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Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847 [Janua y-Ap il / ene o-ab il, 2025]
h ps://doi.o g/10.7818/ECOS.2847
Associa e edi o / Edi o a asociada: Yosune Miquelajau egui
RESEARCH ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN
ecosis emas
Iden i ying conse a ion p io i ies o a pan opical plan
lineage: a case s udy in Scle ia (Cype aceae)
Ja ie Galán Díaz1,2,* , S e en P. Bachman3 , Félix Fo es 3 , Ma cial Escude o1 , Hannah Ro on3, Isabel
La idon3,4
(1) Depa men o Plan Biology and Ecology, Facul y o Biology, Uni e si y o Se illa, 41012 Se illa, Spain.
(2) Depa men o Pha macology, Pha macognosy and Bo any, Complu ense Uni e si y o Mad id, 28040 Mad id, Spain.
(3) Royal Bo anic Ga dens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, Uni ed Kingdom.
(4) Depa men o Biology, Sys ema ic and E olu iona y Bo any, Ghen Uni e si y, 9000 Gen , Belgium.
* Co espondig au ho / Au o de co espondencia: Ja ie Galán Díaz [ja ie [email protected]]
> Recei ed / Recibido: 06/09/2024 – Accep ed / Acep ado: 05/02/2025
How o ci e / Cómo ci a : Galán Díaz, J., Bachman, S.P., Fo es , F., Escude o, M., Ro on, H., La idon, I. 2025. Iden i ying conse a ion p io i ies
o a pan opical plan lineage: a case s udy in Scle ia (Cype aceae). Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847. h ps://doi.o g/10.7818/ECOS.2847
Iden i ying conse a ion p io i ies o a pan opical plan lineage: a case s udy in Scle ia (Cype aceae)
Abs ac : Scle ia is a pan opical genus o annual and pe ennial he bs and he six h la ges genus in he Cype aceae amily wi h a ound
261 species. In his s udy, we p oduced p elimina y ex inc ion isk assessmen s o he ~30% o Scle ia species ha do no ye ha e a
global Red Lis assessmen and ollowed he E olu iona ily Dis inc and Globally Endange ed (EDGE2) and Ecologically Dis inc and
Globally Endange ed (EoDGE) p o ocols o iden i y e olu iona y and ecologically unique Scle ia species a g ea es isk o ex inc ion and
ho spo s o a e and endange ed species. Ou esul s indica e ha 38 o he 78 Scle ia species no ye included in he Red Lis , and 26%
o species in he genus, a e po en ially h ea ened wi h ex inc ion. The isk o ex inc ion is no equally dis ibu ed ac oss he phylogeny, and
he A o opics and he Neo opics accumula e mos h ea ened species. Ele en eco egions mos ly om ou A ican (Madagasca , D.R.
Congo, Zambia and Tanzania) and wo Sou h Ame ican (B azil, Venezuela) coun ies accumula e almos hal o Scle ia species and s and
ou in e ms o hei sum o EDGE2 sco es. Phylogene ic and unc ional dis inc i eness me ics we e la gely unco ela ed, and he EcoDGE
me ic mos ly poin s owa ds Sou h Ame ican coun ies as ese oi s o ecologically dis inc i e and endange ed species: B azil, Venezuela,
Boli ia, Pe u, Colombia, Guyana and Dominican Republic. Recen me hodological ad ances in he iden i ica ion o species a - isk o
ex inc ion and he no el EDGE2 amewo k eme ge as powe ul ools o iden i y conse a ion p io i ies.
Keywo ds: conse a ion p io i iza ion; EDGE; ex inc ion isk; pan opical; sedges
Iden i icando p io idades en la conse ación de axones ege ales pan opicales: un es udio de caso en Scle ia (Cype aceae)
Resumen: Scle ia es un géne o pan opical de plan as anuales y pe ennes. Es el sex o géne o más g ande de la amilia Cype aceae con
261 especies. En es e es udio hemos es imado el iesgo de ex inción pa a aquellas especies de Scle ia no incluidas en la Lis a Roja de la
Unión In e nacional pa a la Conse ación de la Na u aleza (~30% del géne o) y u ilizado los p o ocolos EDGE2 (E olu iona ily Dis inc and
Globally Endange ed) y EoDGE (Ecologically Dis inc and Globally Endange ed) pa a iden i ica especies únicas desde un pun o de is a
e olu i o y ecológico que se en en an a un mayo iesgo de ex inción así como eco egiones del mundo icas en es as especies. Nues os
esul ados indican que 38 de las 78 especies de Scle ia aún no incluidas en la Lis a Roja, y el 26% de las especies del géne o, es án
po encialmen e en iesgo de ex inción. Además, el iesgo de ex inción no se dis ibuye po igual a lo la go de la ilogenia. El A o ópico y
el Neo ópico acumulan la mayo ía de las especies amenazadas. Once eco egiones, p incipalmen e de cua o países a icanos
(Madagasca , R.D. Congo, Zambia y Tanzania) y dos sudame icanos (B asil, Venezuela), acumulan casi la mi ad de las especies de Scle ia
y son ese o ios de especies e olu i amen e únicas y en pelig o de ex inción. Las mé icas de dis in i idad ilogené ica y uncional no se
encuen an co elacionadas en Scle ia, y EcoDGE apun a sob e odo a países sudame icanos como ese o ios de especies
ecológicamen e únicas y en pelig o de ex inción.
Palab as cla e: cipe áceas; EDGE; p io ización de la conse ación, iesgo de ex inción
In oduc ion
Scle ia P.J.Be gius (1765: 142), commonly known as nu ushes o azo g asses, is he six h la ges genus in he Cype aceae
amily wi h a ound 260 species (Bau e s e al. 2016; La idon e al. 2021; 2024), and he only genus o ibe Scle ieae Wigh &
A n. (sub amily Cype oideae) (La idon 2022). Scle ia has ou subgene a and 17 sec ions (Bau e s e al. 2016, 2018a, 2019).
Mos species occu in opical a eas bu some occupy mo e empe a e clima ic egions (La idon e al. 2021). Scle ia is a
unc ionally di e se genus ha includes annual and pe ennial he bs, he la e o en using s oloni e ous hizomes o ube s
(Bau e s e al. 2016; Galán Díaz e al. 2019). Nu ushes a e ecologically impo an in we lands and a eas unde going seconda y
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Galán Díaz e al. 2025
Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
succession (Bau e s e al. 2016), and some species a e epo ed o ha e local economic signi icance (Simpson y Inglis 2001;
Galán Díaz e al. 2024).Recen s udies ha e disen angled he e olu iona y ela ionships among Scle ia species (Bau e s e al.
2016, 2018) and iden i ied majo dispe sal and niche shi e en s (La idon e al. 2021). S ill, we lack a global assessmen o
species and wo ld egions o ema kable in e es o Scle ia conse a ion.
In he cu en con ex o apid global change, he e is a need o adop new ools o assess biodi e si y and ecosys ems o se
conse a ion p io i ies (Cowell e al. 2022). O e he las wo decades, he use o phylogene ic and unc ional indices has eme ged
as a powe ul app oach o suppo conse a ion assessmen s by iden i ying a - isk species and egions o g ea e olu iona y and
ecological uniqueness (Kond a ye a e al. 2019). The E olu iona ily Dis inc and Globally Endange ed (EDGE) me ic can be used
o ank species conse a ion p io i ies whe e species’ e olu iona y dis inc i eness (ED) is used as a su oga e o hei
i eplaceabili y, and species’ p obabili y o ex inc ion (GE) is used as a p oxy o hei ulne abili y (Isaac e al. 2007). I has been
success ully implemen ed in di e en g oups such as co als (Huang 2012), mammals and amphibians (Sa i e al. 2013),
gymnospe ms (Fo es e al. 2018) and e apods (Gumbs e al. 2018). The EDGE me ic has been ecen ly e ised o include new
ad ances (EDGE2; Gumbs e al. 2023): (i) species’ e olu iona y dis inc i eness (ED2) now conside s he ex inc ion isk o hei
close ela i es; (ii) i allows he inco po a ion o unce ain y in he phylogeny and ex inc ion isk. The la e allows he use o
phylogenies which ha e been expanded using non-molecula in o ma ion (e.g., see Ramos-Gu ié ez e al. 2023), and p o ides
a lexible amewo k o assess No E alua ed and p elimina y assessed species a he han only depending on species published
in he Red Lis o Th ea ened Species o he In e na ional Union o Conse a ion o Na u e (IUCN) (e.g., Walke e al. 2023).
Machine lea ning app oaches cons i u e e icien ools o p oduce ex inc ion isk assessmen s and hei implemen a ion in
di e en plan g oups has p o ided p omising esul s (Zizka e al. 2022; Bachman e al. 2023; Walke e al. 2023). The la es
e sion o he Red Lis includes ~18% (62 666 species) o all known ascula plan species (IUCN 2023). In he case o Scle ia,
he e a e ex inc ion isk assessmen s a ailable o 183 species (26 o which a e no ye publicly a ailable in he la es e sion o
he Red Lis ), which accoun s o 70% o he genus. Recen axonomic e isions o he genus (Bau e s e al. 2016, 2018a, 2019;
Galán Díaz e al. 2019) and he a ailabili y o occu ence da ase s cu a ed using expe knowledge (La idon e al. 2021) can help
o e come some o he limi a ions and challenges ha a ise om using he ba ium collec ions o suppo p elimina y ex inc ion isk
assessmen s (Nic Lughadha e al. 2019). The genus Scle ia is he e o e a good s udy sys em o ain machine lea ning algo i hms
and p oduce p elimina y ex inc ion isk assessmen s.
Finally, he phylogene ic and unc ional componen s o biodi e si y a e no necessa ily co ela ed, especially when conside ing
unc ional a ibu es which a e highly dependen on he en i onmen (Losos 2008). Scle ia is an ecologically di e se clade ha
includes species wi h a iable habi s, om iny annuals wi h small nu le s and ib ous oo s o climbe s o s ou pe ennials wi h big
buoyan p opagules (Galán Díaz e al. 2019). The a ia ion in unc ional ai s ac oss he genus Scle ia he e o e wa an s
independen e alua ion. In his ega d, he EDGE2 amewo k can inco po a e species unc ional dis inc i eness (FUD) as a
measu e o ecological i eplaceabili y. This me ic is e med Ecologically Dis inc and Globally Endange ed (EcoDGE) (Hidasi-
Ne o e al. 2015).
He e, (i) we i s p oduced p elimina y ex inc ion isk assessmen s o he ~30% o Scle ia species ha do no ye ha e a global
Red Lis assessmen , and hen (ii) ollowed he EDGE2 p o ocol o iden i y e olu iona y and ecologically dis inc Scle ia species
a g ea es isk o ex inc ion and conse a ion p io i y a eas. Fo his, we used ex inc ion isk assessmen s om he global Red
Lis and he mos comp ehensi e phylogeny o Scle ia o da e (La idon e al. 2021), as well as newly compiled occu ence and
ai s da ase s.
Ma e ial and Me hods
Taxonomy and species occu ences
We used he Wo ld Checklis o Vascula Plan s (WCVP; Go ae s e al. 2021) and he la es axonomic e isions o he genus
Scle ia P.J.Be gius (Bau e s e al. 2016, 2019) o compile a da ase o 261 accep ed species. Da a ela ing o in aspeci ic axa
we e inco po a ed a he species le el. Species names and au ho i ies a e a ailable in in Table A1 o Appendix.
Occu ence da a was compiled using obse a ions om he Global Biodi e si y In o ma ion Facili y (GBIF 2023), Red Lis
(IUCN 2023), esea ch-g ade iden i ica ions om iNa u alis and eco ds o collec ions om BR, K, GENT, L, MO, NY, P, US and
WAG which we e geo e e enced using Google Ea h. Fo each species, we il e ed obse a ions ollowing se e al s eps: (1) we
emo ed duplica es and e ained one obse a ion pe 1km2 as e cell, (2) il e ed obse a ions based on he na i e anges a he
‘bo anical coun y’ scale, acco ding o he WCVP, and (3) excluded obse a ions 1.5 imes ou side he in e qua ile clima ic ange
using he mean annual empe a u e and annual p ecipi a ion BIOCLIM a iables (Boo h e al. 2014). The inal occu ence
da abase included 22 759 obse a ions om 248 species. We p ojec ed locali y da a using he Equal Ea h map p ojec ion (Ša ič
e al. 2019).
T ai s measu emen s and calcula ion
We measu ed maximum heigh , maximum blade leng h, maximum blade wid h, nu le leng h and nu le wid h om 1254
specimens housed a Royal Bo anic Ga dens, Kew (K) and he Muséum Na ional d'His oi e Na u elle in Pa is (P). Fo species
missing in hese he ba ia, we comple ed he da ase using in o ma ion om p o ologues and desc ip ions om egional lo as
(e.g., Da idse e al. 1994; Simpson and Koyama 1998; Le Roux 2015). This in o ma ion was used o es ima e h ee ai s
in o ma i e o plan ecological s a egies (Wes oby 1998): maximum heigh (i.e., dis ance om he op in lo escence o he g ound),
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Galán Díaz e al. 2025
Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
lea a ea and size o he p opagule (i.e., nu le olume). We es ima ed lea a ea and nu le olume using he o mula o an ellipse
and an ellipsoid, espec i ely. We also conside ed plan longe i y (annual/pe ennial).
Ex inc ion isk da a and p elimina y assessmen s
P e ious s udies ha e shown ha he Red Lis is biased owa d ce ain plan g oups and species, o ins ance, woody
pe ennials and use ul plan s (Nic Lughadha e al. 2020). S ill, we used he Red Lis ca ego ies as indica o s o species’ ex inc ion
isk because (i) he Red Lis cons i u es a consensual amewo k wo ldwide, (ii) he au ho s ha e been con inuously in ol ed in
he p oduc ion o se e al Red Lis assessmen s o Scle ia o e he las decade which acili a es he in e p e a ion o he esul s,
(ii) Scle ia is nea ly comp ehensi ely assessed acco ding o he Red Lis c i e ium (i.e., axa wi h o e 149 species wi h a leas
80% o he species assessed) and (i ) ecen ad ances in he EDGE p o ocol used Red Lis ca ego ies as p oxies o species’
p obabili y o ex inc ion (Gumbs e al. 2023)
We downloaded 157 ex inc ion isk assessmen s om he Red Lis ( e sion 2023-1) and conside ed he ex inc ion isk ca ego y
o o he 26 species ha ha e assessmen s in p epa a ion. To supplemen he 183 species wi h global (published and in
p epa a ion) Red Lis assessmen s we ca ied ou p elimina y assessmen s and p edic ions o he 67 Da a De icien (DD) and
No E alua ed (NE) species o which occu ence da a was a ailable so ha we had an ex inc ion isk assessmen o all species.
The ex inc species S. che alie i J.Raynal was excluded om he analyses. We ollowed wo app oaches:
• We es ima ed species ex inc ion isk ca ego ies unde IUCN Red Lis c i e ion B using he unc ion ‘ConBa ch’ om he R
package ‘ CAT’ (Moa & Bachman 2020). Gi en a da ase o occu ences, his unc ion p o ides p elimina y ex inc ion isk
ca ego ies based on species’ ex en o occu ence (EOO). We did no conside he species' a ea o occupancy (AOO) because
i can lead o an o e es ima ion o ex inc ion isk when using occu ence da a de i ed om he ba ium eco ds (Nic Lughadha
e al. 2019). To assess he accu acy o his me hod, we an ‘ConBa ch’ on he species included in he Red Lis and compa ed
he ac ual assessmen s wi h he p edic ed ca ego ies.
• We implemen ed a machine lea ning algo i hm ( andom o es , hence o h RF) using as p edic o s: EOO, AOO, mean o
la i udinal ange, ele a ion, minimum human popula ion densi y in 2020 (HPD; CIESIN 2016), human oo p in index in 2013
(HFI; Mu e a. 2022), p opo ion o obse a ions loca ed in p o ec ed a eas (UNEP-WCMC y IUCN 2023), mean annual
empe a u e, minimum empe a u e o he coldes mon h, empe a u e annual ange, annual p ecipi a ion, p ecipi a ion o he
d ies mon h and p ecipi a ion seasonali y. All p edic o s we e esampled a 30 seconds. Fo HPD and HFI, we calcula ed he
a e age index alue wi hin a 5 km ci cula bu e o each unique occu ence poin . We used 10 epea s o 5- old c oss-
alida ion o ain and e alua e he model and e ained 20% o da a o ex e nal alida ion.
EDGE2 and EcoDGE calcula ion and species lis s
We compu ed wo me ics ha combine species ex inc ion isk wi h hei e olu iona y o unc ional dis inc i eness o p io i ize
a - isk Scle ia species and wo ld egions o special in e es o conse a ion: he E olu iona ily Dis inc and Globally Endange ed
me ic (EDGE2) (Gumbs e al. 2023) and he Ecologically Dis inc and Globally Endange ed me ic (EcoDGE) (Hidasi-Ne o e al.
2015). To compu e ED2, we used he la es phylogene ic in e ence o he genus om La idon e al. (2021b), which included 136
species. We used he R package ‘ and ip’ (Ramos-Gu ié ez e al. 2023) o impu e 111 species missing in he phylogeny bu o
which in agene ic in o ma ion (i.e., sec ion) was a ailable. We excluded 14 species o which in agene ic in o ma ion was no
a ailable. T ees we e expanded ollowing se e al c i e ia: species we e impu ed in hei sec ions a andom, he p obabili y o
b anch selec ion was se as equip obable, and he s em b anch was conside ed as a candida e o binding. This s ep was epea ed
o gene a e a dis ibu ion o 500 andomly impu ed phylogene ic ees.
To calcula e FUD, we adap ed he EcoDGE amewo k p oposed by Hidasi-Ne o e al. (2015) o he new EDGE2 p o ocol
ollowing G i i h e al. (2022). We gene a ed a dend og am by calcula ing pai wise species dissimila i ies wi h a gene alized
Gowe 's dis ance ma ix (Gowe 1971) using he ou ai s (i.e., longe i y, maximum heigh , lea a ea and size o he p opagule)
and an unweigh ed pai g oup me hod wi h a i hme ic mean (UPGMA). We epea ed he dend og am cons uc ion 11 imes (all
possible combina ions o wo, h ee and ou ai s) o educe he impac o speci ic ai s on he esul s. Finally, we mul iplied FUD
sco es by 100 o balance he weigh ing o he wo componen alues o he EcoDGE me ic.
The EDGE2 and EcoDGE p o ocols allow he inco po a ion o unce ain y in he quan i ica ion o ex inc ion p obabili ies by
associa ing each Red Lis ca ego y o a dis ibu ion o ex inc ion p obabili ies based on a 50-yea ime ho izon (Mooe s e al.
2008). Fo species no included in he Red Lis and classi ied as h ea ened by he p elimina y assessmen s, he ex inc ion isk
componen (GE) was andomly d awn om CR, VU and EN ca ego ies. Fo species classi ied as non- h ea ened, GE alues we e
andomly wi hd awn om hose o NT and LC ca ego ies.
Finally, o each species, we calcula ed a dis ibu ion o EDGE2 and EcoDGE sco es (N=500) which we e used o so Scle ia
species in h ee lis s as p oposed by Gumbs e al. (2023): a ‘p io i y o main EDGE2 species lis ’ ha includes h ea ened species
whose dis ibu ion o EDGE2 sco es ank abo e he median o he en i e genus a leas 95% o he imes; a ‘bo de line EDGE2
species lis ’ ha includes h ea ened species whose dis ibu ion o EDGE2 sco es ank abo e he median o he en i e genus a
leas 80% o he imes; and a ‘wa ch EDGE2 species lis ’ ha includes non h ea ened species whose dis ibu ion o EDGE2 sco es
ank abo e he median o he en i e genus a leas 95% o he imes. We u he discuss he esul s in he con ex o he coun ies
and wo ld e es ial eco egions (Olson e al. 2001), which a e good desc ip o s o plan dis ibu ion (Smi h e al. 2018) and can
be used as in o ma i e uni s o conse a ion planning (Dine s ein e al. 2017).
All analyses we e pe o med in R ( e sion 4.3.2).
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Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
Resul s
P elimina y assessmen s
CAT and RF yielded di e en esul s (Table A2 o Appendix). Unde c i e ion B, CAT classi ied 53 ou o he 67 non-assessed
species as h ea ened acco ding o hei EOO (44 CR, 5 EN, 4 VU, 4 NT, 10 LC). Scle ia CAT assessmen s co ec ly classi ied
79.31% o h ea ened species (high sensi i i y) and 91.39% o non- h ea ened species (high speci ici y). RF classi ied 39 species
as h ea ened and 28 as non- h ea ened. I achie ed an accu acy o 97.22%, co ec ly classi ying 96.55% o non- h ea ened
species and all h ea ened species (highe sensi i i y and speci ici y han CAT). The single mos impo an p edic o o RF was
EOO, ollowed by AOO. Because o i s g ea e pe o mance, we e ained he esul s o RF o he EDGE2 and EcoDGE
calcula ions. Combined Red Lis esul s (published, unpublished and p elimina y) a e a ailable in Table A1 o Appendix.
Conside ing he published (Red Lis e sion 2023-1; IUCN 2023) and p elimina y (RF) esul s, we ound ha he A o opics
and he Neo opics had he highes numbe and p opo ion o h ea ened species (Fig. 1a). The sec ions wi h he g ea es
p opo ion o h ea ened species we e Hypopo um (41.54%), ollowed by Abo i ae, B owniae, Schizolepsis and Fo eolidia
(28.57%) (Fig. 1b).
Figu e 1. Numbe o h ea ened and non- h ea ened Scle ia species g ouped by (a) Realm (Olson e al. 2001) and (b) Sec ion.
Th ea ened e e s o species classi ied as Vulne able (VU), Endange ed (EN) and C i ically Endange ed (CR) in he Red Lis , as
well as Da a De icien (DD) and No E alua ed (NE) species classi ied as h ea ened by he andom o es app oach. Non-
h ea ened e e s o species classi ied as Leas Conce n (LC) and Nea Th ea ened (NT) in he Red Lis , as well as Da a De icien
(DD) and No E alua ed (NE) species classi ied as non- h ea ened by he andom o es app oach.
Figu a 1. Núme o de especies de Scle ia amenazadas y no amenazadas ag upadas po (a) Reino biogeog á ico (Olson e al.
2001) y (b) Sección. Amenazadas ag upa especies clasi icadas como Vulne able (VU), En Pelig o (EN) y En Pelig o C í ico (CR)
en la Lis a Roja, así como especies en las ca ego ías No E aluado (NE) y Da os Insu icien es (DD) clasi icadas como amenazadas
po el andom o es . No amenazadas se e ie e a las especies clasi icadas como P eocupación Meno (LC) y Casi Amenazado
(NT) en la Lis a Roja, así como a las especies en las ca ego ías No E aluado (NE) y Da os Insu icien es (DD) clasi icadas como
no amenazadas po el andom o es .
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Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
E olu iona ily and ecologically dis inc species a g ea es isk o ex inc ion
The phylogene ic di e si y (PD) ac oss ees was 900.96 ± 24.01 MY (mean ± SD). Species wi h he highes mean ED2 sco es
we e Scle ia co ymbosa, Scle ia li hospe ma and Scle ia melanomphala wi h 22.28, 20.89 and 19.04 MY, espec i ely. The
species wi h he g ea es mean EDGE2 sco e was Scle ia po phy oca pa wi h 3.97 MY o a e able expec ed PD loss, ollowed
by Scle ia zambesica (2.53 MY), Scle ia pulchella (2.25 MY) and Scle ia madagasca iensis (2.04 MY).
We de ec ed 45 EDGE2 Scle ia species (17.24% o species in he genus). Sa egua ding hese species, we would secu e
68.24% (41.49 MY) o a e able expec ed PD loss in a 50-yea ime ho izon. The main lis included 23 species (Table 1), o which
17 belong o sec ion Hypopo um, h ee o sec ion Ac iulus, wo o sec ion Abo i ae and one o Co ymbosae. The EDGE2
bo de line and wa ch lis s included 17 and 5 species espec i ely (Table A2 o Appendix). The wa ch lis included widesp ead
and locally abundan species ha belong o e olu iona y dis inc i e sec ions such as S. li hospe ma, S. melanomphala and S.
onkinensis.
Table 1. EDGE2 main lis , i.e., h ea ened species ha sco ed abo e he median EDGE2 sco e o he en i e genus a leas 95%
o he ime. Species a e anked based on hei EDGE2 sco e. IUCN RL: Red Lis ca ego y o published species (RL IUCN: DD
Da a De icien , VU Vulne able, EN Endange ed, CR C i ically Endange ed), and p elimina y assessmen o No E alua ed species
(i.e., Th ea ened). EDGE2: E olu iona ily Dis inc and Globally Endange ed me ic, ED2: e olu iona y dis inc i eness.
Tabla 1. Lis a p incipal EDGE2: especies amenazadas que ob u ie on una pun uación supe io a la mediana de la pun uación
EDGE2 de odo el géne o al menos el 95% de las eces. Las especies es án o denadas en unción de su pun uación EDGE2.
IUCN RL: ca ego ía de la Lis a Roja de las especies publicadas (RL IUCN: DD Da os Insu icien es, VU Vulne able, EN En Pelig o,
CR En Pelig o C í ico), y e aluación p elimina de especies No E aluadas. EDGE2: índice de Especies E olu i amen e Dis in as
y Globalmen e Amenazadas, ED2: dis in i idad e olu i a.
Scien i ic name
Sec ion
IUCN RL EDGE2 (mean ± sd) ED2 (mean ± sd)
S. po phy oca pa
E.A.Rob.
Co ymbosae
Th ea ened 3.97 ± 6.26 8.89 ± 8.27
S. zambesica
E.A.Rob.
Hypopo um
Th ea ened 2.53 ± 1.46 5.1 ± 0.87
S. pulchella
Ridl.
Hypopo um
CR 2.25 ± 0.45 2.44 ± 0.42
S.
madagasca iensis Boeckele
Abo i ae
EN 2.04 ± 0.66 4.62 ± 1.01
S. anka a ensis
Bau e s
Hypopo um
DD (Th ea ened) 1.45 ± 0.82 2.77 ± 0.48
S. maypu ensis
Bau e s
Hypopo um
CR 1.45 ± 0.35 1.65 ± 0.34
S. pachy hyncha
Nelmes
Ac iulus
EN 1.37 ± 1.68 2.81 ± 3.32
S. indu a
Tu ill
Ac iulus
Th ea ened 1.35 ± 2.43 2.73 ± 3.53
S. hwai esiana
Boeckele
Ac iulus
Th ea ened 1.2 ± 2.4 2.56 ± 3.33
S. ul ipilosa
E.A.Rob.
Hypopo um
EN 1.07 ± 0.3 2.31 ± 0.38
S. icha dsiae
E.A.Rob.
Hypopo um
EN 0.96 ± 0.27 2.09 ± 0.37
S. nusbaume i
Bau e s
Abo i ae
Th ea ened 0.96 ± 1.34 1.92 ± 1.76
S. pan adenia
Meganck & Bau e s
Hypopo um
VU 0.94 ± 0.26 4.17 ± 0.75
S. ic is a a
Meganck & Bau e s
Hypopo um
EN 0.84 ± 0.29 1.85 ± 0.44
S. calcicola
E.A.Rob.
Hypopo um
EN 0.82 ± 0.22 1.74 ± 0.29
S. bu chellii
C.B.Cla ke
Hypopo um
EN 0.81 ± 0.26 1.83 ± 0.39
S. libe ica
Bau e s
Hypopo um
VU 0.59 ± 0.16 2.57 ± 0.43
S. poly hiza
E.A.Rob.
Hypopo um
EN 0.57 ± 0.16 1.24 ± 0.21
S. mongomoensis
Bau e s
Hypopo um
EN 0.41 ± 0.16 0.87 ± 0.27
S. pedicella a
Bau e s
Hypopo um
EN 0.4 ± 0.16 0.88 ± 0.27
S. pseudohispidio
Bau e s
Hypopo um
VU 0.31 ± 0.1 1.39 ± 0.29
S. icholepis
Nelmes
Hypopo um
VU 0.28 ± 0.08 1.18 ± 0.24
S. spica a
(Sp eng.) J.F.Macb .
Hypopo um
VU 0.27 ± 0.08 1.14 ± 0.23
6
Galán Díaz e al. 2025
Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
Scle ia species wi h he highes mean FUD sco es we e Scle ia sku chii, he alles species in he genus, and Scle ia dep essa,
he species wi h he la ges nu le . O e all, 6 o 10 species wi h he highes FUD sco es belonged o he sec ions Oph yoscle ia
and Schizolepis which include s ou pe ennials wi h la ge lea a eas and climbe s. The species wi h he g ea es mean EcoDGE
sco e was Scle ia po phy oca pa, ollowed by Scle ia opicalis, Scle ia williamsii and Scle ia chlo an ha. We ound 38 EcoDGE
species, 6 in he main lis (Table 2) and 32 in he bo de line EDGE2 species lis (Table A3 o Appendix). These species (14.56%
o species o he genus) accoun o 64.28% o a e able expec ed unc ional di e si y loss in he genus in a 50-yea ime ho izon.
The e olu iona y dis inc i eness (ED2) me ic was a poo explana o y a iable o unc ional dis inc i eness (FUD) in Scle ia
(F1,237=0.03, p=0.86).
Table 2. EcoDGE main lis , i.e., h ea ened species ha sco ed abo e he median EcoDGE sco e o he en i e genus a leas
95% o he ime. Species a e anked based on hei EcoDGE sco e. IUCN RL: Red Lis ca ego y o published species (RL IUCN:
CR C i ically Endange ed), and p elimina y assessmen o No E alua ed species (i.e., Th ea ened). EcoDGE: Ecologically
Dis inc and Globally Endange ed me ic, FUD: unc ional dis inc i eness.
Tabla 2. Lis a p incipal de EcoDGE: especies amenazadas que ob u ie on una pun uación supe io a la mediana de la
pun uación EcoDGE de odo el géne o al menos el 95% de las eces. Las especies es án o denadas en unción de su pun uación
EcoDGE. IUCN RL: ca ego ía de la Lis a Roja de las especies publicadas (RL IUCN: CR En Pelig o C í ico), y e aluación p elimina
de especies No E aluadas. EcoDGE: Especies Ecológicamen e Dis in as y Globalmen e Amenazadas, FUD: dis in i idad uncional.
Scien i ic name
Sec ion
IUCN RL EcoDGE (mean ± sd) FUD (mean ± sd)
S. opicalis
M.T.S ong
Oph yoscle ia
Th ea ened 1.05 ± 1.22 2.34 ± 1.46
S. ub os ia a
A.C.A aújo & N.A.B ummi
Schizolepis
Th ea ened 0.61 ± 0.98 1.09 ± 1.36
S. o cha dii
C.D.Adams
Schizolepis
CR 0.35 ± 0.19 0.38 ± 0.21
S. chasmema
Bone Mayedo & W.W.Thomas
Vi ga ae
Th ea ened 0.35 ± 0.3 0.66 ± 0.34
S. junghuhniana
Boeckele
Ela ae
Th ea ened 0.21 ± 0.83 0.44 ± 1.17
S. o inux
J.Raynal ex Fosbe g
Ela ae
Th ea ened 0.19 ± 0.26 0.48 ± 0.34
Regions o special in e es o conse a ion
The coun ies wi h he highes cumula i e EcoDGE sco es we e B azil, Venezuela, Boli ia, Democ a ic Republic o he Congo,
Pe u and Colombia. The coun ies wi h he g ea es numbe o lis ed EcoDGE species we e Democ a ic Republic o he Congo,
B azil and Madagasca (Table 3). The eco egions wi h he highes sum o EDGE2 sco es and he g ea es numbe o lis ed EDGE2
species we e he Cen al Zambezian Miombo woodlands, Madagasca subhumid o es s, Ce ado, Eas Sudanian sa anna,
Llanos, Guinean o es -sa anna mosaic and Madagasca lowland o es s (Table 4; Fig. 2a).
The coun ies wi h he highes cumula i e EcoDGE sco es we e B azil, Venezuela, Boli ia, Democ a ic Republic o he Congo,
Pe u and Colombia. The coun ies wi h he g ea es numbe o lis ed EcoDGE species we e Democ a ic Republic o he Congo,
B azil and Madagasca (Table 3). The eco egions wi h he highes sum o EcoDGE sco es and numbe o lis ed EcoDGE species
we e Cen al Zambezian Miombo woodlands, Sou hwes Amazon mois o es s, Bahia coas al o es s, Ce ado and Wes e n
Congolian o es -sa anna mosaic (Table 4; Fig. 2b).
Acco ding o he assessmen o he ex en o emaining na u al habi a and p o ec ed land in he wo ld eco egions by Dine s ein
e al. (2017), he e a e 22 Scle ia species which a e es ic ed o ‘Na u e Impe iled’ eco egions (i.e., eco egions whe e he
pe cen age o na u al habi a emaining and he amoun o he o al eco egion ha is p o ec ed is less han o equal o 20%) and
34 species only occu in eco egions whe e ‘Na u e Could Reco e (i.e., eco egions whe e he pe cen age o na u al habi a
emaining and a ea p o ec ed is less han 50% bu mo e han 20% and ha equi e es o a ion p og ams o each he 50% o
na u al habi a ).
7
Galán Díaz e al. 2025
Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
Table 3. Top 20 coun ies in which Scle ia is p esen anked by hei sum o EDGE2 sco es. Richness: numbe o species
p esen , N: numbe o EDGE2 and EcoDGE species, Main: numbe o species included in he main EDGE2 and EcoDGE lis s,
Sum: sum o EDGE2 and EcoDGE sco es. Expanded esul s can be ound in Table A4 o Appendix.
Tabla 3. Los 20 países con mayo iqueza de Scle ia o denados po la suma de sus pun uaciones EDGE2. Riqueza: núme o de
especies p esen es, N: núme o de especies EDGE2 y EcoDGE, Main: núme o de especies incluidas en las lis as p incipales
EDGE2 y EcoDGE, Sum: suma de las pun uaciones EDGE2 y EcoDGE. Los esul ados ampliados se encuen an en la Tabla A4
del Apéndice 4.
Coun y Richness
EDGE2
EcoDGE
N
Main
Sum
N
Main
Sum
Madagasca
24
7
3
10.11
3
0
1.24
Dem. Rep. Congo
26
5
2
9.85
5
0
1.94
B azil
63
6
2
9.43
4
2
3.08
Zambia
29
5
4
8.95
1
0
0.79
Tanzania
30
5
3
8.23
2
0
0.63
Venezuela
31
3
1
5.94
1
1
2.00
Sou h A ica
17
2
0
5.23
0
0
0.17
Thailand
20
3
1
5.18
0
0
0.28
China
15
3
0
4.76
0
0
0.24
Boli ia 34 1 0 4.33 1 0 1.98
Guinea 15 4 2 4.29 1 0 0.22
Ghana
20
2
0
4.20
0
0
0.68
E hiopia
16
4
1
4.20
0
0
0.29
Cô e d'I oi e
20
2
0
4.05
0
0
0.66
Philippines
13
3
0
3.96
1
0
0.32
Gabon
19
3
1
3.95
2
0
0.66
Angola
11
2
1
3.83
1
0
0.32
Nige ia
20
2
0
3.74
0
0
0.63
Guyana
21
1
0
3.58
1
0
1.26
Came oon 18 3 0 3.56 2 0 0.89
Table 4. Top 20 eco egions in which Scle ia is p esen anked by hei sum o EDGE2 sco es. Richness: numbe o species
p esen , N: numbe o EDGE2 and EcoDGE species, Main: numbe o species included in he main EDGE2 and EcoDGE lis s,
Sum: sum o EDGE2 and EcoDGE sco es. Expanded esul s can be ound in Table A5 o Appendix.
Tabla 4. Las 20 p incipales eco egiones en las que es á p esen e Scle ia clasi icadas po su suma de pun uaciones EDGE2.
Riqueza: núme o de especies p esen es, N: núme o de especies EDGE2 y EcoDGE, Main: núme o de especies incluidas en las
lis as p incipales EDGE2 y EcoDGE, Sum: suma de las pun uaciones EDGE2 y EcoDGE. Los esul ados ampliados se encuen an
en la Tabla A5 del Apéndice 5.
Eco egion Richness EDGE2 EcoDGE
N Main Sum N Main Sum
Cen al Zambezian Miombo woodlands
39
8
7
15.32
3
0
2.04
Madagasca subhumid o es s 22 7 3 9.50 2 0 1.09
Ce ado
45
3
1
7.09
2
0
1.72
Eas Sudanian sa anna
22
5
1
5.76
1
0
0.85
Llanos
24
3
1
5.68
0
0
0.86
Guinean o es -sa anna mosaic
28
4
1
5.61
1
0
0.81
Madagasca lowland o es s
16
2
1
5.48
1
0
0.65
No hwes e n Congolian lowland o es s
20
4
1
5.28
2
0
0.37
Zambezian and Mopane woodlands
15
3
1
5.28
0
0
0.18
Ma o G osso seasonal o es s
28
2
1
4.87
1
0
1.05
Wes e n Congolian o es -sa anna mosaic 18 3 1 4.87 3 0 0.80
Tenasse im-Sou h Thailand semi-e e g een ain o es s 13 3 1 4.82 0 0 0.19
Zambezian looded g asslands
13
2
0
4.76
0
0
0.24
Eas e n A c o es s
14
3
1
4.70
1
0
0.39
Sou h China-Vie nam sub opical e e g een o es s
12
3
0
4.70
0
0
0.19
Guianan sa anna
21
2
0
4.61
0
0
0.73
D akensbe g mon ane g asslands, woodlands and o es s
13
2
0
4.33
0
0
0.11
Eas e n Guinean o es s
21
2
0
4.28
0
0
0.70
Wes Sudanian sa anna
21
2
0
4.23
0
0
0.64
Wes e n Guinean lowland o es s
20
3
2
4.15
0
0
0.69
8
Galán Díaz e al. 2025
Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
Figu e 2. Eco egions o no able conse a ion conce n o Scle ia acco ding o hei sum o EDGE2 sco es (a) and sum o EcoDGE
sco es (b). The de ini ion o eco egion ollows Olson e al. (2001).
Figu a 2. Eco egiones de no able in e és pa a la conse ación de Scle ia según su suma de pun uaciones EDGE2 (a) y suma
de pun uaciones EcoDGE (b). La de inición de eco egión se basa en Olson e al. (2001).
Discussion
In his s udy, we es ima ed he ex inc ion isk o all species o he genus Scle ia, as well as iden i ied egions o special in e es
o i s conse a ion. Ou esul s sugges ha hal o Scle ia species (49%, N=38) no ye included in he Red Lis a e po en ially
h ea ened wi h ex inc ion. E olu iona y and ecologically dis inc and endange ed Scle ia mos ly occu ac oss A ican and Sou h
Ame ican egions.
P elimina y assessmen s
Simila o p e ious s udies, RF ou pe o med he me hod ha explici ly ollowed Red Lis c i e ion B (Nic Lughadha e al. 2019)
and dis ibu ion ange p ope ies we e he bes p edic o s o RF (Nic Lughadha e al. 2019; Bachman e al. 2023; Walke e al.
2023). Up o 15 species we e classi ied as h ea ened by CAT and non- h ea ened by RF; hus, RF se lowe h esholds o ex en
o occu ence (EOO) o classi y Scle ia species as h ea ened. This seems a sensible app oach o assess Scle ia because he
9
Galán Díaz e al. 2025
Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
size o he dis ibu ion ange as es ima ed om he ba ium collec ions is po en ially unde es ima ed in mos cases (see below),
and widesp ead and locally dominan species a e common (Holm e al. 1979; Galán Díaz e al. 2019).
Conside ing species included in he Red Lis and he esul s o RF, 26% o all Scle ia species a e po en ially h ea ened wi h
ex inc ion. In a ecen s udy, Bachman e al. (2023) ob ained a simila es ima e o Cype aceae. They also ound ha , o he 21
amilies wi h mo e han 3000 species, Cype aceae showed he smalles p opo ion o h ea ened species. Whe eas 18% o Scle ia
species cu en ly included in he Red Lis a e h ea ened, we ound ha 49% o unassessed species a e po en ially h ea ened
wi h ex inc ion. This could be because se e al Madagascan and Sou h Ame ican Scle ia species disco e ed o e he las ou
decades we e classi ied as h ea ened by RF, which migh suppo ha newly desc ibed species a e geog aphically es ic ed and
he e o e less likely o be encoun e ed in he wild (B own e al. 2023). This is he case o Scle ia nusbaume i, Scle ia anka a ensis,
Scle ia a enua i olia, Scle ia chasmema, Scle ia millespicula, Scle ia pe nambucana, Scle ia ub os ia a and Scle ia opicalis. I
is he e o e necessa y o p io i ize he assessmen o all unassessed species o ge ealis ic es ima es o ex inc ion isk in he
genus and o gal anize conse a ion suppo o hese species.
E olu iona ily dis inc and globally endange ed Scle ia
Ou analysis iden i ied 23 species ha me he c i e ia o be included in he EDGE2 main lis . Scle ia po phy oca pa was he
species wi h he highes EDGE2 and ED2 sco es due o i s high ulne abili y (i.e., i was classi ied as h ea ened by bo h CAT
and RF) and high e olu iona y dis inc i eness. Scle ia po phy oca pa belongs o sec ion Co ymbosae, he oldes lineage in
subgenus Scle ia (c own age 22.28 Ma) which only includes ou o he species (Bau e s e al. 2016, La idon e al. 2021). Sec ion
Hypopo um was ep esen ed in he EDGE2 main lis by 17 species. This is due o wo easons: (i) molecula analyses indica ed
ha sec ion Hypopo um o igina ed 8.4 Ma and showed a apid inc ease in i s di e si ica ion a e soon a e (La idon e al. 2021)
o become he iches sec ion in Scle ia (Bau e s e al. 2019); (ii) i holds he highes pe cen age o h ea ened species among
Scle ia sec ions acco ding o he Red Lis and ou p elimina y assessmen s (42%; Fig. 1b). This is impo an in he con ex o he
new EDGE o mula ion, ha accoun s o he ex inc ion isk o closely ela ed species, because he deepe b anches o a clade
wi h a high p opo ion o h ea ened species will ha e a g ea e p obabili y o being a isk, hus esul ing in species belonging o
i ha ing highe EDGE sco es (Gumbs e al. 2023). Finally, he h ee h ea ened species o sec ion Ac iulus we e also included in
he main lis , as well as wo Madagascan endemics om sec ion Abo i ae.
Almos hal o Scle ia species (129 species) a e p esen in he 11 eco egions wi h he g ea es cumula i e EDGE2 sco es.
Fou A ican (Madagasca , D.R. Congo, Zambia and Tanzania) and wo Sou h Ame ican (B azil, Venezuela) coun ies mainly
co e ed hese a eas o special in e es o conse a ion. Madagasca comp ises 24 species o Scle ia in wo eco egions (i.e.,
subhumid and lowland o es s), including i e h ea ened and wo ecen ly desc ibed species. Madagascan species belong o 11
sec ions ou o he 17 sec ions ecognized in Scle ia, which highligh s he impo ance o his coun y as a ese oi o Scle ia
di e si y and he impo ance o long-dis ance dispe sal in he genus (Galán Díaz e al. 2019). Fou o he eco egions om he
A o opics (i.e., Cen al Zambezian Miombo woodlands, Eas Sudanian Sa anna, Guinean o es -sa anna mosaic, and
No hwes e n Congolian lowland o es s and Zambezian and Mopane woodlands; Olson e al. 2001) a e iden i ied as impo an
conse a ion a eas o Scle ia. These eco egions con ain 67 species (26% species o Scle ia, om 12 sec ions) o which 19 a e
endange ed.
B azil has he g ea es Scle ia ichness (63 species) and anks second in e ms o cumula i e EDGE2 sco es. Two B azilian
eco egions a e shown as a eas o special in e es o he conse a ion o he e olu iona y his o y o Scle ia: Ce ado and Ma o
G osso seasonal o es s. These eco egions include 49 species om 11 sec ions, o which 4 a e endange ed. The Venezuelan
Llanos is ano he impo an eco egion o e olu iona y dis inc and endange ed Scle ia. Unlike he Colombian Llanos, which also
includes o e 30 species, i includes species om old Scle ia lineages (i.e., sec ions Li hospe mae and Fo eolidia; La idon e al.
2021) and wo h ea ened species.
Acco ding o he e ision o he wo ld eco egions o Dine s ein e al. (2017), which conside ed he Wo ld Da abase o P o ec ed
A eas (UNEP-WCMC y IUCN 2023) along wi h habi a assessmen s based on ee co e and human land use, wo o he abo e-
men ioned eco egions (i.e., Madagasca subhumid o es s and Guinean o es -sa anna mosaic) a e classi ied as ‘na u e
impe iled’ because he pe cen age o na u al habi a emaining and p o ec ed a ea is less han 20%. O he eco egions o in e es
o Scle ia conse a ion ha need ac i e es o a ion p og ams o each he 50% o p o ec ed na u al habi a a e Madagasca
lowland o es s, Cen al Zambezian Miombo woodlands and Eas Sudanian sa anna.
Ecologically dis inc and globally endange ed Scle ia
We expec unce ain y in he iden i ica ion o EcoDGE species because he esul s a e la gely dependen on he selec ion o
ai s, whe eas he e olu iona y ela ionship among Scle ia species is well esol ed a leas a he sec ion le el (Bau e s e al.
2016, 2018a). In his s udy we used ai s which a e in o ma i e o species ecological s a egies (Wes oby 1998): plan longe i y,
lea a ea, heigh and nu le size. These ai s indica e how plan s cope wi h en i onmen al nu ien s ess and dis u bances, he
posi ion o he species in he e ical ligh g adien o he ege a ion, compe i i e igo , dispe sal dis ance and seed pe sis ence
in he soil bank (Pé ez-Ha guindeguy e al. 2013). We ound ED2 and FUD we e la gely o hogonal; hus, EcoDGE based
p io i iza ions yielded complemen a y esul s o he EDGE2 app oach.
Ou analysis iden i ied six species in he main EcoDGE lis . Unlike EDGE2, EcoDGE mos ly poin s owa ds Sou h Ame ican
coun ies as ese oi s o dis inc i e and endange ed species. This is because many EDGE2 species a e phylogene ically
es ic ed o sec ion Hypopo um which has i s cen e o di e si y in opical A ica, whe eas EcoDGE species (i.e., hose wi h g ea
blade a ea and nu le size) belong o di e en sec ions mos ly es ic ed o Sou h Ame ica. Eigh Sou h and Cen al Ame ican
16
Galán Díaz e al. 2025
Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
Table A1 con inued / Con inuación Tabla A1
Scien i ic name RL IUCN RF Rca No es
S. o inux
J.Raynal ex Fosbe g
NE
T
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. pachy hyncha
Nelmes
EN
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. panicoides
Kun h
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. pan adenia
Meganck & Bau e s
VU
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. pa allella
C.B.Cla ke
NE
NT
NT
P elimina y assessmen .
S. pa ula
S eud.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. pa ula
E.A.Rob.
NE
T
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. pauci lo a
Muhl. ex Willd.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. paupe cula
E.A.Rob.
LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. pedicella a
Bau e s
EN
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. pe g acilis
(Nees) Kun h
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. pe nambucana
Luceño & M.Al es
NE
T
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. pe pusilla
Che m.
EN
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. pilosa
Boeckele
NE
T
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. pilosissima
B i on
NE
NT
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. plusiophylla
S eud.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. poeppigii
(Nees) S eud.
NE
T
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. poi o mis
Re z.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. polyca pa
Boeckele
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. poly hiza
E.A.Rob.
EN
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. pooides
Ridl.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. po phy oca pa
E.A.Rob.
NE
T
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. p ocumbens
E.A.Rob.
NE
NT
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. pseudohispidio
Bau e s
VU
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. psilo hiza
C.B.Cla ke
LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. pulchella
Ridl.
CR
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. pu diei
C.B.Cla ke
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. pu pu ascens
S eud.
LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. pusilla
Pilg.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. acemosa
Poi .
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. adula
Hance
LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. amosa
C.B.Cla ke
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. ehmannii
C.B.Cla ke
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. emo a
Ridl.
NE
T
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. e icula is
Michx.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. icha dsiae
E.A.Rob.
EN
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. obinsoniana
J.Raynal
NT
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. obus a
Camelb. & Goe gh.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. osea
Che m.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. ub os ia a
A.C.A aújo & N.A.B ummi
NE
T
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. ugosa
R.B .
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. u enbe giana
Boeckele
NT
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. scab a
Willd.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. scab iuscula
Schl dl.
NE
NT
NT
P elimina y assessmen .
S. schiedeana
Schl dl.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. schimpe iana
Boeckele
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. schulzii
Ba os
NE
NT
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. sc obicula a
Nees & Meyen
LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. secans
(L.) U b.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. sellowiana
Kun h
LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. se ulosocilia a
Boeckele
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. sheilae
J.Raynal
CR
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. siebe i
Nees ex Kun h
NE
NT
T
P elimina y assessmen .
S. sku chii
M.T.S ong & J.R.G an
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. soboli e a
E.F.F anklin
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. so o ia
Kun h
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. sphacela a
F.Muell.
LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
17
Galán Díaz e al. 2025
Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
Table A1 con inued / Con inuación Tabla A1
Scien i ic name RL IUCN RF Rca No es
S. spica a (Sp eng.) J.F.Macb . VU
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. spici o mis Ben h. LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. spli ge be iana Hen a d ex Ui ien LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. sp ucei C.B.Cla ke LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. s aheliana Ui ien LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. s ipi a a Ui ien NE NT NT
P elimina y assessmen .
S. s ipula is Nees LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. s ocksiana Boeckele NE NT T P elimina y assessmen .
S. sua eolens Nelmes LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. su ul a C.B.Cla ke NE T T P elimina y assessmen .
S. suma ensis Re z. LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. enacissima (Nees) S eud. LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. enella Kun h LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. epuiensis Co e LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. e es is (L.) Fasse LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. essella a Willd. LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. es acea Nees ex Kun h LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. hwai esiana Boeckele NE T NT P elimina y assessmen .
S. onkinensis C.B.Cla ke LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. ans aalensis E.F.F anklin NT
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. iala a Poi . LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. icholepis Nelmes VU
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. ic is a a Meganck & Bau e s EN
Assessed bu no published.
S. icuspida a S.T.Blake LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. iglome a a Michx. LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. ique a M.T.S ong LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. opicalis M.T.S ong NE T T P elimina y assessmen .
S. yonii Domin NE T T P elimina y assessmen .
S. uleana Boeckele NE NT NT P elimina y assessmen .
S. unguicula a E.A.Rob. LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. agina a S eud. LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. a iega a (Nees) S eud. LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. enezuelensis Co e NE T T P elimina y assessmen .
S. e ucosa Willd. LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. e icilla a Muhl. ex Willd. LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. esey i zge aldii E.A.Rob. LC
Assessed bu no published.
S. iolacea Pilg. NE NT NT P elimina y assessmen .
S. i ga a (Nees) S eud. LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. ogelii C.B.Cla ke LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. wa mingiana Boeckele NE T T P elimina y assessmen .
S. welwi schii C.B.Cla ke LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. williamsii G oss EN
Assessed bu no published.
S. woodii C.B.Cla ke LC
Included in RL 2023-1.
S. w igh iana Boeckele NE NT NT P elimina y assessmen .
S. xe ophila E.A.Rob. NE T T P elimina y assessmen .
S. zambesica E.A.Rob. NE T T P elimina y assessmen .
Species wi hou occu ence da a / Especies sin da os de p esencia: S. assamica (C.B.Cla ke) D.M.Ve ma, S. depaupe a a
Boeckele , S. elonga issima Pié a , S. hi a Boeckele , S. jiangchengensis Y.Y.Qian, S. la e i ica Nelmes, S. mac olomioides
H.P ei ., S. mu oensis Nakai, S. papuana J.Ke n, S. scandens Co e, S. schenckiana Boeckele and S. swamyi Go ind.
18
Galán Díaz e al. 2025
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Table A2. Scle ia EDGE2 bo de line and wa ch lis s (Gumbs e al. 2023). Bo de line lis : h ea ened species whose dis ibu ion
o EDGE2 sco es ank abo e he median o he en i e genus a leas 80% o he ime. Wa ch lis : non h ea ened species whose
dis ibu ion o EDGE2 sco es ank abo e he median o he en i e genus a leas 95% o he imes. EDGE2: E olu iona ily
Dis inc and Globally Endange ed me ic, ED2: e olu iona y dis inc i eness.
Tabla A2. Lis as lími e y de igilancia EDGE2 de Scle ia (Gumbs e al. 2023). Lis a lími e: especies amenazadas cuya
dis ibución de las pun uaciones EDGE2 se si úa po encima de la mediana de odo el géne o al menos el 80% de las eces.
Lis a de igilancia: especies no amenazadas cuya dis ibución de las pun uaciones EDGE2 se si úa po encima de la mediana
de odo el géne o al menos el 95% de las eces. EDGE2: Mé ica de dis in i idad e olu i a y en pelig o de ex inción a escala
mundial, ED2: Mé ica de dis in i idad e olu i a.
Lis Scien i ic name Sec ion EDGE2 (mean ± sd) ED2 (mean ± sd)
Bo de line
S. chasmema Bone Mayedo & W.W.Thomas Vi ga ae 0.76 ± 1.85 1.57 ± 2.53
S. guineensis J.Raynal Hypopo um 0.76 ± 0.85 0.85 ± 0.9
S. glome ula a Oli . Hypopo um 0.74 ± 0.85 0.85 ± 0.9
S. sheilae J.Raynal Hypopo um 0.74 ± 0.81 0.81 ± 0.88
S. ba oni-cla kei De Wild. Fo eolidia 0.59 ± 0.33 1.34 ± 0.6
S. poeppigii (Nees) S eud. Hymenoly um 0.58 ± 1.16 1.16 ± 1.58
S. densispica a (C.B.Cla ke) J.Ke n B owniae 0.45 ± 3.04 0.88 ± 5.1
S. b adei G oss Hypopo um 0.43 ± 0.77 0.83 ± 0.99
S. neocaledonica Rendle B owniae 0.42 ± 3.61 0.9 ± 5.34
S. and ingi ensis Che m. Hypopo um 0.42 ± 0.45 0.86 ± 0.87
S. oligochond a Nelmes Oph yoscle ia 0.41 ± 0.94 0.91 ± 1.39
S. pe pusilla Che m. Hypopo um 0.41 ± 0.47 0.87 ± 0.93
S. a o e lexa Lye Hypopo um 0.4 ± 0.54 0.86 ± 1.02
S. chlo an ha Boeckele Naumannianae 0.4 ± 1.68 0.86 ± 2.42
S. emo a Ridl. Hypopo um 0.39 ± 0.67 0.77 ± 0.94
S. iliculmis Boeckele Hypopo um 0.38 ± 0.59 0.89 ± 0.92
S. opicalis M.T.S ong Oph yoscle ia 0.37 ± 0.91 0.72 ± 1.29
Wa ch
S. ans aalensis E.F.F anklin Ac iulus 1.52 ± 0.57 13.88 ± 4.08
S. co ymbosa Roxb. Co ymbosae 1.29 ± 0.59 22.28 ± 2.18
S. li hospe ma (L.) Sw. Li hospe mae 1.22 ± 0.52 20.89 ± 0
S. melanomphala Kun h Melanomphalae 1.15 ± 0.5 19.04 ± 0
S. onkinensis C.B.Cla ke Co ymbosae 0.82 ± 0.36 13.91 ± 1.63
19
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Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
Table A3. Scle ia EcoDGE bo de line lis (G i i h e al. 2022; Gumbs e al. 2023): h ea ened species whose dis ibu ion o
EcoDGE sco es ank abo e he median o he en i e genus a leas 80% o he ime. EcoDGE: Ecologically Dis inc and Globally
Endange ed me ic, FUD: unc ional dis inc i eness.
Tabla A3. Lis a lími e EcoDGE de Scle ia (G i i h e al. 2022; Gumbs e al. 2023): especies amenazadas cuya dis ibución de
pun uaciones EcoDGE se si úa po encima de la mediana de odo el géne o al menos el 80% de las eces. EcoDGE: Mé ica de
dis in i idad ecológica y en pelig o de ex inción a escala mundial, FUD: dis in i idad uncional.
Lis Scien i ic name Sec ion EcoDGE (mean ± sd) FUD (mean ± sd)
Bo de line
S. po phy oca pa E.A.Rob. Co ymbosae 1.14 ± 1.45 2.05 ± 2.1
S. williamsii G oss Scle ia 0.86 ± 1.33 1.83 ± 2.56
S. chlo an ha Boeckele Naumannianae 0.84 ± 1.29 1.8 ± 1.78
S. a enua i olia M.T.S ong Schizolepis 0.54 ± 1.01 1.13 ± 1.36
S. o eola a Ca . Schizolepis 0.46 ± 1.44 0.75 ± 2.07
S. khasiana Boeckele Ela ae 0.31 ± 0.47 0.62 ± 0.63
S. madagasca iensis Boeckele Abo i ae 0.24 ± 0.15 0.49 ± 0.28
S. b adei G oss Hypopo um 0.23 ± 0.4 0.67 ± 0.55
S. indu a Tu ill Ac iulus 0.2 ± 0.3 0.63 ± 0.38
S. nusbaume i Bau e s Abo i ae 0.2 ± 0.25 0.42 ± 0.35
S. au an iaca Lye Fo eolidia 0.18 ± 0.15 0.2 ± 0.16
S. wa mingiana Boeckele Scle ia 0.17 ± 0.26 0.54 ± 0.35
S. bu chellii C.B.Cla ke Hypopo um 0.15 ± 0.12 0.28 ± 0.24
S. densispica a (C.B.Cla ke) J.Ke n B owniae 0.13 ± 0.15 0.27 ± 0.2
S. pachy hyncha Nelmes Ac iulus 0.12 ± 0.07 0.27 ± 0.14
S. hildeb and ii Boeckele Fo eolidia 0.12 ± 0.07 0.21 ± 0.13
S. adp essohi a (Kük.) E.A.Rob. Fo eolidia 0.11 ± 0.2 0.18 ± 0.27
S. a cua a E.A.Rob. Fo eolidia 0.1 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.42
S. su ul a C.B.Cla ke Ela ae 0.1 ± 0.12 0.21 ± 0.16
S. glome ula a Oli . Hypopo um 0.1 ± 0.05 0.1 ± 0.05
S. oligochond a Nelmes Oph yoscle ia 0.1 ± 0.14 0.18 ± 0.21
S. pa ula E.A.Rob. Fo eolidia 0.09 ± 0.08 0.2 ± 0.09
S. pulchella Ridl. Hypopo um 0.08 ± 0.06 0.09 ± 0.06
S. neocaledonica Rendle B owniae 0.07 ± 0.1 0.13 ± 0.13
S. anomala (S eud.) J.Raynal Ela ae 0.06 ± 0.21 0.11 ± 0.29
S. guineensis J.Raynal Hypopo um 0.06 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.04
S. cheekii Bau e s Hypopo um 0.06 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.17
S. au eo illosa Kiaos. & K.Wangwasi Fo eolidia 0.05 ± 0.05 0.11 ± 0.06
S. ba oni-cla kei De Wild. Fo eolidia 0.05 ± 0.12 0.1 ± 0.24
S. mul ilacunosa T.Koyama Fo eolidia 0.04 ± 0.04 0.08 ± 0.05
S. mongomoensis Bau e s Hypopo um 0.04 ± 0.07 0.07 ± 0.14
S. sheilae J.Raynal Hypopo um 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
20
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Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
Table A4. Coun ies in which Scle ia is p esen anked by hei sum o EDGE2 sco es. Richness: numbe o species p esen , N:
numbe o lis ed EDGE2 and EcoDGE species, Main: numbe o species included in he main EDGE2 and EcoDGE lis s, Sum:
sum o EDGE2 and EcoDGE sco es.
Tabla A4. Países en los que Scle ia es á p esen e o denados po su suma de pun uaciones EDGE2. Richness: núme o de
especies p esen es, N: núme o de especies incluidas en las lis as EDGE2 y EcoDGE, Main: núme o de especies incluidas en las
lis as p incipales EDGE2 y EcoDGE, Sum: suma de las pun uaciones EDGE2 y EcoDGE.
Coun y Richness EDGE2 EcoDGE
N Main Sum N Main Sum
Madagasca 24 7 3 10.11 3 0 1.24
Dem. Rep. Congo 26 5 2 9.85 5 0 1.94
B azil 63 6 2 9.43 4 2 3.08
Zambia 29 5 4 8.95 1 0 0.79
Tanzania 30 5 3 8.23 2 0 0.63
Venezuela 31 3 1 5.94 1 1 2.00
Sou h A ica 17 2 0 5.23 0 0 0.17
Thailand 20 3 1 5.18 0 0 0.28
China 15 3 0 4.76 0 0 0.24
Boli ia 34 1 0 4.33 1 0 1.98
Guinea 15 4 2 4.29 1 0 0.22
Ghana 20 2 0 4.20 0 0 0.68
E hiopia 16 4 1 4.20 0 0 0.29
Cô e d'I oi e 20 2 0 4.05 0 0 0.66
Philippines 13 3 0 3.96 1 0 0.32
Gabon 19 3 1 3.95 2 0 0.66
Angola 11 2 1 3.83 1 0 0.32
Nige ia 20 2 0 3.74 0 0 0.63
Guyana 21 1 0 3.58 1 0 1.26
Came oon 18 3 0 3.56 2 0 0.89
Aus alia 22 1 0 3.51 1 0 0.30
Zimbabwe 8 2 1 3.50 1 0 0.21
Colombia 32 1 0 3.47 0 0 1.41
Mozambique 7 2 0 3.45 0 0 0.23
India 13 2 0 3.45 2 0 0.51
Mexico 23 1 0 3.39 0 0 0.54
Cuba 22 1 0 3.26 0 0 0.36
Indonesia 15 1 0 3.14 1 1 0.40
Belize 16 1 0 3.03 0 0 0.42
eSwa ini 6 2 0 2.94 0 0 0.07
Gua emala 13 1 0 2.83 0 0 0.44
Nica agua 15 1 0 2.82 0 0 0.45
Hondu as 16 1 0 2.80 0 0 0.46
Cos a Rica 17 1 0 2.70 0 0 0.98
T inidad and Tobago 13 1 0 2.62 1 1 0.74
Libe ia 10 2 1 2.58 0 0 0.18
Bu kina Faso 11 1 0 2.51 0 0 0.53
Benin 18 1 0 2.50 0 0 0.61
Pe u 24 1 0 2.45 1 0 1.53
Eq. Guinea 9 2 1 2.42 1 0 0.31
Uganda 11 1 0 2.36 0 0 0.27
Bo swana 8 1 0 2.27 0 0 0.08
21
Galán Díaz e al. 2025
Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
Table A4 con inued / Con inuación Tabla A4
Coun y Richness EDGE2 EcoDGE
N Main Sum N Main Sum
Togo 12 1 0 2.16 0 0 0.56
Dominican Rep. 8 2 0 2.08 1 0 1.01
Uni ed S a es o Ame ica 14 1 0 2.06 0 0 0.12
Malawi 6 1 1 2.01 0 0 0.21
Taiwan 8 1 0 1.95 0 0 0.09
S i Lanka 6 1 0 1.84 0 0 0.04
A gen ina 12 1 0 1.83 0 0 0.39
Pue o Rico 11 1 0 1.77 0 0 0.25
Sie a Leone 8 1 1 1.68 0 0 0.10
Panama 15 0 0 1.65 1 0 0.96
Congo 11 1 0 1.64 1 0 0.33
Jamaica 6 1 0 1.55 0 0 0.16
Kenya 5 1 0 1.48 0 0 0.17
Pa aguay 12 0 0 1.47 0 0 0.40
Cen al A ican Rep. 10 0 0 1.31 0 0 0.16
Fiji 2 1 0 1.29 0 0 0.01
Tonga 2 1 0 1.29 0 0 0.01
Su iname 17 0 0 1.25 0 0 0.70
Rwanda 2 1 0 1.24 0 0 0.02
Bahamas 1 1 0 1.22 0 0 0.01
Timo -Les e 1 1 0 1.22 0 0 0.01
Cayman Is. 1 1 0 1.22 0 0 0.01
Ecuado 16 0 0 1.17 0 0 0.47
Guinea-Bissau 5 0 0 1.00 0 0 0.09
Nige 2 0 0 0.76 0 0 0.03
S. Sudan 1 1 0 0.74 1 0 0.10
New Caledonia 4 1 0 0.72 2 1 0.28
Chad 4 0 0 0.50 0 0 0.15
Japan 6 0 0 0.49 0 0 0.07
Mali 7 0 0 0.48 0 0 0.47
Leso ho 3 0 0 0.43 0 0 0.01
Senegal 9 0 0 0.41 0 0 0.50
Nepal 3 0 0 0.41 0 0 0.03
Bu undi 5 0 0 0.40 0 0 0.16
Myanma 2 0 0 0.40 0 0 0.02
El Sal ado 5 0 0 0.34 0 0 0.06
Vie nam 5 0 0 0.32 0 0 0.07
Papua New Guinea 3 0 0 0.25 0 0 0.02
Cambodia 3 0 0 0.23 1 0 0.08
Seychelles 2 0 0 0.19 0 0 0.04
Mau i ius 1 0 0 0.19 1 0 0.06
Vanua u 2 0 0 0.15 0 0 0.01
Laos 2 0 0 0.09 0 0 0.02
U uguay 1 0 0 0.08 0 0 0.00
Malaysia 1 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.01
F ench Guiana 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00
22
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Ecosis emas 34(1): 2847
Table A5. Top 50 eco egions in which Scle ia is p esen anked by hei sum o EDGE2 sco es. Richness: numbe o species
p esen , N: numbe o EDGE2 and EcoDGE species, Main: numbe o species included in he main EDGE2 and EcoDGE lis s,
Sum: sum o EDGE2 and EcoDGE sco es.
Tabla A5. Las 50 p incipales eco egiones en las que Scle ia es á p esen e según su suma de pun uaciones EDGE2. Richness:
núme o de especies p esen es, N: núme o de especies EDGE2 y EcoDGE, Main: núme o de especies incluidas en las lis as
p incipales EDGE2 y EcoDGE, Sum: suma de las pun uaciones EDGE2 y EcoDGE.
Eco egion Richness EDGE2 EcoDGE
N Main Sum N Main Sum
Cen al Zambezian Miombo woodlands 39 8 7 15.32 3 0 2.04
Madagasca subhumid o es s 22 7 3 9.50 2 0 1.09
Ce ado 45 3 1 7.09 2 0 1.72
Eas Sudanian sa anna 22 5 1 5.76 1 0 0.85
Llanos 24 3 1 5.68 0 0 0.86
Guinean o es -sa anna mosaic 28 4 1 5.61 1 0 0.81
Madagasca lowland o es s 16 2 1 5.48 1 0 0.65
No hwes e n Congolian lowland o es s 20 4 1 5.28 2 0 0.37
Zambezian and Mopane woodlands 15 3 1 5.28 0 0 0.18
Ma o G osso seasonal o es s 28 2 1 4.87 1 0 1.05
Wes e n Congolian o es -sa anna mosaic 18 3 1 4.87 3 0 0.80
Tenasse im-Sou h Thailand semi-e e g een ain o es s 13 3 1 4.82 0 0 0.19
Zambezian looded g asslands 13 2 0 4.76 0 0 0.24
Eas e n A c o es s 14 3 1 4.70 1 0 0.39
Sou h China-Vie nam sub opical e e g een o es s 12 3 0 4.70 0 0 0.19
Guianan sa anna 21 2 0 4.61 0 0 0.73
D akensbe g mon ane g asslands, woodlands and o es s 13 2 0 4.33 0 0 0.11
Eas e n Guinean o es s 21 2 0 4.28 0 0 0.70
Wes Sudanian sa anna 21 2 0 4.23 0 0 0.64
Wes e n Guinean lowland o es s 20 3 2 4.15 0 0 0.69
Sou he n Ri mon ane o es -g assland mosaic 14 2 1 3.94 0 0 0.29
Angolan Miombo woodlands 11 2 1 3.90 1 0 0.20
Ca damom Moun ains ain o es s 11 3 1 3.89 1 0 0.18
Sou he n Congolian o es -sa anna mosaic 15 2 1 3.83 1 0 0.52
Guinean mon ane o es s 17 3 2 3.52 0 0 0.22
Pe én-Ve ac uz mois o es s 21 1 0 3.52 0 0 0.54
Eas e n Miombo woodlands 9 2 0 3.29 0 0 0.22
Al o Pa aná A lan ic o es s 23 1 0 3.28 0 0 0.77
Cen al Indochina d y o es s 11 2 0 3.22 0 0 0.15
Bahia coas al o es s 27 1 0 3.21 2 2 1.82
A lan ic Equa o ial coas al o es s 16 2 1 3.20 1 0 0.39
A nhem Land opical sa anna 18 1 0 3.20 0 0 0.18
Sou he n Miombo woodlands 9 2 2 3.19 1 0 0.35
Sou he n A ica bush eld 6 2 0 3.05 0 0 0.07
Guianan piedmon and lowland mois o es s 22 1 0 3.03 0 0 0.85
Queensland opical ain o es s 15 1 0 2.99 1 0 0.24
Cape Yo k Peninsula opical sa anna 16 1 0 2.96 0 0 0.17
Cen al Ame ican pine-oak o es s 18 1 0 2.94 0 0 0.47
Wes e n Ja a ain o es s 12 1 0 2.93 1 1 0.36
KwaZulu-Cape coas al o es mosaic 12 1 0 2.91 0 0 0.10
Caque a mois o es s 21 1 0 2.90 0 0 0.72
23
Galán Díaz e al. 2025
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Table A5 con inued / Con inuación Tabla A5
Eco egion Richness EDGE2 EcoDGE
N Main Sum N Main Sum
Mapu aland coas al o es mosaic 10 1 0 2.90 0 0 0.11
Pan anal 14 1 0 2.81 0 0 0.39
Sou heas e n Indochina d y e e g een o es s 7 2 1 2.80 0 0 0.09
Boli ian Yungas 18 1 0 2.69 0 0 0.57
Kimbe ly opical sa anna 13 1 0 2.68 0 0 0.13
Einasleigh upland sa anna 12 1 0 2.65 0 0 0.12
Tocan ins/Pinda e mois o es s 18 1 0 2.59 0 0 0.55
Sou he n Paci ic d y o es s 12 1 0 2.58 0 0 0.23
Chiqui ano d y o es s 26 0 0 2.57 0 0 0.83
