
3D modeling, sus aina-
b
le de elopmen , digi-
aliza ion, asse manage-
men , in as uc u e, e i-
ciency
S uc u al Enginee ing
and Ad anced Rail-
way Main enance
(SEARM)
Focuses on he de elopmen
o ad anced echnologies o
he e ec i e main enance o
ailway in as uc u es.
P edic i e Main enance—S uc u al
Analysis—Reliabili y—Nondes uc i e
Inspec ion—Compu a ional Modeling—
Railway Sa e y—Reliabili y—Asse
P edic i e main enance,
s uc u al analysis, elia-
b
ili y, nondes uc i e in-
spec ion, asse manage-
men
Figu e 3. Annual numbe o pape s published om Scopus sou ces.
2.2.2. Co-Wo d Analysis
To deepen he analysis o he bibliog aphic ma e ial, his sec ion de elops a g aphical
mapping o he da a using he isualiza ion so wa e VOS 1.6.19 [
45
]. To illus a e he
cha ac e is ics o he publica ions h ough map analysis, we will analyze he mos equen
keywo ds o he jou nals. To do so, we examine he co-occu ence o au ho keywo ds in
o de o see hose ha appea mo e equen ly in he same a icles. I should be no ed ha
he au ho ’s keywo ds e e o hose keywo ds ha usually appea below he abs ac s
and a e used o iden i y he subjec o he pape . Figu e 4shows he esul s wi h a min-
imum h eshold o 25 occu ences ( esul ing in 391 keywo ds ha will cha ac e ize he
Resea ch Railway Aspec s) and he 500 mos equen co-occu ence connec ions. Each
colo ep esen s a clus e .
In as uc u es 2025, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 37
Managemen —Reliabili y—S uc u al
Enginee ing
Railway Main enance
Managemen and Op-
imiza ion (RMMO)
De elops echnologies o
p oac i e main enance
planning, imp o ing he e -
iciency and eliabili y o
ailway sys ems.
Da a Analysis—Failu e Diagnos ics—
Au oma ed Inspec ion—P edic i e
Main enance—Asse Managemen —
Deg ada ion Modeling—Con inuous
Moni o ing—Ope a ional Reliabili y—
P oac i e Main enance—Technological
Inno a ion
Da a analysis, aul di-
agnosis, au oma ed in-
spec ion, p edic i e
main enance, asse man-
agemen
Inspec ion and P edic-
i e Main enance
Technologies o Rail-
way In as uc u e
(IPMTRI)
De elops and implemen s
ad anced echnologies o
he inspec ion and main e-
nance o ailway
in as uc u es.
Au oma ed Inspec ion—Con inuous
Moni o ing—Ea ly Diagnosis—Da a
Managemen —P edic i e Analy ics—
P oac i e Main enance—Sma Sen-
so s—Robo ics—Condi ion Moni o ing
—Vib a ion Analysis
P edic i e main enance,
condi ion moni o ing,
au oma ed inspec ion,
da a analysis, senso s
Railway Rolling S ock
Design and Ope a ion
(RRSDO)
Focuses on he design, op-
e a ion, and main enance o
ailway olling s ock, im-
p o ing i s sa e y and e i-
ciency.
Bogie Design—Vib a ion Analysis—En-
e gy E iciency—Sa e y—P e en i e
Main enance—Rolling S ock Dynam-
ics—Reliabili y—Technological Inno a-
ion—Ope a ional Op imiza ion—E go-
nomics
Rolling s ock design, i-
b
a ion analysis, ene gy
e iciency, sa e y, p e en-
i e main enance
Analysis and P edic-
ion o
Deg ada ion on Rail-
oad
T ack (APDRT)
Analyzes and p edic s he
deg ada ion o ail oad
acks, acili a ing he sched-
uling o in as uc u e e-
newals and imp o emen s.
Deg ada ion Modeling—Vib a ion
Analysis—T ack Inspec ion—Con inu-
ous Moni o ing—P oac i e Main e-
nance—Failu e Diagnosis—Li e P edic-
ion—Risk Managemen —T ack Quali y
Imp o emen —Asse Renewal
T ack deg ada ion mod-
eling, ib a ion analysis,
ack inspec ion, p oac-
i e main enance
Figu e 4. Annual numbe o pape s published om WoS and Scopus sou ces.
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 9 o 36
F om VOS iewe esul s (Figu e 4), six Resea ch Railway Aspec s (RRAs) can be
iden i ied (see clus e colo s), which a e explained below and summa ized in Table 3.
Table 3. Bibliome ic summa ies o Resea ch Railway Aspec s (RRAs).
Resea ch Railway
Aspec (RRA) Desc ip ion A eas o S udy
Examples o Rele an
Keywo ds
Sus ainable Railway
T anspo and
In as uc u e
Technology (SRTIT)
Focuses on inno a i e
echnologies o imp o e
e iciency and
sus ainabili y in
in as uc u e planning,
cons uc ion, and
managemen .
3D Modeling—Sus ainabili y—
Digi aliza ion—Ene gy
E iciency—G een
In as uc u e—Inno a ion—Asse
Managemen —Digi al
Technologies—Sa e y—U ban
Planning
3D modeling,
sus ainable
de elopmen ,
digi aliza ion, asse
managemen ,
in as uc u e,
e iciency
S uc u al
Enginee ing and
Ad anced Railway
Main enance
(SEARM)
Focuses on he
de elopmen o ad anced
echnologies o he
e ec i e main enance o
ailway in as uc u es.
P edic i e Main enance—S uc u al
Analysis—Reliabili y—
Nondes uc i e
Inspec ion—Compu a ional
Modeling—Railway
Sa e y—Reliabili y—Asse
Managemen —Reliabili y—
S uc u al Enginee ing
P edic i e
main enance,
s uc u al analysis,
eliabili y,
nondes uc i e
inspec ion, asse
managemen
Railway Main enance
Managemen and
Op imiza ion
(RMMO)
De elops echnologies o
p oac i e main enance
planning, imp o ing he
e iciency and eliabili y o
ailway sys ems.
Da a Analysis—Failu e
Diagnos ics—Au oma ed
Inspec ion—P edic i e
Main enance—Asse
Managemen —Deg ada ion
Modeling—Con inuous
Moni o ing—Ope a ional
Reliabili y—P oac i e
Main enance—Technological
Inno a ion
Da a analysis, aul
diagnosis, au oma ed
inspec ion, p edic i e
main enance, asse
managemen
Inspec ion and
P edic i e
Main enance
Technologies o
Railway
In as uc u e
(IPMTRI)
De elops and implemen s
ad anced echnologies o
he inspec ion and
main enance o ailway
in as uc u es.
Au oma ed Inspec ion—Con inuous
Moni o ing—Ea ly Diagnosis—Da a
Managemen —P edic i e
Analy ics—P oac i e
Main enance—Sma
Senso s—Robo ics—Condi ion
Moni o ing —Vib a ion Analysis
P edic i e
main enance,
condi ion moni o ing,
au oma ed inspec ion,
da a analysis, senso s
Railway Rolling
S ock Design and
Ope a ion (RRSDO)
Focuses on he design,
ope a ion, and
main enance o ailway
olling s ock, imp o ing i s
sa e y and e iciency.
Bogie Design—Vib a ion
Analysis—Ene gy
E iciency—Sa e y—P e en i e
Main enance—Rolling S ock
Dynamics—Reliabili y—
Technological
Inno a ion—Ope a ional
Op imiza ion—E gonomics
Rolling s ock design,
ib a ion analysis,
ene gy e iciency,
sa e y, p e en i e
main enance
Analysis and
P edic ion o
Deg ada ion on
Rail oad
T ack (APDRT)
Analyzes and p edic s he
deg ada ion o ail oad
acks, acili a ing he
scheduling o
in as uc u e enewals
and imp o emen s.
Deg ada ion Modeling—Vib a ion
Analysis—T ack
Inspec ion—Con inuous
Moni o ing—P oac i e
Main enance—Failu e
Diagnosis—Li e P edic ion—Risk
Managemen —T ack Quali y
Imp o emen —Asse Renewal
T ack deg ada ion
modeling, ib a ion
analysis, ack
inspec ion, p oac i e
main enance
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 16 o 36
Table 4. Con .
Resea ch
Railway Aspec
Keywo ds Pape
To al
Au ho s
Ti le Yea
Ci ed
by
S uc u al
Enginee ing
and Ad anced
Railway
Main enance
(SEARM)
P edic i e
main enance,
s uc u al
analysis,
eliabili y,
nondes uc i e
inspec ion,
asse
managemen
178
[65]Oppo uni ies and challenges in IoT-enabled
ci cula business model impl.—A case s udy 2020 90
[66]
P edic i e main enance using ee-based
classi ica ion echniques: A case o ailway
swi ches
2019 80
[67]Achie ing P edic i e and P oac i e Main . o
High-Speed Railway Powe Eq. wi h LSTM-RNN 2020 59
[68]
An au onomous sys em o main enance
scheduling da a- ich complex in as uc u e:
Fusing he ailways’ condi ion, planning and cos
2018 45
[69] P edic i e main enance model o ballas amping 2016 45
Railway
Main enance
Managemen
and
Op imiza ion
(RMMO)
Da a analysis,
aul diagnosis,
au oma ed
inspec ion,
p edic i e
main enance,
asse
managemen
111
[70]Pe spec i es on ailway ack geome y condi ion
moni o ing om in-se ice ailway ehicles 2015 170
[71]
A Big Da a Analysis App oach o Rail Failu e Risk
Assessmen 2017 80
[72]
OORNe : A deep lea ning model o on-boa d
condi ion moni o ing and aul diagnosis o
ou -o - ound wheels o high-speed ains
2022 55
[73]
Blockchain-empowe ed digi al wins collabo a ion:
Sma anspo a ion use case 2021 49
[74]Cu en s a us and u u e ends in he ope a ion
and main . o o sho e wind u bines: A e iew 2021 47
Inspec ion and
P edic i e
Main enance
Technologies
o Railway
In as uc u e
(IPMTRI)
P edic i e
main enance,
condi ion
moni o ing,
au oma ed
inspec ion, da a
analysis,
senso s
84
[75]Signi icance o senso s o indus y 4.0: Roles,
capabili ies, and applica ions 2021 112
[76]S a e-o - he-a e iew o ailway ack esilience
moni o ing 2018 83
[77]Rail oad b idge moni o ing using wi eless sma
senso s 2017 66
[21]Es ima ion o la e al and c oss alignmen in a
ailway ack based on ehicle dynamics measu . 2019 47
[78]
New me hods o he condi ion moni o ing o le el
c ossings 2015 44
Railway
Rolling S ock
Design and
Ope a ion
(RRSDO)
Rolling s ock
design,
ib a ion
analysis, ene gy
e iciency,
sa e y,
p e en i e
main enance
87
[79]In eg a ed op imiza ion on ain scheduling and
p e en i e main enance ime slo s planning 2017 76
[80]Imp o ing he esilience o me o ehicle and
passenge s o an e ec i e eme gency esponse 2014 67
[81]
Highway 4.0: Digi aliza ion o highways o
ulne able oad sa e y de elopmen wi h
in elligen IoT senso s and machine lea ning
2021 61
[82]Fu u e G eene Seapo s: A Re iew o New
In as uc u e, Challenges, and Ene gy E iciency M.
2021 49
[83]
Risk E alua ion o Railway Rolling S ock Failu es
Using FMECA Technique: A Case S udy o
Passenge Doo Sys em
2016 46

In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 17 o 36
Table 4. Con .
Resea ch
Railway Aspec
Keywo ds Pape
To al
Au ho s
Ti le Yea
Ci ed
by
Analysis and
P edic ion o
Deg ada ion on
Rail oad
T ack (APDRT)
T ack
deg ada ion
modeling,
ib a ion
analysis, ack
inspec ion,
p oac i e
main enance
14
[84]Da a-d i en op imiza ion o ailway main enance
o ack geome y 2018 91
[85]
P oac i e app oach o sma main . and logis ics as
a auxilia y and se ice p ocesses in a company 2016 34
[86]A no el app oach o ailway ack aul s de ec ion
using acous ic analysis 2021 18
[87]P edic ion Me hod o Railway T ack Geome ic
I egula i y Based on BP Neu al Ne wo k 2018 15
[88]
In elligen P oac i e Main enance Sys em o
High-Speed Railway T ac ion Powe Supply
Sys em
2020 10
Rele an publica ions by RRA: Fil e only e iews su ey a icles wi h mo e han one ci a ion, mainly om
ecen yea s. The o al o he a icles conside s he pape s ha mos ly conside his aspec ; howe e , hey may
also be pa ially p esen in o he RRAs, as will be e iewed la e .
The disconnec be ween echnological imp o emen s and o ganiza ional s a egy un-
de sco es he impo ance o in eg a i e app oaches ha combine echnology wi h change
managemen and o ganiza ional s a egy. Re . [
89
] ocuses on egula o y compliance and
p oposes a e ision o amewo ks, adap ing hem o he speci ic needs and eali ies o
ailway main enance. This indica es he impo ance o de eloping in eg a i e app oaches
ha combine echnology wi h change managemen and o ganiza ional s a egy o he
e ec i e implemen a ion o digi al solu ions. Models ocused on li ecycle cos s and imely
enewals. Re . [
90
] lacks an in eg a i e app oach ha compa es di e en ypes o asse s
and conside s hei o e all impac on he ailway sys em. In main enance policies, he in-
oduc ion o expe sys ems and senso iza ion has ad anced condi ion-based main enance
(CBM) and p edic i e echniques. Re s. [
23
,
91
] sol e p oblems a he componen le el bu
do no de ine he applica ion o hese echniques a he all-asse le el, limi ing he exis ence
o a comp ehensi e decision-making model.
Re . [
92
] poin s ou he impo ance o app oaches ha p omo e he iden i y o he
digi al asse a ans e sal way, highligh ing he need o in eg a e specialized solu ions in he
ailway sys em as a whole. Re . [
93
] add esses sa e y and pe o mance bu lack compa a i e
measu es o assess asse c i icali y due o upg ades o downg ades. Digi aliza ion as
a ca alys o ans o ma ion in ail main enance managemen equi es a s a egic and
holis ic app oach. Implemen a ion o echnologies such as IoT, Big Da a analy ics, and
AI has p o en o be bene icial, enabling eal- ime da a collec ion and analysis [
22
,
25
].
Da a managemen and cybe secu i y a e c ucial ac o s in his p ocess. O ganiza ional
change managemen and s a aining in new echnologies a e c i ical issues o he
success o digi aliza ion ini ia i es. S anda diza ion and in e ope abili y eme ge as key
challenges o maximizing he bene i s o digi aliza ion by de eloping common s anda ds
o compa ibili y and seamless in eg a ion be ween sys ems and componen s [89].
This collabo a i e and holis ic app oach is essen ial o ace cu en and u u e chal-
lenges in he ailway sec o [
92
,
93
]. Digi aliza ion is no only a ool o imp o e e iciency
and educe cos s bu a means o ans o m and en ich he ailway main enance ecosys em,
p omo ing mo e sus ainable, sa e, and esilien p ac ices.
In conclusion, digi aliza ion in ail main enance is a comp ehensi e s a egy ha e-
qui es he conside a ion o p ocesses, people, and policies. Digi al ans o ma ion equi es
a change in o ganiza ional cul u e, os e ing an inno a ion cul u e and con inuous lea ning.
The ail indus y can achie e a mo e sus ainable and esilien u u e by adop ing an inclu-
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 18 o 36
si e and collabo a i e app oach. This e olu ion owa ds mo e digi ized and au oma ed
main enance is a end and necessi y in he cu en con ex .
2.3.2. Regula o y and S anda ds Resea ch: Main enance and Asse Managemen
F amewo k Re iew
ISO 55001 [
9
] lays down he p inciples and equi emen s essen ial o asse manage-
men , u nishing a s uc u ed amewo k, see Figu e 8, aimed a augmen ing e ec i eness
and e iciency in ailway main enance managemen . Fu he mo e, EN 50126 [
26
], EN
50128 [
27
], and EN 50129 [
28
] delinea e he p e equisi es o enhancing sa e y and eliabili y
in ailway sys ems, comp ehensi ely add essing aspec s such as li ecycle managemen ,
so wa e de elopmen , and unc ional sa e y. In 2020, he In e na ional Union o Railways
(UIC), a global p o essional associa ion dedica ed o s anda diza ion o ail anspo , inau-
gu a ed he Asse Managemen Wo king G oup (AMWG) wi h he objec i e o p o iding
in e p e a ions o ISO 55001 [
9
] (see Figu e 6), he globally ecognized asse managemen
s anda d. This ini ia i e endea o s o es ablish a angible connec ion be ween ISO 55001 [
9
]
and he asse managemen amewo k p oposed by he o ganiza ion. While o igina ing
om wi hin he indus y i sel , his app oach p ima ily u nishes heo e ical insigh s, lack-
ing conc e e applica ion guidelines and he eby p esen ing gene ali ies and conside a ions
de oid o speci ic implemen a ion di ec i es. Mo eo e , esea che s such as Re . [
94
] p o-
pose a amewo k ha in e connec s he main enance managemen model (MMM) wi h
asse managemen unde ISO 55001 [
9
], he eby acili a ing alignmen be ween manage-
men phases and he MMM. Adding o his con empo a y pe spec i e, he publica ion
“D i ing he In oduc ion o Digi al Technologies o Enhance he Main enance Manage-
men P ocess and F amewo k” [
7
] o e s insigh s in o digi alizing he managemen model,
con ibu ing o con ex ual cla i y. A holis ic comp ehension o he UIC amewo k makes i
possible o iden i y i e majo ca ego ies, which in u n enable co ela ion wi h Resea ch
Railway Aspec s (RRAs), ul ima ely shedding ligh on exis ing gaps wi hin he ield.
In as uc u es 2025, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 o 37
Figu e 8. UIC asse managemen amewo k alignmen wi h ISO 55001[9] (ISO 55001 sec ions e e ence).
Each o he i e ca ego ies add esses a speci ic app oach o sui he needs and chal-
lenges o he ail sec o . Below is a desc ip ion o each and he UIC documen sec ions in
which hey a e e e enced:
1. S a egic Planning
S a egic planning in he ail sec o includes he de elopmen o a s a egic asse man-
agemen plan (SAMP) ha no only aligns asse managemen wi h o ganiza ional objec-
i es bu also esponds o speci ic ail in as uc u e needs such as sa e y, e iciency, and
long- e m sus ainabili y. This s a egic planning conside s c i ical ac o s such as se ice
demand, a ic g ow h, and he need o echnological inno a ion. In addi ion, s a egic
planning encompasses coo dina ion wi h go e nmen policies and egula ions, ensu ing
ha ail ope a ions a e aligned wi h social and economic expec a ions.
Re e ences in he documen : Sec ions 1.4, 2.4.1, and 2.6.2—de elopmen and align-
men o he s a egic asse managemen plan wi h asse managemen policy and objec-
i es; Sec ions 1.6 and 1.7—asse managemen de ini ions and amewo ks o suppo s a-
egic planning.
2. Ope a ional Managemen
In a ailway con ex , ope a ional managemen in ol es he day- o-day implemen a-
ion o asse managemen s a egies o main ain and imp o e ain in as uc u e and se -
ices. This includes managing esou ces, coo dina ing ain schedules wi h main enance
ac i i ies, and op imizing ou sou cing o c i ical componen s such as signaling and elec-
i ica ion. Ope a ional e iciency in he ail sec o is c ucial o main aining high punc u-
ali y le el, sa e y, and cus ome sa is ac ion.
Re e ences in he documen : Sec ions 2.7, 2.8, and 2.8.1—ope a ional managemen
suppo and con ol, and ou sou cing o ope a ions; Sec ion 10.1—managemen o ope a-
ions and esou ces ela ed o asse managemen .
3. Risk Managemen
Risk managemen in he ailway sec o ocuses on iden i ying, assessing, and mi i-
ga ing isks associa ed wi h he in as uc u e and ope a ion o ains. These ange om
sa e y and acciden isks o inancial and echnological isks. E ec i e isk managemen
ensu es he ope a ional sa e y and he long- e m iabili y o in as uc u e in es men s,
conside ing he po en ial impac s o clima e change, echnology, and economic luc ua-
ions.
Figu e 8. UIC asse managemen amewo k alignmen wi h ISO 55001 [
9
] (ISO 55001 sec ions
e e ence).
Each o he i e ca ego ies add esses a speci ic app oach o sui he needs and chal-
lenges o he ail sec o . Below is a desc ip ion o each and he UIC documen sec ions in
which hey a e e e enced:
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 19 o 36
1. S a egic Planning
S a egic planning in he ail sec o includes he de elopmen o a s a egic asse
managemen plan (SAMP) ha no only aligns asse managemen wi h o ganiza ional
objec i es bu also esponds o speci ic ail in as uc u e needs such as sa e y, e iciency,
and long- e m sus ainabili y. This s a egic planning conside s c i ical ac o s such as
se ice demand, a ic g ow h, and he need o echnological inno a ion. In addi ion,
s a egic planning encompasses coo dina ion wi h go e nmen policies and egula ions,
ensu ing ha ail ope a ions a e aligned wi h social and economic expec a ions.
Re e ences in he documen : Sec ions 1.4, 2.4.1, and 2.6.2—de elopmen and alignmen
o he s a egic asse managemen plan wi h asse managemen policy and objec i es;
Sec ions 1.6 and 1.7—asse managemen de ini ions and amewo ks o suppo s a egic
planning.
2. Ope a ional Managemen
In a ailway con ex , ope a ional managemen in ol es he day- o-day implemen a ion
o asse managemen s a egies o main ain and imp o e ain in as uc u e and se ices.
This includes managing esou ces, coo dina ing ain schedules wi h main enance ac i i ies,
and op imizing ou sou cing o c i ical componen s such as signaling and elec i ica ion.
Ope a ional e iciency in he ail sec o is c ucial o main aining high punc uali y le el,
sa e y, and cus ome sa is ac ion.
Re e ences in he documen : Sec ions 2.7, 2.8, and 2.8.1—ope a ional managemen sup-
po and con ol, and ou sou cing o ope a ions; Sec ion 10.1—managemen o ope a ions
and esou ces ela ed o asse managemen .
3. Risk Managemen
Risk managemen in he ailway sec o ocuses on iden i ying, assessing, and mi i-
ga ing isks associa ed wi h he in as uc u e and ope a ion o ains. These ange om
sa e y and acciden isks o inancial and echnological isks. E ec i e isk managemen
ensu es he ope a ional sa e y and he long- e m iabili y o in as uc u e in es men s,
conside ing he po en ial impac s o clima e change, echnology, and economic luc ua ions.
Re e ences in he documen : Sec ions 1.5.3, 6.1, and 6.2— isk managemen app oaches,
including assessmen and mi iga ion in planning and ope a ions; Sec ions 2.9.2 and
9.1–9.3
—
in e nal audi s and e ec i eness e alua ions as pa o isk managemen .
4. O ganiza ional Change
O ganiza ional change in a ail oad con ex in ol es adap ing o ganiza ional cul u e
and wo k p ac ices o inco po a e ad anced asse managemen p ac ices. This may include
aining and skills de elopmen in new echnologies and me hodologies, such as p edic i e
main enance and asse da a managemen . O ganiza ional change seeks o imp o e collabo-
a ion be ween a ious depa men s, such as ope a ions, main enance, and planning, o
imp o e inciden esponse and ope a ional e iciency.
Re e ences in he documen : Sec ions 2.5, 3.3, and 8.2—leade ship and commi men o
change, implemen a ion ad ice, and managing isks associa ed wi h change;
Sec ion 7.1
—
esou ces needed o suppo asse managemen changes.
5. Pe o mance E alua ion
Pe o mance e alua ion in he ail sec o in ol es con inuously moni o ing and e-
iewing he pe o mance o he asse managemen sys em o ensu e ha he es ablished
objec i es a e achie ed. This includes assessing in as uc u e eliabili y, ain punc u-
ali y, and cus ome sa is ac ion. Pe o mance e alua ions enable ail o ganiza ions o
adjus hei ope a ional s a egies and p ocesses con inuously imp o ing he e iciency and
e ec i eness o hei se ices.
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 20 o 36
Re e ences in he documen : Sec ions 2.9 and 9.1–9.3—moni o ing and measu ing
pe o mance, including in e nal audi s and managemen e iews; Sec ion 9.2—use o
in e nal audi s o e alua e and imp o e asse managemen pe o mance.
These ca ego ies e lec how o adap he implemen a ion o ISO 55001 [
9
] in he ailway
sec o . To b oaden hei unde s anding and ela ionship wi h he esea ch aspec s, we ha e
selec ed a lis o keywo ds om ela ed publica ions, which allow o cha ac e izing each
o hese ca ego ies and a e de ailed in Table 5.
Table 5. UIC ca ego y keywo ds.
Ca ego ies Rela ed Keywo ds
Ope a ional Managemen
Ene gy E iciency, Ope a ional Op imiza ion, Digi aliza ion, Digi al
Technologies, Asse Managemen , P e en i e Main enance
Risk Managemen
Sa e y, Reliabili y, Reliabili y, S uc u al Enginee ing, T ack
Inspec ion, Con inuous Moni o ing, P oac i e Main enance, Failu e
Diagnosis, Se ice Li e P edic ion, T ack Quali y Imp o emen ,
Asse Renewal
S a egic Planning
Sus ainabili y, G een In as uc u e, Digi aliza ion, Digi al
Technologies, Sa e y, U ban Planning, S uc u al Analysis,
Compu a ional Modeling, Railway Sa e y, Reliabili y
Pe o mance E alua ion
Da a Analy ics, Faul Diagnosis, Au oma ed Inspec ion, P edic i e
Main enance, Deg ada ion Modeling, Con inuous Moni o ing,
Ope a ional Reliabili y, P oac i e Main enance, Technological
Inno a ion, Condi ion Moni o ing, Vib a ion Analysis, Robo ics,
Sma Senso s, P edic i e Analy ics
O ganiza ional Change Digi aliza ion, Digi al Technologies, Inno a ion, Technological
Inno a ion, Da a Managemen , Sus ainabili y, G een In as uc u e
2.4. Key Enabling Technologies in Railway Digi aliza ion
The in eg a ion o digi al echnologies in ailway main enance is d i en by a se o
co e enabling echnologies ha allow o he ansi ion om eac i e o p edic i e and
op imized main enance s a egies. Among hese, he mos p ominen a e he In e ne o
Things (IoT), Big Da a analy ics, A i icial In elligence (AI), and he implemen a ion o
digi al wins. This sec ion consolida es he discussion on hese echnologies—o iginally
p esen ed ac oss Sec ions 2.3.1 (IoT applica ions), 2.3.3 (AI and p edic i e models), and
2.3.4 (digi al win in eg a ion)— o p o ide a uni ied o e iew o hei oles, in e ac ions,
and compa a i e con ibu ions wi hin he con ex o asse managemen and ailway main-
enance. The In e ne o Things (IoT) enables he eal- ime acquisi ion o ope a ional and
en i onmen al da a h ough a ne wo k o embedded senso s ins alled ac oss olling s ock
and in as uc u e componen s. In ailway main enance, IoT plays a ounda ional ole
by enabling con inuous moni o ing o asse condi ion, de ec ing anomalies, and eeding
da a in o highe -le el analy ical sys ems. Applica ions discussed in Sec ion 2.3.1 include
empe a u e and ib a ion senso s in bea ings, ack displacemen moni o s, and emo e
condi ion moni o ing o elec ical componen s. IoT ac s as he p ima y laye o da a collec-
ion, se ing he s age o ad anced diagnos ic and p edic i e unc ions. Big Da a analy ics,
in oduced in Sec ion 2.3.2, is esponsible o p ocessing he as olume o s uc u ed and
uns uc u ed da a gene a ed by IoT de ices, SCADA sys ems, and his o ical main enance
eco ds. I allows o end iden i ica ion, co ela ion analysis, and isk assessmen ac oss
he ne wo k. In ailway con ex s, Big Da a suppo long- e m pe o mance e alua ions,
ailu e pa e n de ec ion, and s a egic asse enewal planning. Bid Da a’s ole is c i ical in
ans o ming aw da a in o ac ionable knowledge, o en in combina ion wi h AI models.
A i icial In elligence (AI), as de ailed in Sec ion 2.3.3, builds upon Big Da a and p o ides
capabili ies such as anomaly de ec ion, ailu e p edic ion, and p esc ip i e main enance
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 21 o 36
ecommenda ions. Techniques like machine lea ning (ML), deep lea ning (DL), and hy-
b id models a e applied o de ec sub le pa e ns in his o ical and li e da a, suppo ing
condi ion-based and isk-in o med main enance. AI-d i en decision suppo sys ems ha e
demons a ed he po en ial o educe human e o , op imize main enance schedules, and
imp o e sa e y ma gins. Digi al wins, discussed in Sec ion 2.3.4 and u he illus a ed in
he AZVI case s udy (Sec ion 4.4), in eg a e he physical and digi al dimensions o ailway
asse s, p o iding a dynamic and eal- ime ep esen a ion o in as uc u e beha io . They
inco po a e IoT senso da a, analy ic models, and simula ion capabili ies o isualize asse
deg ada ion and p edic u u e condi ions. In ailway main enance, digi al wins se e as a
pla o m o eal- ime moni o ing, p edic i e simula ions, and main enance planning. Thei
s eng h lies in combining da a wi h enginee ing knowledge, allowing scena io es ing and
in e en ion op imiza ion. Toge he , hese echnologies o m a laye ed digi al ecosys em.
IoT collec s da a, Big Da a o ganize i , AI in e p e s i , and digi al wins isualize and
simula e i . Thei combined implemen a ion enables ailway in as uc u e manage s o
adop holis ic asse managemen s a egies, ully aligned wi h he s uc u ed p inciples o
he UIC asse managemen amewo k, as discussed h oughou Sec ion 3.
RFID Applica ions in Railway Main enance and S uc u al Heal h Moni o ing
Radio F equency Iden i ica ion (RFID) has eme ged as a key enable wi hin he b oade
In e ne o Things (IoT) ecosys em o ailway in as uc u e moni o ing and main enance.
RFID echnology enables wi eless, non-in usi e iden i ica ion and da a ansmission using
elec omagne ic ields, allowing asse acking, condi ion moni o ing, and da a acquisi ion
in eal ime wi h minimal manual in e en ion. I s low powe equi emen s, high du abili y,
and adap abili y o ha sh en i onmen s make RFID pa icula ly well-sui ed o ailway
applica ions. In he domain o s uc u al heal h moni o ing (SHM), RFID sys ems ha e
been success ully employed o s ain and c ack sensing, enabling long- e m obse a ion
o in as uc u e elemen s such as ail acks, b idges, and s uc u al join s. Ad anced
semi-passi e RFID con igu a ions ha e demons a ed capabili ies o long- ange, wi eless
s ain de ec ion, wi h dual-in e oga ion-mode RFID sys ems signi ican ly imp o ing ans-
mission dis ance and da a eliabili y [
95
]. These de elopmen s p o ide obus moni o ing
solu ions o di icul - o-access in as uc u e, educing he need o manual inspec ion and
enhancing sa e y by enabling ea ly aul de ec ion. Beyond in as uc u e, RFID echnology
also suppo s asse -le el moni o ing o olling s ock componen s. Tags embedded in me-
chanical sys ems such as wheelse s, bogies, o b ake assemblies allow main enance eams
o ack he ope a ional his o y and cu en condi ion o c i ical pa s, imp o ing main e-
nance aceabili y and suppo ing e en -based inspec ion models. This acili a es p edic i e
main enance by linking RFID e en da a o deg ada ion models, main enance logs, and
asse egis ies [
96
]. Mo eo e , RFID complemen s o he senso modali ies wi hin digi al
wins and p edic i e pla o ms, c ea ing a edundan and scalable sensing a chi ec u e. I
enhances he spa ial and empo al esolu ions o moni o ing ne wo ks and con ibu es o
da a accu acy by enabling p ecise localiza ion and iden i ica ion o componen s. Recen
e iews and expe imen al s udies in ailway SHM ha e emphasized he ele ance o RFID
echnology as a cos -e ec i e, scalable, and easily in eg able ool wi hin b oade digi al
asse managemen s a egies [97].
3. Li e a u e Re iew and S anda ds Resea ch Gap
The ma ix in Table 6shows he le el o esea ch in ensi y a he in e sec ion o each
opic, ep esen ed by he numbe o a icles ela ed o bo h he ca ego y and he RRAs.
Conside ing he same base o publica ions in Table 4, i is possible o ind ha hese
in es iga ions ouch, in se e al cases, in mo e han one ca ego y, and some o hem being

In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 22 o 36
mo e ecu en han o he s. This ela ionship is ob ained h ough he c oss-analysis o he
espec i e keywo ds ha de e mine each RRA (Table 4) and each UIC ca ego y (Table 5).
Table 6. Resea ch Railway Aspec and UIC ca ego y ela ionship.
UIC High-Le el Ca ego ies
S a egic
Planning
Ope a ional
Managemen
Ope a ional
Managemen
Ope a ional
Managemen
Ope a ional
Managemen
Resea ch Railway Aspec s
SRTIT: Inno a ion and
Sus ainabili y 85 144 85 68 83
IPMTRI: Tech and P edic ion 19 18 18 8 120
SEARM: Enginee ing and
Main enance 126 85 175 13 120
RRSDO: Ope a ions and
Rolling S ock 109 34 107 11 15
APDRT: In as uc u e and
Deg ada ion 2 4 14 8 11
RMMO: E iciency and
Managemen 27 73 77 12 152
This allows us o analyze in an in eg al pe spec i e how Resea ch Railway Aspec s and
UIC ca ego ies a e ela ed, and o illus a e his, in he nex bulle poin s, some examples
ound in he li e a u e con i m his:
•
Ad anced Ope a ional Managemen : S udies such as hose o Re . [
60
] illus a e how
senso ne wo ks and eal- ime moni o ing a e ans o ming ope a ional managemen
in he ailway sec o . These echnologies enable mo e e icien and p e en i e mon-
i o ing, which is c ucial o he op imal ope a ion o ailway sys ems. Re s. [
61
,
62
]
expand on his analysis, highligh ing ha digi aliza ion acili a es new oppo uni ies
o imp o e e iciency and ope a ional sus ainabili y due o he imp o ed con ol and
op imized ope a ion o hese sys ems.
•
Risk Managemen Op imiza ion: F om a isk managemen pe spec i e, digi al ech-
nology implemen a ion such as p edic i e main enance has e olu ionized he ca e o
c i ical componen s such as ack swi ches and powe supply sys ems. Re s. [
56
,
66
]
demons a e how hese ools no only enable mo e e ec i e main enance bu also
ad ance he abili y o an icipa e and mi iga e po en ial isks, hus con ibu ing o sa e
and mo e eliable in as uc u e.
•
Fos e ing S a egic Planning: S a egic planning in he ield o digi aliza ion o e s
ad anced ools ha suppo long- e m decisions, essen ial o he sus ainable de elop-
men o he ailway sec o . Re . [
61
] highligh s how he in eg a ion o digi aliza ion
in o con ol and ope a ions p ocesses is i al o asse managemen s a egy o mu-
la ion and he de elopmen o e ec i e managemen plans, hus adap ing o ma ke
changes and he demands o a mode n and e icien anspo se ice.
•
Imp o ed Pe o mance E alua ion: Pe o mance e alua ion has also bene i ed om
digi aliza ion, especially h ough eal- ime moni o ing p o ided by eme ging ech-
nologies. Resea ch such as ha o Re . [
70
] sugges s ha ack geome y moni o ing
om in-se ice ehicles p o ides c ucial da a o con inuous in as uc u e condi ion
assessmen . Re s. [
84
,
85
] add ha digi aliza ion acili a es main enance op imiza ion,
esul ing in angible imp o emen s in ail sys em pe o mance and e iciency.
•
Ca alys s o O ganiza ional Change: The in oduc ion o digi al echnologies in he
ailway in as uc u e, such as he sma senso s and ad anced moni o ing sys ems
men ioned by Re s. [
75
,
76
], ac as ca alys s o signi ican o ganiza ional changes.
These ools d i e ailway en i ies o adop new echnologies and managemen ap-
p oaches, p omo ing a cul u e o inno a ion and con inuous imp o emen .
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 23 o 36
Challenge O e iew and Gaps
In he con ex o digi aliza ion in ailway main enance managemen , ou e iew o he
cu en li e a u e e eals signi ican gaps ha me i a en ion in u u e esea ch. We dig
deepe in o some o hese gaps:
•
Risk Managemen : Despi e ex ensi e esea ch in he ield o enginee ing, ecognized
as a c i ical aspec , he in ensi y o s udies ha ex end i s de ini ion beyond ailway
sa e y o include o he ope a ional and s a egic aspec s by ISO 55001 [
9
] emains low.
I is impe a i e o explo e how eme ging echnologies such as A i icial In elligence
and Big Da a analy ics can op imize isk o ecas ing and mi iga ion, iden i ying c i ical
asse s and assessing hei impac on he business. This app oach could signi ican ly
ans o m isk managemen by in eg a ing mo e accu a e assessmen s and da a-d i en
p edic ions, which imp o e esponse capabili ies o unexpec ed inciden s and op imize
esou ce alloca ion in c i ical asse s.
•
O ganiza ional Change: Managemen o ganiza ional change, especially in he dig-
i aliza ion con ex , is li hely add essed. Solu ions o en ocus on echnical aspec s,
neglec ing he human ac o (essen ial o he success o any digi al ini ia i e). I
is c ucial o de elop s a egies ha implemen new echnologies and p omo e an
o ganiza ional cul u e ha acili a es he adap a ion and adop ion o hese inno a-
ions. Con inuous aining and skill de elopmen mus be in eg al componen s o any
o ganiza ional change plan o ensu e ha all le els o he o ganiza ion a e equipped
and commi ed o he new p ocesses and echnologies.
•
Deg ada ion In as uc u es: The managemen o in as uc u e deg ada ion h ough
digi al ools s ill shows insu icien s udy le els. In eg a ing eme ging echnologies,
such as moni o ing senso s and p edic i e analy ics, is key o de ec ing signs o
wea and o he s uc u al p oblems ea ly. Implemen ing senso echnology and
da a analysis pla o ms can ans o m in as uc u e managemen by p omo ing a
p oac i e main enance app oach. Addi ionally, he use o ad anced digi al models
like digi al wins acili a es de ailed simula ions and analyses ha imp o e planning
and ope a ional e iciency, con ibu ing o mo e esilien and adap able in as uc u e.
•
Technology and P edic ion: While pe o mance assessmen and he use o echnologies
such as augmen ed and i ual eali y ha e been mode a ely explo ed, he e a e ex en-
si e oppo uni ies o ad ance eal- ime moni o ing and p oac i e main enance h ough
ad anced p edic i e models. These models allow ailu es o be p e en ed be o e hey
occu , op imizing main enance and educing down ime. A deepe explo a ion o hese
echnologies can o e signi ican con ibu ions ha imp o e he e ec i eness and
e iciency o ailway ope a ions in an inc easingly digi alized en i onmen .
4. Discussion, Analysis, and P ac ical Implica ions
Ou s udy add esses he gaps iden i ied in he li e a u e and he cu en p ac ices
o ailway main enance managemen h ough he s a egic in eg a ion o digi aliza ion.
This is no only unde s ood as he new echnology’s adop ion bu as an essen ial enable
ha ans o ms and enhances he managemen models ecommended by he UIC. In his
con ex , digi aliza ion ac s as a ca alys o a mo e e ec i e alignmen be ween eme g-
ing echnologies and o ganiza ional s a egies, p omo ing a mo e holis ic and in eg a ed
app oach o ail asse managemen . The implemen a ion o ad anced digi al ools, such
as da a analy ics, digi al wins, and eal- ime moni o ing sys ems, is p esen ed as c ucial
o close exis ing gaps. These echnologies acili a e unp eceden ed da a collec ion and
analysis, enabling a deepe unde s anding o asse condi ions and mo e in o med and
up- o-da e decision-making. Thus, digi aliza ion suppo s UIC managemen models and
en iches hem, p o iding a mo e obus ounda ion o e ec i e implemen a ion. Add ess-
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 24 o 36
ing hese gaps equi es ecognizing and capi alizing on he po en ial o digi aliza ion as a
echnical oolki and a s a egic le e ha enables mo e cohe en , p edic i e, and adap i e
managemen o ailway asse s. This analysis explo es how he in eg a ion o digi aliza ion
in o UIC managemen models can o e come cu en limi a ions and o e a pa h owa d
mo e e icien , sus ainable, and sa e main enance managemen in he ailway sec o .
4.1. Resea ch Agenda P oposal o he Compensa ion o Gaps in he S udy
•
Inno a ion in Risk Managemen h ough Digi al Technology: Table 5shows a low
in ensi y o esea ch in isk managemen compa ed o o he a eas. I is impo an
o cla i y ha we a e alking abou isk as a b oade concep as i is ea ed in ISO
55001 [
9
] and no abou ailway sa e y in pa icula . I is p oposed o in es iga e
how echnologies such as A i icial In elligence and Big Da a analysis can p edic
and mi iga e speci ic isks in ailway ope a ions, hus imp o ing sa e y and e iciency.
In his sense, he esea ch g oup has pa icipa ed in mul iple p ojec s in he sec o
whe e i is demons a ed ha simple c oss-cu ing p ocesses ha allow assessing, o
example, he c i icali y o asse s, a e s ill no ma u e and o en mus be ca ied ou
manually and quali a i ely, missing he oppo uni y o digi aliza ion as a ool.
•
Op imizing S a egic Planning wi h Digi al Tools: Al hough s a egic planning is c u-
cial, esea ch in his a ea is no as in ensi e as in ope a ional managemen . Explo ing
how digi al solu ions can be in eg a ed in o long- e m planning o adap ail ope a ions
o u u e g ow h and echnological change expec a ions would be bene icial.
•
De elopmen o P edic i e Models o Pe o mance E alua ion: Pe o mance e alu-
a ion has a mode a e le el o esea ch. S udying he impac o ad anced p edic i e
models on pe o mance assessmen could close gaps using eal- ime moni o ing in he
p oac i e main enance o in as uc u e.
•
O ganiza ional T ans o ma ion Th ough Digi al In eg a ion: O ganiza ional ans-
o ma ion h ough digi aliza ion shows a mode a e le el o s udy. How eme ging
echnologies can acili a e s uc u al changes in ail o ganiza ions o imp o e adap -
abili y and esponse o dis up i e inno a ions should be in es iga ed.
•
Use o Augmen ed and Vi ual Reali y in T aining and Main enance: Despi e i s
po en ial, augmen ed and i ual eali y is no su icien ly explo ed in he ailway
con ex . In es iga ing i s applica ion in employee aining and main enance ope a ions
could p o ide signi ican imp o emen s in ope a ional e ec i eness and e iciency.
P ac ical Implica ions
How can ail ope a o s bene i om he indings o hese s udies?
Fu u e esea ch in hese a eas b ings po en ial bene i o ope a o s in he ollowing
lines:
•
Adop ion o Eme ging Technologies: Fi s , ail ope a o s should in es in key echnolo-
gies iden i ied in he s udy, such as Big Da a, IoT (In e ne o Things), and A i icial
In elligence. These include ins alling senso s on in as uc u e and olling s ock o col-
lec eal- ime da a, enabling p edic i e main enance and mo e e icien managemen .
•
T aining and Skills De elopmen : Implemen aining p og ams o echnical and
managemen s a using new digi al echnologies. S a mus unde s and how o
in e ac wi h he la es ools and in e p e he da a gene a ed by hese echnologies o
make in o med decisions.
•
IT In as uc u e Upg ade: Ensu e he exis ing echnology in as uc u e can suppo
new applica ions and da a analy ics. This may equi e an upg ade o IT sys ems,
inc eased da a s o age capaci y, and cybe secu i y enhancemen s.
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 25 o 36
•
O ganiza ional Change and Change Managemen : Adap he o ganiza ional s uc u e
o suppo he in eg a ion o digi aliza ion. This could include he c ea ion o new
oles, such as da a analys s o IoT specialis s, and o m c oss- unc ional eams ha
wo k oge he on he implemen a ion and managemen o digi al echnologies.
•
De eloping S a egic Alliances: Fo m alliances wi h echnology and consul ing i ms
ha can p o ide he expe ise and echnical suppo needed o implemen ad anced
digi al solu ions. These collabo a ions can help accele a e he digi aliza ion p ocess
and ensu e ha he indus y’s bes p ac ices a e used.
•
Con inuous E alua ion and Adap a ion: Es ablish a con inuous e alua ion sys em o
moni o he impac o new echnologies on main enance managemen . Use he esul s
o adjus s a egies and p ac ices, ensu ing ha he o ganiza ion adap s o eme ging
challenges and oppo uni ies in he ail sec o .
•
Fos e a Cul u e o Inno a ion: P omo e an o ganiza ional cul u e ha alues inno a-
ion and con inuous imp o emen . This includes encou aging employees o p opose
and expe imen wi h new ideas and digi al solu ions o imp o e ail main enance and
ope a ions.
4.2. Da a P i acy and Cybe secu i y Challenges in Railway Digi aliza ion
The in eg a ion o digi al echnologies such as IoT, cloud compu ing, AI, and digi al
wins in ailway main enance managemen p esen s new oppo uni ies o ope a ional
e iciency and p edic i e asse managemen . Howe e , his digi al ans o ma ion also
exposes ailway o ganiza ions o inc easing isks ela ed o da a p i acy and cybe secu i y.
As ailway in as uc u e becomes mo e connec ed, he po en ial impac o cybe a acks,
da a b eaches, and malicious dis up ions g ows signi ican ly, equi ing o ganiza ions o
adop obus cybe secu i y s a egies in pa allel wi h echnological deploymen .
4.2.1. Key Cybe secu i y Risks in Digi al Railway En i onmen s
The widesp ead adop ion o la ge-scale senso ne wo ks, eal- ime moni o ing sys ems,
and cloud-based pla o ms in ailway main enance en i onmen s in oduces signi ican
cybe secu i y ulne abili ies ha mus be add essed h ough comp ehensi e, p oac i e
s a egies. Among he key isks a e da a b eaches and unau ho ized access, as sensi i e
ope a ional da a collec ed om IoT de ices can be in e cep ed o comp omised i no
p ope ly enc yp ed and secu ely ansmi ed. Addi ionally, cybe a acks on ope a ional
con ol sys ems pose se e e h ea s; ailway ope a o s ely hea ily on digi al pla o ms o
main enance scheduling, a ic con ol, and sys em moni o ing; and success ul a acks on
hese pla o ms could dis up se ices, comp omise passenge and ope a ional sa e y, and
esul in inancial losses. Vulne abili ies a e u he exace ba ed by eliance on hi d-pa y
sys ems, including ex e nal cloud se ices, da a p ocessing pla o ms, and p edic i e ana-
ly ics ools, which expand he a ack su ace beyond in e nal secu i y pe ime e s. Supply
chain h ea s also p esen c i ical challenges, as malicious ac o s may exploi he weak
secu i y pos u es o con ac o s o supplie s o in il a e ailway ne wo ks. In his con ex ,
ailway o ganiza ions mus comply wi h in e na ional egula ions and indus y s anda ds,
including he Gene al Da a P o ec ion Regula ion (GDPR) o da a p i acy and p o ec ion o
pe sonal in o ma ion; ISO 27001 [
98
] o in o ma ion secu i y managemen ; IEC 62443 [
99
]
o he cybe secu i y o indus ial communica ion ne wo ks and c i ical in as uc u es; and
na ional cybe secu i y amewo ks, which inc easingly designa e ailway in as uc u es
as c i ical na ional in as uc u e (CNI). The impo ance o hese measu es is ein o ced by
he indings o Re . [
100
], who emphasize ha esilience in ailway in as uc u es depends
no only on physical obus ness and clima e adap a ion bu also on obus cybe secu i y
p o ocols capable o mi iga ing e ol ing cybe h ea s [
24
]. This highligh s he necessi y o
In as uc u es 2025,10, 96 32 o 36
Acknowledgmen s: Du ing he p epa a ion o his wo k, he au ho s used CHAT GPT 4 in o de o
imp o e ex w i ing and assis in e iewing high olumes o in o ma ion in speci ic clus e s om
keywo ds by he au ho . A e using his ool/se ice, he au ho s e iewed and edi ed he con en
as needed and ake ull esponsibili y o he con en o he publica ion.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Abb e ia ions
The ollowing abb e ia ions a e used in his manusc ip :
RRA Resea ch Railway Aspec
SRTIT Sus ainable Railway T anspo and In as uc u e Technology
SEARM S uc u al Enginee ing and Ad anced Railway Main enance
RMMO Railway Main enance Managemen and Op imiza ion
IPMTRI Inspec ion and P edic i e Main enance Technologies o Railway In as uc u e
RRSDO Railway Rolling S ock Design and Ope a ion
APDRT Analysis and P edic ion o Deg ada ion on Rail oad T ack
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