ENGINEERING, MANAGEMENT, AND
ETHICS -
TWO
HATS OR THREE?
HAi S
LE:--JK
y
MATI'TllAS
MA!UNG
l"
ni ·e si ii Ka ls uhe (Alemania)
Abs ac :
The
no
ion o indi 'idual esponsihili y is e en in o
u
cu en e a
o
ins
i
u ional and c
o po
a e
dec
i
sio
ns
and
e
n e p
ises
o
much impo
an
d
o
pa1 icub impo11ann:
o
e
chno
logy. H
owe e
. p oble
ns
o
co
ll
ec i e
:ind
co
o a c
es ons
ibili y
:1 e
becoming
an
cl
s ill will become
mo e
and
mo
e
opical. Eng
inee
ing e hics
cm
l
es
sh
ould
he
cl
e eloped.
imp o ed
and
ope a-
ionall im
l
emen
ed
in he u u e.
Th
e ules ske ched ou h
e
e
o
p io i ies
o handling
espo
nsib
ili
y cun lic s
ha e
subseq
u
en
ly o
be
e
bho a c
d
muc
h
u
he
.
Ali
his. hen.
would
he necessa1y
o
m
ee
he ideal equi emen s
o
ou join
ami
indi
i
dual
es o
ns
ih
il
i
y o
ec
hnol
ogy
in ou
soc
ie y.
Resumen:
En nues a ac ual
e a
de
emp esas
y decisiones
co po a
i a~
e in
s-
i ucionaks
,
la
noción
de
es
po
nsabilidad i
ndi
id
ual
l'S
dl'
g an
signi icado y
de
pa icul: impo ancia pa a
la
ecnología.
No
obs
an e. l
os
p oblemas
de
la
esp
onsa
bilidad colec i
·a
y
co po
a i a
se
o nan,
y se o na án
cada
e
z.
más
ac uales y d
eds
i os.
Los
cód
ig
os
éiicos de
la
ingenie ía
deb
e
ían
, pues.
desa-
olla se. mejo a
se
y hace se e ec i os ope
a
i amen e en el u u o. Po
eso,
las eglas esb
oz
adas
aquí
s
ob
e p io ida
de
s
pa a
el
manejo
de
los con 1ic
os
de
espon~abilidad
han
de
se
elabo ad
as
con
muc
ho
más de alle. Todo e
ll
o
se
ía
nen
:~
a
io.
p
o
an o. p: a
encon
a
los
eq
uisi os idea
les
de
nues a
es
-
pons
ab
il
idad indi 'idual y
co
l
ec
i
·:i
e
spe
c o
de
la
ec
no
logía en n
ue
s
n
sode-
la l.
PROBL
E
:O.IS
OF
HESl'O'. SIBILI
TY
1'.'
A:-.ID
FO
R
TE
CH
0
1.
0G
Y
Economics
and
Engin
ee
ing a e di c en ields.
Do
he e hi
cs
ques ions as a
conscqu
en
ce
di e b
e wee
n bem? Mo al judgemen s
ancl e hical p oblems wi h espec
o
echno
logy
cmd
eco
nomy a e
usually
p o
blems
o
bea ing, a ibu ing
and
dis ibu ing
e
sponsihili y.
'í/e
can
un
de
s and man
o
woman
as
he no ma i
e
being
which
mea
ns
h
a he
o
s
he
is mo ally dis inguishecl om o he c ea
u
es
by
50
1 IANS LENK Y
MAT
H
JAS
MAHING
he
capaci y o bca , acknowledge, cons
ci
ously
iden i
y
and
accep
es-
ponsibili ies o
hc
ou come
o
hi
s
o
he
ac ions
and
ole
u
l ilmen s.
Humans
a e
so
o
speak
he
mo al heings. Ye ,
mo a
l esponsibili y is
hu
eme so o csponsibili y
which
migh
he
l
oca ed
wi hin a
a he
co
nplex
ea
lm
o
di e en esponsibili ies,
e.g.
engende ed
by
co
n-
ac s
o
so ne
o he
mu ual ag ecmen s
which
migh no nec
essa
i
ly
he
mo al in
he
na o
we
sense, i.e., ha
hey
migh
noc a ec
he
li e,
limhs, psyche, a
nd
well-
heing
o
o
h
e
pe
ople
o
li ing heings in
gene-
a
l.
These
e hically
speaking
no mo a
ll
y
ele an
esponsihili ies migh
be
called e hically neu al.
Bu
hey a e s ill
no ma i e
and
p íma acie
o
he
abi
ded
by
he
e
spe
c i e pe sons
who
h
a e
aken
o e
hese
non-mo al csponsibili ies. In ad
<li
ion,
hese
e hically neu al
espon-
sihili
i
es
migh
ge
in o con lic
wi h
mo al
du ies
and
e hica
ll
y
ele an
ohliga
i
ons, i.e. mo al du ies in
he
na owe
se
nse.
Shou
kl
a m
anag
e
jus ollow
up
Vi
h manage ial
an
d
ec
on
omic
s a eg
i
es
o maximizing
p o i
o
p
essi
ng
o
ime in isky
op
e a ions and s a eg
ie
s
o
im
ple-
men
a ion
o
a
ne
w echnology o so?
O
shoul
<l
he
e ain om
any
isk o li es
am
i li nbs
o
o he
peo
ple in
acceding
o
ope a iona
l
plans
o
implemen a ion
o
a new ecbnol
ogy
? Is sa e y
o
be
aluecl
i
s -
e en
despi e so ne se -hacks wi h e
spec
o
economic d
e elo
p-
me
n
am
i a possible maximiza ion
o
gains
o
p o
i s?
Should o ins-
ance an
engine
e
ho is empl
oyed
in a
dependen
posi ion. in
cas
e
o
a isky decisi
on
o
occu "
blow
he whis le
..
-as he esp
ec
i
e
me apho
eads -
and
gi e a
wa ning
in o ma ion
o
he
pub
l
ic
ab
ou
he
ex
pec ed
i
sks o
haza
ds
o
nega i e
po en ial
ou com
es?
Shou
ld
loyal y o his i m
o
supe iso s o he aking
in o
consi<le a ion
o
his
pe sonal
ca
ee
wi hin he i m
o e
ide his
mo
al esponsibili y
o
co
espo
nsibili y o he sa e y
o
he
puh
li
c?
O
has
mo al es
pon
sibi-
li
y
o ake
p cced
en
ce
o e
bc
espo
nsibili y o con ac ual kin
cl
s al -
houg
h
e en
he
ab
iding
by
c
on
ac s cc ainly also has a mo al
hue
o
i
o e
en
a mo al dim
en
sio
n inso a . e.g., as
we
a e
also mo a
ll
y obli-
ged
o ahi<le hy
he
l
aw
.
The
e is also a ques ion
whc he
o
no
mo
al
es
pon
sihili ies occu ing in
economy
a
nd
cchnology a e iden ical o
o e
la
pping
o
mayhe
a s ains wi h
one
ano he . An a i ma i e
ans
-
we
would
amo
un hen o
he
hesis ha e hi
cs
in
econo
ny a
nd
mo al
ju
dgem
en
s in echnology could
be
a i
me
s in con lic wi h
one
ano
-
b
e
o a leas di e ge wi hin
some
egion o o e lap.
In
deed, one
co
ukl
we
ll
a gue ha
e h
ical p oblems in
eco
n
omy
a e
u h
e - ea
-
ching
han
mo al p obl
ems
in
ec
hn
ology,
hecause
he e
a e many
p o-
blems in he
eco
nomic
managemen
ami dis ibu i
on
o j
obs
e
c.
wh
i
ch
a e
no
<li ec
l
y ele an o
o
in luenced
by
echnological ac o s.
E'.'IG
I
NE
EHL G. I
ANACE1 1E:-.:T.
AND
ETHICS -
TWO
H
ATS
OR
TH
REP
51
Howe e , basically
hen
:
is
a la ge
o e lap
he ween
he
wo
iekls,
an
d
as a as echnology
is
in ol ed ami e
chno
logical
im
ple nen a ion
a
s ake wi bin
economic
decision-making.
he
p ohlems
o
e hi
ca
l
ele-
ance
o
bo h
ields a e
p e
y
much
he
same
o
a leas na owly
con-
nec ecl w
i
h one an
o
he «: . Lenk/Ma ing 1995a).
I
seems,
howe,
·e , h:ll wi h esp
ec
o
hc
ques
i
on
o
sa e y
man
ag
e s somc imes
would
igno e his
da edness.
Tbis nigh
d ama-
ica
lly
be
llighligh ed
by
he
analysis
o
he
ca
as ophe
o
he
US
spa-
cec a
Cballe11ge in 1986.
when
73 sec
onds
a e ake-o om Ca
pe
Cana e al
he
manned
spaceship
exp
lo
ded
and
se en as onau s
los
hei li es. A di ec c
aus
e
was
a
h
i le
sealing
ing
o
ubb
e
which
acco ding o expec a ion
and
wa nings
o
h
e enginee s om he
oc-
ke
p oduce
i m Mo on Thiokol
h oke
und
e he condi ions
o
low
empe a u e
below
ee7.
ing
po
in . One <lay be a e ake-o he
engi-
nee s. mos no ably Allen MacDonald,
he
p
ojec leade . and Ro
ge
Roi
sj
oly.
he
e1y expe o sealing ings
in
ocke y,
hacl
wa ned
and
p o
e
s ed
agains ake-o plans
o
be
nex
day. They in o med
NASA
abo
u
he
clange lia
he
sealing ings
would
b eak
below
eezing
poin .
They
we c
:1ssis ed by
he
clepu y di ec o
o
he enginee
ing
depa men
o
he
ocke y i m, Rohe
Lund,
who
also in onned Je y
Mason. a supe o dina e enginee wi hin
he
same
i m.
Mason
howe
-
e silcnced Lund
and
inished
he
deba e
by saying, ''Take o
yo
u
enginec ing
ha
and
pul
on
you m
anagemen
ha ''. Lund ga e in
an
d
ga e his
con
sen o
he
ake-o
which
he
no i iecl o
he
p ojec
leade
o
NASA
ho
okayed
he ake-o wi hou men ioning
any
douh s.
Th
e
ca as oph
ic
acciclen ensued. (La e
on
he
enginee s
who
hacl
laun-
ched
he wa nings, MacDonald
and
Boisjoly,
we
e -
e en
a e
he
accid
en
- ans e e
cl
o
ano he
depa m
en which
hey
cl
eem
ccl
a
ki
nd
o
quasi-punishmen a e
he
a
c .)
Do
indeed
manage
s decide di
e e
n ly
om
eng
inee s? b his a
case Vhe e
app
a
en
ly e hical aspec s
o
decision-making
and
ac ual
judging di e ge o
he
e hics
o
e
chno
log
y
an
d economics? A e
h
e
managemen
ha
ancl
he
enginee ing
ha
indeed
di e en
ha
s -
in
e hical espec
s?
In
any
case, he
examp
le
shows
immed
ia ely
how
in iguing
he
p
oh
l
ems
o
esponsih
ili y
and
i s in
e p e a
ion as well as i s dis ibu-
ion a e:
Xlho
was
he
es
ponsihle
on
e in his case?
E e1
yhody
who
had
h
een
in ol
ed
? Jus N
ASA
,
no
one
incli idually? Each
o
a
ce
ain
deg ee?
Hm
much, hen? (C .
helow
o
he
ques ions
o
clisu'ihu ing
esponsihili y.)
Le
us
u n
i s
o
ques ions
o
esponsibili y in
gen
e-
52
HANS
LENK
Y
MAITHlAS
MARI
NG
a
l, especially o
he
p ohlems
o
de
ini ion
and
delinca ion
o
espon-
si bili y
and
speci
í
c:
espons
ibili ies.
1.
Respo11sihi/iZ1'
as Rela io11al
Concep
"Responsihili y"
is
no jus a
con
c:ep
so
lely o be
us
ecl
desc
i
p i-
n:ly
-
so
m
co
ne
is esponsihle -
hu
also
abo e
all
an
e alua i e
a
i-
hu i e
conc
ep
-
somehody
is
hek
l
o
he
esponsihle.
I
is
hís
a ibu
-
i
on
which
opens
h
e
no ma
i
e.
e en
e hical
dimension
o
ac ion
in
a
s ic e sense.
The
concep
o
e
sponsi
h
il
i
y i sel is a di e se
concep
o
s uc u e o cla i
on
ha is l
inked
o assignmen , a ibu i
on
an
d
impu
a
ion, a
scheme
hac
needs
o
he
analysed
and
in e p e ed
wi h
espec o he ollowing elcmen s:
someo
11e-.
he
suhjec
o
h
ea
e
o
espo
nsibili y
(a
pe son o
a
co
po
-
a i
on)
is
e.,j)()nsihle
o : some hill/!, (ac ions,
consequences
o
ac ions, si ua ions, asks. e c.)
in
'ie1
q
an
ad.d essee ("objec " o
esp
onsibili y)
u11de
supen
.lisüm o judgeme11
q
a juclging
o
san
c
i
on
ing i11s ance
in ela ion
o:
a (p esc ip i e, no ma i e) c i e
im
z
o
accou
n
ahili~~,
i 'i hi11: a ,,peci ic
ealm
o
esp011sihiliz)'
ancl
ac ion.
Responsibili y is i s ly a
concep
ha igu es wi hin a ela ional
a
i-
bu i e
nonn
(con olled
expe
c a ion
o
ac
ion
am
i
heha iou )
.
Responsibili y
means
ha
a pe
son
mus jus i
y
ac ions, consequ
ences
o
ac ions, si ua ions, asks, e
c.
in onc o
an
add
essee
an
d he
o e
an
ins ance
o
jus i ica ion, ho h no
heing
necessa ily iden ical
Vi h
one
ano he , o
whom
he
o
she
has
ob
liga ions o du ies
o
ende ing jus-
i ica ion, in acco d
ancc
w
i
h s
anda d
s, c
i
e ia, n
o ms
, e c. The
es
-
po
nsible
pe son
is accoun ahle o bis
o
he
own
ac ions,
o
unde
speci
i
c condi ions also o ac ions
pe o med
by
o he s o
whom
he
o
s
he
is ica iously esponsible. (Pa en s, o exa nple, a e liable
o
hei
yo
ung
child
en
a a
ce
ain
w ong
con
duc by hese. maybe in
ch
e
sense
o
he
iola ion
o
hei s
upe
iso1y
du
y.) The
co
ncep
o
espo
nsihili y
would
gi e s uc u e o
he
soc
ial eali y
(o
no ns
an
c
ac ions)
and
o
social ela ions.
One
can di e en ía e
be ween
he y
pi
-
cal
hea
e
s o esponsibili y in
enns
o
ac
i
e oles a
nd
ohse e oles.
One
imp
u
es
o
a ibu
es
a speci ic esponsibil
i
y o onesel as an
ENGJNEERJNG. MAl"Al;EMENT. AND
ETH
ICS -
TWO
HATS
OH
T
HREE~
53
ac o
o
o o he s om he
pe spec i e
o
pa icip
an
,
obse
e
o
scien is , in ela ion o ules
and
no ms
ha
apply
beyon
d he indi i-
dual.
The
a ihu ion (in a pa11icula
case)
ac i a e
s,
ha
is,
ins an ia-
es.
he
gene al pa e n
o
esponsi
bili y
in a speci ic ins a
nce
.
Impu a ion
o
esponsibili y lies
as
mu
ch
in
sel
-in e p e a ion as in
he
in e p e a ion
o
he
ac ions
o
o he s.
Responsihili y is he e o e a ibu ed
o
impu ed:
on
he
one
hand
one
es ab
li
shes
om he pe spec i e
o
ohse a iou ha
somebody
(A)
is esponsihle, causally
o
acco
ding
o
a c i e ion, o
an
ac ion
( o
ac ing
o
e aining om ac ion), o
he
consequences
o
an
ac ion,
o
o
he
occu ence
o
an
e en .
On
he
o he
hancl, he ac o (A)
can
also
be
made
esponsible. This a ihu ion
can
hus
be
unde s ood
ei -
he
desc
ip i ely
o
no ma i ely;
i
is desc ip i e o no ma i e.
Bo h
can
be
di e emia ecl
by
a ca e ul analysis,
e en
i in e ec bo h a i-
bu ions a e o en consicle
ed
simul aneously
.
Th
e discussion
abou
he a ibu ion
o
esponsibili y
shows
ha
he dis inc ion b
e ween
he
desc ip i e
and
no ma i e a i ude
and
a
desc ip i e
o
nonna
i
e assump ion
o
he
a ibu ion
o
impu a ion,
espec i ely,
has
hus
a
no
heen
su icien ly aken in o
co
nside a
ion
.
A necessa1y
co
ndi i
on
o
he desc ip i e a ihu ion ( o
des
c ibe A
as
esponsible o
X)
and
o
he
no ma i e a ibu e ( o
make
A
espon-
sihle o
X)
is ha
he
(in en ional)
ac o
(A) is he causal agen ,
o
is
a leas capable
o
in e ening in
he
ca
usal
chain ha leacls o
X.
An
e alua ion
o
A
can
be
mad
e.
wi h
e e ences
o (n
o
ma i e) c i e ia; i
is inde
ed
only
acco ding o a c i e ion
ha
he
bea e
o
esponsibili y
can
o
could
be
held
esponsible.
The
o igin o he desc ip i e
con-
cep
o
esponsibili y also,
as
close anal
ys
is
will
show
,
can
he
aced
back
o he no ma i e
one
, i.e
.,
o social
and
con en i
onal
no ma iza-
ion
o
o a equi emen es ablished
by
an
au ho i y.
As
one
dis inguis
he
s
be
we
en a
gene al
esponsibili y o
he
esul s
o
an
ac ion om a kind
o
ole- esponsihili y
and
ask-
es
pon-
sihili y,
and
om
he
pu iew
o
legal
and
mo al esponsibili y, a
second
aspec
o
i
n e
p e a ion b
ecomes
clea :
he
es
ponsibili y o
he
esul
o
an
ac ion is
a
i s jus
see
n
as
a s
up
e o dina e, schema-
ic, o mal ca ego iza ion;
i
mus
be
ela ed, h ough
he
con ex ual
speci ica ions
o
asks
o
oles
o
b ough
(uni e sal) mo al
o
legal
in
e
p
e a
i
on,
o
he
app op
ia e ealm
o
su
bs an ial alues
and
no ms. Only
hen
can
i s
con
en
and
sense
be
comp ehensible.
Dis inc y
pe
s
o
esponsi
bili y
would
ende
s uc
u
e o he
social, h
a
is,
he
no ma i e,
ea
li y in di e en ways. They
ha
e
spe-

54
HA
NS L
ENK
Y
1
IATl' llAS
MAIUNG
ci
i
c
s
u
c
u
al implica ions1.
Co
ncep ual ins
um
en s
o
analysis
such
as
ins i
u
ionalized
no
ma i
e
ule
s
and
c i c ia o ( ypes o ) n
:s
po
nsi-
bili y a
ls
o may s uc u e he conc e e e
sp
ons
ihili y a ibu ions
and
hc
i consequences. Tbus, speci ic
and
mo e
conc e e exp
ec
a ions
an
d
demands
ollow om
he
el
e an
ap
pl
ica i
ons
o
h
e
a
ious
ypes
o
espo
nsihi
li
y.
Ce ain asks
and
du ies, o
exa
mpl
e, a e i
ed
o a
ole ha ela
es
exclusi ely
o
he
ol
e-hea e
,
and
a e
no
so
pe son-
o ien ed as, e.g., in
he
cases
o
an
ac i a ed
mo al
esponsihili y.
2. D{/le en
Ana~ ic
TJ11es
o
Re.,
ponsihilizy
The mos oh ious
am
i
gene a
l le e!
o
how
o desc ibe
espo
nsí-
bili ies is e e ing
o
one's
bcing
esponsihle o he esul s
and
con-
sequences
o
one
's o
wn
ac ions.
Y./e
may
call his ype
che
ac ion es-
pc
msihili(
(
see
Fig. 1
):
Ac ion es
ponsib
i
li
y
<Fig.
1)
1
1
'<>,lli ' :
ClllS~
l
l
c""po
n:-.
ihili
y
o
p:1
1
1
ni
la
:1<.: 1on~
1
1
1
Ncg
a i c
ca
u~il
'~[><
IJ1S
lh
l
y
Cc.g
o
()JTi
l~S
H>Jl.
")
1
H
1..·
.
..
<
ms1hili y
I<
>
ac·
in :
p e
·
'cn um
o ha m.
:1<. idenb
1..:
:
1
lnc.h ·
idual a
c.
: u
m
e:-;p<m:-.
ibih y
1
1
1
cc
..
n:spon-
s1
hili
y
o
c:o
ll
cc
i e.
co
-
O
K
~
T: llVC.
C
Oí
(X
J :. ü
..
•
acli
ons
1
(~ .'
Ol
'
:.l
(
:~(>(
m:-.i·hJlll
lo
l
on¡: ~
ang njl.
~ll'
i
•i
y
p;:ll e
n
~
1
1
!c,
p
on
"
hili
y
lo m
...
nu íonal.
e<>
p<H: c
.u.: ons
1
Hc.
.:
p
e:-;cn a
um
:
l
an
l
/
o
lea<lc s
hip
c.' l<
>n
s
ib h
y
1
Co· <:
.
,po
n·
'1
hih
)"
o
C"O·
;K ng
¡.
ou
p
meml
>c ;
Cg ou
p
c,p<>nsih11i y)
1
R
.·~pon...;1
l)lli )·
<>
c.:o
pu .
Ui
>n
s
1 S nicm al
implica
ion~
in his
con
ex meani
ng
s nic u ally p oduced,
ha
is,
a
ss
lln ::d
o
impli<
:d
(analy ic)
consequences
o
he h:isic he ny
o
o
n
ep .
ENGINEERING. MANAGEME: iT.
AND
ETI
ll
CS
-T '<10
HA!~
OR
TH
REE?
55
An agen
is
o
he
held esponsihle
o
he
ou co nes
o
his
o
he
ac ions by
an
íns ance o
which
(s)he
is
accoun able. An
eng
in
ee
desighi
ng
a b id
ge
o
a
dam
is
esponsible
o he supe iso ,
e nplo-
ye , clien
and
/o
he public o
he
espec i e
design in e ms
o
ech-
nical co ec ness, sa e y,
cos
, easibili y
e c.
F equen ly, accoun abili y
ques ions a e aised in
ex
ampla y nega
i
e cases,
by
ailing in
one
o
so ne
o
hese espec s.
The
b eaking
o
a dam may
be
due
o alse
s a ical compu a ion
o
o
ca eless,
negligen
o
e en chea ing
wo k
o
poo
c a smanship
o
using
cheap
ma e ial. The e o e,
i
is
impo an
o emphasize nega i e ac ion esponsibili y in he o m
o
esponsibi-
li y
o
p e en ion -
and
a imes
o
p ese1 a ion espec i ely.
P o essionals, e.g., ha e he esponsibili y
o
he
puh
l
ic
o
ensu e
high
s anda
ds
in hei wo k
and
o a oid isks
o
disas e s
as
a as
possi-
hle
a a easonable cos .
The
esponsibili y
o
a oid mis akes, ailu es,
pu
e quali y
o
wo k
e c. is pa
and
pa ce
!
o
causal esponsibili y
hu
also
an
ins ance
o
he
espec i e oles
and
ask esponsibili y o
be
men ioned
la e . A nega i e causal esponsihili y would analy ically
be
di ec ed al a oiding ca eless omissions.
The e
is
an
ac i e
espons
ibili y o
aking
he ini ia i e ac i ely
o
sea
ch
o po en ial sou ces
o
dange s
and
isks which
can
he
called
p e en ion(-o i
en ed)
es
ponsibili y. The
enginee
in cha ge o
qu
ali y
con ol h
as
sys ema ically o
sea ch
o
echn
ical
we
aknesses. In
his
case,
he
p e en ion esponsibili y
becomes
pa
o
his ole esponsi-
bili y o mally
connec ed
wi h his job ac i i y. F om
he
ac ion es-
ponsibili y in
he
na owe
indi idual (ac u ili a ian)
sense
we
ha e
o
dis inguish he gene al esponsibili y o
longe
anging ac i i y pa -
e ns. (E.g., as a
pa en
one
is no
only
esponsible o indi idual
ac ions
and
hei
consequences
wi h
espec
o
one's child en bu in a
much mo e
comp ehensi e
manne
encompassing
many
possi
ble
ac io
ns
as
well
as
omi
ssio
ns.)
Ve y o en,
we
ha e
ins i u ions
o
co
po a ions ac ing collec i ely.
The e o e, he e is a esponsibili y
o
ins i u ional
o
co po a e ac ions:
I
may coincide,
hough
no
be
iden ical,
wi h
he
indi idual esponsi-
bili y
o
a pe son
being
in a e
p
esen
a i e pos
i i
on
( he
ep esen ing
ac o
be
i
in
an
indi idual
g oup
o
a ins i u ion
o
co
po a ion).
Leade ship esponsibili y wi h espec o ou side add essees
and
ins-
anc
es
a e
bu
one
example
o
his kind
o
esponsibili y.
The
mos usual
case
o
esponsibili y deal wi h
so
a is indi i-
dua! ac ion esponsibili
y.
Bu i a
g oup
is ac ing collec i ely
o
indi-
iduals pa icipa e in a join
g oup
ac ion, be e
is
he co- esponsibili y
56 HANS LENK Y
i
IA
11
li!AS
MAJUNG
o
pa aking
membe s
,
o
he
co
-ac o s,
so
o
speak.
The
esponsihi
li
y
o
g oup
ac ions is
som
e imes called colle
c i e
o
g o
up
espons
ibili y
(Ladd) (c .
he
l
ow
).
Ac ion
e
spons
ibili y
would
s ill eside
on
he
mos gene al le e!
o
ahs ac ion. l has s ill
o
be
subs an ia ed
by
con en , be i
by
o
le
asc ip ion/desc ip ion, legal,
o
mo al conside a ions.
The e o e,
he
second
le e! is
comp ised
o
he
ypes
o
ule
and
ask
espcmsihi i~
(see Fig. 2):
Role
and
Task Responsihili y (Fig.
2)
lksp"n'il"l
1 o o
k·-
l;llllmc
n
( ole
:-ipe<
:ilic
a
.,1'.
l'-'-
pc:m
:-.1h1-
li
y
1--
---l
in
o
ma
l
ln
"i
i u ional ole
c:
~pon-
·" b
ili
y o
n
.·¡i c.s<.>
n
al1 '
C'
oles Oead<: ,Jup.
bo
:mJl
o mal
in
o mal
Loyalily
es
p< n
-
,¡l,1
1i y
Ca
in
g
'---
--
-+-
-----'-
--
-
---
--!
csponsih
1-l
11y
L abili
e
sp< n~ih
i-
li y
o ~a
m
z;
1
uc
111al
l'
S
p lll-
c() p
c
lí
:.
h:
n.
:s
p
ms
1b1h
1y
o
1 "illl
UCi
ons
<wi h cj .1 d o
n1emh ..· ~.
!'oo-
ne
y.
~
e.:
.
>
mo
a
l l
<:
¡.(
al
-:NG
INEEl{!
NC.
'. .IANAliE~IE:' T.
AND
ETHICS -
T X ()
HATS OH
THHEP
57
(l
does
no
seem
necessa y o gi e ex;.imples he e, since
e e y-
body
akes
o e
ami ul íls oles
and
asks
assigned o him
o
he
o
chosen
by
onese
l
.)
In
aking
o e
ami ul illing a ole
o a
ask
(e.g.
in a job) a ol
e-ho
ld
e
usually bea s a n
::
spons
ihi
li y
o (no mal, i.e.
accep
abk,
o
op imum)
ole- ul il nen .
These
ole du ies migh
he
assignecl in a o mal way
o
be
mo e
o
l
ess
in o mal.
They
can
e en
be
legally asc ihed
o
a
leas
be
legally ele an . I
he
ole- ake is a
ep esen a
i e in
co
po a e
o
ins i u ional
ole
pa e ns his esp
onsih
i-
li y
may
he
connec ed
wi h he espec i e
in
s
i u ional ole esponsibi-
li i
es
(e.g. in leade ship). A ole
Clike
ha
o
a pa en ) migh
comp ise
he
esponsihili y o a depenclen 's
well-being
, i.e. a ca ing esponsi-
bili y ( hich
is
a a he in e es ing ype
o
he
mo al poin o iew).
I3esi<le
gene al
ole esponsihili ies
we
encoun e also esponsibi-
li ies co ela ed jus wi h speci ic asks,
he
h
ese
de i
ed
om a
ole
pa em
o
no
.
Lo
yal y o a pe son
o
ins i u ion need
no
he
connec-
e<l
wi h a pa icula ole. The e o e, a
loyal
y esponsibili y is o
be
deal wi h
on
di e en e ms.
I
may
come
in
he o m
o
a ca ing
es-
ponsibili y, oo.
In addi ion, e lla e
he
co po a e
esp
onsibili y
o
ins i u ions
o
co po a ions, i hese ha e a special ask
o
obliga ion o pe o m
wi h
espec o clien s,
he
public
o
membe s
o
he
o ganiza ions e c.
This
ype o esponsibili y can he
o
legal,
mo al
o
neu
ally o ganiza ional
cha ac e .
The e
may
again
he
a coinciclence wi h a
g oup
esponsihi-
li y
(o
a
g oup
heing
in
cha
ge
o
he ins i u ion
o
co po a ion). Role-
holde s
and
ins i u ions
o
co po a ions
migh
be held liahle in
e ms
o
legal,
mo a
l
o
so
cial quali ica ions -
e.g.,
wi h espec o social
con-
ol o
he
la e . The liabili y migh
be
an
accoun abili y o
incu
punishmen
o
o
pa
y an inclemni ica ion
o
o
eins a e a o me
con-
di io
n.
The hi d le e!
o
esponsihili y
co
nsis s o ypes
o
wzi1·e sal
111u al
esponsihilí y (see Fig. 3F.
A
i s , hen,
we
ha e be
di ec
mo al esponsibili y o he agen 's ac s
and
esul s
o
bis
o
he
ac ing
as ac i a
ed
by
he
ac ion si ua ion.
This
esponsibili y is di ec ed
O
a
cl
pe
sons
o
li ing beings
whos
e well-being (
li
e
and
limh
as
well
as
psychical
and
emo ional s a e) is a
ec
ed hy
he
agen "s ac i-
i y.
CThe
mo al poin
o
iew is al
ways
co
ncei ed in e ms o
he
!
To
be
su c.
:1
ou11h
ll' d
o
csponsih
i
li
y
ypcs
·oul l ha e o
co e
a
l
ia
-
g1~11111nc
o
he
a
ianb
o
legal
csponsih
ih y in
duding
hei
c
la ionsh
1p
o
legal liahili y
ami guil . A
i
h
ype
o
n.:sponsihili y is
hc
ehgious
csponsihili y o
he
ai h ul.
llA'.'IS l.ENK Y , IAlTHIAS
MARING
.3.4
A
second
and
di e en ca ego y
wi h
espec
o
he
p ohlems
o
n.:sponsihili y dis ihu ion i
ncludes
he
ex e na]
e
spon
sihili y
o
co -
po a ions. i.e
..
he
co po a
ion ancl
some
o
ali
o
i s membe s
( ep
e-
sen a iw
esponsihili y ,.s.
p:11
ic
ipa1
o y
esp
on
sihili yl.
and
co
po a-
ion nembe s al
une
( educible
o
lll' speci ic
ypes
o
es
pons
ibi!i y);
in e na!
esponsih
ili
y
in
di e en ly s uc
u
ed
co po a ions (
hi
e a -
chi
es
de.)
as indi idual esponsihili
y
and
co- espons
ihi
li
y:
he
dele-
ga ion
o
esponsibili
y;
a
ncl
a
1y ing ypes
o
esponsibi
li
y.
Mo al
espon
sihili y - his is
he
main
and
leading
hypo hesis - is
usually,
in
ega d o (a leas ideal l
co po
a e
ac ion, cli e en iable
and
am
i ied:
i
is co po a ions as
such,
co po a ion
membe s. o
he
co -
po a
ion
and
i
s me
mh
e s
among
o
he
s
ha
ca
n
be
held
mo a
lly
es-
ponsih
le.
The
a ibu
i
on
o
indi idual mo al esponsihili y
mus
be
sepa a ely jus i ied in
each
case. In
gene al
,
one
shouk
l
makc.:
a dis-
inc ion he wL'en he ex e na!
(mo a
l, legal, ole) esponsibil
i y
o
he
co po a
ion~
ami
he
ko L'spondingl
in e na]
esp
onsihi
li
y
di
s ihu-
ion.
Besidc.:
hL'
ole
o
ask
-spe
ci i
c.
hL'
legal
and
he co
po a i e
ac ion esponsihili y.
co po
a i
ons
ami ins i u ions
do
ha'-e a mo al
es
-
ponsihili y
o an
accoun ahili y
analogous
o mo al
es
punsibili y.
This
mo al esponsihili y c
an
also he uncle s
ood
as
a hi
ghe
le e!
espon-
sihili y:
il
wou
ld
ex
is
in addi i
on
o ancl inclepenc!L'n
o
he
speci ic
indi idual esponsihili ies
o
he
indi idual co po a ion nemhe .
Indi idual esponsihili y
and
co po a
e L'sponsihili y
do
no
ba e
he
same
meaning:
hey
canno
simply
be
mu
ually e
cl
uced
o
one
ano -
lie . The esponsihili y o eme ki
nd
o
ype cloes n
o
eplace he
o he
o m. al h
ough
in gene al.
hese
an
aly ical y dis inguished nodel
con-
cep
s my
o e
ap in social eali y.
Co po a ions
can
ac
..
in c.:n ionally",
hough
in a
manne
non-
c.:ducible o indi,·iclual
ac
ion
(
i.
e .. hey ac in
he
seconda
1y
sense
,
on
a highe le e! o social ic i
on
,
on
a symholic
o
seman ica
lly
s uc u-
ed ami in e p e ecl plane; hei ac ions
hecause
o his a
ncl
he
social
co
n
se
qu
ences
a e
no
less eal
han
a
pe son's
ac
ions). Such a
co
p
o-
a e
espo
nsihili y. ha is no
eq
ui ale
n!
o
he
immedia ely
hea ah
l
e,
di ec . pe sonal
esponsib
ili
y
applie
s
o
husinesses.
he
s a e
and
co
-
po a ions as
wdl
as o ecl nical
and
scien i
k
o ganiza ions.
Un
il
now. he acli ional a p io
i
combina ion
o
he
a ihu ion o
mo a
l
esponsihi
li
y o
na
u
al
pe sons, i.e
.,
he
concep s
o es
pon
sihili y
lin
-
kecl o incli iduals,
appea ed
o
he
insu moun ahle ha ie s ega ding
he
a ihu ion
o
mo al esponsibili y o
co po
a
ions
ami
si ua ions.

ENCINEEIUNG.
J .
IA
'ACEl .IENT.
AND
Ell-
llCS - ·1
wo
H
ATS
OR
THHEE~
Mus ha
be
so?
We
hink. no. Ra he .
he
exclusi e limi a ion
o
he
indi idualis ic
modd
bwa ed. Should
one
no
a he de elop a
hi
e-
a chical model ha adequa ely
and
cli e en ially pu s
he
esponsihi-
li ies
on
he
a ious le els?
Making
o
holding co po a ions
esponsib
le may also cons i u e a
i s
s ep
o
a ihu ing esponsihili y in
co po a e
ac ion;
he
(c:o po a-
ion in e na]) dis ibu ion p ohlem
can
be
deal
wi h in a sec:ond
s ep.
The
la e is di ic:ul o deal
Vi h
acco ding
o
esponsibili y ypes.
The
ollowing wo king hypo beses
a e
o mula ed
o add ess his poim.
1.
On
ly gene al dis ihu ion ules
can
he
laid
down
wi h ce ain y.
2.
These
ules a e (idea
ll
y) o
he
applied
o each indi idual
case
Vi
h ex a
p o
isos ega ding
he
special
con
di ions.
3.
The
esponsibili y dis ihu ion is de e mine<l by
he
s
u
c
u
es
o
he
o ganiza ion, decision-making s uc u es (In e na! Decision
Uni s)
ami
p incipies (indi idual
and
collec i e ins ances
ancl
uni s;
unanimi y
o
majo i y p incipies). (This
applies
o he social s uc u e
in
ge
ne a
l.
oo.)
4.
The
ex e na! esponsibili y in
iew
o
hi d pa ies, socie y
and
o
hei
de an
ins ances.
is
<lependen on he co po a e s uccu e,
on
he
in luence
and
con
ol
o
in
di idua
ls,
on
he
con ibu ions
o
(ind
i idua]) agen s
and
in
gene al
on
he
in e na!
es
p
onsib
ili y dis i-
hu ion (in che
sense
o
co npe ency
and
ask
dis ibu ion
and
ole-
s uc: u e
).
'i. The in e na] esponsihili y o
he
ul ilmen
o
asks and oles
" V
i h cspec o colleagues
is
also
p
ima ily
de
e mined
by
he co po-
a e s uc un:. l is p ima ily
an
accoun abili y o supe io s
and
a
spe-
cial case o he ole
and
ask esponsibili y. (The ohse a i
on
o
h
ese
du i
es
is gene ally legally equi ed, usually in
o m
o
a con ae ;
i
can
also
he
mo ally equi ed.)
6.
Tasks
and
compe encies ancl
he
accompanying esponsibili y
can
he
delegaced.
The
esponsibili y
o
he
delega ing
pe son
cloes
no
(necessa ily)
end
he e. In
gene a
l,
howe e . mo al esponsibili y, can-
no
be
delega ecl.
7.
The
(no ma i e) esponsibil
i
y o che
conseq
uences
o
ac ions
is p ima
i
ly a esul o he indi idual
con
ihu ions
o
ac i
on
ancl
p o
-
duc
i
on. T
he
indi idual di ec
o o
he
C
hie
Execu
i
e
O ice ,
as
we
ll
as he pe o me
o
execu i e,
would
ac
in
cl
eed. (The pe o mance
o
an
o de
o
a
command
<loes no , howe e , gene ally exculpa e he
66
HANS LENK Y . JA'ITI
llAS
MAlUNG
pe o mc: .)
The
dis ibu ion o
such
an
ex
e n
a! o he espec i e
in
e -
na) c:sponsibili y, which
assum
es
o he
esponsib
ili y dis
i
bu ions,
esul s om
he
espe
c i e con ibu ion o
h
e
ac
ion
o p od
uc ion
and
om he in
o
l emen o
he
ac o
o
con
i
bu o
.
8.
Ro
le
and
ask
espo
nsibili y esul s
om
o mal as well
as
in o -
mal oles ami asks;
he
c:
sponsib
ili y
and
i
s
(e
x e na) o in e na!) dis-
ihu ion
de
pc:
nds
on
co
po a e
s uc
u e
, hi
e a
chy
ancl
posi ion.
9. Mo al esponsihili y
(in
a na owe
se
nse)
as simply cli ec ly
and
pe sonally a ihu ahlc:
e
spons
ib
ili
y in
iew
o
ex
e na!
o
in e -
na
! ad essees is
made
opical
by
i s
own
ac ion
and
possihili i
es
o
ac ion. Mo al
esp
onsib
il
i y
is
a unc ion
o
powe
, i
n l
ue
nc
e
and
knowledge.
The
co
- es
pons
ibi
li
y
de e min
es
i sel co esponcling
ly
wi h ega d o
he
s a egic pl
aceme
n
o
an
indi idual in a
co po n-
i
on. I
is
inc easing wi h
g owing
o mal au ho i y
o
he
bea e
an
d
he
le
e!
o
po
si
i
on
wi hin
he
hie a chy
o
co
po a e decision
s
uc-
u
e.
The
mo al esponsibili y
o
A can
he
Ja ge , sma
ll
e
o
equally
la
ge
as ba
o
13
. H
owe c
, e
spons
ibili
y
dis ibu ion is no sui ecl o
pe cen age dis ibu ion analysis;
i
is
be e s
ui ed
o compa a
i
e
s a-
emen s. Mo al
esponsib
il
i y
is
nol ea
ll
y di isible;
i
is
o
pen
o
sha-
ing hough. l
can
he ho
me
solely (c:xdusi c:ly)
o
join ly
(eac
h
pe -
son
ully
o
pa ly). In
he
dis ibu i
on
mo<lel o mo al esp
onsib
ili y
he
inc.li
ic.l
uali y
o
he a ibu i
on
an<l
he no ally equi ed
non
-d
isap-
pea ance
o
hc
co
-
es
ponsib
ili
y
i
is necessa y
o
ake s
e
iously
he
mo al accoun ahili y
e en
in i
ew
o a g owing
num
he
o pa i
cipan
s
( which migh ac ually encl o minimize
he
pe sonal sha e
o
he
es-
ponsibil
i
y).
10
.
Thc
lc:gal
cli
s ibu ion o esponsibili y is d
ea
l wi h s
ep
a a
e
ly
ac
co
ding
o
legal
o
na u al
pe so
ns, o hc espec i e ci
il
o
c imi-
na
l law, o l
ega
l aspec s
o
adm
i
ni
s a ion
o
he
s a e o
co
ns i u
iona
l
app oaches. In his
way
he
legal
pe
son
is,
as
a ule, liable o
hi d
pa
ies o h
ose
who
ac
on
i s hehal acco
ding
o
(Ge
man)
ci il
law
ho
ugh
n
o
(in Ge m
any
o in
s anc
e) acco di
ng
o
he
c
iminal law.
In e nally speaking, he
co
po a ion
may ha e claims agains
na u al
pc: sons (e.g. membe s). This is no
he
case wi h
co
po a ions w
bi
ch
a e no "legal
pe
sons"' acc
o ding
o
he
Genna
n ci il law.
4.5 The e is a u he
p obl
em
o
he
es
ponsibili y dis ibu i
on
eme ging om
he
u
se
o
expe
and
in o ma ion sys ems (c . Le
nk
19
89). Can hese be
espo
nsible? Resides
he
" esponsihili y !...] in
he
sys ems" (Hae ne );
can
wc:
mak
e
comp
l
ex
in o ma ional
cleci
si
on-
making sys ems a
nd
expe11 s
ys
ems
esponsible? Is ha no an
unno-
E>i<
~l>iE
E
IW CI
.
~
I
ANA<
;
EME: T.
: ND
ETHICS -
T VO
HATS
OH
THHEE' 67
i
ced in oduc ion o i esponsihili y
wi h
no
one o
he
appoin ed
guil y. an in i
ngemen
o
ansg e
ss
i
on
o
a ahoo
o
e e
n a ca ego i-
cal mis
ak
e
on
he
side
o
he
analyse '
l
is
ind
eed
meaning ul
and
impo a
n
o make
comp
u e
sys
em
s
mo e
dia
hle.
bu
i
is no neaning ul
o
a ibu e
mo
al
us wo hi-
ness
and
e:-. )()nsibili y
o
hem
. Indeecl, ha ' ould
be
ahsu d
and
s
oun
d
o<ld!
Compu e s a e
no
m
o a
l
be
in
gs, j
us
as in o ma ion
sys
-
ems
a e
no
soc
ial beings.
ln
sp
i
e
o
hei
a - eaching
soc
i
al
impli-
ca ions.
human
beings
nus ca y
hc
ull
esponsibili y o he
use
o
misuse
o
echnical sys ems -
hu
which
hum
an heings? T
he
p og
a n
-
·me ?
TlH.:
di
ec o
o
he
comp
u ing
cen e?
The en e
p en
eu
?
The
po
li
ician? ...
The
n
:spo
nsih
il
ily may,
in
iew
o he possihle a - ea-
ching
implica ions
o
esponsible
decisions
o
humans,
espec
ially
indi iduals. ha cl
ly
seem
bea able.
bu
mo
a
ll
y i s
ill
ex
is s. Hum
an
heings
canno
mo ally d
ep
i e h
emse
l
es
o
hei
powe
o
dec
i
sion
ancl
hei
a
ccou
n ahili
y
, hey
canno
and
should
no
ce
de hei mo al
espon
si
hili y o
compu e s
and
in o ma
ion
sys ems. (This
h
es
is mus ,
howe e
.
s ill he
es
ahlished
and
wo ke
d ou ). In i
ew
o
he ac
ual
expansion
o
au oma ecl
condi
io
ned
decisions, his esponsihili y
clilemma. which
he
pa icipan s a
mi
he
highe clecision-make s
can
-
no a oid. will
become
mo e
a
nd
mo
e p ess
in
g in
he
u
u
e.
Iksponsihili y can
no
he
all
owe
d o
be
dilu ed
, ei h
e
in anonymi y
o
unde
he
p o ec ion
o
commi
ees,
o
in
he in o ma i
on
and
d
ec
i-
sion
-m
aki
ng
sys ems. Possibili ies
o
a
coun e
- eac ion exis in a
hig
-
h
e
se
nsi iza ion
o
hc
esp
on
sih
il
i y
awa eness,
in he d
e elop
men
o
a
Code
o
E hics o
compu e
expe s,
in
he
in e disciplina y
ese-
a ch a
mi
in
an
a
ll
iance in eachi
ng
and
ain
i
ng
o
ali
knowledge
-o i
en-
h
.:d
disciplines. e c.
4.
E11 !.ÍIZl!e i11 !.
Codes
o
.' hics
mu!
he
Reso/u m
o
Res¡xmsihili y
Coi(/lic s
We
eco de
d
app ox
ima ely 450 Co
des
o
E hics
o
simila egu
la
-
ions like scien is s'
o
enginee s'
oa
hs.
Th
e eco ded
co
cl
es
com
e o n
a ious p o essional o ganiza ions
(mos ly
Ame ican), especially om
associa ions ancl socie ies o
en
gin
ee s
and scien is s. lni ial com
pa
i-
sons
and
o e iews
i
nd
i
ca e
d la
ge
co
esponde
n
ces
in
he
Fundamen a
l P incipies
and
Canons; di e ences a e
ound
mos ly
in
he
speci
i
c Guideli
nes
. The
con en
s o e mo e o a
so
n o e hos
o
he espec i e
p o
essi
on
han
a
genui
ne
cod
e o e hics
(i
"e hics" is
68
llAO' S L
ENK
Y i l lTlllAS
MAl{[N ;
unde s ood
in he s ic
sense
ela ing o uni e
sa
l mo al
nonns).
A
disa
d an
age
in espec o he
ap
pli
cab
ili
y a lea
s
o he
espec
i e
p o essio
ns
in Ge many is
ha
h
e codes
a e
oo
s ongly
o ien ed
o
en
ginee s
as sel -
emp
l
oyed
o
op
manage s;
mos
(Gennan)
engine-
e s
do
no
i
hese
ca ego ies
(hu
his
seems
o
be
ue in he USA,
oo). A u
nd
amen al unc ion o
he
Codes is
he
sensi
i
za
i
on
o
engi-
nee s, scicn is s. enginel' ing
unions.
ancl
science
and
echnical
p o-
L--;sionals
ami o ganiza ions o c hical
p oblems
ami
o con lic s
be
-
"
een
e bi
o;
and. o example,
economic
goals. Fu h
e
possihili i
es
o
implemen ing, applying, ins i u ionalizing and ope a ionalizing
he
co
d
es
sh
ould
he
can: ully consid
e ed
and, i
mc::
aning
ul.
he i
mp o
ed
Cod
c::
s
shou
lcl
h
en
he
ins a
llc::cl
and
en o ced.
Rega ding p o essional Cueles
o
E hics
he
ollowing hesis
can
he
p esen
ed
o
pos ula
ecl
(c . Lenk 1
99
1
):
P o essi
onal
egula ions and
ules o heha iou such as
he
Codes
o
E hics
should
no jus
he
ega
-
cled
as
ep esen ing he
cu en
p o essional e hos;
comp ehens
i
e
e hical consicle a ions
induding
unie sal applicabili y
and
commi me
n
,
gene a
l
so
cial
aluc::s
and
go
als ha l' also o be ecognized
and
e o -
m
ula e
d wi
hin
he
Codes as s
omehow
obli
ga
o y o e ec i e
guideli
-
nes;
be
o
ien a ion o he co
mmon
goocl(s) should
he
s eng henecl,
a i
ous
ins i u ional con ols
and
possibili ies o oh aining ami u h
e-
ing discipli
ne::
wi hin
hc::
g o
u
p.
co po a
ion,
o g
aniza i
on
o
ins i u-
ion
sh
ould
he
induded;
pa icula no i
ce
shoulcl
he
gi en
!O
he
ques-
ion
o
he
s uc u al in e ela ions wi h he
ma ke
and
in
wo king
li e
(in
husines
s
es
and
co po
a i
ons
as
c::ll
as ins i u ions), o ins i u ional
co po a e
esponsih
ili
y
an
d
o
mo al ideals ( ep esen ing i
ue
s
hich
ca
nno
be
lega
ll
y
en
o cecl, ins ilu i
ona
liz
ed
o
con o
ll
ed)
. I
he
c
odc::s
sh
ould s
ill
ind
s onge
and
inc ease
cl
en
1y i
nco
hc::
posi-
i e law
am
i gain a kind
o
kgal s a us
(mayhe
ia clauses ha
need
o
he::
illed in like
..
goo
d
cus oms
..
<§
138
BG
B,
Gc:: nan
Ci il
La
w)),
hc::
chances
o
he
ealiza ion
o
he
endes
wo
ulcl he ehy
be
g ea ly
enhance
d.
hecaus
e
appeals
alonc::
and
susn
:p ahili y
ami
he sensi iza-
ion o
he
indi iduals -especíally o
depende
n!
employees
-
do
no
seem
o
he
su icien , as n
ecessa y
as hey
a e
indeecl. Ins i u ional
s
up
po ing measu es a e also equi ecl.
ll
emains i
mp
o an o incl
u-
de
e h
ic
al ami mo al hasic ins uc i
ons
in
ed
uc
a ion as well as in ech-
no
logica
l,
echnical :md
on
- he-job- a
in
ing
and
o
p o
i
de
o
acco
m-
panying measu es. i.e., simila ily he discussi
on
and
pu
blica ion
o
case
s u
di
es
, o es abli
sh
e hics
co
n
uni
ees.
o
design
and
ende
com-
mi ing p o essional hi
ppoc a ic
oa hs
o
analogous
ows e c.,
ami
o
gi e legal
su o
o e hic:al
emp
loyees
unde
p essu e,
so
ha
he
EM~l: EEHlí' ll
.
IAl AC
;
E
IENT.
AND
ETHICs -
TWO
H
ATS
Oll
TH
REE' 69
p o i.:ssionaJ E hics
C:o
des
do
p o e
no
o
be
jus
p e e
n
ces
o ine --
ec i,·e alihi
appeals
ha
ha e
no
hing
o
do
w
i h
eal li e.
(Ou
hooks
-'J'eclwik
1111d
E bik
( Techno/op,y
aml
R
hics)
(ed
s.
H.
Lenk, G. Ropohl,
S u ga 1987.
2nd
edi ion 1993), YVisse11schají
1111d
E hik ( Science
and
E bics> (e<l.
H.
L
en
k.
S
u ga11 1991)
and
Wi lscbaJi
und
E hik
(
J:'co1w
111i
cs
cmd
F. hics)
kds
. H. Len
k.
M.
Ma in
g, S u ga 1992) -o
e
lo s
o
m
a e
ial
on
his opic.)
The
e is a
s011
o social aps in 'ol
e
d
in
abicling by
o
p o i ing
om e hical
co<l
es
:
People
who
ollow
he
ules
muse
o
en
d
ea
l
wi h
disad an ages, while hosc
ho
ansg ess
hem
can
bene!}
om
ad an
ages
(espec
ially
when
he in in
geme
n can
hc
hidclen).
P oblems
o
con ol, sanc ion.
us
and
secu i y
also a ise; hese can--
no
be
sol ed
h ough
cml
es
alone. Adcli ional ins i
1
io
na
l
measu es
a
e in
cl
e
ed
necessa y.
Rega ding
esp
ons
ib
il
i
y
con
li
c s
in
p a
c ice, he e a e
no
iso
la ed
solu ions
o
sug
ge
s ions o
suc
h cases;
in
s e
ad
, applicabili y ules
o
p ac ica! guidelin
es
on an in e
med
ia e le e! should
he
de
eloped.
These
ules shouk.1 di e en
i
a e, o
exa
mple
,
be ween
mo
al
ideals
(co e ing i ues
as
men
ioned
abo e)
and
mo
al
(obliga
o1y
)
uks
(H
e
nnes
sey
/Ge ). A co nbina ion
o
indi i
dual
ancl ins im ional
mea
--
su es
is necessa y:
To
u he ancl
s eng hen
indi idual
e h
ical
com-
p
e ence
is
a necessa y,
bu
by
no
m
ea
ns
a su icien
s e
p o he d i-
cien solu
io
n
o
csponsih
il
i y
p ohle
ms
and
co
n li
c s.
An
impl
emen-
a ion
o
e hical conside a ions in
b
and
poli ics woulcl
supplemen
ancl
en
han
ce
his s ep. In pa icula ,
he
cod
es
should explici
l
y
se
p i
o
i
ies
an
d decisi
on
c i e ia,
wh
i
ch
wo
uld
aid
in
he solu ion o c
he
espec
i
e
esponsibili y con lic s.
As
men
ioned
aho e
, mos
enginee s
ancl scien is s n
owa
days
wo
k
as
cl
ep
en
den
employees in indus y.
In
so a he espec i e com-
pan
y
en
des, p incipies
o
managemen ,
as
well as
gu
idelines o s
pe
-
ci ic johs, e c., a e ele an o hem. Inch
endes
a e usua
ll
y
cli
scussed
in
busi
ne
ss
e hics. Jn
p ac
ic
a!
job
si
ua
ions echnology- ela e
cl
and
science-o i
en ed
qu
es
i
ons and
p ohlems
a e combined,
so
ha a
d ean-cu
se
pa a ion
o
hese is nei he
ben
e
i
cia! no
meanin
g
u
l
in
his eal
n
. Responsibili y o
ecbno
logy
and
scien
ce
(o
ese
a ch
ac
i-
i y) is pa icula ly
conc
e i
zed
in
co po a
e
ac
ing in
an<l
o busines-
ses. The e o e,
bu
si
ness
e h
ics
and
enginee
ing e hics
as
we
ll as
he
ex e na] esp
ons
ih
ili
y
o
he
esca
che
a e
cloesly ela ed.

70
HANS
l.
ENK Y
l
lA'
ITH!AS
MAHING
5.
P io i y Rules
In
c
on
si
d
e
i
ng
di e en yp
es
o
e
sponsib
ili y,
we
w
ill
also
ha
e
o
de elop
p io i y ules. as o
exa
m
ple
,
ha
mo al
espo
nsibili y
a
kes
p
ecedenc
e
o e
o
le-
espons
ihili
y.
We
wou
ld like
o
p
opas
e
he ollowing 10
u
les
o
p d
e ence
am
i
p i
o i y
whi
ch a e
no
sys e-
ma ically
a
anged
in a
suc
cess
i
e
o de and alid
un
de p i
ma
- acie-
cond
i
i
ons
( ha
hu
excc
p
he
i s ou
ones
p
esen
ed
ju
s
is
hey
may
he
o c
- ulccl
hy
highe ancl
mo e
hindin
g mo al
ohliga ions).
(
The
i s
ou
ul
es
a e a
dap ed
om We
hane
1985, pp.
72
.)
1. To
Ve
igh
mo a
l igh s
o
he
n:spe
c i
e
indi idual; h
ese
m
o a
l
i
gh
s
a e
n
on-a
li
enahle
p edis ibu i
e
o
p imo dial
igh s
o e
i
di
ng
u il
i
y conside a ions.
2.
To
seek
a
co
m
p omise
aking
in o
cons
id
e a ion in e
es s
o
e e1yo
ne
on
an
equal
basis;
in
c
ase
o
an
u
nso
l ablc o
scemi
ngly
unsol able con lic
be ween
equally
de an
ba
sic
igh s he
co
n
di
i
on
m
en
ioned
in
he
dause
is
espe
cially
impo an .
3.
Onl
y a ' e cunsi
de ing
h
e mo al igh s o each
pa
y o
ne
s
hou
ld o e o
hc
so
lu ion which
causes
he leas
damage
o
maxi-
mi
zcs
u ili y o ali in ol ed pa ies.
4.
Only a e applica ion
o
ule
l.,
2.
and
3. u ili
y
co
nside a ions
a e
o
be
we
i
gh ed
a
ga
ins p
o en
ial
ha m
.
Tha
m
eans
in
ge
ne al:
Non-ali
ena
ble
(p
edi
s i
bu
i
e)
mo al igh s
a e
p io o
co
nside a
io
ns
o
a oicling
ha m
ancl
damage
and
hese
la
e
a e
p io
o u ili y
co
n-
si
de
a ions.
5.
In
p ac ica
ll
y un
sol ah
le
con
lic s
one
should
look
o
ai
co
m-
p o
mises ( ha
is
o
co
mp omises
wh
i
ch
in ol e p oxima ly
eq
ua
ll
y
dis i
bu ed
o
p opo ionally jus i ied dis ibu ions
o
disad an ages
and
u
ili
ies
es
pec i ely.)
6.
Gen
e al (highe l
e
el)
mo
al
es
pons
ib
il
i
y is o oh ain a
p e-
e ence
o e
es ic
ed
nonmo al
p ima- acie-obliga
i
ons.
7.
Uni e sal mo al
es
pon
sibil
i
y g
en
e n
ll
y
a
kes
p e e ence
o e
ole
and
ask e
spon
si
bili y.
8. Di ec
o
p ima y
mo
al
espons
ihili y is usua
ll
y
bu
no al
ways
o
be
considc ed
p io
o
incli ec
esp
onsibili y o emo e
co
nse-
quences.
(This is ue b
eca
use
o
u
gency
h
u
s
houl
d a imes
and
in
cases be modi ie
cl
acco ding o i
mpo ance
a
nd
im
pac
o
co
nseq
ue
n-
ces
and lo
ng
a
nge
e e
c
i eness
.)
(S
ee
also
u
le I 7
bdow.)
ENG!N
E
EH
I
NG
. MANAGEMENT.
A:'-:D
ETHJC-; -
T VO
HA
TS
OH THHEE' 71
9. P ima y ami pe sonal mo
a
l
espo
nsibili y p
eced
es
he
seco
n-
d
a1y
o second-l
e d
co po
aie esponsi
bili
y.
10. The puhlic
wea
l
as
we
ll
as "
he
commo
n good"
su
passes
all
o h
e
sp
ec
i ic, special, specious a
nd
pa
icula
in e es s.
11.
In
echnical ul
es
and
egula ions
o
applied
sc
ience i
mpo -
a
n p incipies o p io i y a e o mu
la
ed
e
ga
ding sa e y egula
ions,
e.g.
Ru
le
DIN
31.000 o he Ge man
Tec
hni
cal
Regul
a ion
DIN
ex
pli-
ci ly s a es:
"'W
i h
espec
o sa e
des
i
gn
(i is impe a i e ha ) ha
sol
u-
i
on
has
o
be
p
e e ed o which
he
sa e y
goals will
be
eache
<l
in
a
echno
logically
meani
ng ul
way
and
he
be
s economi
ca
l manne . In
case
o
doub
sa
e y
eq
ui emen s ake
p e
ce
d
en
ce
o e
ec
onomical
conside a i
on
."
12. Sa o y
goes
on
op
o
echnical-
un
c ional
and
econom
ic
con-
side a ions (as o ins ance
DI
N 31.000
wo
ulcl pos ula e).
13.
Global
o
con inen al as
wdl
as
egional
and
local cn i on-
men a
l
com
pa ib
ili
y
a e
o
he
di e en ia ed a
nd
ha e o be aken
in o
accoun : sys em- ele an o decisi e e
n i
onmen al
compa
ibili y
an
d
usua
ll
y
h
e
com
pa a i
e
ly
speak
ing
mo e
comp
e
hen
si e compa ibili y
s ay in on . Sus ainable de el
opm
en
o
ecosys ems is pa
i
cula ly
u gen
on
ea
ch
o
hese
le els.
14. U gency
o
ec
ocompa ibili y
an
d sus ainabili y (
esp
ecially a
sys em-dec
is
i e on
e)
a e
o
op
econ
omic u ili y.
15.
Social and h
um
an
co
mpa
ibil
i
y
would
in he case o con li
c
p e
ce
de
aho e en i onmen al a
nd
na u
e
o
spec
i
es
com
pa ihili ies
which a e
howe e
s
ill
o
be
co
nside ed by he way o eaching
o
meani
ng ül co np omises.
16.
Human
and
social acce
p
ah
ili
y
su pass
unc ional e iciency
and
u ili y.
17.
Co
nc e e humani
y
and
huma
n
eness
sh
ould
go in on
o
abs ac
equi
em
en
s
an<l
o mal uni e sal p inci
ple
s.
Such ul
es
o
p
i
o
i i
es
a e
con
duc
i e
o
acing
an
d
p ob
ab
ly
so
l-
ing
co
nílic s
be w
ee
n di e en ypes
o
espons
ibili i
es
o
h
aining in a
pa icula ac
u
al si ua i
on
o
co
n üc .
Whe eas
di e en
ia
ing
be ween
he
l
e e!.-;
an<l
ypes o e
spons
ibili ies is necessa1y o he disco e1y
and
icle
n i ica i
on
o
co
n lic s, he ul
es
o
p io i ies
co
uld help u
ll
y be
appliecl in
so
l ing
o
a leas cg
ul
a ing
and
assessing he espec i e
con
lic -si ua ions
and
in acing hei
spe
cial sou ces. Ye , in his ealm
m
uc
h
wo k
h
as
s ill o he
done
in
he u u e.
72 HA'. IS
LE
NK Y 1 I
A1T
I
llA~
MAlONG
RF
l'l
u:
:-.;c..:
s
:
;
!)
LITEHATl 'JU'
Eddy.
H.
-
Pone .
F.
-
l'
age
.
13.
09
76): D 's i11a io11 Disas e . New
Yo
k
1976.
F enc
h. P.A. ( 1984 ): Collec il•e
mu!
Cui¡xmlle
Respo11sihi/i y. New Yo k
19
84.
H:1e ne ,
K.
(1984):
Me11sch
wui
C<
m1p11
im
J
ab e
2000
. Base! -
Bos on
-
S
u
ga1i 1984.
H
a din
, G. (1968):
The
T a
ge
dy
o
he
Commons.
Pp
. 1243-1248 in
Science
162
( 1968).
H
ennessey,
J.W. -
Ge
11
. B
0985):
Mo al
Ru
l
es
and
Mo al Ideals: A
Use ul
Dis
in
c ion
in
Bus
in
ess
an i
Pm essiona
l
P ac ice.
Pp. 105-115 in Jo11 11ul
o
B11
si11ess
l!' hics 4 ( 1
985)
.
Jiih . W.A. (1976):
Die
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.¿
d
ch
Ve jdgung
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-
11e11
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Pp. 127-l 'i9in
Neum
a k.
F.
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h
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K. - Hiilz
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11
·
i scbajili
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he
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dd
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Th
L'
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c
be
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Hambu g
1975.
Lenk. H.
(l
979l:
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Lenk, H. ( 1982):
Zu
Sozialphílosophie
de
Techn
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Lenk. H. ( 1989):
Künnen
In on
na
i
onssys eme
mo alisch
e an wo li
ch
sc
i
n'
Pp. 248-255
in
!11.. o 111a ik-
Sp
e
k um
12
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).
L
cnk
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1
):
Wi
ssemcbci .
1md
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ga
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L
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E hikkodizes
-
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hein
wul
'
ba e
'
All ags ealilii
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Pp.
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in
Le
nk.
H . -
Ma
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M.
(
Eds.):
Tech 1ik11
e a11 '<>
111114.
Gü e ah11'iig1111g
Riskiuh
e
11
1
l!l' 11ng
Ve bal enskodizes. F ank u11 a.
M.
199
1.
L
enk.
H.
0992>:
Z11•iscbe11
Wissensc
haj
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a.M
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Le
nk
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994
a l:
Vcm
De11 1111ge11
z
11
We111111g
en.
Eine
Ei11ji
'
ihnmp,
ill
ak ue/les
Philosopbie
e
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.
F an
k
u
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in
g, M. ( 1
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n
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un
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um
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14
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Pmbleme
de
l 'l:n1
11 11·m
11
11gs1•e11eii1111g
i11
k0111plexe1
1 ( sozio ech11iscben-soz
i<>ük<nw
-
E ' C
l:-.J
E
E
IU' (~.
, JANACE ENT.
: :
D ETHICS - T
X
10
HA
TS OR T
HH
EP
73
111i
scb<'
ll J
S)•s e
111
e1
1. Pp. 241-286
in
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Yl.!
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