Ci a ion: Sil a, S.; Ca alho, P.
His o ic Ga dens He i age in
Po ugal: F om he O iginali y o an
A o he In en o y P ocess.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/su14105978
Academic Edi o : Pe e J. La kham
Recei ed: 6 Ap il 2022
Accep ed: 11 May 2022
Published: 14 May 2022
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sus ainabili y
A icle
His o ic Ga dens He i age in Po ugal: F om he O iginali y o
an A o he In en o y P ocess
Susana Sil a * and Paulo Ca alho
CEGOT—Cen e o S udies in Geog aphy and Spa ial Planning, Facul y o A s and Humani ies,
Uni e si y o Coimb a, 3004-531 Coimb a, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac :
Al hough hey a e one o he iches exp essions o cul u al and landscape he i age, ga dens
a e a he same ime one o he mos delica e. The p ese a ion and p o ec ion o hese landscapes
a e based on wha we know o hem om he in en o ies which, in he pa icula case o his o ic
ga dens, ha e inc eased since he 1980s, as ecommended by he Flo ence Cha e . Po ugal has a
as and a ied ange o his o ic ga dens de ined as o iginal and unique. The conce n o p o ec hem
esul ed in lis s and in en o ies being d awn up o e ime, p omp ed by academic and ins i u ional
ini ia i es. This a icle p oposes o analyze he in en o ies o Po uguese his o ic ga dens, speci ically
in e ms o hei main cha ac e is ics, con en , achie emen s and d awbacks, and o discuss hei
e ec i eness. Twel e in en o ies we e conside ed. The in o ma ion was collec ed om se e al
sou ces and o ganized in da abases, which we e hen sampled o a con en analysis. The indings
show ha each s udy unequi ocally added o knowledge abou Po uguese landscape a , bu also
e ealed impo an s uc u al weaknesses. These we e ound in he di e en app oaches and da a
s anda ds used and in he in o ma ion i sel , which was o en incomple e and was no upda ed. In
addi ion, in o ma ion ended o be sca e ed and he e was a lack o in e ac ion be ween p ese a ion
ools. This led o he conclusion ha his ask is a om being comple ed and ully e ec i e. The
p esen analysis could p o ide use ul insigh s and be a s a ing poin o igge discussion among
ga den he i age p o essionals and o ganiza ions abou cen alizing he in o ma ion on ga dens, and
o combine e o s o plug he gaps in i , so ha he in en o y can play an e ec i e pa in he
sus ainable main enance, managemen and sa egua ding o hese asse s.
Keywo ds:
his o ic ga dens he i age; in en o ies; knowledge; sus ainable managemen and
sa egua ding; Po ugal
1. In oduc ion
Ga dens a e pa o he cul u al landscape o any ci iliza ion and socie y and e lec
he cul u e, iden i y and his o y o a people [
1
,
2
]. Since i is composed o li ing plan
ma e ial, a ga den is a dynamic and cons an ly changing en i onmen whe e di e en
ypes o ime (ecological, social and subjec i e) a e b ough oge he and in e ac [
3
], hus
ans o ming his space h oughou he in ini e daily, mon hly o annual li e cycles [
4
]. A
ga den he e o e becomes an un inished wo k [
5
] and one ha is necessa ily epheme al [
6
].
This dynamic ans o ma ion leads Sales [
7
] o say ha a ga den is no an objec , bu a he a
p ocess unde going cons an de elopmen and decomposi ion. As change in he landscape
is una oidable, he unc ion o managemen is o be able o inco po a e his change in o he
policies o p ese ing he alues o he place. The i s s ep in he p ocess leading o he
p ese a ion and p o ec ion o cul u al landscapes is knowing abou hei exis ence and
hei cha ac e is ics.
Ga dens a e hus one o he iches , bu also he mos delica e, exp essions o cul u al
and landscape he i age [
8
,
9
]. This is especially ue o his o ic ga dens, because o wha
hey ep esen , which should be unde s ood and p ese ed. The in en o y is he i s
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su14105978 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 2 o 19
ins umen in he p ocess ha leads o he sa egua ding o he cul u al he i age, as i allows
he ecogni ion o i s exis ence. Acco ding o Meye s [
10
] (p. 102), “This p inciple makes
in en o ies an essen ial ool o cul u al he i age managemen in all o i s a ious aspec s”.
The au ho [
10
] poin s ou ha in en o ies a e essen ial o p o ec he i age om a ious
cons ain s, bo h human and na u al, o con ibu e o de e mine in e en ion p io i ies and
o enable and p o ide a b oade unde s anding and app ecia ion o , and public engagemen
wi h such places and hei p ese a ion. As such, i has been a cons an p emise o se e al
documen s on he i age conse a ion. Unde he P inciples o he Reco ding o Monumen s,
G oups o Buildings and Si es a i ied by he In e na ional Council on Monumen s and
Si es (ICOMOS), i is assumed ha eco ding is one o he p incipal ways o gi e meaning
o, and o unde s and, de ine and ecognize he alues o cul u al he i age [
11
], and so
p omo ing i s e ec i eness is a i al ool o sus ainable he i age managemen [10].
The e o e, ollowing his line o e lec ion, ca aloguing his o ic ga dens is a key elemen
in p o ec ing and sa egua ding hem; i is he i s s ep in iden i ying, quan i ying, and
publicizing hem and hei alue and impo ance, and i is also an essen ial ool o suppo
decision making abou hei o e sigh and eco e y [
9
]. Howe e , he ask o p o ec ing
and sa egua ding such a delica e cul u al he i age is hampe ed when he ull legacy is no
p ope ly known. This handicap de i es om he leng h o ime du ing which ga dens o
his o ical in e es we e no aken se iously and only gi en scan a en ion in discussions
abou he i age [
12
]. The ecogni ion p ocess o his o ic ga dens as pa o he cul u al
he i age ook a long ime. I is in a b oade amewo k o he need o p o ec he i age ha
his o ic ga dens eme ge, albei la gely implici ly un il he Flo ence Cha e speci ically
ocused on his o ic ga dens.
The Po uguese Ga den pe ec ly exp esses he idea o a ga den p esen ed a he s a ,
ha is “a e lec ion o he cul u e, iden i y and his o y o a people”, because i has cul u al
ea u es ha a e ypically he esul o pa icula ci cums ances in e i o ial, his o ical,
cul u al, poli ical, eligious, economic and social e ms [
8
,
13
]. These si es ep esen an
in aluable he i age and cul u al alue, one ha is c ucial o unde s anding Po uguese
cul u e and o p ese ing na ional memo y and iden i y. The e o e, he knowledge p o-
ided by an in en o y is ex emely impo an . Howe e , in Po ugal, his o ical ga dens
ha e ne e been a majo in e es , much less ha e hey had any pa icula a en ion paid o
hem by he compe en legisla i e and adminis a i e au ho i ies, a leas in compa ison
wi h o he o ms o cul u al he i age [
14
]. P oo o his a e he many ga dens ha ha e been
disappea ing due o new u ban needs, as well as hose ha ha e been unde mined and
los hei o iginal his o ical and a is ic cha ac e because o un egula ed changes [
8
,
14
–
16
].
Addi ionally, since he as majo i y o hem a e p i a e p ope y, closed o he public and
o en abandoned, ca aloguing is no an easy ask [
9
]. Igno ance o hei exis ence and/o
hei eal alue ha e ueled his saga, and impo e ished he coun y in e ms o i s he i age
o his o ic ga dens.
In Po ugal, i was mainly in he academic wo ld ha an in e es in his o ical ga dens,
in lea ning abou hem and p o ec ing hem, mani es ed i sel mos clea ly and ui ully,
esul ing in some lis ings and in en o ies. Howe e , s a e ins i u ions linked bo h o
he managemen and p ese a ion o he i age and o he ou ism sec o ha e also been
emb acing his heme in ecen decades. They ha e achie ed his h ough pa ne ships and
p o ocols wi h academia, which ha e led o mo e s udies and in en o ies being ca ied
ou on landscape a . Thei pu pose is no only o emedy he p e ious lack o knowledge
abou his he i age, bu also o make i accessible o e e yone, a home and ab oad.
Cons an e e ences o he in en o ies o his o ic ga dens and hei au ho s we e
made in he a ious s udies on ga dens. Howe e , he e is a lack o gene al knowledge
abou hose in en o ies and he in o ma ion con ained in hem, since hey ha e ne e been
subjec ed o a mo e speci ic analysis in e olu iona y and compa a i e e ms, no was hei
e ec i eness discussed. Tha aised h ee key esea ch ques ions ha guided his wo k:
(i) wha in en o ies o his o ic ga dens exis in Po ugal; (ii) wha a e hei cha ac e is ics,
wha kind o in o ma ion do hey include, whe e/how a e hey a ailable; and (iii) wha
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 3 o 19
cons ain s do hey p esen wi h nega i e implica ions o he e ec i e and sus ainable
managemen o his he i age. This pape p oposes o analyze he in en o ies o his o ic
ga dens in Po ugal o e ime, and answe he abo e ques ions. I will also look a he
pu poses and me hodological p ocess whene e he le el o a ailable in o ma ion pe mi s.
2. Li e a u e Re iew
2.1. His o ic Ga dens as Cul u al Landscapes
Cul u al landscapes a e eali ies ancho ed in a long his o y o complex in e ac ion
be ween humans and na u e [
17
]. Th ough hei ac ions, humans ha e shaped he land-
scape, and he geog aphic and na u al esou ces ha e in u n shaped he his o y and li e o
human socie ies. This means ha na u e and humans a e he wo mos impo an ac o s
in de e mining he cha ac e o landscapes. They can hen p o ide in o ma ion abou he
ela ionships es ablished o e ime be ween socie ies and he na u al en i onmen , and
can he e o e con ibu e o he unde s anding o his o y, science, an h opology, echnique,
li e a u e, among he o he ounda ions o socie y. I is om his pe spec i e ha i makes
sense o es ablish landscapes as cul u al he i age, inso a as hey a e goods in cons an
e olu ion ha a e inhe i ed, used and bequea hed o u u e gene a ions [18].
As a esul o his in e ac ion, landscape consis s o bo h na u al and cul u al com-
ponen s, which canno be sepa a ed, and so i emb aces a a ie y o mani es a ions ha
ha e been ecognized in he amewo k o he UNESCO Con en ion o he P o ec ion
o he Wo ld He i age, Na u al and Cul u al. Cul u al landscapes hus all in o h ee
main ca ego ies, namely, landscape designed and c ea ed in en ionally by man, o ganically
e ol ed landscape and associa i e cul u al landscape [17].
Landscapes a e alued o hei unique cha ac e and cul u al he i age, and o p o-
iding eelings o a achmen , belonging and inspi a ion [
19
]. The e o e, hey a e pa o
he cul u al he i age and a e key componen s o local, egional and na ional iden i ies [
20
].
They a e pa o people’s collec i e iden i y, as ecognized by UNESCO [
17
], and a co e
elemen o indi idual and social well-being, as admi ed by he Council o Eu ope [
21
].
When he landscape is alued by i sel , aking a memo ial dimension and ounding he
iden i y o a g oup, his assumes a new assignmen , o “exp ess d eams” [
22
]. The bes
exp ession o his landscape ca ego y is, in he opinion o And ade [
23
], he his o ic ga den.
Some o he mos alued elemen s o wo ldwide cul u al he i age a e his o ic ga -
dens [
8
,
9
]. Ga den and pa kland landscapes cons uc ed o aes he ic easons, and which
a e o en (bu no always) associa ed wi h eligious o o he monumen al buildings and
ensembles, belong o he ca ego y o landscape designed and c ea ed in en ionally by
man [17]. The his o ic ga den is a c ea ion o socie ies and a e lec ion o hei his o y and
di e en cul u es; i bea s wi ness o imes pas and he ela ionship o humans wi h na u e
and wi h he landscape. I is a complex a chi ec u al sys em, whose join composi ion o
li e and he ine makes i a “Li ing Monumen ” [5].
The de ini ion o he his o ic ga den was o malized a he i s in e na ional sympo-
sium on he conse a ion and es o a ion o ga dens o his o ical in e es , which was held
in Fon ainebleau (1971) on he ini ia i e o ICOMOS and he In e na ional Fede a ion o
Landscape A chi ec s (IFLA). I was la e adop ed and ins i u ionalized by he Flo ence
Cha e . A his o ic ga den is desc ibed as an a chi ec u al and ho icul u al composi ion,
applicable o a small ga den o a la ge pa k, whe he o mal o landscape, o in e es
o he public om a his o ical o a is ic poin o iew, and hus a monumen , a li ing
monumen [
24
]. The e m “his o ic” acqui es a ce ain ela i i y, because ga dens ha ha e
been p oduced in he pas , whe he ecen o no , can be conside ed his o ic [
25
] so ha
“his o ic” anscends he alue o an iqui y [
12
]. This de ini ion also has huge elas ici y, in
ha i includes se e al ypes o ga dens ( egula o i egula , classic, ba oque, oman ic o
landscape), which, since hey ep esen an o iginal wo k, a e ecognized as pa o cul u al
he i age, and ha e a ce ain cul u al alue [
25
]. A his o ic ga den is no a ma e o age,
s ylis ic ea u es o dimensions; i is de ined by i s cha ac e and his o ical in e es , o wha
i ep esen s in e ms o memo ial, iden i y and cul u e, o he alue i adds o he si es
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 4 o 19
and monumen s i may be associa ed wi h and o wha i awakens in he p esen [
12
]. I is
his wide concep ual dimension o a his o ic ga den ha is conside ed in he cou se o his
wo k abou in en o ies.
The ways in which cul u al landscapes a e unde s ood and managed a e i al o
sus ainabili y [
17
,
26
]. In he cu en con ex o inc easing conce ns abou sus ainabili y, and
he g ea p essu e cul u al landscapes a e unde due o clima e, demog aphic, social and
ideological changes [
26
], i is i ing o ecall how his o ic ga dens ha e been unde s ood,
managed and alued, and wha ole in en o ies ha e played in his p ocess.
2.2. Sa egua ding and Enhancing His o ic Ga dens o e Time and he In en o y Figu e
Un il he 1980s, he guidelines in documen s such as he Con en ions, Recommenda-
ions and Resolu ions p oduced and dissemina ed by UNESCO, ICOMOS and ICOMOS-
IFLA, and e en he Council o Eu ope, did no make any speci ic e e ence o his o ic
ga dens, al hough some o hem could be adap ed and applied o his he i age asse . One
example is he 1931 A hens Cha e , he i s ins umen o he conse a ion and p ese -
a ion o monumen s. I conside ed he need o s udy and p ese e hei su oundings,
speci ically he o namen al ege a ion, and whe e he in en o y was al eady men ioned as
he esponsibili y o each S a e o o ins i u ions wi h due powe [
27
]. The Recommenda ion
conce ning he Sa egua ding o Beau y and Cha ac e o Landscapes and Si es, p esen ed
by UNESCO in 1962, laid down guidelines o he p o ec ion o landscapes and na u al
si es, u al and u ban, whe he o no esul ing om he “wo k o man”, which we e o
aes he ic, and cul u al in e es o ha cons i u ed cha ac e is ic na u al su oundings [28].
In 1964, he Venice Cha e on he conse a ion and es o a ion o monumen s and si es
o mally exp essed he ex ension o he concep o monumen o o he elemen s such as
he landscape and, al hough he e is no conc e e e e ence o his o ic ga dens, he e is an
appeal o he need o p ese e he adi ional amewo k [27].
Al hough in e es in ga dens and hei p o ec ion had a isen a he ime o he Uni-
e sal and In e na ional Exhibi ions, which occu ed be o e he Second Wo ld Wa [
29
], i
should be no ed ha i was only in he la e 1960s ha he speci ic Sec ion o ga dens was se
up by he IFLA. The pu pose was o discuss an app oach o dealing wi h ga dens o his o -
ical in e es and i se ou o iden i y and ca alogue he majo his o ical ga dens in a ious
coun ies a ound he wo ld, a o al o 1550 in all [
6
,
12
]. The In e na ional Commi ee o His-
o ic Ga dens and Si es was es ablished in he ea ly 1970s a he Fon ainebleau mee ing, as a
subdi ision o ICOMOS and IFLA. I was in ended o in es iga e and in en o y he ga dens
o g ea es in e es , which made he p omo ion o conse a ion, es o a ion and esea ch o
his o ic ga dens and cul u al landscapes mo e e ec i e [
1
]. This mee ing also o malized
he de ini ion o his o ic ga den and made ecommenda ions o sa egua ding ga dens.
S ill in he 1970s, he Con en ion conce ning he P o ec ion o he Wo ld Cul u al
and Na u al He i age held ha cul u al and na u al he i age can be p oposed as wo ld
he i age, wi h cul u al he i age including places o in e es , which includes he wo ks o
man, o he combined wo ks o man and na u e. The impo ance o in en o ies was again
men ioned [
27
]. The Bu a Cha e , i s adop ed in his decade, es ablished guidelines
o conse ing places o cul u al signi icance, de ining e minologies and p inciples o
in e en ion in a chi ec u al and landscape he i age [30].
A new a i ude de eloped owa ds ga dens, p incipally since he 1980s wi h he
d a ing o he Flo ence Cha e by ICOMOS-IFLA In e na ional Commi ee o His o ic
Ga dens, as an addendum o he Venice Cha e , co e ing he speci ic ield o sa egua ding
his o ic ga dens ha was missing. This documen de ined he his o ic ga den, assigned
i he s a us o a monumen , a “li ing monumen ” pe ishable o e ime and wi h use,
and es ablished a se o p inciples o in e en ions in he main enance, conse a ion,
es o a ion and econs uc ion, use and he legal and adminis a i e p o ec ion o his
he i age. Fu he mo e, i s A icle 9 explici ly d ew a en ion o he impo ance o iden i ying
and c ea ing lis ings, along wi h hei ela ionship wi h e ec i eness in he p o ec ion and
p ese a ion o his o ic ga dens [
24
]. The p oduc ion o ga den lis ings, in en o ies and
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 5 o 19
egis e s has since h i ed, in ol ing cen al and local au ho i ies and e en ci il socie y.
Take he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, o example, whe e each coun y has i s own he i age
agency o d aw up in en o ies o pa ks and ga dens and, in addi ion o he Na ional
Regis e , a numbe o o he agencies, au ho i ies and local associa ions keep egis e s o
his o ic pa ks and ga dens [31].
Wi hin he b oad spec um o cul u al he i age, guidelines con inue o eme ge in
he a ious documen s p oduced a e he Flo ence Cha e ha can be adap ed o he
p ese a ion o his o ic ga dens. Among he mos ele an a e he G anada Con en ion o
he P o ec ion o he A chi ec u al He i age o Eu ope app o ed by he Council o Eu ope
in 1985, he Washing on Cha e o he Conse a ion o His o ic Towns and U ban A eas
adop ed by ICOMOS in 1987, he p e ious e sions o and he cu en Bu a Cha e issued
by Aus alia ICOMOS, he Cha e o K akow 2000 abou he P inciples o Conse a ion
and Res o a ion o Buil He i age and he Eu opean Landscape Con en ion o he Council
o Eu ope (2000).
Pu suing he goal o knowing and sa egua ding his he i age, a Eu opean da abase
o ga dens has been se up mo e ecen ly by he Eu opean Ins i u e o Ga dens and
Landscapes (IEJP), which so a includes da a om Po ugal, F ance, Belgium and England
in a o al o abou 18,000 his o ic ga dens. Se e al o he in en o ies om di e en Eu opean
coun ies a e cu en ly being compiled o be added o his da abase [32].
In addi ion, some ini ia i es ha ha e been de eloped o enhance and publicize his-
o ic ga dens wi hin Eu ope should be men ioned. Examples include he Eu opean Cul u al
He i age In o ma ion Ne wo k (HEREIN), he Eu opean Ga den He i age Ne wo k, he
Ne wo k o Eu opean Royal Residences and he Eu opean His o ic Houses Associa ion.
I is also impo an o men ion he Eu opean Rou e o His o ic Ga dens, a Council o he
Eu ope Cul u al Rou e, seen as he bes way o ecognize i s his o ical, a is ic and social
alue [33].
In he Po uguese con ex , his o ic ga dens ha e ne e been a majo conce n. None he-
less, he Law on Po uguese Cul u al He i age includes a speci ic e e ence o his o ic
ga dens. I ecognizes hem as a cul u al asse and he e o e one o he componen s o
he gene al alua ion egime (A icle 70
º
), and an elemen ha enhances he cohe ence
o monumen s, ensembles and si es (A icle 44
º
) [
34
]. Al hough i p o ides wo le els o
he i age egis a ion—classi ica ion and in en o y—wi h a iew o ensu ing hei legal p o-
ec ion and alua ion and o p e en hei disappea ance o deg ada ion, i does no de ine
a his o ic ga den o a speci ic legal egime, which jeopa dizes a mo e e ec i e p o ec ion.
2.3. The Cul u al Speci ici y and he Di e en ia ing Na u e o he Po uguese His o ic Ga den
Po uguese ga dens a e no compa able o hose in coun ies such as England, F ance
o I aly. The ul ima e pu pose o displaying o being a symbol o os en a ion and powe is
no pa o he essence o he Po uguese ga den. On he con a y, a ga den was buil as
an ex ension o he house and he e o e o be habi able, as a ha en, in ima e and quie , a
place o cha m and well-being wi h nooks and c annies, a c yp o-magical spo , mo e o be
enjoyed om wi hin i han admi ed om he ou side [8,35].
The Po uguese ga den, o igina ing as an o cha d ga den, has gone h ough imes
and ends and o e he cen u ies has ound ways o adap o ci cums ances and abso b
he a ious in luences ha came i s way. Caldei a Cab al [
8
] sees a concep o Po uguese
ga den being c ea ed unde a se ies o a ied ci cums ances and a mix o in luences ha
made i di e en and unique.
Thei loca ion be ween he Medi e anean and he A lan ic, he clima e, he socio-
poli ical and economic his o y, o ganiza ion and social e olu ion, oge he wi h he ugged
opog aphy ha e le Po uguese ga dens imbued wi h a se o cha ac e is ic and dis inc i e
ea u es ha gi e hem a cha ac e and o iginali y ha dis inguishes hem om he la ge
Eu opean ga dens o which he gene al public will be accus omed [8,13].
In he opinion o Cas el-B anco [
13
], he a ie y o lowe ing ees and sh ubs; he
deep iews and p ospec s; he di e en le els ha o m e ace-ga dens; he iles wi h

Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 6 o 19
a ious mo i s and colo s; la ge wa e su aces in he o m o pools, lakes, oun ains o
monumen al oun ains, o en unc ioning as he pola izing elemen s o he a ea, a e he key
elemen s o a Po uguese ga den. O he impo an iden i ie s de ine he e y essence o he
Po uguese ga den. They include ellises and a bo s, lowe beds (aleg e es), deco a i e
shell-and-pebble mason y (emb echados), benches and o he embellishmen s (na u al and
a i icial), pa hs and high walls/hedges, which can be ound alone o combined, especially
in he la ge quin as de ec eio ( ec ea ional a ms) (a clus e o med by woods, a o mal
ga den nex o he house and a ege able ga den/o cha d) o he six een h o eigh een h
cen u ies [8,13,35–37].
The concep o a ga den as a closed space and somewhe e o be became dilu ed in
Roman icism, wi h he in luence o Eu opean aes he ics, and, abo e all, wi h he ashion
o he eigh een h and nine een h cen u y English ga den pa k. The Renaissance pe iod
also os e ed he de elopmen o he monumen al eligious landscape o he no h and, in
he second hal o he eigh een h cen u y, bo anical ga dens made hei appea ance. The
wen ie h cen u y saw he mode nis s yle making i s ma k on some na ional pa ks [8,35].
Acco ding o Caldei a Cab al [
8
], om no h o sou h and including he islands,
Po ugal has a wide and di e se spec um o ga dens om he mos a ied pe iods, and
hey display cha ac e is ic cul u al ea u es. The examples, albei in di e en s a es o
p ese a ion, ange om he Roman pe is yles and mediae al clois e s o wen ie h-cen u y
public pa ks, by way o quin as de ec eio, con en and monas e y landscapes, sanc ua ies,
bo anical ga dens, p i a e and public ga dens, pa ks, a enues and squa es o his o ical,
cul u al and a is ic alue and in e es . The asso men o ypes o ga dens and he mix u e
o s yles cha ac e ize he o iginali y o he a o landscaping in Po ugal [8,35].
3. Ma e ials and Me hods
The conce n wi h his o ic ga dens has o decades been con ined mainly o he aca-
demic en i onmen and o some pe sonali ies, esul ing in a se o lis ings and in en o ies,
oo ed in he ea ly wen ie h cen u y, mos ly limi ed in e ms o co e age o he na ional
e i o y as a whole (mainland and islands). I was only in he 1980s ha his in e es
was ex ended o he ins i u ional decision-making bodies, and p o ocols began o eme ge
be ween a ious ins i u ions o in en o ying ga dens.
To accomplish he de ined objec i es, h ee majo s eps we e aken. Fi s , bibliog aphic
esea ch was ca ied ou on he in en o ies o Po uguese his o ic ga dens o ind ou wha
in en o ies exis ed, hei au ho s and whe e and how he in o ma ion was a ailable. The
nex s ep was o ga he all a ailable in o ma ion on hose in en o ies in hei di e en
o ma s, analogue and digi al, which we e sca e ed h oughou he a ious Po uguese
lib a ies and digi al pla o ms. A he same ime, a da abase was o ganized wi h he mos
ele an in o ma ion o each in en o y, ha is o say au ho ship, ype and numbe o
in en o ied spaces, hei loca ion, and he ype o in o ma ion a ailable on each ga den. A
quali a i e analysis was hen ca ied ou on he con en , and he ou come is summa ized in
he nex sec ion, wi h he pu poses and he me hodological p ocess o ca ying ou each
in en o y being added whene e he a ailable in o ma ion allowed.
Table 1lis s he in en o ies and simila wo ks ha cons i u e he scope o his s udy.
They a e p esen ed ch onologically along wi h in o ma ion on he geog aphic a ea co e ed.
I should be no ed ha he bibliog aphy disc ee ly men ions wo o he wo ks ha
we e s a ed, one in he 1940s and he o he in he 1960s, bu which we e no comple ed
o published.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 7 o 19
Table 1. In en o ies o (his o ic) ga dens in Po ugal.
In en o y/Au ho s Yea Te i o y
(1)
Sousa Vi e bo 1906/1909 Mainland
(2)
I. A aújo 1962 No h
(3)
A. Ca apinha 1986 Mainland
(4)
H. Ca i a & A. H. Ca doso 1987 Mainland
(5)
L. Ribei o 1992 Lisbon
(6)
DGEMN & Uni e si y o É o a 90s No in o ma ion
(7)
CEABN 1998 Mainland
(8)
UTAD 2008 No heas Mainland
(9)
CEABN & Uni e si y o Alga e 2014 Lisbon
(10)
DGPC/SIPA-G een Space 2016/2018 Mainland and Islands
(11)
CEABN & IEJP 2018 Mainland and Islands
(12)
AJH 2020 Mainland and Islands
No e: DGEMN—Gene al Di ec o a e o Buildings and Na ional Monumen s; CEABN—Bae a Ne es Cen e
o Applied Ecology; UTAD—Uni e si y o T ás-os-Mon es and Al o Dou o; DGPC—Gene al Di ec o a e o
Cul u al He i age; SIPA—A chi ec u al He i age In o ma ion Sys em; IEJP—Eu opean Ins i u e o Ga dens and
Landscapes; AJH—Po uguese Associa ion o His o ic Ga dens.
4. Resul s
This esea ch has iden i ied a wide ange o in en o ies, including public and p i a e
and in pa ne ship. The main cha ac e is ics o he 12 in en o ies ca ied ou in Po u-
gal and subjec ed o analysis a e summa ized in Table 2. I con ains hei undamen al
cha ac e is ics and he ype o in o ma ion co e ed. Di e ences and achie emen s o each
in en o y, as well as he pu poses and me hodological p ocess in ol ed, a e de eloped in
he ex .
The his o ian Sousa Vi e bo [
36
,
38
] p oduced a i s wo k, A Ja dinagem em Po ugal
(Ga dening in Po ugal) (1, Table 2), in which he exp esses conce n abou he se ious h ea
ha ga dens migh disappea because hey a e no s udied, egis e ed o p o ec ed by
speci ic legisla ion. The wo edi ions o he wo k do no ha e he igid and sys ema ic
cha ac e o an in en o y; hey mainly ocus on ga dening echniques and he ga dene s.
Howe e , he au ho does lis a se ies o ema kable ga dens, mos ly quin as de ec eio,
desc ibing abou 50 uni s in some de ail, especially a he his o ical le el. He e e s o many
o he s, mainly loca ed in he la ge u ban cen e s o Lisbon, Po o and su ounding a eas
(Figu e 1a).
In he ea ly 1960s, Ilídio de A aújo [
39
] published A A e Paisagis a e a A e dos Ja dins
em Po ugal (Landscape A and he A o Ga dens in Po ugal) (2, Table 2). This wo k was
ega ded as pionee ing in he s udy o ga dens and has se ed as a e e ence o subsequen
s udies un il oday. Howe e , only a i s olume was published, which co e ed only he
no h o he coun y and did no claim o be comple e. Based on an ex ensi e collec ion
o ele an li e a u e and isi s o he places, he au ho p oduced a lis o landscape
a . In addi ion o his lis , he au ho adds o he ga dens, some o which a e co e ed in
de ail while o he s a e simply men ioned, in o al abou 200 si es, also showing a la ge
concen a ion in he Po o and Lisbon a eas (Figu e 1b). This in en o y con i ms he
impo ance and p o usion o places o a eligious na u e in he no he n egion.
The ga dens a e desc ibed in a ying amoun s o de ail and include in o ma ion
abou geog aphical loca ion, his o ical and a chi ec u al aspec s. They a e illus a ed wi h
pho og aphs and some imes wi h he a chi ec u al plans, indica ing he li e a u e e e ences
o each space.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 8 o 19
Table 2. Summa y o in en o y in o ma ion.
In en o y/
Au ho s
Resul s
No Type o Space In o ma ion Final P oduc
(1)
Sousa Vi e bo
+/−90
Quin as de ec eio, ga dens o mano houses and palaces, bo anical ga dens, public
pa ks and ga dens
His o ical desc ip ion Publica ion o book
(2)
I. A aújo +/−190 Quin as de ec eio, ga dens o mano houses and palaces, places o pilg image,
con en and monas e y landscapes, pa ks, public ga dens
Geog aphic amewo k, ch onological desc ip ion wi h
his o ical and a chi ec u al aspec s
Publica ion o illus a ed book
(3)
A. Ca apinha 1117
Quin as de ec eio (49%), public ga dens and pa ks (u ban and subu ban) (16%),
p i a e ga dens and pa ks (15%), p i a e ga dens and pa ks open o he public,
bo anical ga dens, non-u ban pa ks and woodland, places o pilg image, open
u ban spaces, hun ing ese es, con en and monas e y landscapes
-
Unpublished wo k
Cho og aphic ile, a ile o
in en o ied places on wo king
maps a scales 1/250,000,
1/50,000, 1/25,000 and
1/10,000
(4)
H. Ca i a & A.
H. Ca doso +/−150 Quin as de ec eio, ga dens o mano houses and palaces, con en and monas e y
landscapes, places o pilg image, pa ks, public ga dens, bo anical ga dens
His o ical, a chi ec u al aspec s and ea u es o ga dens
Publica ion o illus a ed book
(5)
L. Ribei o +500 Quin as de ec eio Lis , map, desc ip ions Unpublished wo k
(6)
DGEMN &
Uni . É o a 260 Ga dens, con en and monas e y landscapes, hun ing ese es and pa ks Reco d, desc ip ion and his o ical backg ound, pic u es and
d awings, ch onological da a, p ac ical o ele an elemen s Compu e ized da abase
(7)
CEABN 121
Quin as de ec eio, ga dens o p i a e houses, ga dens o palaces and cas les,
bo anical ga dens, pa ks, con en and monas e y landscapes, woodland, hun ing
ese es, o he landscape si es
Iden i ica ion shee : loca ion map, geog aphic amewo k,
desc ip ion wi h his o ical and a chi ec u al in o ma ion, s a e
o conse a ion, desc ip ion o he main elemen s, owne ship,
owne ’s name, add ess, how o access, ou is in o ma ion
and ecep ion condi ions), associa ed ac i i y, images
Unpublished wo k
Publica ion o illus a ed book
(8)
UTAD 274
P i a e ga dens and quin as de ec eio (70.1%), public ga dens and pa ks (13.5%),
a enue and squa e, sanc ua y, clois e , woodland pa k, spa/wa m sp ings pa k,
con en and monas e y landscapes, uni e si y campus, ceme e ies
In en o y eco d: iden i ying in o ma ion ( he in e nal
e e ence, designa ion, ypology, owne ship and loca ion a
h ee adminis a i e le els), cu en use, geo e e enced map,
desc ip ion ( ypology, s uc u e and spa ial o ganiza ion,
a ie ies o lo a and signi ican deco a i e elemen s, in eg i y
and s a e o conse a ion, his o ical in o ma ion),
bibliog aphy, public edi ion ield, images
Websi e (www.a epaisagis a.
u ad.p /)
Online da abase (cu en ly
disabled, mig a ion o
in o ma ion o he Eu opean
pla o m)
(9)
CEABN &
Uni .
Alga e 60 Ga dens, a ms and his o ical pa ks, public and p i a e -
Online da abase—LX Ga dens
Da abase (no a ailable)
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 9 o 19
Table 2. Con .
In en o y/
Au ho s
Resul s
No Type o Space In o ma ion Final P oduc
(10)
DGPC/SIPA-
G een Space
(2014) 574
Ga dens, quin as de ec eio, con en and
monas e y landscapes, hun ing ese es,
woods, pa ks, playing ields, landscaped
ga dens, ceme e ies
In en o y eco d: iden i ica ion o IPA ca ego y, IPA numbe , designa ion, loca ion,
ypology and s ylis ic cha ac e iza ion, desc ip ion, accesses, p o ec ion, le el,
amewo k, supplemen a y desc ip ion, ini ial use, ac ual use, p ope y, alloca ion,
cons uc ion ime, a chi ec /builde /au ho , ch onology, echnical da a,
ma e ials/cons uc ion echniques/ne wo ks and equipmen , bibliog aphy, g aphic,
pho og aphic and adminis a i e documen a ion, pe o med in e en ion,
obse a ions, au ho and da e, upda ing
Online da abase—SIPA
(www.monumen os.go .p /)
(10)
DGPC/SIPA-
G een Space
(2022) 405
Ga dens (76%), pa ks (16%), clus e s o g een
spaces, spaces o g owing plan s, spaces o
playing spo , spaces o walking a ound
(11)
CEABN & IEJP 743 All o he ypes al eady men ioned
In en o y eco d: designa ion, loca ion a ou le els, owne and ype o owne ,
c ea ion da e, add ess, con ac s, websi es, geog aphic coo dina es, loca ion map, EN
abs ac , his o y, su oundings, desc ip ion, adminis a i e in o ma ion (s a u e,
classi ica ion and p o ec ion, legal ins umen s, su ace in ha), bo any, physiog aphy
and opog aphy, pedology, clima e, o he cha ac e is ics, scenic in usions in he
su ounding a ea, ac i i ies and e en s, bibliog aphy, digi al documen s (pic u es,
maps, ae ial images), cha ac e is ics o he ga den/pa k including ypology,
deco a i e elemen s, mode o opening o he public
Online Eu opean da abase
(h p://eu opeanga dens.eu/
in en o ies/p )
(12)
AJH 821
Quin as de ec eio, bo anical ga dens, public
pa ks and ga dens, con en landscapes and
sanc ua ies
In en o y eco d: p ope y, public access, u iliza ion, i pa o a ou e, in o ma ion
abou isi ing imes and con ac s, desc ip ion (loca ion, su oundings and ele an
elemen s, ch onology, desc ip i e, buil and deco a i e elemen s, ege a ion,
ele an insc ip ions), classi ica ion, au ho ship and da e, bibliog aphy, loca ion map
and pic u es
Online da abase (h ps:
//www.ja dinshis o icos.p /
home/sea ch)
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 16 o 19
ex ensi ely some imes, while he landscape he i age is dis ega ded. In he CEABN & IEJP
in en o y, he in o ma ion is gi en in a be e o ganized, mo e comple e, disagg ega ed
o m, wi h some i ems being speci ied. Howe e , no all eco ds in he ongoing in en o ies
ha e all he ields ully illed ou wi h up- o-da e in o ma ion. Fo ins ance, in SIPA only
abou 5% o he eco ds a e comple e (le el 1), and in he In en o y o Ga dens and Land-
scapes in Po ugal only 23% o he eco ds ha e been ully, o almos ully, illed ou (2022
da a), mainly o he well-known ga dens, and he ga dens ha appea in p e ious wo ks.
In addi ion, he in o ma ion is no ye a ailable in o he languages as i is supposed o be,
jus a small abs ac in English. These in en o ies a e pe manen and s ill unning, and so
ha e ime and space o imp o e, unlike he o he s, which a e closed documen s.
The e was also a de elopmen in he inal p oduc ha had implica ions o he
accessibili y o in o ma ion. The ans e o published and unpublished wo ks o digi al
pla o ms allows no only he con inuous inpu o in o ma ion bu also access o a la ge
audience, a ac ha helps o p opaga e and p omo e he i age and os e public engagemen
wi h such places and hei p ese a ion. SIPA allows new in en o y eco ds o be inpu by
use s egis e ed on he pla o m.
Common o all wo ks is a clea conce n o lea n abou and documen his agile
he i age wi h a iew o p ese ing i . The heo e ical amewo k sees landscape in en o ies
as impo an wo king ools able o con ibu e o deciding on p io i y ac ions o he eco e y,
conse a ion and p o ec ion o hese spaces [
5
,
9
,
10
]. The analyzed in en o ies a e, abo e all,
an in o ma ion eposi o y o which i is di icul o es ablish a conc e e di ec ela ionship
wi h e ec i e ac ions o p o ec , p ese e and enhance he Po uguese landscape he i age.
This is because o a se o limi a ions and cons ain s which could comp omise he eal
e ec i eness o in en o ies in he managemen and p o ec ion o his he i age. These
cons ain s a e ela ed o:
1.
Po uguese legisla ion, which sees he in en o y as one o he ins umen s o he p o-
ec ion o cul u al he i age bu does no se ou he in en o y p ocedu e o he con en
ha mus be included. Da a s anda ds o landscape he i age we e de eloped based
on he needs and ambi ions o each in en o y and he esul is a lack o uni o mi y
and di e en le els o in o ma ion;
2.
The a ailable in o ma ion in he ongoing in en o ies is nei he sys ema ic no up o
da e, le alone exhaus i e, as equi ed by A icle 6 o Law no. 107/2001. A SIPA, he
in o ma ion abou he p o ec ion s a us is upda ed bu o he p io i ies and he lack
o inancial in es men and pe sonnel o con inue his wo k a e among he easons
gi en o his si ua ion;
3.
The esul s o some p ojec s ha e been con ined o hei own managemen s uc u e.
This is despi e hei dissemina ion a mee ings o con e ences, which a e mainly
aimed a a speci ic audience. Thus, some da abases ha e ne e been a ailable online
un il oday, o he s a e no longe a ailable bu can be consul ed in e e ence lib a ies,
academic lib a ies o o he eco ds o ices, along wi h he oldes s udies;
4.
The mul iplica ion o online pla o ms wi h in en o ies means an unnecessa y epli-
ca ion and dispe sion o simila in o ma ion, eams, e o s and expenses;
5.
The lack o in e play be ween he legal ins umen s o p o ec ion conside ed in he
legisla ion—in en o y and classi ica ion. This means ha he classi ica ion does no
ollow he in en o y, which has been ca ied ou mo e o less sys ema ically. In
ac , a ela i ely small pe cen age o ga dens ha e been classi ied compa ed o he
numbe o ga dens in en o ied. One cause o his is he succession and uncoo dina ed
coexis ence o ins i u ions esponsible o cul u al he i age ha led o he duplica ion
o compe ences and was age o esou ces.
I should be no ed ha some o hese issues a e no exclusi e o Po ugal. In he
Eu opean con ex i is common no o ha e a speci ic cen al au ho i y o speci ic legisla ion
ocusing on ga dens; he e o e, hei p o ec ion ends o be in eg a ed in Ins i u ions and in
he legal egula ions de ined o he i age in gene al. Se bia is one example whe e pa ks and
ga dens a e included in na ional legisla ion [
52
]. Fo example, he sp ead o in o ma ion

Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 17 o 19
ac oss a ious documen a y sou ces and he mul iplica ion o s a e and non-s a e digi al
pla o ms also happens in Uni ed Kingdom, F ance [
31
] and e en Aus alia [
53
]. These
ha e in en o ies a di e en e i o ial scales, which is no he case in Po ugal. Howe e ,
in he case o Aus alia, he e is some ag eemen be ween da abases and he e has been
an e o o cen alize in o ma ion [
53
]. In England, he Regis e o Pa ks and Ga dens
o Special His o ic In e es , a s a u o y documen , imposes high selec ion c i e ia o a
ga den o be included in he Regis e , ocusing on age, a i y, comple eness o condi ion
and examples o he wo k o known na ional and local designe s. In addi ion, si es less
han 30 yea s old a e no mally egis e ed only i hey a e o ou s anding quali y and unde
h ea [31], some hing ha does no happen in he ongoing in en o ies in Po ugal.
6. Conclusions
This pape has ocused on he analysis o a se o in en o ies o his o ical ga dens
ca ied ou o e he yea s in he academic wo ld and also on he ini ia i e o he ins i-
u ional en i onmen . The con en analysis allows o ecognize ha each s udy, lis ing
and in en o y ca ied ou a di e en imes by di e en igu es, g oups and en i ies wi h
di e en me hodologies and pu poses has helped o en ich knowledge o he Po uguese
landscape he i age. This e lec s he g owing in e es in i s p o ec ion and p ese a ion,
which, on some occasions, esul ed in p o ocols be ween ins i u ions o he eco e y o
ga dens being ul illed. I also leads o he conclusion ha his is no an easy he i age o
in en o y, and i is only possible o p o ec wha is p ope ly known.
Some weaknesses we e iden i ied ha can be educed o wo majo dimensions: in o -
ma ion and i s o ganiza ion, sys ema iza ion, s anda diza ion, upda ing, comple eness and
a ailabili y; and legisla ion and i s cla i ica ion, speci ica ion, in eg a ion and coope a ion.
I hus seems clea ha in he case o Po ugal, o in en o ies o ul ill hei co e
objec i e and be e ec i e, i is pa icula ly necessa y ha he i age and ga den he i age
p o essionals, oge he wi h he ele an en i ies, coope a e, discuss and unde s and he
possibili y and he ad an ages o cen alizing in o ma ion abou his o ic ga dens in a single
lis . Fo his o happen, i is c ucial o analyze he exis ing in en o ies, o disco e mo e
de ails abou he s eng hs and weaknesses in e ms o in o ma ion, which will allow a
sounde unde s anding o wha u he wo k needs o be comple ed. Solid da a s anda ds
should be de ined consis en ly and alidly o e ime, wi h a speci ic legal amewo k
ha es ablishes a ypology o spaces and speci ies wha in o ma ion should be added,
while ensu ing he e is a balance, such ha he in en o y can be compiled in acco dance
wi h A icle 6 o Law no. 107/2001. In o ma ion mus be he a ge o a pe manen and
sys ema ic in es men , bo h inancial and in human esou ces, which can be achie ed
by c ea ing and main aining a eam o dedica ed p o essionals o ca y ou his ask on
a pe manen basis. The e ec i eness o he in en o y also equi es es ablishing a b oad
comp omise be ween he he i age legal amewo k, he en i ies and he in en o y p ocess,
so ha he in o ma ion p oduced leads o classi ica ion and also o he c ea ion o speci ic
legisla ion o his o ic ga dens.
I his is no aken in o accoun soon, no only will sus ainable he i age managemen
be comp omised, bu e en ually he p ese a ion and sa egua ding o hese he i age asse s
will be jeopa dized, oo, oge he wi h hei access, new uses and in e p e a ions by socie y.
In his ega d, ou ism has been seen as a s a egic ehicle o sa egua d, alue and ensu e
hei cul u al and economic sus ainabili y. In en o ies and he in o ma ion hey con ain
a e c ucial no only o suppo he implemen a ion and de elopmen o ou ism s a egies
based on inno a i e and e ec i e in e p e a ion echniques, bu o p e en any damage
ha migh a ise om ou is use.
The lack o access o in o ma ion in some da abases and he slowness o he en i ies
in p o iding da a o cla i ica ion on hem did no pe mi a deepe analysis o ce ain
in en o ies. Despi e such limi a ions, his pape en iches ou unde s anding abou he
his o ic ga dens’ in en o y p ocess by ga he ing in o ma ion, and h ough he e olu iona y
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 18 o 19
and compa a i e analysis ca ied ou . I also p o ides some insigh s o a u u e endea o
wi h ega d o he in en o y o his o ic ga dens.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion, me hodology, in es iga ion, esou ces, da a cu a ion,
w i ing—o iginal d a , w i ing— e iew & edi ing, isualiza ion, supe ision, S.S.; w i ing— e iew
and edi ing, isualiza ion, supe ision, P.C. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion
o he manusc ip .
Funding:
This esea ch was unded by FCT—Founda ion o Science and Technology, g an num-
be FCT_SFRH/BD/85081/2012 and also ecei ed suppo om he Cen e o S udies in Geog a-
phy and Spa ial Planning (CEGOT), unded by na ional unds h ough he FCT unde e e ence
UIDB/04084/2020.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : No applicable.
Acknowledgmen s:
We would like o exp ess ou since e hanks o FCT and CEGOT o suppo ing
his esea ch and o Jean Ann Bu ows, a na i e English speake , o he aluable con ibu ion in
ansla ing his pape .
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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