Recei ed: 29 Ma ch 2024 Re ised: 9 Ap il 2025 Accep ed: 23 Ap il 2025
DOI: 10.1111/apce.12508
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Mapping he ele ance and in luence o gende
in social economy en e p ises: A e iew based
on bibliog aphic analysis
Es he Ga cía-Río1F ancisco Rincon-Roldan2
Ped o Baena-Luna3
1Depa men o Financial Economics and
Ope a ions Managemen , Uni e sidad de
Se illa, Se illa, Andalucia, Spain
2Depa men o Business O ganiza ion
and Ma ke ing, Uni e sidad Pablo de
Ola ide, Se illa, Andalucia, Spain
3Depa men o Business Adminis a ion
and Ma ke ing, Uni e sidad de Se illa,
Se illa, Andalucia, Spain
Co espondence
F ancisco Rincon-Roldan, Uni e sidad
Pablo de Ola ide, Se illa, Andalucía,
Spain.
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Funding in o ma ion
Funding o open access publishing:
Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide /CBUA.
Abs ac
The eali y o he social economy has adi ionally gi en
ise o a ious deba es and has been examined om di -
e en pe spec i es by academia. In his a icle, we con-
duc edanin-dep h s udy h oughabibliome ic analysis
o he scien i ic li e a u e ha add esses he eali y o he
social economy (in i s di e en exp essions) om a gen-
de pe spec i e. This enabled he es ablishmen o he
concep ual, in ellec ual and social s uc u e o he sci-
en i ic esea ch li e a u e ela ed o hese wo eali ies.
Among 703 ini ial a icles de i ed om Web o Science
and Scopus que ies, 250 we e s udied and p ocessed
using he Bibliome ix ool a e ha moniza ion. The
indings e eal he wo ld’s leading posi ions o Spain
and he Uni ed Kingdom in e ms o ela ed scien i ic
p oduc ion,whichis e lec edaswellin hecaseo scien-
i ic collabo a ion ne wo ks. Also ele an is he inding
o women’s empowe men in he social economy as an
eme ging opic ela ed o Sus ainable De elopmen Goal
5, ‘Gende equali y’. These esul s will help esea che s
unde s and and acknowledge he social economy as a
eali y inhe en ly connec ed o he gende pe spec i e,
This is an open access a icle unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i s License, which pe mi s
use and dis ibu ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, he use is non-comme cial and no modi ica ions o
adap a ions a e made.
© 2024 The Au ho (s). Annals o Public and Coope a i e Economics published by John Wiley & Sons L d on behal o Edga d Milhaud
Founda ion.
Ann Public Coop Econ. 2025;1–21. wileyonlinelib a y.com/jou nal/apce 1
2GARCÍA-RÍO e al.
p omo ing a mo e cohesi e academic communi y ha
will lay he g oundwo k o u u e esea ch.
KEYWORDS
bibliome ic analysis, gende , social economy, social en e p ise,
hi d sec o
JEL CLASSIFICATION
B55, L31, J16
1 INTRODUCTION
The social economy (SE) has gi en ise o a ious deba es and has been app oached om di -
e en pe spec i es by academia (Bansal e al., 2022). Due o he cu en social and economic
si ua ion, social economy en i ies a e being pos ula ed as an hones and eme ging al e na i e o
he adi ional economy, pa icula ly o he employees o business o ganiza ions (S o i e al.,
2022). Among he elemen s ha cha ac e ize social economy en i ies, sel -managemen s ands
ou abo e all o he s (F anklin e al., 2021). This endows hem wi h pe sonali y and ma ks hei
o ganiza ional cul u e, b inging oge he in a balanced way h ee undamen al pilla s: pe son,
o ganiza ion and socie y (Rincon-Roldan & Lopez-Cab ales, 2021).
This s udy add esses he need o del e in o he managemen o SE o ganiza ions o explain he
in eg a ion o he gende pe spec i e in hei managemen and de elopmen (Leal-Filho e al.,
2023), o e ing a heo e ical model ha desc ibes how hese ypes o o ganiza ions con ibu e o
he managemen o di e si y ela ed o he inco po a ion o women in o he labou ma ke . In he
las 25 yea s, he e ha e been c i ical socio-demog aphic changes (Al es e al., 2024) cha ac e ized
by he g ow h o immig a ion, he aging o he popula ion, he iewpoin and conside a ion o
disabili y (Dinda ian, 2023), he consolida ion o he igh s o ulne able people o hose a isk o
exclusion and, ine i ably, he inco po a ion o women in o he labou ma ke (Pad ón e al., 2023).
This las ci cums ance is add essed in his a icle, p o iding a s a ing poin o unde s and-
ing he commi men and esponsibili y o SE en i ies in including women in he labou ma ke
(P edețeanu-D agne e al., 2019). O he p inciples and alues ha make up he idiosync asy o
social en i ies, he managemen o di e si y s ands ou (Ben-Ne , 2018). This is ela ed o he cohe -
ence wi h he way hese ypes o en i ies ope a e, making use o he di e se capabili ies o people,
ega dless o hei gende , and adap ing he o ganiza ion o he di e ences p esen in an inc eas-
ingly he e ogeneous wo k o ce. This is s ongly ela ed o he iden i y and social p inciples o he
SE(Dubée al.,2014).
In hiss udy, and using heBibliome ix ool(A ia& Cuccu ullo,2017), hes uc u eo esea ch
in he ield o social economics and gende was analysed, as well as i s de elopmen o e ime,
enabling he iden i ica ion o clus e s o opics, ne wo ks o au ho s and gaps in he li e a u e
(Block & Fisch, 2020), allowing us o answe he ollowing esea ch ques ions:
RQ1: Wha ha e been he mos in luen ial jou nals and au ho s in social economy
esea ch om a gende pe spec i e?
RQ2: Wha a e he p ima y esea ch ne wo ks in he eali ies being s udied? Which
coun ies lead his scien i ic p oduc ion, and which keywo ds a e he mos used?
14678292, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apce.12508 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/05/2025]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
MAPPING THE RELEVANCE AND INFLUENCE OF GENDER 3
RQ3: Wha is he e olu ion wi hin esea ch ends on he social economy when
app oaching his eali y om a gende pe spec i e?
The answe s o hese ques ions will help o achie e he objec i es o his s udy:
Fi s ly, al hough s udies om a gende pe spec i e a e no new in he business wo ld,
hey ha e been ca ied ou using di e en app oaches a he han e lec ing he eal-
i y o he SE. This undoub edly hinde s he s udy and unde s anding o he social
economy’s eali y om a gende pe spec i e.
Secondly, based on scien i ic da abase sea ches and he esul s o his wo k, he e
appea s o be a lack o exhaus i e and cu en bibliog aphic e iews ha accu a ely
e lec he cu en s a e o knowledge and he la es ad ances in esea ch ela ed o
he eali ies o he SE and gende s udies.
The gene al objec i e o his s udy was o iden i y ends in SE esea ch om a gende pe -
spec i e, p o iding a ounda ion o u u e s udies by syn hesizing he co e elemen s o exis ing
knowledge. Fo his eason, his esea ch con ibu es o he scien i ic li e a u e on he SE, p o id-
ingclea andp ecisee idenceo how hescien i iccommuni yadd esses his eali y omagende
pe spec i e. Thus, i esponds o ecen demands o ad ance and deepen he join s udy o hese
wo eali ies, as no ed by Lee (2023). A he same ime, iden i ying esea ch ends and knowl-
edge s uc u es enables he ecogni ion o unde explo ed ye p omising a eas, as well as po en ial
inconsis encies in he li e a u e ha may ha e hinde ed he de elopmen o gende - ocussed
s udies wi hin he SE.
This a icle has he ollowing s uc u e. A e his in oduc ion, we p esen he heo e ical
amewo k ha guided ou s udy o he wo undamen al a iables o ou esea ch: gende and he
SE. Nex , we p esen he me hodology applied and conclude wi h he p elimina y esul s ob ained
om he esea ch wo k.
2 EXISTING LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE SOCIAL ECONOMY
AND GENDER
Ou esea ch ocusses on en i ies conside ed pa o he SE. This sec o p esen s an economic
model o wo ldwide in e es , p ima ily due o i s iabili y and sus ainabili y, which has a signi -
ican impac on employmen gene a ion (Schone eld, 2020). Cu en ly, he SE accoun s o o e
7% o he wo ld’s GDP and employmen , comp ising 2.8 million i ms and 13.6 million jobs (Wo ld
Coope a i e Moni o , 2024).
2.1 Gende pe spec i e in he labou ma ke
Nume ous s udies on employmen and gende ha e highligh ed he signi ican challenges women
ace in secu ing employmen (Mia e al., 2023). Addi ionally, nume ous s udies om a gende
pe spec i e examine how gende in luences he posi ions held by women and men in business
o ganiza ions (Yamini e al., 2022).
The inco po a ion o women in o he labou ma ke began in he mid-20 h cen u y, wi h emale
employmen a es ising signi ican ly, cu en ly exceeding 47% o he global ac i e popula ion,
14678292, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apce.12508 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/05/2025]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
4GARCÍA-RÍO e al.
acco ding o he In e na ional Labo O ganiza ion. These changes esul ed om global economic,
social and cul u al shi s, which inc eased women’s pa icipa ion in labo , poli ics and socie y
(Pade na e al., 2020).
Today, he e needs o be a dis inguishing be ween employmen and gende o wo key easons:
women’s di icul y accessing s able, quali y jobs and he impac o hei inclusion on amily, social
and economic models. In labou economics, wo k is de ined as emune a ed, p oduc i e ac i i y
wi hin he ma ke . Sala ied wo k e e s o paid labou , whe he in he public o p i a e sec o ,
o mal o in o mal, and ac oss a ious indus ies. One o he d i ing o ces behind he inco po a-
ion o women in o he labou ma ke is he signi ican changes in he adi ional model o amily
o ganiza ion, which has gi en way o a model in which women combine wo k inside and ou side
he amily nucleus (Bha naga & Agga wal, 2020).
The analysis o women’s p oblems in he labou ma ke is signi ican ly ma ked by gende dis-
c imina ion,which in u n is condi ionedby he sexualdi isionbo h in he wo k en i onmen and
in he social con ex in gene al (Ridley-Du , 2008). Classic economic s udies ha e acknowledged
women’s essen ial ole in household and amily ca e ac i i ies, including child- ea ing and elde
ca e. Howe e , hese ac i i ies a e no ega ded as economically aluable o p oduc i e wo k, as
domes ic labou is excluded om economic ac i i y, which only conside s emune a ed wo k.
Recen s udies (Jain e al., 2023;T ianae al.,2021) p opose he ollowing as he main challenges
o achie ing e ec i e gende equali y in o ganiza ions. Fi s ly, o ganiza ions mus p omo e gen-
de di e si y and equal oppo uni ies by ensu ing anspa ency in policies, such as hose ela ed o
p o essional de elopmen and sala ies. The challenge lies in o e coming s e eo ypes, in eg a ing
jus ice and equali y in o managemen p ac ices and emb acing human esou ces (HR) di e -
si y, which has a posi i e impac on alen , leade ship and p o i abili y (Yu & Madison, 2021).
Secondly, ega ding women in managemen posi ions, one o he main ba ie s o women in
he wo kplace is balancing hei p o essional ca ee s wi h amily esponsibili ies. In his sense,
ma e ni y is s ill conside ed by women as an essen ial ba ie ha hinde s hei p o essional
de elopmen owa ds manage ial posi ions. The challenge ocusses on acili a ing wo k lexibili y,
combining pe sonal and p o essional li e and abandoning excessi ely igid o ganiza ional models
(Ha & Ba uch, 2022). Thi dly, conce ning he emo al o s e eo ypes, hese a e one o he main
obs acles o women’s p o essional de elopmen wi hin o ganiza ions. This is due o he o gani-
za ion’s biased e alua ion o s e eo ypical emale ai s, leading o dispa i ies in equi y and equal
oppo uni ies. The challenge o o ganiza ions is o in eg a e a gende pe spec i e in o decision-
making p ocesses and o ganiza ional cul u e, impac ing human esou ce p ac ices ela ed o
gende ecogni ion, emune a ion and p o essional de elopmen (T iana e al., 2021).
This highligh s how gende equali y in he labou ma ke depends on legisla i e changes ha
ensu e equal p oduc i e oles o bo h women and men, as well as o ganiza ional cul u e modi-
ica ions ha suppo amily econcilia ion, acili a ing women’s in eg a ion and een y in o he
labou ma ke (Juliá Igual e al., 2022).
2.2 Gende in he social economy
Akeyp inciple o he SEis o gi e women isibili y in o ganiza ions,posi ioning hemas essen ial,
ega dless o hei ole (Nguyen e al., 2023). This esponds o he g owing pa icipa ion o women
in he labou ma ke , which a ec s wo k o ce composi ion, wo king condi ions, specializa ion
and p o essional p ospec s, di e ing om hose in adi ional ma ke i ms (Pade na e al., 2020).
14678292, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apce.12508 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/05/2025]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
MAPPING THE RELEVANCE AND INFLUENCE OF GENDER 5
Al hough equi y and equali y a e among he e hical p inciples and alues p omo ed by he SE
(Rincon-Roldan & Lopez-Cab ales, 2021), ce ain gende - ela ed inequali ies pe sis in SE o gani-
za ions. These issues a e mani es ed in he low pa icipa ion o women in managemen , leading
o hei unde ep esen a ion in s a egic decision making. Social expec a ions o women a e
o en less conside ed han o men, limi ing hei p o essional de elopmen and pa icipa ion.
In 2015, he UN app o ed he 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen , p o iding coun ies
and socie ies wi h an oppo uni y o imp o e he li es o all, ensu ing ha no one is le behind.
The 2030 Agenda has 17 Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs) ha seek o balance ou soci-
e y’s economic, social and en i onmen al de elopmen (Fonseca e al., 2020). These ange om
e adica ing po e y o comba ing clima e change, encompassing educa ion, women’s equali y,
en i onmen al p o ec ion and u ban design. Speci ically, SDG 5 seeks o achie e gende equali y,
showing he need o in ensi y he applica ion o measu es o he de elopmen o equali y plans
wi hin o ganiza ions o ensu e he e ec i e pa icipa ion o women and equal oppo uni ies in
leade ship oles a all decision-making le els in o ganiza ions, as well as in poli ical and public
en i ies.
In 2023, he OECD published ‘Beyond Pink-Colla Jobs o Women and he Social Economy’
(OECD, 2023), an analysis o women’s employmen in he SE. The epo examines challenges
in in eg a ing women ai ly and equally in o hese s uc u es and o e s policy ecommenda ions
o ecognize women’s wo k and leade ship. I highligh s how he SE can d i e gende equali y,
p o ide jobs o women and educe he $12 illion global economic cos o gende wage gaps due
o disc imina ion in laws and social no ms.
3METHODOLOGY
Bibliome ic analysis acili a es he syn hesis o esul s om p e ious esea ch, a c ucial ask in
ad ancing a speci ic line o inqui y. Mo eo e , his echnique enables he un a eling o he e o-
lu iona y nuances wi hin a pa icula ield while shedding ligh on eme ging a eas in ha ield
(Zupic & Ča e , 2015).
This s udy employed a bibliome ic analysis o add ess he esea ch ques ions by iden i ying
he a eas o scien i ic p oduc ion ha a e mos concen a ed, as well as hei ends. Fo he bib-
liome ic s udy, Bibliome ix, de eloped by A ia and Cuccu ullo (2017), was used, which allows
comp ehensi ely analysing he scien i ic mapping o a esea ch opic as an open sou ce ool o
he ho ough analysis o he scien i ic li e a u e.
The i s s ep was o de e mine he sea ch s a egy o iden i ying he ele an li e a u e. This
in ol ed selec ing he da abases o he li e a u e sea ch, de ining he sea ch e ms and keywo ds
used o iden i y he ele an li e a u e and desc ibing he p ac ical and me hodological c i e ia
o selec ion and exclusion (Fisch & Block, 2018). I was decided o use Web o Science (WoS) and
Scopus. These a e he leading and compe i i e bibliog aphic da abases wo ldwide (P ancku ˙
e,
2021). The Scopus da abase has he ad an age o con aining da a o all ci ed e e ences, making
au ho -based ci a ion and co-ci a ion analyses mo e accu a e (Zupic & Ča e , 2015). The sea ch
keywo ds in bo h da abases we e ‘social economy’, ‘ hi d sec o ’ and ‘social en e p ise’, oge he
wi h he e m ‘gende ’ in he sea ch ield (a icle i le, abs ac and keywo ds).
14678292, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apce.12508 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/05/2025]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
6GARCÍA-RÍO e al.
TABLE 1 A da abase sea ch was used o ind ele an a icles ha had been published.
Da abase Web o Science Scopus
Sea ch using a
complex que y
and exclusions
“Social Economy” AND “gende ”
(TOPIC) OR “Thi d sec o *” AND
“gende ” (TOPIC) OR “social
en e p ise*” AND “gende ” (TOPIC)
TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Social Economy” AND
“gende ”) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Thi d
sec o *” AND “gende ”) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY
(“social en e p ise*” AND “gende ”)
To al 332 371
Sou ce: Au ho ´s elabo a ion.
3.1 Inclusion and exclusion c i e ia
As he i s inclusion c i e ion, i was de e mined in he sea ches ha he publica ion language
should be English o Spanish and ha he ype o documen should be an a icle, wi h no ime
es ic ion. The decision o apply he language c i e ion was based on he ac ha , i s ly, English
is gene ally conside ed he uni e sal language o science (Mo ison e al., 2012), and, secondly,
Spain plays a i al ole as a coun y p oducing esea ch in his ield, and he Spanish language,
in pa icula , is one o he mos widely used in esea ch wo ks ela ed o he SE (Macías-Ruano
e al., 2021). P oo o his is he p ominen place occupied in ou s udy by scien i ic jou nals ha
publish in his language, such as CIRIEC-España, Re is a de Economía Pública, Social y Coope a-
i a and Re esco-Re is a de Es udios Coope a i os. As his esea ch ield has been de eloped o e
se e al decades, i was decided o exclude con e ence a icles, wo king pape s and o he non–
pee - e iewed li e a u e, ocussing on pee - e iewed a icles (Linnenluecke e al., 2020). To ind
ou he e olu ion o esea ch in his ield since i s beginnings, i was decided no o apply a ime
es ic ion, including a icles up o July 2024.
On he o he hand, an exclusion c i e ion ela ed o he a ea o esea ch in which he a icle
is classi ied was applied, de e mining ha i should belong o one o he ollowing a eas: ‘Busi-
ness Economics’, ‘Business, Managemen , and Accoun ing’ o ‘Social Sciences’. I was conside ed
app op ia e o exclude jou nal a icles ha employ ques ionable business p ac ices, apply mini-
mal pee e iew o limi ed edi o ial o e sigh and mee minimal quali y s anda ds (Ross-Whi e
e al., 2019).
The sea ches pe o med in WoS and Scopus a e p esen ed in Table 1.
3.2 Da a ex ac ion
The nex s ep was o uni y he esul s using he s a is ical so wa e R and i s associa ed edi o ,
RS udio. WoS da a we e ex ac ed in plain ex documen o ma , and Scopus da a in .bib o -
ma . R S udio allows uni ying bo h iles in o a single ile by unning he ‘ o s’ package. Once
he uni ica ion o he esul s om bo h da abases has been pe o med, i is necessa y o emo e
duplica e documen s om he analysis and disca d s udies ha a e no ele an (‘ alse posi i es’)
o add ess a di e en o un ela ed opic, by e iewing he i le, abs ac and keywo ds o each
eco d (Linnenluecke e al., 2020). The comple e p ocess is shown in Figu e 1.
14678292, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apce.12508 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/05/2025]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
MAPPING THE RELEVANCE AND INFLUENCE OF GENDER 7
FIGURE 1 Flowcha o he esea ch me hodology.
Sou ce: Au ho ’s elabo a ion.
[Colou igu e can be iewed a wileyonlinelib a y.com]
3.3 S a is ical analysis
Once he inal da ase o 250 a icles had been uni ied, homogenized and ha monized, he Bib-
liome ix package, along wi h i s Biblioshiny in e ace, was un om RS udio o da a p ocessing
and he isual p esen a ion o he analysis esul s.
The alue p o ided by his esea ch lies in i s me hodology, which is based on a bibliome -
ic analysis u ilizing uni ied da a om WoS and Scopus, as ew s udies ha e combined he wo
da abases in a single analysis (Capu o & Ka gina, 2022).
4RESULTS
The analysis o he da a collec ed om he da abases began wi h a desc ip i e s udy o he 250
a icles unde s udy. This analysis shows he o al da a on publica ions, au ho s (single and co-
au ho ed), p oduc i i y, sou ces, ci a ion me ics and collabo a ion indexes (Table 2).
The i s esul s p esen a ch onological map o he ield, showing he e olu ion o s udies pe
yea and highligh ing in luen ial au ho s, jou nals and publica ions. Subsequen esul s ocus on
opic e olu ion, including co-occu ence analysis and bibliome ic linkage, essen ial componen s
o any bibliog aphic s udy (Block & Fisch, 2020).
The analysis based on he a icles’ au ho ship is s uc u ed in o h ee indica o s: (1) p oduc-
i i y indica o s, which measu e he numbe o a icles pe au ho ; (2) quali y indica o s, which
measu e he quali y o a esea che ’s p oduc ion; and (3) s uc u al indica o s, which measu e he
connec ions be ween publica ions, au ho s and esea ch a eas (Du ieux & Ge enois, 2010).
Pe o mance analysis p o ides in o ma ion on he p oduc ion and impac o a speci ic a ea o
esea ch, ocussing on he mos salien measu es: he numbe o publica ions and ci a ions pe
yea . Publica ion is anindica o o p oduc i i y,whileci a ionisameasu e o impac and in luence
(Don hu e al., 2021).
Figu e 2shows he ends in he annual numbe o publica ions on he SE and gende s udies.
The i s publica ion da es o 1984; howe e , signi ican g ow h in he s udy a ea was no obse ed
un il 2009. Be ween 1984 and 2008, esea ch in his a ea was conduc ed in e mi en ly, esul ing
14678292, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apce.12508 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/05/2025]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
8GARCÍA-RÍO e al.
TABLE 2 Da a se summa y.
Desc ip ion Resul s
Timespan 1984:2024
Sou ces (jou nals) 168
Documen s (a icles) 250
Documen a e age age 5.34
A e age ci a ions pe doc 13.91
Re e ences 3897
Keywo ds plus 490
Au ho ’s keywo ds 837
Au ho s 597
Au ho s o single-au ho ed docs 62
Single-au ho ed docs 65
Co-au ho s pe doc 2.49
In e na ional co-au ho ships % 5.6
Sou ce: Au ho ´s elabo a ion.
FIGURE 2 G ow h in scien i ic p oduc ion.
Sou ce: Au ho ´s elabo a ion.
in eigh a icles. In he second s age, om 2009 o 2024, esea ch in his a ea expe ienced a
signi ican su ge, wi h 242 a icles published. The numbe o publica ions peaked in 2024, each-
ing 39 om Janua y o Sep embe o ha yea . The scien i ic p oduc ion ollowed a eg ession
model wi h an inc easing end, yielding a coe icien o de e mina ion (R2)o 90.67%.Thesmall
numbe o a icles published in he i s yea s indica es ha in e es in his s udy a ea began o
de elop in 2009 and is cu en ly g owing. The g ow h po en ial o he SE in imes o economic
and social c isis has been epea edly highligh ed as a model o esilience (Eu opean Economic
& Social Commi ee, 2017). The g owing ocus on he hi d sec o and gende pe spec i e e lec s
he sec o ’s ecen p og ess and he need o s udy women’s posi ion wi hin i . The impo ance
o disagg ega ing da a and highligh ing inequali ies, along wi h he inc easing leade ship o
women, has d i en he g ow h o scien i ic li e a u e. Key miles ones in 2022, including he ILO’s
Resolu ion on decen wo k, he OECD’s Council Recommenda ion and he EU’s Ac ion Plan o
he SE, unde sco e he sec o ’s g owing impo ance and isibili y.
Table 3shows he esea ch quali y o he 10 mos p oli ic au ho s, who accoun o mo e han
8% o he o al p oduc ion. Acco ding o he pe cen age o publica ions conce ning he o al, no
14678292, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apce.12508 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/05/2025]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
MAPPING THE RELEVANCE AND INFLUENCE OF GENDER 9
TABLE 3 Au ho s wi h he la ges numbe o publica ions.
Au ho h_index g_index m_index TC NP PY_s a
Es eban-Sal ado , M. L. 4 5 0.333 41 5 2013
Cas o-Nuñez, B. 1 1 0.111 3 4 2016
Ga gallo-Cas el, A. 3 3 0.333 27 3 2016
Hossein, C. 2 2 0.167 45 22013
Ja aid, A. 2 2 0.250 18 2 2017
Ma cona o, D. 2 2 0.333 18 22019
Nicolas, C. 2 2 0.222 56 2 2016
Wa necke, T. 2 2 0.182 43 22014
Wegne , D. 2 2 0.333 18 2 2019
Abd, W. S. 1 1 0.500 3 1 2023
Addico , K. 1 1 0.125 14 1 2017
Abb e ia ions: h_index, numbe o a icles wi h some ci a ions g ea e han o equal o h; g_index, he (unique) la ges numbe
such ha he op g a icles ecei ed ( oge he ) a leas g 2 ci a ions, m_index: shows he h-index pe yea since he i s publica ion;
TC, imes ci ed; NP, numbe o publica ions; PY_s a , publica ion yea s a ing.
Sou ce: Au ho ´s elabo a ion.
au ho can be seen as a e e ence in he subjec . Es eban-Sal ado , M.L. om he Uni e si y
o Za agoza (Spain), is in he lead, wi h i e a icles and he highes le els o au ho me ics,
including he h-index, g-index, and m-index. The mos ci ed au ho s a e among he leas p oli ic,
wi h only one a icle and 169 ci a ions: Haugh, H. (Uni e si y o Camb idge) and Talwa , A., a
p i a e-sec o p o essional specializing in co po a e social esponsibili y, co po a e sus ainabil-
i y, di e si y and inclusion. Fa behind, wi h se e al ci a ions, bu among he au ho s wi h mo e
han one publica ion, is Nicolás, C., om he Uni e si y o Mu cia (Spain), wi h 56 ci a ions. In
2010, he au ho es ablished a social ac ion associa ion in u al a eas o add ess he imbalances
in he egion. In 2017, his ini ia i e led o he ini ia ion o speci ic esea ch ocussed on he ole
o women as d i e s o ans o ma ion and de elopmen in u al a eas. This ac may explain he
la ge numbe o ci a ions in he SE and gende .
The e olu ion o e ime o he au ho s wi h he la ges numbe o publica ions is shown in
Figu e 3.
Among he mos p oli ic au ho s, Es eban-Sal ado , M.L. and Hossein, C. we e he i s au ho s
o publish in 2013, and hey con inued o de elop esea ch in his a ea o 6 and 4 yea s, espec-
i ely. The longes esea ch ca ee in ime is ha o Cas o-Nuñez, B., which spans 8 yea s and
con inues o he p esen day.
The wo a icles by Nicolas, C. published in 2016 a e a e e ence in he ield, due o he la e en y
in o his a ea o s udy. Nicolas, C. ocusses on he gende gap in social en e p ises, he p o ile o
he social en ep eneu and he in luence o gende in he managemen o coope a i e socie ies.
Thi een au ho s we e iden i ied wi h wo publica ions. Hossein, C. was he i s o hese
au ho s o publish an a icle on he SE in 2013. In i , she discusses in o mal banks whe e A o-
Ca ibbean women wi h sca ce esou ces c ea e al e na i e inancial p og ams as pa o an
SE.
Rega ding he numbe o ci a ions, he mos ci ed a icle is by Haugh and Talwa (2016), wi h
169 ci a ions, which examines he ela ionships be ween social en ep eneu ship, empowe men
and social change in a u al social en e p ise in No he n India.
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16 GARCÍA-RÍO e al.
FIGURE 11 Thema ic e olu ion.
Sou ce: Au ho ’s elabo a ion.
[Colou igu e can be iewed a wileyonlinelib a y.com]
e ence, on decen wo k and he SE and subsequen ones. This has gi en ise o ac ion plans
ocussed on he p omo ion o gende equali y and he empowe men o women, you h and people
wi h disabili ies and in si ua ions o ulne abili y, h ough mul ile el and pa icipa o y go e -
nance. This has app op ia e inancing policies o he SE, en ep eneu ship and inno a ion wi h
a c oss-sec o al ision seeking a socially commi ed, sus ainable and collabo a i e g ow h.
5DISCUSSION
The esul s e eal he cu en s a e o scien i ic ac i i y and i s e olu ion conce ning he hi d
sec o , he SE and gende . The bibliome ic indica o s p o ide in o ma ion on he dynamics o
scien i ic p oduc ion in his a ea o social esea ch, enabling us o iden i y ends in ac i i y, ack
he pa h ollowed and in o m decisions abou u u e esea ch.
The esul swe eanalysed,add essing he esea chques ionsandachie ing hea icle’sp ima y
objec i e.
RQ1: The 250 analysed documen s we e w i en by 597 au ho s, wi h a co-au ho ship a e o
2.39 au ho s pe documen . This esul sugges s a educed collabo a ion in publica ions on he
subjec unde s udy, a end also ep esen a i e o he social sciences (Gómez Velasco e al., 2021).
O he o al numbe o au ho s, 96.6% ha e published only one a icle, 2.84% ha e published wo
a icles and only one au ho has published i e a icles, showing he lack o explici e e ences
in his a ea o esea ch. The au ho s’ a ilia ions a e p ima ily wi h ins i u ions in Spain and he
Uni ed Kingdom, coun ies wi h ex ensi e expe ience in he ield and a signi ican numbe o
publica ions.
The sou ces wi h he mos publica ions a e di ec ly ela ed o he ield o s udy, ha is, jou nals
specialized in he SE. The h ee jou nals wi h he mos publica ions a e CIRIEC-España Re is a
de Economía Pública Social y Coope a i a,Volun as and Re esco-Re is a de Es udios Coope a i os,
accoun ing o 20.4% o he publica ions, whe eas 57.6% o he sou ces published only one a icle,
wi h only i e jou nals publishing mo e han i e a icles on his esea ch opic.
RQ2: This is esol ed by iden i ying he mos p oduc i e coun ies and keywo ds. Se e al
no able collabo a ions a e e iden in he collabo a ion ne wo k among au ho s, ins i u ions and
coun ies. The wo leading coun ies in scien i ic p oduc ion a e Spain and he Uni ed King-
14678292, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apce.12508 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [19/05/2025]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
MAPPING THE RELEVANCE AND INFLUENCE OF GENDER 17
dom, accoun ing o 48.8% o he wo ld’s scien i ic p oduc ion, ollowed by he Uni ed S a es and
Canada, wi h 20.4%. The keywo ds indica e ha he opics add essed in he s udy a e ela ed,
on he one hand, o speci ic e ms associa ed wi h he SE and he hi d sec o , and on he o he
hand, o he e ms ela ed o gende o equali y. The wo d wi h he mos signi ican p esence
is ‘gende ’, wi h 78 occu ences, ollowed by ‘social en e p ise’, wi h 38 occu ences, and ‘social
en ep eneu ship’, wi h 36 occu ences. I is a weak and unde de eloped ne wo k.
RQ3: This is esol ed by he end analysis esul s o he hema ic e olu ion and he hema ic
map. Since he publica ion o he i s ela ed a icle, he e has been an e olu ion. The a eas
encompassedby hese e ms ha eexpandedo e he yea s, wi h he in oduc iono new,gene ally
accep ed e ms such as ‘social economy’ and ‘ hi d sec o ’. The ‘social economy’ opic eme ged
la e and e ol ed in o ‘coope a i es’ and ‘gende equali y’. I is also no ewo hy o men ion he
in oduc ion o he e m ‘empowe men ’, which eme ged in he second decade o he new mil-
lennium, as well as he ela ed opic o women in managemen . The e is a con inuing in e es in
issues ela ed o gende di e ences, economic de elopmen and en ep eneu ship.
The answe s o he esea ch ques ions e eal he impac o gende on SE en i ies a a global
le el. Al hough he e has been an inc ease in he numbe o publica ions on he inclusion o
gende in he SE, he e is s ill a long way o go. Wo ks such as hose by Macías-Ruano e al. (2021)
demons a e he eme gence o s udies on he SE and he b oad scope o gende esea ch wi hin
his ield.
5.1 Theo e ical implica ions
The analysis o he esul s ob ained a e applying he bibliome ic me hodology and he sub-
sequen sys ema ic e iew o he li e a u e on he wo ks unde s udy allows us o con i m he
e olu ion in he scien i ic li e a u e ela ed o he SE, ea ing his eali y om a gende pe spec-
i e. Al hough he scien i ic p oduc ion add essing hese wo eali ies has inc eased, his g ow h
has been i egula since he i s wo k was published in 1984. I was no un il he beginning o he
21s cen u y ha egula p oduc ion eme ged.
This almos non-exis en p oduc ion in he ela ed scien i ic li e a u e o he 20 h cen u y and
i s i egula beha iou in he i s yea s o he 21s cen u y show ha , al hough academics a e
paying g ea e a en ion o connec ing he phenomenon o he SE o necessa y ields o s udy,
such as he gende app oach, his con inues o p esen some gaps o esea ch and analysis.
Hence, wo p ominen and undamen al implica ions can be d awn. Fi s ly, his wo k e eals
he impo ance o analysing he inequali ies e e ing o gende wi hin o ganiza ions, as well as
he di e en ba ie s aced by women in he wo kplace, o e ing socie y a g ea e isibili y o his
eali y, and, secondly, we add ess he gende app oach wi hin he SE, hus con ibu ing o i s
unde s anding and ocussing on he sho comings o his esea ch opic in his ield o s udy.
This means ha , om a heo e ical pe spec i e, ou wo k can be conside ed a s a ing poin
in he esea ch connec ed o bo h eali ies, which will undoub edly se e as a e e ence poin o
u u e esea ch o expand and de elop he con en o ou s udy.
5.2 P ac ical implica ions
Thepo en ialp ac icalimplica ions o he esul sde i ed om hiswo ka ealsoimpo an . These
can be highligh ed om wo main poin s o iew:
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18 GARCÍA-RÍO e al.
Fo public adminis a o s esponsible o designing and implemen ing policies ha suppo he
SE, he esul s e eal he p ima y hemes and connec ions om a gende pe spec i e, lending his
scien i ic p oduc ion signi ican alue as a esou ce o consul a ion and s udy. In addi ion, his
aluable in o ma ion can guide u u e esea ch e o s and policy o mula ion ini ia i es, di ec -
ing a en ion o speci ic gende and wo k–li e balance policies as well as a ge a eas whe e he
necessa y linkage be ween economics and gende may ha e he mos subs an ial in luence.
Ou esul s can also bene i he heads and manage s o companies included in he SE by
enabling hem o access and lea n abou he de elopmen and implemen a ion o ac ions ha
a o hese companies’ managemen and decision-making p ocesses om a gende pe spec i e.
5.3 Limi a ions and u u e lines o esea ch
This s udy has se e al limi a ions ha should be no ed. The i s limi a ion pe ains o he biblio-
g aphic sea ch, whe e he isk o missing ele an a icles exis s due o e o s in keywo d selec ion
and po en ial pe sonal bias in he p ocess (Mi e e al., 2024). A second limi a ion is he ocus on
pee - e iewed a icles in English o Spanish om WoS and Scopus, excluding o he sou ces such
as con e ence p oceedings, epo s o disse a ions.
The las limi a ion e e s o he geog aphical scope o he s udy, which was ocussed on
da abases ha mos ly b ing oge he wo ks om he Ame ican and Eu opean con inen s o he
Global No h. Ne e heless, he SE is a global phenomenon, p esen in all pa s o he wo ld, hus
we belie e ha app oaching his ype o s udy using o he s a is ical echniques could be in e es -
ing, including o he geog aphical a eas such as he Global Sou h, wi h coun ies in A ica, Asia,
La in Ame ica and he Ca ibbean.
Rega ding he u u e lines o esea ch s emming om his s udy, i is wo h no ing ha ou
esul s exclude cul u al in o ma ion om di e en coun ies. Fo his eason, we plan o con-
duc a new esea ch segmen ing and compa ing di e en geog aphical con ex s bu wi h simila
cul u es.
6 CONCLUSIONS
This a icle aims o p o ide a e iew o social economics om a gende pe spec i e, examining
he e olu iona y ajec o y o his ield o esea ch and i s heo e ical and p ac ical implica ions.
P e ious s udies ha e ocussed on he SE in a gene al way wi hou highligh ing he ole o gende
wi hin i .
This esea ch me hodologically con as s wi h p e ious bibliog aphic e iews as i uni ies he
esul s ob ained om wo da abases, he eby ein o cing he indings. This me hodology enabled
he analysis o a mo e signi ican numbe o a icles and bibliog aphic e e ences compa ed o
o he s udies.
Rele an conclusions can be d awn om he analysis and discussion o he esul s o his wo k.
Spain and he Uni ed Kingdom a e wo wo ld-leading coun ies in e ms o scien i ic p oduc-
ion ha add esses he eali y o he SE, inco po a ing he necessa y gende pe spec i e s ongly
demanded by socie y nowadays. Women’s igh s in he Eu opean con ex ha e been a p io i y o
he Eu opean Pa liamen since he T ea y o Ams e dam, which es ablished women’s p esence in
bo h he social and labou sphe es o socie y h ough he p oclama ion o he p inciple o equal-
i y, ecognizing equal pay o equal wo k o he i s ime. Spain, in addi ion o being he i s
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MAPPING THE RELEVANCE AND INFLUENCE OF GENDER 19
EU Membe S a e o de elop a legal amewo k o he SE, imposing pay anspa ency, educing
he wage gap and eminizing decision making, has p omo ed he c ea ion o a g oup o Women
Leade s o he Social Economy ocussed on aising awa eness o he ole o women a he highes
le els o he SE.
The leade ship o he wo coun ies in ela ed scien i ic p oduc ion is also e iden in hei sci-
en i ic collabo a ion ne wo ks on hese wo opics. Once again, hese wo coun ies s and ou
o hei p e e en ial in e ac ion ega ding esea ch on SE and gende . This, in u n, condi ions
he o igin o he s udies add essed o a speci ic pa o he Eu opean con inen and wo ldwide
esea ch. As men ioned in he limi a ions, gende and SE coexis on all con inen s; howe e , he
sou ces o in o ma ion o ou esea ch and scien i ic jou nals do no ha e he same ele ance and
impac in each o hese a eas, which is an essen ial limi a ion o ou s udy. Howe e , i ep esen s
a new ad ance in he exis ing li e a u e on he ele ance o gende in SE.
An eme ging heme wi hin he ela ed scien i ic p oduc ion is women’s empowe men wi hin
he SE, no only in posi ions o managemen esponsibili y bu also in all hose in ol ing decision-
making p ocesses. In his sense, he Uni ed Na ions conside s gende equali y a undamen al
igh , ega dless o a pe son’s coun y o esidence, and i s impo ance has led o he c ea ion o
SDG 5: ‘Gende Equali y’.
ORCID
Es he Ga cía-Río h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-2957-6666
F ancisco Rincon-Roldan h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1181-9703
Ped o Baena-Luna h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-8509-0222
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