Job Stress in Industrial Company: the Impact of Gender, Age and Seniority on Tension Levels

• 85 •
Anduli
Re is a Andaluza de Ciencias Sociales
ISSN: 1696-0270 • e-ISSN: 2340-4973
JOB STRESS IN INDUSTRIAL COMPANY: THE
IMPACT OF GENDER, AGE AND SENIORITY ON
TENSION LEVELS.
ESTRÉS LABORAL EN LA EMPRESA INDUSTRIAL:
EL IMPACTO DEL GÉNERO, LA EDAD Y LA
ANTIGÜEDAD EN LOS NIVELES DE TENSIÓN.
Es e
Bazco Nogue as
Uni e sidad de Za agoza
[email p o ec ed]
ORCID nº: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-
0003-2376-0531
Vic o ia
Sanagus ín-Fons
Uni e sidad de Za agoza
i ico@uniza .es
ORCID nº: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-
0002-3957-2466
Da id
Almo za Goma
Uni e sidad de Cádiz
[email p o ec ed]
ORCID nº: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-
0002-2004-2799
Abs ac
Con empo a y li es yles a e cha ac e ized
by a mul i ude o ac o s ha con ibu e o
ele a ed le els o s ess in he popula ion,
wi h wo k being a signi ican ac o . This
s udy add esses an impo an gap in social
science esea ch by examining wo k-
ela ed s ess among indus ial wo ke s.
The pa icipa ing company was selec ed
because i is emblema ic in human esou ce
managemen and psychosocial isk
p e en ion. The Demands-Con ol-Suppo
Ques ionnai e was used o de e mine
he deg ee o job s ess, and he socio-
demog aphic a iables o gende , age and
senio i y we e also conside ed. The esul s
showed ha ac o y wo ke s had minimal
le els o job s ess, wi h no di e ences
be ween hem and o ice wo ke s. Howe e ,
he e was a signi ican disc epancy in job
s ess le els be ween men and women,
wi h women ha ing highe le els. Rega ding
age and senio i y, job s ess le els end o
dec ease wi h inc easing age and senio i y.
Keywo ds: age, gende , Job Demand-
Con ol-Social Suppo Model, job s ess,
Ka asek, senio i y, Spain.
Resumen
Los es ilos de ida con empo áneos se ca-
ac e izan po una se ie de ac o es que con-
ibuyen a ele a los ni eles de es és en la
población, siendo el abajo un ac o signi i-
ca i o. Es e es udio abo da una impo an e
laguna en la in es igación en ciencias socia-
les al examina el es és labo al en abaja-
do es indus iales. La emp esa pa icipan e
ue seleccionada po se emblemá ica en la
ges ión de ecu sos humanos y la p e en-
ción de iesgos psicosociales. Pa a e alua
el ni el de es és labo al se adminis ó el
Cues iona io de Demandas-Con ol-Apoyo,
y se conside a on las a iables sociodemo-
g á icas de géne o, edad y an igüedad. Los
esul ados e ela on que los abajado es
de áb ica p esen aban ni eles mínimos de
es és labo al, sin di e encias signi ica i as
en compa ación con los abajado es de o i-
cina. Sin emba go, se obse ó una disc e-
pancia signi ica i a en los ni eles de es és
labo al en e homb es y muje es, siendo
es e úl imo g upo el que p esen aba ni eles
más ele ados. En lo que espec a a la edad
y la an igüedad, los ni eles de es és labo al
ienden a disminui .
Palab as cla e: edad, géne o, Modelo De-
manda de T abajo-Con ol-Apoyo Social, es-
és labo al, Ka asek, an igüedad, España.
Ci a ion/ como ci a es e a ículo: Bazco-Nogue as, Es e ; Sanagus ín-Fons, Vic o ia; Almo za-Goma , Da id
(2025). Job s ess in indus ial company: he impac o gende , age and senio i y on ension le els.
ANDULI 28 (2025), pp. 85-114 h ps://doi.o g//10.12795/anduli.2025.i28.04
Recibido 5.06.2024 Re isado: 21.02.2025 Ap obado: 14.05.2025
Anduli • Re is a Andaluza de Ciencias Sociales Nº 28 - 2025
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1. INTRODUCTION
S ess is a p e alen social and heal h p oblem in con empo a y socie ies, and
some au ho s ha e designa ed i he ‘epidemic o he 21s cen u y’ (Aguiló, 2019).
Speci ically, a s udy conduc ed by IPSOS s a es ha in he yea 2024, 33% o Spanish
wo ke s epo ed eeling s essed one o mo e imes in he las yea o he poin o
being unable o go o wo k o a pe iod o ime (IPSOS, 2024).
This esea ch examines job s ess in an indus ial company, an a ea ha has ecei ed
less a en ion compa ed o o he ields such as heal h o educa ion. Acco ding o
Aze edo e al. (2019), he sec o s ha ha e been he ocus o he majo i y o esea ch
on job s ess a e he heal h sec o (47%), he educa ion sec o (14%), and he mili a y
(10%). While he e a e nume ous s udies on job s ess in gene al, he e is a speci ic gap
in he li e a u e ega ding job s ess in indus ial se ings, pa icula ly conce ning he
in e ac ion be ween socio-demog aphic a iables and s ess le els in manu ac u ing
en i onmen s. Mos exis ing esea ch has ocused on se ice-o ien ed sec o s like
heal hca e and educa ion, wi h indus ial wo ke s emaining ela i ely unde s udied
despi e hei unique wo kplace condi ions and s esso s. Ou s udy add esses his
gap by speci ically examining how gende , age, and senio i y in luence s ess le els
in an indus ial con ex , whe e physical demands o en combine wi h o ganisa ional
p essu es in ways dis inc om o he sec o s.
1.1. Job s ess
The e m 'job s ess' encompasses di e se de ini ions shaped by gene al pe spec i es,
acing he challenge o occasional imp ecision and con adic ions due o i s inhe en
complexi y (Akanji, 2013). Ini ially, i was desc ibed as 'a si ua ion whe ein job- ela ed
ac o s in e ac wi h he wo ke o change his o he psychological and/o physiological
condi ion such ha he pe son is o ced o de ia e om no mal unc ioning' (Newman
& Beeh , 1979:1). In con empo a y e ms, job s ess is cha ac e ized as a pa e n
o physical and psychological esponses o uncon ollable ex e nal wo k demands
(Pa lán, 2019). Tha is, i can be de ined as he esponse a wo ke expe iences
o a speci ic si ua ion in hei wo k en i onmen , bo h in he sho and long e m,
mani es ing i sel as a esul o ha speci ic condi ion.
The absence o a comp ehensi e and global de ini ion o wo k- ela ed s ess
ep esen s a signi ican obs acle ha hinde s he p og ess and de elopmen o
esea ch in his ield o s udy (Gunaseka a & Pe e a, 2023).
The Eu opean Agency o Sa e y and Heal h a Wo k (EU-OSHA, 2016) iden i ies
s ess as he second mos p e alen heal h issue among Eu opean wo ke s,
ad e sely a ec ing o ganisa ions. This esul s in heigh ened s a u no e , inc eased
absen eeism and p esen eeism, mo e wo kplace acciden s and sick lea e,
communica ion challenges, ea ly e i emen s, educed business pe o mance, and
subs an ial economic losses es ima ed in billions (Collins e al., 2018; Gö z e al., 2018;
Hassa d e al., 2018; Kau e al., 2017; Mäcken, 2019; Se a ica e al., 2023). On he
o he hand, job s ess can lead o a ious heal h p oblems, including blood p essu e
issues, muscle ension, and dep ession. I can also cause speci ic challenges such as
dec eased concen a ion, al e ed pe sonali y and wo k habi s, low back pain, and he
po en ial o bu nou (Ga elin e al., 2022; McTe nan e al., 2013; Yang e al., 2023).
Oso io & Ca deñas (2017) conduc ed a e iew highligh ing h ee p edominan
explana o y models o job s ess in esea ch: he demand-con ol model (Ka asek),
he e o - ewa d imbalance model (Sieg is ), and he ansac ional model (Laza us &
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Folkman). Ka asek’s (1979) model ela es job s ain o he in e ac ion o job demands
and decision/con ol eedom. The job demand dimension includes psychological
s esso s ela ed o wo kload, unan icipa ed asks, and con lic s wi h colleagues
and supe io s. In con as , he job con ol dimension e e s o an indi idual wo ke ’s
po en ial abili y o con ol hei asks and beha iou du ing he wo king day (Ka asek,
1979).
Resea ch has shown ha he e is a co ela ion be ween high job demands, low job
con ol, and inc eased le els o s ess and job dissa is ac ion (Fila, 2016; Rigó e
al., 2020). Johnson & Hall (1988) expanded he model by in eg a ing he dimension
o social suppo , emphasizing in e ac ions and suppo om cowo ke s and
supe iso s. Acco ding o his model, wo ke s acing high demands, low con ol, and
insu icien social suppo a e suscep ible o job s ess (Ka asek & Theo ell, 1990),
wi h social suppo ac ing as a modula ing a iable (Chesley, 2014). S esso s a e
es ima ed using he Job Con en Ques ionnai e (JCQ) (Ka asek e al., 1998). This
s udy adop ed Ka asek’s model as i s heo e ical ounda ion due o i s widesp ead
use, ecogni ion, and in luence in he scien i ic ield (Babami i e al., 2022; Luchman &
González-Mo ales, 2013; Ta is, 2016). I s equen applica ion in compa ison o o he
ela ed models has con ibu ed o he consolida ion o i s posi ion as he mos es ed
(Kain & Jex, 2010).
On he o he hand, he model assesses dimensions ha include aspec s ela ed o
wo k ela ionships, one o he a eas in which s ess mani es s i sel . In pa icula , he
dimension o social suppo s ands ou , which ac s as a modula o o hese le els.
Fo many yea s, s udies ha e included socio-demog aphic a iables as a c ucial
aspec o job s ess assessmen and managemen , acknowledging hei signi ican
impac on s ess le els (Leka & Jain, 2010). Va iables associa ed wi h s ess esponse
encompass age, gende , ma i al s a us, social class, geog aphical a eas, pe sonali y,
educa ion, income, occupa ion, wo kplace, and senio i y (Ma inaccio e al., 2013;
No ais e al., 2016).
1.2. Job s ess and socio-demog aphic a iables
This s udy explo es he ela ionship be ween pe cei ed job s ess, ollowing Ka asek’s
model, and h ee o hese a iables: gende , age, and senio i y. In he con ex o
he socio-demog aphic a iable o sex, ex an li e a u e sugges s ha women o en
expe ience highe job s ess le els in compa ison o men (Mensah, 2021; Solanki &
Manda iya, 2021; Wiegne e al., 2015). Nume ous s udies sugges ha adul women
a e mo e suscep ible o anxie y and s ess diso de s, wi h some epo ing wo o
h ee imes highe likelihood, pa icula ly in he wo kplace (Ch is iansen, 2015). Wi h
he g owing in eg a ion o women in he labou ma ke , he analysis o he co ela ion
be ween his a iable and s ess has acqui ed inc easing impo ance (Fila e al.,
2017).
The a ying s ess le els be ween gende s a e a ibu ed o isk ac o s, wi h women
epo ing mo e s ess sou ces, in e pe sonal s imuli, and a g ea e impac on hei
heal h (Ramos & Jo dão, 2014; Richa dsen e al., 2016). Addi ionally, ana omical
di e ences in men and women’s b ains may con ibu e o di e se s ess esponses
(No ais e al., 2016).
Rega ding age, job s ess is no ably linked o younge wo ke s globally (Ha e , 2023;
Pa y e al., 2022). Resea ch indica es ha olde wo ke s a e less a ec ed by in ense
nega i e daily wo k si ua ions, main aining high a en ion le els and expe iencing
lowe nega i e impac s on such days (Scheibe, 2021). Kushal e al. (2018) simila ly
Anduli • Re is a Andaluza de Ciencias Sociales Nº 28 - 2025
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iden i y a nega i e co ela ion be ween age and he numbe o s ess sou ces, job
p o ile and s ess, and wo k expe ience and s ess. Younge employees o en equi e
subs an ial assis ance wi h asks upon joining a posi ion, and hei pe cep ion o and
esponse o s ess a ies acco ding o indi idual di e ences in sel - egula ion and
pe sonali y ai s (Nowak, 2023). Al e na i ely, olde indi iduals ha e been shown
o possess enhanced coping capaci y, ele a ed in e nal locus o con ol, and mo e
e icien coping s a egies (Aldwin e al., 2021). Fu he mo e, hey do no conside
ha wo k- ela ed s ess has a signi ican impac on hei job pe o mance (Lee e al.,
2025).
Con e sely, Rauschenbach & He el (2011) demons a e an in e ed U-shaped
ela ionship be ween age and s ess, suppo ed by highe en i onmen al demands on
middle-aged wo ke s. A li e a u e e iew by G i i hs e al. (2009) concu s, indica ing
ha wo ke s aged 50-55 yea s expe ience he highes s ess le els, which diminish as
hey app oach e i emen age. I is wo h no ing ha olde wo ke s exhibi signi ican
gende di e ences in hei pe cep ion o wo k- ela ed psychosocial ac o s and wo k-
ela ed inju y ou comes (Baidwan e al., 2019).
Finally, he socio-demog aphic a iable o senio i y was shown o ha e a signi ican
nega i e ela ionship wi h s ess. Tha is, he longe he senio i y, he lowe he s ess
le els o wo ke s (Azo ei a e al., 2016; Kushal e al., 2018). This phenomenon can
be a ibu ed, i s ly, o a educ ion in job demands (Hessels & an de Zwan, 2019)
and, secondly, o an inc ease in e ec i e coping s a egies (K uczek e al., 2020).
Fu he mo e, Casu & Giaquin o (2018) concluded ha job senio i y is a mode a ing
a iable be ween en apmen and sou ces o job s ess. Ca doso e al. (2018)
p oposed ha new age managemen policies implemen ed by human esou ces
depa men s ep esen he op imal app oach o add ess he challenges posed by an
ageing wo k o ce.
In es iga ing he mani es a ion o job s ess in manu ac u ing companies in he
indus ial sec o is c ucial due o limi ed esea ch in his a ea. Addi ionally, i is essen ial
o di e en ia e be ween he wo main g oups o wo ke s in his business sec o : di ec
wo ke s ( ac o y) and indi ec wo ke s (o ice). These g oups may ha e di e en s ess
le els due o hei comple ely di e en oles. I is also impo an o examine how
socio-demog aphic a iables in luence hese dynamics. Analysing hese dimensions
in de ail can help de elop e ec i e s a egies o manage and p e en s ess in wo k
en i onmen s, p omo ing bo h well-being and p o essional e ec i eness.
The aim o he esea ch is o analyse he le el o s ess pe cep ion among employees.
To achie e his, he le els o occupa ional s ess will be compa ed be ween wo g oups
o wo ke s (o ice wo ke s and ac o y wo ke s) in an o ganisa ion in he indus ial
sec o . The ela ionship be ween s ess and socio-demog aphic a iables such as
gende , age, and senio i y will also be explo ed. Ou esea ch hypo heses we e:
(1) The ac o y g oup expe iences highe le els o job s ess compa ed o he o ice
g oup. (2) Women ha e highe le els o job s ess han men. (3) The a iable ‘age’
has a nega i e ela ionship wi h s ess le els. (4) Simila ly, he a iable ‘senio i y’ is
nega i ely associa ed wi h s ess le els. These hypo heses, while p e iously examined
in o he sec o s such as heal h ca e and educa ion, ha e a ely been sys ema ically
es ed in indus ial manu ac u ing se ings. By applying s ess models applied o he
indus ial sec o , his s udy aims o e i y whe he he gende , age and senio i y-
ela ed s ess pa e ns obse ed in se ice-o ien ed occupa ions a e consis en in
p oduc ion-o ien ed wo kplaces, which ha e di e en wo king condi ions, physical
demands and o ganisa ional s uc u es.
A ículos • Es e Bazco Nogue as, Vic o ia Sanagus ín-Fons, Da id Almo za Goma
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2. METHOD AND MATERIALS
In he ini ial phase o he s udy, an explo a o y in es iga ion was conduc ed o iden i y
a leading indus ial en e p ise ha has dis inguished i sel h ough exempla y human
esou ces managemen and psychosocial isk p e en ion s a egies.
The selec ed mul ina ional company, loca ed in he p o ince o Za agoza (Spain),
is pa o an indus ial sub-sec o o g ea impo ance and adi ion, wi h a p esence
in he egion o mo e han 30 yea s. Fo easons o con iden iali y, he name o he
company emains anonymous. This company was selec ed because o i s impo ance
in he egion, i s size and he di e si y o i s unc ions. I should be no ed ha al hough
he s udy is based on con enience sampling, he en i e popula ion o employees
was in o med abou he esea ch and in o med consen was ob ained om hose
who chose o pa icipa e. This con ex ual in o ma ion abou he s udy popula ion is
essen ial o unde s and he scope o he s udy and he ep esen a i eness o he
esul s ob ained.
In he second phase, a e he selec ion o he company, he quan i a i e app oach
is chosen o es he hypo heses, as i is conside ed he mos app op ia e me hod o
espond o he objec i es o his esea ch. This s age is di ided in o i e sub-s ages:
(i) selec ion o he sample and collec ion o in o ma ion, (ii) selec ion o he ins umen ,
(iii) adminis a ion o he ques ionnai e, (i ) analysis o he da a and, inally, (i )
discussion and conclusions.
In he i s sub-phase, he sample is ca e ully selec ed and essen ial in o ma ion is
collec ed om bo h he wo ke s and he o ganisa ion. The sample was selec ed by
p obabili y sampling om he o al popula ion o he company, wi h a o al o 340
pa icipan s, di ided in o wo g oups: he ac o y g oup, consis ing o 252 wo ke s
(al hough 296 we e ini ially egis e ed), and he o ice g oup, consis ing o 88 people.
The sample selec ed ep esen s 28.01% o he o al s udy popula ion.
In he second sub-phase, an ins umen was selec ed o assess he isk o job s ain
among wo ke s. The Job Con en Ques ionnai e (JCQ-29) de eloped by Ka asek
(1979) and la e ex ended by Johnson and Hall (1988) was chosen. The ques ionnai e
assesses h ee dimensions associa ed wi h job s ain, which comp ise a ious job
ac o s: (i) psychological demands: ime p essu e, wo kload, physical demands and
job b eaks; (ii) con ol: eedom in decisions and ask con en ; and (iii) social suppo :
pee and supe iso suppo (Boxall & Macky, 2014; Ka asek e al., 1998). The
JCQ-29 assesses le els o job s ain by combining he h ee dimensions men ioned
abo e, esul ing in di e en ca ego ies o job ypes. In pa icula , he ca ego y known
as isos ess ul jobs (high job demands, low job con ol and low social suppo ) is
conside ed o expose wo ke s o a highe isk o psychological dis ess caused by
job s ain (Ka asek and Theo ell, 1990). This ins umen is widely ega ded as one
o he mos in luen ial in explaining he e ec s o job s ess, suppo ed by signi ican
scien i ic e idence (Fila e al., 2017; Oso io & Cá denas, 2017; Spiegelae e e al.,
2015). Mo eo e , s udies indica e ha he es - e es eliabili y o e a pe iod o i e
yea s is sa is ac o y among employees whose job esponsibili ies and e gonomic
exposu es ha e emained consis en o e ime (d’E ico, 2008).
The ques ionnai e u ilised in his s udy is a Spanish e sion de eloped by Esc ibà-
Agüi e al. (2001) and de i ed om he book ‘E gonomía y psicosociología aplicada:
Manual pa a la o mación del especialis a’ (Llaneza, 2009, pp. 475-477). As
demons a ed by Esc ibà-Agüi e al. (2001), his e sion exhibi s a ac o s uc u e
compa able o he o iginal e sion, as e idenced by he high in aclass co ela ion

Anduli • Re is a Andaluza de Ciencias Sociales Nº 28 - 2025
• 90 •
coe icien o each o he h ee dimensions (0.83-0.87) and C onbach’s alpha (0.74-
0.88). Fu he mo e, he h ee dimensions o he JCQ also exhibi simila eliabili y o
ha o he o iginal Ame ican ques ionnai e, wi h C onbach’s alpha alues abo e 0.90
o each o he dimensions. I consis s o 29 i ems, each assessed using a Like - ype
esponse scale anging om 1 (s ongly disag ee) o 4 (s ongly ag ee). The i ems
a e classi ied in o h ee dimensions acco ding o Ka asek’s model, esul ing in h ee
sco es: psychological demands (i ems 10 o 18), con ol (i ems 1 o 9), and social
suppo (i ems 19 o 29). The con ol dimension is u he di ided in o he con en
ca ego y (i ems 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9) and he decisions ca ego y (i ems 5, 6 and 8). The
social suppo dimension is di ided in o he supe iso ’s ca ego y (i ems 19, 20, 21,
22 and 23) and he cowo ke ’s ca ego y (i ems 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29). To co ec
he ques ionnai e, we summed he sco es o he i ems in each dimension, excluding
i ems 4, 12, 13, 14, 21, and 26. The sco es o he psychological demand’s a iable
can ange om 5 o 20, o he con ol a iable om 8 o 32, and o he social suppo
a iable om 9 o 36.
We also collec ed addi ional in o ma ion, including wo ke s’ ype o job, gende ,
age, and yea s o expe ience, o compa e wi h s ess le els. This in o ma ion was
classi ied as ollows:
• Type o wo k: ac o y and o ice.
• Gende : women and men.
• Age: g oup 1 (20,35], g oup 2 (35,50 yea s] and g oup 3 (50-65]. O ganisa ion o
Economic Co-ope a ion and De elopmen [OECD] (2005) classi ica ion; young
wo ke s (18-35 yea s), middle-aged wo ke s (36-50 yea s) and old wo ke s (51
yea s and o e ).
• Senio i y: g oup 1 (2,12], g oup 2 (12,22] and g oup 3 (22 o 32 yea s).
In he hi d sub-phase, co esponding o he adminis a ion o he ques ionnai e, he
sample pa icipan s comple ed he ques ionnai e con iden ially. The esea ch p ocess
was ca ied ou on si e in small g oups unde he exclusi e supe ision o one o he
esea che s. Subsequen ly, we analysed he collec ed da a o de e mine he p esence
o s ess in a ious sociodemog aphic g oups, including ac o y/o ice, male/ emale,
and age and senio i y ca ego ies.
The heo e ical amewo k posi s ha a wo ke will expe ience job s ain when he
sco es on he con ol and social suppo dimensions a e low and he sco es on he job
demands dimension a e high. In he ou h sub-phase, he JCQ-29 was employed o
iden i y signi ican le els o job s ain. As he e is no consensus ega ding he de ini ion
o hese le els in he ques ionnai e, i was necessa y o iden i y an app op ia e scale.
In o de o de e mine whe he he mean o he median should be employed, he
coe icien o a ia ion was calcula ed. As he coe icien was ound o be below 0.5
in all cases, i was concluded ha he a i hme ic mean is a ep esen a i e measu e
o he esea ch da a. Consequen ly, he mean alues o he o al sco e in each o he
dimensions we e calcula ed ( o al con ol sco e: 32; o al job demands sco e: 20; o al
social suppo sco e: 36).
The s ess le els we e conside ed signi ican i he sco es we e equal o o less
han 16 o he con ol dimension, equal o o g ea e han 10 o he job demands
dimension, and equal o o less han 18 o he social suppo dimension. Fu he mo e,
o es Hypo heses 1 and 2, a es o equali y o p opo ions was ca ied ou wi h
a con idence le el o 95%. In con as , o analyse Hypo heses 3 and 4 (age and
A ículos • Es e Bazco Nogue as, Vic o ia Sanagus ín-Fons, Da id Almo za Goma
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senio i y), an analysis o co a iance was conduc ed be ween hese a iables and he
alues o each o he dimensions o he model.
3. RESULTS
The sample (N=340) comp ises 42.35% women and 56.47% men, wi h ou blank
alues o his a iable (1.18%). The age a iable is domina ed by G oup 2 (35.50],
cons i u ing 65.88%, ollowed by G oup 3 (50.65], ep esen ing 20%, and inally,
G oup 1 (20.35], ep esen ing 14.12%. In e ms o senio i y, he la ges coho is
g oup 2 (12.22] (48.24%), ollowed by g oup 1 (2.12] (28.23%) and inally g oup 3
(22.32] (23.53%).
A e di iding he sample in o he s udy g oups (see Table 1), he ac o y g oup showed
an equal gende dis ibu ion, wi h 50% men and 50% women ( ou people did no
p o ide his in o ma ion). The mean age o he wo ke s in his g oup was 41.78 yea s
and he mean leng h o se ice in he company was 15.68 yea s. On he o he hand,
he o ice g oup was made up o 77.3% men and 22.7% women, wi h a mean age o
45.59 yea s and a mean leng h o se ice o 18.70 yea s. The dispa i y in pa icipa ion
be ween men and women in his g oup is explained by he ac ha he majo i y o
wo ke s in his g oup a e dedica ed o a p edominan ly male ac i i y, enginee ing.
Table 1. Socio-demog aphic a iables o he esea ch, sepa a ed acco ding o s udy g oups.
FACTORY OFFICE
F equency % Mean F equency % Mean
GENDER GENDER
Female 20 22.73% Female 124 49.21%
Male 68 77.27% Male 124 49.21%
Blank 4 1.58%
AGE 45.59 AGE 41.78
G oup 1
(20,35] 12 13.64% G oup 1
(20,35] 36 14.28%
G oup 2
(35,50] 44 50.00% G oup 2
(35,50] 180 71.44%
G oup 3
(50,65] 32 36.36% G oup 3
(50,65] 36 14.28%
SENIORITY 18.70 SENIORITY 15.68
G oup 1
(2,12] 28 31.82% G oup 1
(2,12] 68 26.99%
G oup 2
(12,22] 20 22.73% G oup 2
(12,22] 144 57.14%
G oup 3
(22,32] 40 45.45% G oup 3
(22,32] 40 15.87%
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion
Table 2 shows he esul s o each dimension. In he ac o y g oup, he mean o he
con ol dimension is 17.3, which means ha exceeding he h eshold o 16 would no
be a isk ac o . The mean o he job demands dimension is 12.81, which is abo e
Anduli • Re is a Andaluza de Ciencias Sociales Nº 28 - 2025
• 92 •
10 and ep esen s a isk a iable when associa ed wi h a low le el o he con ol
dimension. The mean o he suppo a iable is 22.25, which is abo e 18, and deno es
a posi i e modula ing a iable o s ess. On he o he hand, in he o ice g oup, he
mean o he con ol dimension is 25.64, he mean o he job demand dimension is
15.27, and he mean o he suppo a iable is 25.27.
The da a indica e ha none o he g oups a e expe iencing high le els o s ess, as
hey do no mee he h ee condi ions equi ed o be conside ed as expe iencing job
s ain (low con ol, high job demands and low social suppo ).
Table 2. Va iables o he JCQ Ques ionnai e.
FACTORY OFFICE
CONTROL DEMANDS SUPPORT CONTROL DEMANDS SUPPORT
N252 88
Mean 17.3 12.81 22.25 25.64 15.27 25.27
Median 17 13 22 26 15 26
Mode 18 12 21 26 14 26
S anda d
de ia ion 4.39 2.29 3.87 2.19 1.61 3.24
Va iance 19.28 5.22 14.97 4.81 2.59 10.49
Range 22 10 19 8 5 13
Minimum Value 8 8 14 22 13 19
Maximum Value 30 18 33 30 18 32
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion based on employee ques ionnai e (11 Sep embe 2023).
Al hough bo h g oups ha e ele a ed le els o he job demands dimension, hey also
ha e high le els o con ol and suppo a iables. Acco ding o Ka asek’s (1979)
ca ego isa ion, employees wi h high le els in he dimensions o demands and con ol
a e classi ied as belonging o he ‘ac i e wo k’ g oup. These wo king condi ions
p omo e mo i a ion and he de elopmen o new skills, and a e associa ed wi h high
le els o job sa is ac ion and educed le els o wo k- ela ed dep ession. I is impo an
o no e ha he o ice g oup sco ed highe on all h ee dimensions, pa icula ly on
he con ol dimension ( ac o y g oup=17; o ice g oup=26). Despi e he ac ha he
wo ke s as a collec i e do no e ince ele a ed le els o wo k- ela ed s ess, a o al o
32 wo ke s demons a ed ele a ed le els. The sco es ob ained in he ques ionnai e
by hese wo ke s a e displayed in Table 3.
Table 3. Con ingency able: dis ibu ion o cases o wo k- ela ed s ess by wo k en i onmen .
Wo ke s Demands Con ol Suppo
A11 918
B 12 11 14
C13 12 17
D13 16 18
E15 14 18
F13 14 15
G11 12 17
A ículos • Es e Bazco Nogue as, Vic o ia Sanagus ín-Fons, Da id Almo za Goma
• 93 •
Wo ke s Demands Con ol Suppo
H 16 15 18
I12 12 17
J11 12 18
K11 918
L 12 11 14
M13 16 18
N15 14 18
Ñ13 14 15
O 16 15 18
P12 13 16
Q 12 11 14
R11 10 18
S13 16 18
T 16 15 18
U 13 14 15
V15 14 17
W12 12 18
X16 15 18
Y11 12 18
Z 13 14 15
AA 15 14 18
AB 18 12 17
AC 14 918
AD 13 16 18
AE 12 11 15
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion based on employee ques ionnai e (11 Sep embe 2023).
Fu he mo e, wo ke s who me he c i e ia associa ed wi h le els o job s ain (con ol
≤ 16; demands ≥ 10; social suppo ≤ 18) we e selec ed and a es o equali y o
p opo ions was conduc ed o examine hypo hesis 1 (see Table 4), which aimed o
de e mine whe he he ac o y g oup had highe le els o job s ess han he o ice
g oup. The es was conduc ed wi h a sample o 340 indi iduals a a 95% con idence
le el. The analysis showed no signi ican di e ence in job s ess le els be ween he
ac o y and o ice g oups (p = 0.1096).
Table 4. Con ingency able: dis ibu ion o cases o wo k- ela ed s ess by wo k en i onmen .
JOB STRESS
Yes No To al
Wo k place Fac o y 27 225 252
O ice 5 83 88
To al 32 308 340
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion based on employee ques ionnai e (11 Sep embe 2023).
Anduli • Re is a Andaluza de Ciencias Sociales Nº 28 - 2025
• 100 •
5. CONCLUSIONS
The p esen esea ch, conduc ed wi hin an indus ial o ganisa ion, did no iden i y
ele a ed le els o job s ess among he ac o y and o ice g oups. Howe e , a
subg oup analysis e ealed ha emale ac o y employees exhibi ed highe s ess
le els, indica ing subs an ial dispa i ies be ween men and women. Ou con ibu ion
in his a ea is signi ican in ha i demons a es he exis ence o di e ences be ween
men and women, obse ing ha nei he social suppo no con ol o e one’s own
wo k neu alises his di e ence. While p e ious esea ch has indeed iden i ied
gende di e ences in job s ess ac oss a ious sec o s, ou s udy makes a dis inc
con ibu ion by demons a ing ha hese gende dispa i ies pe sis speci ically in
indus ial en i onmen s despi e he p esence o ac o s ha ypically mode a e s ess
(con ol and social suppo ). This is pa icula ly no ewo hy as indus ial se ings ha e
adi ionally been male-domina ed and less s udied om a gende pe spec i e. Ou
indings con i m ha e en in wo kplaces wi h gene ally low s ess le els and s ong
o ganisa ional suppo sys ems, women expe ience signi ican ly highe s ess le els
han hei male coun e pa s, sugges ing ha gende -speci ic s ess ac o s ope a e
independen ly o wo kplace in e en ions ha a e e ec i e o he gene al wo k o ce.
This opens up new lines o esea ch in he explo a ion o he ela ionship be ween
gende and exposu e o ela ed s ess ac o s, as well as in he di e en ia ed analysis
o he ole o bo h gende and sex in he expe ience and managemen o job s ess.
Fu he mo e, age and senio i y we e ound o be posi i ely associa ed wi h con ol and
social suppo , and nega i ely associa ed wi h demands. This sugges s a possible
ela ionship be ween wo k expe ience and a mo e a ou able pe cep ion o he wo k
en i onmen . Howe e , socio-demog aphic a iables explained only a limi ed pa o
he obse ed a iabili y in s ess le els, wi h gende and wo k en i onmen being he
main p edic o s.
The disc epancy be ween ou esul s and hose o o he s udies can be a ibu ed o
he ac ha he pa icipa ing o ganisa ion may ha e an e ec i e occupa ional isk
p e en ion sys em, which has he e ec o educing he job s ess alues obse ed in
ano he esea ch. I would be bene icial o know he pa icula i ies o he company’s
occupa ional heal h and sa e y (OHS) sys em o acili a e he gene alisa ion o he
esul s o simila o ganisa ions.
I would also be ad isable o asce ain he manne in which he pa icipan s we e
ec ui ed by he company, namely he me hod by which he company selec s
pe sonnel. I has been demons a ed ha selec ing wo ke s by assessing pe sonali y
and locus o con ol can educe he le els o job s ess wi hin he company, as i ac s
as a p o ec i e ac o .
Wi h he da a ob ained, i would be in e es ing o look mo e closely a he measu es
aken by he company s udied, wi h a iew o gene alising o o he companies in he
sec o , as he main causal ac o o in e ene in o p e en s ess is o ganisa ional.
Addi ionally, i is ecommended o place g ea e emphasis on socio-demog aphic
a iables when managing job s ess. This ocus on socio-demog aphic a iables
highligh s he necessi y o a comp ehensi e unde s anding o he mul i ace ed na u e
o job s ess and i s impac on indi iduals wi hin he o ganisa ional con ex .
Au ho s con ibu ions
The ollowing sec ions ou line he esponsibili ies o he a ious con ibu o s o he
p ojec : Concep and design: Es e Bazco Nogue as, Vic o ia Sanagus ín-Fons;

A ículos • Es e Bazco Nogue as, Vic o ia Sanagus ín-Fons, Da id Almo za Goma
• 101 •
Me hodology: Es e Bazco Nogue as and Da id Almo za Goma; So wa e: Es e
Bazco Nogue as and Da id Almo za Goma ; Da a collec ion: Es e Bazco Nogue as;
Analysis and in e p e a ion: Es e Bazco Nogue as, Vic o ia Sanagus ín-Fons;
P epa a ion o he o iginal d a : Es e Bazco Nogue as; P oo eading and edi ing:
Es e Bazco Nogue as and Vic o ia Sanagus ín-Fons.
Suppo (Funding)
This s udy has been co- inanced by he Regional Go e nmen o A agón wi hin he
amewo k o he Resea ch G oup Re . S33_17R. The esea ch g oup is en i led
“Socio-Economics and Sus ainabili y: En i onmen al Accoun ing, Ci cula Economy
and Resou ces”.
Acknowledgmen s
We would like o exp ess ou since e g a i ude o all hose who con ibu ed signi ican ly
o he ealisa ion o his a icle. Special hanks o he pa icipa ing company o
p o iding he necessa y esou ces and acili ies.
Con lic o in e es and E hical clea ance s a emen
The au ho s decla e, in ull disclosu e and in acco dance wi h e hical s anda ds, ha
hey ha e no compe ing in e es s, inancial o o he wise, ha could in luence o bias
he objec i e p esen a ion and in e p e a ion o he esul s o his a icle.
All s udy pa icipan s ga e in o med consen o pa icipa e in he esea ch. Pa icipan s
we e in o med o hei igh o wi hd aw om he s udy a any ime. To ensu e
anonymi y, each pa icipan was assigned a unique iden i ica ion numbe .
A ailabili y o deposi ed da a
In he cou se o his esea ch, p i a e da a was collec ed and ob ained ollowing he
signing o a con iden iali y ag eemen wi h he collabo a ing o ganisa ion. This limi a ion
on da a disclosu e is a ibu ed o co po a e policies, in esponse o he compe i i e
na u e o he o ganisa ion’s sec o . In he e en ha a esea che exp esses in e es
in he me hodology employed o da a analysis, hey a e encou aged o communica e
wi h he co esponding au ho . The la e would be esponsible o e alua ing he
eques , aking as a e e ence he con iden iali y ag eemen p e iously es ablished
wi h he o ganisa ion.
Decla a ion o AI use
The p esen esea ch has employed a a ie y o a i icial in elligence ools. On he
one hand, Elici was used o suppo he bibliog aphic e iew. Con e sely, Cha GPT
has been employed o enhance he eadabili y and idioma ic quali y o he ex , wi h
ongoing supe ision and igo ous e i ica ion by esea che s.
Anduli • Re is a Andaluza de Ciencias Sociales Nº 28 - 2025
• 102 •
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