Historic Gardens Heritage in Portugal: From the Originality of an Art to the Inventory Process

Ci a ion: Sil a, S.; Ca alho, P. His o ic Ga dens He i age in Po ugal: F om he O iginali y o an A o he In en o y P ocess. Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978. h ps:// doi.o g/10.3390/su14105978 Academic Edi o : Pe e J. La kham Recei ed: 6 Ap il 2022 Accep ed: 11 May 2022 Published: 14 May 2022 Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a il- ia ions. Copy igh : © 2022 by he au ho s. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps:// c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/ 4.0/). sus ainabili y A icle His o ic Ga dens He i age in Po ugal: F om he O iginali y o an A o he In en o y P ocess Susana Sil a * and Paulo Ca alho CEGOT—Cen e o S udies in Geog aphy and Spa ial Planning, Facul y o A s and Humani ies, Uni e si y o Coimb a, 3004-531 Coimb a, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed] *Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] Abs ac : Al hough hey a e one o he iches exp essions o cul u al and landscape he i age, ga dens a e a he same ime one o he mos delica e. The p ese a ion and p o ec ion o hese landscapes a e based on wha we know o hem om he in en o ies which, in he pa icula case o his o ic ga dens, ha e inc eased since he 1980s, as ecommended by he Flo ence Cha e . Po ugal has a as and a ied ange o his o ic ga dens de ined as o iginal and unique. The conce n o p o ec hem esul ed in lis s and in en o ies being d awn up o e ime, p omp ed by academic and ins i u ional ini ia i es. This a icle p oposes o analyze he in en o ies o Po uguese his o ic ga dens, speci ically in e ms o hei main cha ac e is ics, con en , achie emen s and d awbacks, and o discuss hei e ec i eness. Twel e in en o ies we e conside ed. The in o ma ion was collec ed om se e al sou ces and o ganized in da abases, which we e hen sampled o a con en analysis. The indings show ha each s udy unequi ocally added o knowledge abou Po uguese landscape a , bu also e ealed impo an s uc u al weaknesses. These we e ound in he di e en app oaches and da a s anda ds used and in he in o ma ion i sel , which was o en incomple e and was no upda ed. In addi ion, in o ma ion ended o be sca e ed and he e was a lack o in e ac ion be ween p ese a ion ools. This led o he conclusion ha his ask is a om being comple ed and ully e ec i e. The p esen analysis could p o ide use ul insigh s and be a s a ing poin o igge discussion among ga den he i age p o essionals and o ganiza ions abou cen alizing he in o ma ion on ga dens, and o combine e o s o plug he gaps in i , so ha he in en o y can play an e ec i e pa in he sus ainable main enance, managemen and sa egua ding o hese asse s. Keywo ds: his o ic ga dens he i age; in en o ies; knowledge; sus ainable managemen and sa egua ding; Po ugal 1. In oduc ion Ga dens a e pa o he cul u al landscape o any ci iliza ion and socie y and e lec he cul u e, iden i y and his o y o a people [ 1 , 2 ]. Since i is composed o li ing plan ma e ial, a ga den is a dynamic and cons an ly changing en i onmen whe e di e en ypes o ime (ecological, social and subjec i e) a e b ough oge he and in e ac [ 3 ], hus ans o ming his space h oughou he in ini e daily, mon hly o annual li e cycles [ 4 ]. A ga den he e o e becomes an un inished wo k [ 5 ] and one ha is necessa ily epheme al [ 6 ]. This dynamic ans o ma ion leads Sales [ 7 ] o say ha a ga den is no an objec , bu a he a p ocess unde going cons an de elopmen and decomposi ion. As change in he landscape is una oidable, he unc ion o managemen is o be able o inco po a e his change in o he policies o p ese ing he alues o he place. The i s s ep in he p ocess leading o he p ese a ion and p o ec ion o cul u al landscapes is knowing abou hei exis ence and hei cha ac e is ics. Ga dens a e hus one o he iches , bu also he mos delica e, exp essions o cul u al and landscape he i age [ 8 , 9 ]. This is especially ue o his o ic ga dens, because o wha hey ep esen , which should be unde s ood and p ese ed. The in en o y is he i s Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su14105978 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 2 o 19 ins umen in he p ocess ha leads o he sa egua ding o he cul u al he i age, as i allows he ecogni ion o i s exis ence. Acco ding o Meye s [ 10 ] (p. 102), “This p inciple makes in en o ies an essen ial ool o cul u al he i age managemen in all o i s a ious aspec s”. The au ho [ 10 ] poin s ou ha in en o ies a e essen ial o p o ec he i age om a ious cons ain s, bo h human and na u al, o con ibu e o de e mine in e en ion p io i ies and o enable and p o ide a b oade unde s anding and app ecia ion o , and public engagemen wi h such places and hei p ese a ion. As such, i has been a cons an p emise o se e al documen s on he i age conse a ion. Unde he P inciples o he Reco ding o Monumen s, G oups o Buildings and Si es a i ied by he In e na ional Council on Monumen s and Si es (ICOMOS), i is assumed ha eco ding is one o he p incipal ways o gi e meaning o, and o unde s and, de ine and ecognize he alues o cul u al he i age [ 11 ], and so p omo ing i s e ec i eness is a i al ool o sus ainable he i age managemen [10]. The e o e, ollowing his line o e lec ion, ca aloguing his o ic ga dens is a key elemen in p o ec ing and sa egua ding hem; i is he i s s ep in iden i ying, quan i ying, and publicizing hem and hei alue and impo ance, and i is also an essen ial ool o suppo decision making abou hei o e sigh and eco e y [ 9 ]. Howe e , he ask o p o ec ing and sa egua ding such a delica e cul u al he i age is hampe ed when he ull legacy is no p ope ly known. This handicap de i es om he leng h o ime du ing which ga dens o his o ical in e es we e no aken se iously and only gi en scan a en ion in discussions abou he i age [ 12 ]. The ecogni ion p ocess o his o ic ga dens as pa o he cul u al he i age ook a long ime. I is in a b oade amewo k o he need o p o ec he i age ha his o ic ga dens eme ge, albei la gely implici ly un il he Flo ence Cha e speci ically ocused on his o ic ga dens. The Po uguese Ga den pe ec ly exp esses he idea o a ga den p esen ed a he s a , ha is “a e lec ion o he cul u e, iden i y and his o y o a people”, because i has cul u al ea u es ha a e ypically he esul o pa icula ci cums ances in e i o ial, his o ical, cul u al, poli ical, eligious, economic and social e ms [ 8 , 13 ]. These si es ep esen an in aluable he i age and cul u al alue, one ha is c ucial o unde s anding Po uguese cul u e and o p ese ing na ional memo y and iden i y. The e o e, he knowledge p o- ided by an in en o y is ex emely impo an . Howe e , in Po ugal, his o ical ga dens ha e ne e been a majo in e es , much less ha e hey had any pa icula a en ion paid o hem by he compe en legisla i e and adminis a i e au ho i ies, a leas in compa ison wi h o he o ms o cul u al he i age [ 14 ]. P oo o his a e he many ga dens ha ha e been disappea ing due o new u ban needs, as well as hose ha ha e been unde mined and los hei o iginal his o ical and a is ic cha ac e because o un egula ed changes [ 8 , 14 – 16 ]. Addi ionally, since he as majo i y o hem a e p i a e p ope y, closed o he public and o en abandoned, ca aloguing is no an easy ask [ 9 ]. Igno ance o hei exis ence and/o hei eal alue ha e ueled his saga, and impo e ished he coun y in e ms o i s he i age o his o ic ga dens. In Po ugal, i was mainly in he academic wo ld ha an in e es in his o ical ga dens, in lea ning abou hem and p o ec ing hem, mani es ed i sel mos clea ly and ui ully, esul ing in some lis ings and in en o ies. Howe e , s a e ins i u ions linked bo h o he managemen and p ese a ion o he i age and o he ou ism sec o ha e also been emb acing his heme in ecen decades. They ha e achie ed his h ough pa ne ships and p o ocols wi h academia, which ha e led o mo e s udies and in en o ies being ca ied ou on landscape a . Thei pu pose is no only o emedy he p e ious lack o knowledge abou his he i age, bu also o make i accessible o e e yone, a home and ab oad. Cons an e e ences o he in en o ies o his o ic ga dens and hei au ho s we e made in he a ious s udies on ga dens. Howe e , he e is a lack o gene al knowledge abou hose in en o ies and he in o ma ion con ained in hem, since hey ha e ne e been subjec ed o a mo e speci ic analysis in e olu iona y and compa a i e e ms, no was hei e ec i eness discussed. Tha aised h ee key esea ch ques ions ha guided his wo k: (i) wha in en o ies o his o ic ga dens exis in Po ugal; (ii) wha a e hei cha ac e is ics, wha kind o in o ma ion do hey include, whe e/how a e hey a ailable; and (iii) wha Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 3 o 19 cons ain s do hey p esen wi h nega i e implica ions o he e ec i e and sus ainable managemen o his he i age. This pape p oposes o analyze he in en o ies o his o ic ga dens in Po ugal o e ime, and answe he abo e ques ions. I will also look a he pu poses and me hodological p ocess whene e he le el o a ailable in o ma ion pe mi s. 2. Li e a u e Re iew 2.1. His o ic Ga dens as Cul u al Landscapes Cul u al landscapes a e eali ies ancho ed in a long his o y o complex in e ac ion be ween humans and na u e [ 17 ]. Th ough hei ac ions, humans ha e shaped he land- scape, and he geog aphic and na u al esou ces ha e in u n shaped he his o y and li e o human socie ies. This means ha na u e and humans a e he wo mos impo an ac o s in de e mining he cha ac e o landscapes. They can hen p o ide in o ma ion abou he ela ionships es ablished o e ime be ween socie ies and he na u al en i onmen , and can he e o e con ibu e o he unde s anding o his o y, science, an h opology, echnique, li e a u e, among he o he ounda ions o socie y. I is om his pe spec i e ha i makes sense o es ablish landscapes as cul u al he i age, inso a as hey a e goods in cons an e olu ion ha a e inhe i ed, used and bequea hed o u u e gene a ions [18]. As a esul o his in e ac ion, landscape consis s o bo h na u al and cul u al com- ponen s, which canno be sepa a ed, and so i emb aces a a ie y o mani es a ions ha ha e been ecognized in he amewo k o he UNESCO Con en ion o he P o ec ion o he Wo ld He i age, Na u al and Cul u al. Cul u al landscapes hus all in o h ee main ca ego ies, namely, landscape designed and c ea ed in en ionally by man, o ganically e ol ed landscape and associa i e cul u al landscape [17]. Landscapes a e alued o hei unique cha ac e and cul u al he i age, and o p o- iding eelings o a achmen , belonging and inspi a ion [ 19 ]. The e o e, hey a e pa o he cul u al he i age and a e key componen s o local, egional and na ional iden i ies [ 20 ]. They a e pa o people’s collec i e iden i y, as ecognized by UNESCO [ 17 ], and a co e elemen o indi idual and social well-being, as admi ed by he Council o Eu ope [ 21 ]. When he landscape is alued by i sel , aking a memo ial dimension and ounding he iden i y o a g oup, his assumes a new assignmen , o “exp ess d eams” [ 22 ]. The bes exp ession o his landscape ca ego y is, in he opinion o And ade [ 23 ], he his o ic ga den. Some o he mos alued elemen s o wo ldwide cul u al he i age a e his o ic ga - dens [ 8 , 9 ]. Ga den and pa kland landscapes cons uc ed o aes he ic easons, and which a e o en (bu no always) associa ed wi h eligious o o he monumen al buildings and ensembles, belong o he ca ego y o landscape designed and c ea ed in en ionally by man [17]. The his o ic ga den is a c ea ion o socie ies and a e lec ion o hei his o y and di e en cul u es; i bea s wi ness o imes pas and he ela ionship o humans wi h na u e and wi h he landscape. I is a complex a chi ec u al sys em, whose join composi ion o li e and he ine makes i a “Li ing Monumen ” [5]. The de ini ion o he his o ic ga den was o malized a he i s in e na ional sympo- sium on he conse a ion and es o a ion o ga dens o his o ical in e es , which was held in Fon ainebleau (1971) on he ini ia i e o ICOMOS and he In e na ional Fede a ion o Landscape A chi ec s (IFLA). I was la e adop ed and ins i u ionalized by he Flo ence Cha e . A his o ic ga den is desc ibed as an a chi ec u al and ho icul u al composi ion, applicable o a small ga den o a la ge pa k, whe he o mal o landscape, o in e es o he public om a his o ical o a is ic poin o iew, and hus a monumen , a li ing monumen [ 24 ]. The e m “his o ic” acqui es a ce ain ela i i y, because ga dens ha ha e been p oduced in he pas , whe he ecen o no , can be conside ed his o ic [ 25 ] so ha “his o ic” anscends he alue o an iqui y [ 12 ]. This de ini ion also has huge elas ici y, in ha i includes se e al ypes o ga dens ( egula o i egula , classic, ba oque, oman ic o landscape), which, since hey ep esen an o iginal wo k, a e ecognized as pa o cul u al he i age, and ha e a ce ain cul u al alue [ 25 ]. A his o ic ga den is no a ma e o age, s ylis ic ea u es o dimensions; i is de ined by i s cha ac e and his o ical in e es , o wha i ep esen s in e ms o memo ial, iden i y and cul u e, o he alue i adds o he si es Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 4 o 19 and monumen s i may be associa ed wi h and o wha i awakens in he p esen [ 12 ]. I is his wide concep ual dimension o a his o ic ga den ha is conside ed in he cou se o his wo k abou in en o ies. The ways in which cul u al landscapes a e unde s ood and managed a e i al o sus ainabili y [ 17 , 26 ]. In he cu en con ex o inc easing conce ns abou sus ainabili y, and he g ea p essu e cul u al landscapes a e unde due o clima e, demog aphic, social and ideological changes [ 26 ], i is i ing o ecall how his o ic ga dens ha e been unde s ood, managed and alued, and wha ole in en o ies ha e played in his p ocess. 2.2. Sa egua ding and Enhancing His o ic Ga dens o e Time and he In en o y Figu e Un il he 1980s, he guidelines in documen s such as he Con en ions, Recommenda- ions and Resolu ions p oduced and dissemina ed by UNESCO, ICOMOS and ICOMOS- IFLA, and e en he Council o Eu ope, did no make any speci ic e e ence o his o ic ga dens, al hough some o hem could be adap ed and applied o his he i age asse . One example is he 1931 A hens Cha e , he i s ins umen o he conse a ion and p ese - a ion o monumen s. I conside ed he need o s udy and p ese e hei su oundings, speci ically he o namen al ege a ion, and whe e he in en o y was al eady men ioned as he esponsibili y o each S a e o o ins i u ions wi h due powe [ 27 ]. The Recommenda ion conce ning he Sa egua ding o Beau y and Cha ac e o Landscapes and Si es, p esen ed by UNESCO in 1962, laid down guidelines o he p o ec ion o landscapes and na u al si es, u al and u ban, whe he o no esul ing om he “wo k o man”, which we e o aes he ic, and cul u al in e es o ha cons i u ed cha ac e is ic na u al su oundings [28]. In 1964, he Venice Cha e on he conse a ion and es o a ion o monumen s and si es o mally exp essed he ex ension o he concep o monumen o o he elemen s such as he landscape and, al hough he e is no conc e e e e ence o his o ic ga dens, he e is an appeal o he need o p ese e he adi ional amewo k [27]. Al hough in e es in ga dens and hei p o ec ion had a isen a he ime o he Uni- e sal and In e na ional Exhibi ions, which occu ed be o e he Second Wo ld Wa [ 29 ], i should be no ed ha i was only in he la e 1960s ha he speci ic Sec ion o ga dens was se up by he IFLA. The pu pose was o discuss an app oach o dealing wi h ga dens o his o - ical in e es and i se ou o iden i y and ca alogue he majo his o ical ga dens in a ious coun ies a ound he wo ld, a o al o 1550 in all [ 6 , 12 ]. The In e na ional Commi ee o His- o ic Ga dens and Si es was es ablished in he ea ly 1970s a he Fon ainebleau mee ing, as a subdi ision o ICOMOS and IFLA. I was in ended o in es iga e and in en o y he ga dens o g ea es in e es , which made he p omo ion o conse a ion, es o a ion and esea ch o his o ic ga dens and cul u al landscapes mo e e ec i e [ 1 ]. This mee ing also o malized he de ini ion o his o ic ga den and made ecommenda ions o sa egua ding ga dens. S ill in he 1970s, he Con en ion conce ning he P o ec ion o he Wo ld Cul u al and Na u al He i age held ha cul u al and na u al he i age can be p oposed as wo ld he i age, wi h cul u al he i age including places o in e es , which includes he wo ks o man, o he combined wo ks o man and na u e. The impo ance o in en o ies was again men ioned [ 27 ]. The Bu a Cha e , i s adop ed in his decade, es ablished guidelines o conse ing places o cul u al signi icance, de ining e minologies and p inciples o in e en ion in a chi ec u al and landscape he i age [30]. A new a i ude de eloped owa ds ga dens, p incipally since he 1980s wi h he d a ing o he Flo ence Cha e by ICOMOS-IFLA In e na ional Commi ee o His o ic Ga dens, as an addendum o he Venice Cha e , co e ing he speci ic ield o sa egua ding his o ic ga dens ha was missing. This documen de ined he his o ic ga den, assigned i he s a us o a monumen , a “li ing monumen ” pe ishable o e ime and wi h use, and es ablished a se o p inciples o in e en ions in he main enance, conse a ion, es o a ion and econs uc ion, use and he legal and adminis a i e p o ec ion o his he i age. Fu he mo e, i s A icle 9 explici ly d ew a en ion o he impo ance o iden i ying and c ea ing lis ings, along wi h hei ela ionship wi h e ec i eness in he p o ec ion and p ese a ion o his o ic ga dens [ 24 ]. The p oduc ion o ga den lis ings, in en o ies and Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 5 o 19 egis e s has since h i ed, in ol ing cen al and local au ho i ies and e en ci il socie y. Take he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, o example, whe e each coun y has i s own he i age agency o d aw up in en o ies o pa ks and ga dens and, in addi ion o he Na ional Regis e , a numbe o o he agencies, au ho i ies and local associa ions keep egis e s o his o ic pa ks and ga dens [31]. Wi hin he b oad spec um o cul u al he i age, guidelines con inue o eme ge in he a ious documen s p oduced a e he Flo ence Cha e ha can be adap ed o he p ese a ion o his o ic ga dens. Among he mos ele an a e he G anada Con en ion o he P o ec ion o he A chi ec u al He i age o Eu ope app o ed by he Council o Eu ope in 1985, he Washing on Cha e o he Conse a ion o His o ic Towns and U ban A eas adop ed by ICOMOS in 1987, he p e ious e sions o and he cu en Bu a Cha e issued by Aus alia ICOMOS, he Cha e o K akow 2000 abou he P inciples o Conse a ion and Res o a ion o Buil He i age and he Eu opean Landscape Con en ion o he Council o Eu ope (2000). Pu suing he goal o knowing and sa egua ding his he i age, a Eu opean da abase o ga dens has been se up mo e ecen ly by he Eu opean Ins i u e o Ga dens and Landscapes (IEJP), which so a includes da a om Po ugal, F ance, Belgium and England in a o al o abou 18,000 his o ic ga dens. Se e al o he in en o ies om di e en Eu opean coun ies a e cu en ly being compiled o be added o his da abase [32]. In addi ion, some ini ia i es ha ha e been de eloped o enhance and publicize his- o ic ga dens wi hin Eu ope should be men ioned. Examples include he Eu opean Cul u al He i age In o ma ion Ne wo k (HEREIN), he Eu opean Ga den He i age Ne wo k, he Ne wo k o Eu opean Royal Residences and he Eu opean His o ic Houses Associa ion. I is also impo an o men ion he Eu opean Rou e o His o ic Ga dens, a Council o he Eu ope Cul u al Rou e, seen as he bes way o ecognize i s his o ical, a is ic and social alue [33]. In he Po uguese con ex , his o ic ga dens ha e ne e been a majo conce n. None he- less, he Law on Po uguese Cul u al He i age includes a speci ic e e ence o his o ic ga dens. I ecognizes hem as a cul u al asse and he e o e one o he componen s o he gene al alua ion egime (A icle 70 º ), and an elemen ha enhances he cohe ence o monumen s, ensembles and si es (A icle 44 º ) [ 34 ]. Al hough i p o ides wo le els o he i age egis a ion—classi ica ion and in en o y—wi h a iew o ensu ing hei legal p o- ec ion and alua ion and o p e en hei disappea ance o deg ada ion, i does no de ine a his o ic ga den o a speci ic legal egime, which jeopa dizes a mo e e ec i e p o ec ion. 2.3. The Cul u al Speci ici y and he Di e en ia ing Na u e o he Po uguese His o ic Ga den Po uguese ga dens a e no compa able o hose in coun ies such as England, F ance o I aly. The ul ima e pu pose o displaying o being a symbol o os en a ion and powe is no pa o he essence o he Po uguese ga den. On he con a y, a ga den was buil as an ex ension o he house and he e o e o be habi able, as a ha en, in ima e and quie , a place o cha m and well-being wi h nooks and c annies, a c yp o-magical spo , mo e o be enjoyed om wi hin i han admi ed om he ou side [8,35]. The Po uguese ga den, o igina ing as an o cha d ga den, has gone h ough imes and ends and o e he cen u ies has ound ways o adap o ci cums ances and abso b he a ious in luences ha came i s way. Caldei a Cab al [ 8 ] sees a concep o Po uguese ga den being c ea ed unde a se ies o a ied ci cums ances and a mix o in luences ha made i di e en and unique. Thei loca ion be ween he Medi e anean and he A lan ic, he clima e, he socio- poli ical and economic his o y, o ganiza ion and social e olu ion, oge he wi h he ugged opog aphy ha e le Po uguese ga dens imbued wi h a se o cha ac e is ic and dis inc i e ea u es ha gi e hem a cha ac e and o iginali y ha dis inguishes hem om he la ge Eu opean ga dens o which he gene al public will be accus omed [8,13]. In he opinion o Cas el-B anco [ 13 ], he a ie y o lowe ing ees and sh ubs; he deep iews and p ospec s; he di e en le els ha o m e ace-ga dens; he iles wi h Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 6 o 19 a ious mo i s and colo s; la ge wa e su aces in he o m o pools, lakes, oun ains o monumen al oun ains, o en unc ioning as he pola izing elemen s o he a ea, a e he key elemen s o a Po uguese ga den. O he impo an iden i ie s de ine he e y essence o he Po uguese ga den. They include ellises and a bo s, lowe beds (aleg e es), deco a i e shell-and-pebble mason y (emb echados), benches and o he embellishmen s (na u al and a i icial), pa hs and high walls/hedges, which can be ound alone o combined, especially in he la ge quin as de ec eio ( ec ea ional a ms) (a clus e o med by woods, a o mal ga den nex o he house and a ege able ga den/o cha d) o he six een h o eigh een h cen u ies [8,13,35–37]. The concep o a ga den as a closed space and somewhe e o be became dilu ed in Roman icism, wi h he in luence o Eu opean aes he ics, and, abo e all, wi h he ashion o he eigh een h and nine een h cen u y English ga den pa k. The Renaissance pe iod also os e ed he de elopmen o he monumen al eligious landscape o he no h and, in he second hal o he eigh een h cen u y, bo anical ga dens made hei appea ance. The wen ie h cen u y saw he mode nis s yle making i s ma k on some na ional pa ks [8,35]. Acco ding o Caldei a Cab al [ 8 ], om no h o sou h and including he islands, Po ugal has a wide and di e se spec um o ga dens om he mos a ied pe iods, and hey display cha ac e is ic cul u al ea u es. The examples, albei in di e en s a es o p ese a ion, ange om he Roman pe is yles and mediae al clois e s o wen ie h-cen u y public pa ks, by way o quin as de ec eio, con en and monas e y landscapes, sanc ua ies, bo anical ga dens, p i a e and public ga dens, pa ks, a enues and squa es o his o ical, cul u al and a is ic alue and in e es . The asso men o ypes o ga dens and he mix u e o s yles cha ac e ize he o iginali y o he a o landscaping in Po ugal [8,35]. 3. Ma e ials and Me hods The conce n wi h his o ic ga dens has o decades been con ined mainly o he aca- demic en i onmen and o some pe sonali ies, esul ing in a se o lis ings and in en o ies, oo ed in he ea ly wen ie h cen u y, mos ly limi ed in e ms o co e age o he na ional e i o y as a whole (mainland and islands). I was only in he 1980s ha his in e es was ex ended o he ins i u ional decision-making bodies, and p o ocols began o eme ge be ween a ious ins i u ions o in en o ying ga dens. To accomplish he de ined objec i es, h ee majo s eps we e aken. Fi s , bibliog aphic esea ch was ca ied ou on he in en o ies o Po uguese his o ic ga dens o ind ou wha in en o ies exis ed, hei au ho s and whe e and how he in o ma ion was a ailable. The nex s ep was o ga he all a ailable in o ma ion on hose in en o ies in hei di e en o ma s, analogue and digi al, which we e sca e ed h oughou he a ious Po uguese lib a ies and digi al pla o ms. A he same ime, a da abase was o ganized wi h he mos ele an in o ma ion o each in en o y, ha is o say au ho ship, ype and numbe o in en o ied spaces, hei loca ion, and he ype o in o ma ion a ailable on each ga den. A quali a i e analysis was hen ca ied ou on he con en , and he ou come is summa ized in he nex sec ion, wi h he pu poses and he me hodological p ocess o ca ying ou each in en o y being added whene e he a ailable in o ma ion allowed. Table 1lis s he in en o ies and simila wo ks ha cons i u e he scope o his s udy. They a e p esen ed ch onologically along wi h in o ma ion on he geog aphic a ea co e ed. I should be no ed ha he bibliog aphy disc ee ly men ions wo o he wo ks ha we e s a ed, one in he 1940s and he o he in he 1960s, bu which we e no comple ed o published. Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 7 o 19 Table 1. In en o ies o (his o ic) ga dens in Po ugal. In en o y/Au ho s Yea Te i o y (1) Sousa Vi e bo 1906/1909 Mainland (2) I. A aújo 1962 No h (3) A. Ca apinha 1986 Mainland (4) H. Ca i a & A. H. Ca doso 1987 Mainland (5) L. Ribei o 1992 Lisbon (6) DGEMN & Uni e si y o É o a 90s No in o ma ion (7) CEABN 1998 Mainland (8) UTAD 2008 No heas Mainland (9) CEABN & Uni e si y o Alga e 2014 Lisbon (10) DGPC/SIPA-G een Space 2016/2018 Mainland and Islands (11) CEABN & IEJP 2018 Mainland and Islands (12) AJH 2020 Mainland and Islands No e: DGEMN—Gene al Di ec o a e o Buildings and Na ional Monumen s; CEABN—Bae a Ne es Cen e o Applied Ecology; UTAD—Uni e si y o T ás-os-Mon es and Al o Dou o; DGPC—Gene al Di ec o a e o Cul u al He i age; SIPA—A chi ec u al He i age In o ma ion Sys em; IEJP—Eu opean Ins i u e o Ga dens and Landscapes; AJH—Po uguese Associa ion o His o ic Ga dens. 4. Resul s This esea ch has iden i ied a wide ange o in en o ies, including public and p i a e and in pa ne ship. The main cha ac e is ics o he 12 in en o ies ca ied ou in Po u- gal and subjec ed o analysis a e summa ized in Table 2. I con ains hei undamen al cha ac e is ics and he ype o in o ma ion co e ed. Di e ences and achie emen s o each in en o y, as well as he pu poses and me hodological p ocess in ol ed, a e de eloped in he ex . The his o ian Sousa Vi e bo [ 36 , 38 ] p oduced a i s wo k, A Ja dinagem em Po ugal (Ga dening in Po ugal) (1, Table 2), in which he exp esses conce n abou he se ious h ea ha ga dens migh disappea because hey a e no s udied, egis e ed o p o ec ed by speci ic legisla ion. The wo edi ions o he wo k do no ha e he igid and sys ema ic cha ac e o an in en o y; hey mainly ocus on ga dening echniques and he ga dene s. Howe e , he au ho does lis a se ies o ema kable ga dens, mos ly quin as de ec eio, desc ibing abou 50 uni s in some de ail, especially a he his o ical le el. He e e s o many o he s, mainly loca ed in he la ge u ban cen e s o Lisbon, Po o and su ounding a eas (Figu e 1a). In he ea ly 1960s, Ilídio de A aújo [ 39 ] published A A e Paisagis a e a A e dos Ja dins em Po ugal (Landscape A and he A o Ga dens in Po ugal) (2, Table 2). This wo k was ega ded as pionee ing in he s udy o ga dens and has se ed as a e e ence o subsequen s udies un il oday. Howe e , only a i s olume was published, which co e ed only he no h o he coun y and did no claim o be comple e. Based on an ex ensi e collec ion o ele an li e a u e and isi s o he places, he au ho p oduced a lis o landscape a . In addi ion o his lis , he au ho adds o he ga dens, some o which a e co e ed in de ail while o he s a e simply men ioned, in o al abou 200 si es, also showing a la ge concen a ion in he Po o and Lisbon a eas (Figu e 1b). This in en o y con i ms he impo ance and p o usion o places o a eligious na u e in he no he n egion. The ga dens a e desc ibed in a ying amoun s o de ail and include in o ma ion abou geog aphical loca ion, his o ical and a chi ec u al aspec s. They a e illus a ed wi h pho og aphs and some imes wi h he a chi ec u al plans, indica ing he li e a u e e e ences o each space. Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 8 o 19 Table 2. Summa y o in en o y in o ma ion. In en o y/ Au ho s Resul s No Type o Space In o ma ion Final P oduc (1) Sousa Vi e bo +/−90 Quin as de ec eio, ga dens o mano houses and palaces, bo anical ga dens, public pa ks and ga dens His o ical desc ip ion Publica ion o book (2) I. A aújo +/−190 Quin as de ec eio, ga dens o mano houses and palaces, places o pilg image, con en and monas e y landscapes, pa ks, public ga dens Geog aphic amewo k, ch onological desc ip ion wi h his o ical and a chi ec u al aspec s Publica ion o illus a ed book (3) A. Ca apinha 1117 Quin as de ec eio (49%), public ga dens and pa ks (u ban and subu ban) (16%), p i a e ga dens and pa ks (15%), p i a e ga dens and pa ks open o he public, bo anical ga dens, non-u ban pa ks and woodland, places o pilg image, open u ban spaces, hun ing ese es, con en and monas e y landscapes - Unpublished wo k Cho og aphic ile, a ile o in en o ied places on wo king maps a scales 1/250,000, 1/50,000, 1/25,000 and 1/10,000 (4) H. Ca i a & A. H. Ca doso +/−150 Quin as de ec eio, ga dens o mano houses and palaces, con en and monas e y landscapes, places o pilg image, pa ks, public ga dens, bo anical ga dens His o ical, a chi ec u al aspec s and ea u es o ga dens Publica ion o illus a ed book (5) L. Ribei o +500 Quin as de ec eio Lis , map, desc ip ions Unpublished wo k (6) DGEMN & Uni . É o a 260 Ga dens, con en and monas e y landscapes, hun ing ese es and pa ks Reco d, desc ip ion and his o ical backg ound, pic u es and d awings, ch onological da a, p ac ical o ele an elemen s Compu e ized da abase (7) CEABN 121 Quin as de ec eio, ga dens o p i a e houses, ga dens o palaces and cas les, bo anical ga dens, pa ks, con en and monas e y landscapes, woodland, hun ing ese es, o he landscape si es Iden i ica ion shee : loca ion map, geog aphic amewo k, desc ip ion wi h his o ical and a chi ec u al in o ma ion, s a e o conse a ion, desc ip ion o he main elemen s, owne ship, owne ’s name, add ess, how o access, ou is in o ma ion and ecep ion condi ions), associa ed ac i i y, images Unpublished wo k Publica ion o illus a ed book (8) UTAD 274 P i a e ga dens and quin as de ec eio (70.1%), public ga dens and pa ks (13.5%), a enue and squa e, sanc ua y, clois e , woodland pa k, spa/wa m sp ings pa k, con en and monas e y landscapes, uni e si y campus, ceme e ies In en o y eco d: iden i ying in o ma ion ( he in e nal e e ence, designa ion, ypology, owne ship and loca ion a h ee adminis a i e le els), cu en use, geo e e enced map, desc ip ion ( ypology, s uc u e and spa ial o ganiza ion, a ie ies o lo a and signi ican deco a i e elemen s, in eg i y and s a e o conse a ion, his o ical in o ma ion), bibliog aphy, public edi ion ield, images Websi e (www.a epaisagis a. u ad.p /) Online da abase (cu en ly disabled, mig a ion o in o ma ion o he Eu opean pla o m) (9) CEABN & Uni . Alga e 60 Ga dens, a ms and his o ical pa ks, public and p i a e - Online da abase—LX Ga dens Da abase (no a ailable) Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 9 o 19 Table 2. Con . In en o y/ Au ho s Resul s No Type o Space In o ma ion Final P oduc (10) DGPC/SIPA- G een Space (2014) 574 Ga dens, quin as de ec eio, con en and monas e y landscapes, hun ing ese es, woods, pa ks, playing ields, landscaped ga dens, ceme e ies In en o y eco d: iden i ica ion o IPA ca ego y, IPA numbe , designa ion, loca ion, ypology and s ylis ic cha ac e iza ion, desc ip ion, accesses, p o ec ion, le el, amewo k, supplemen a y desc ip ion, ini ial use, ac ual use, p ope y, alloca ion, cons uc ion ime, a chi ec /builde /au ho , ch onology, echnical da a, ma e ials/cons uc ion echniques/ne wo ks and equipmen , bibliog aphy, g aphic, pho og aphic and adminis a i e documen a ion, pe o med in e en ion, obse a ions, au ho and da e, upda ing Online da abase—SIPA (www.monumen os.go .p /) (10) DGPC/SIPA- G een Space (2022) 405 Ga dens (76%), pa ks (16%), clus e s o g een spaces, spaces o g owing plan s, spaces o playing spo , spaces o walking a ound (11) CEABN & IEJP 743 All o he ypes al eady men ioned In en o y eco d: designa ion, loca ion a ou le els, owne and ype o owne , c ea ion da e, add ess, con ac s, websi es, geog aphic coo dina es, loca ion map, EN abs ac , his o y, su oundings, desc ip ion, adminis a i e in o ma ion (s a u e, classi ica ion and p o ec ion, legal ins umen s, su ace in ha), bo any, physiog aphy and opog aphy, pedology, clima e, o he cha ac e is ics, scenic in usions in he su ounding a ea, ac i i ies and e en s, bibliog aphy, digi al documen s (pic u es, maps, ae ial images), cha ac e is ics o he ga den/pa k including ypology, deco a i e elemen s, mode o opening o he public Online Eu opean da abase (h p://eu opeanga dens.eu/ in en o ies/p ) (12) AJH 821 Quin as de ec eio, bo anical ga dens, public pa ks and ga dens, con en landscapes and sanc ua ies In en o y eco d: p ope y, public access, u iliza ion, i pa o a ou e, in o ma ion abou isi ing imes and con ac s, desc ip ion (loca ion, su oundings and ele an elemen s, ch onology, desc ip i e, buil and deco a i e elemen s, ege a ion, ele an insc ip ions), classi ica ion, au ho ship and da e, bibliog aphy, loca ion map and pic u es Online da abase (h ps: //www.ja dinshis o icos.p / home/sea ch) Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 16 o 19 ex ensi ely some imes, while he landscape he i age is dis ega ded. In he CEABN & IEJP in en o y, he in o ma ion is gi en in a be e o ganized, mo e comple e, disagg ega ed o m, wi h some i ems being speci ied. Howe e , no all eco ds in he ongoing in en o ies ha e all he ields ully illed ou wi h up- o-da e in o ma ion. Fo ins ance, in SIPA only abou 5% o he eco ds a e comple e (le el 1), and in he In en o y o Ga dens and Land- scapes in Po ugal only 23% o he eco ds ha e been ully, o almos ully, illed ou (2022 da a), mainly o he well-known ga dens, and he ga dens ha appea in p e ious wo ks. In addi ion, he in o ma ion is no ye a ailable in o he languages as i is supposed o be, jus a small abs ac in English. These in en o ies a e pe manen and s ill unning, and so ha e ime and space o imp o e, unlike he o he s, which a e closed documen s. The e was also a de elopmen in he inal p oduc ha had implica ions o he accessibili y o in o ma ion. The ans e o published and unpublished wo ks o digi al pla o ms allows no only he con inuous inpu o in o ma ion bu also access o a la ge audience, a ac ha helps o p opaga e and p omo e he i age and os e public engagemen wi h such places and hei p ese a ion. SIPA allows new in en o y eco ds o be inpu by use s egis e ed on he pla o m. Common o all wo ks is a clea conce n o lea n abou and documen his agile he i age wi h a iew o p ese ing i . The heo e ical amewo k sees landscape in en o ies as impo an wo king ools able o con ibu e o deciding on p io i y ac ions o he eco e y, conse a ion and p o ec ion o hese spaces [ 5 , 9 , 10 ]. The analyzed in en o ies a e, abo e all, an in o ma ion eposi o y o which i is di icul o es ablish a conc e e di ec ela ionship wi h e ec i e ac ions o p o ec , p ese e and enhance he Po uguese landscape he i age. This is because o a se o limi a ions and cons ain s which could comp omise he eal e ec i eness o in en o ies in he managemen and p o ec ion o his he i age. These cons ain s a e ela ed o: 1. Po uguese legisla ion, which sees he in en o y as one o he ins umen s o he p o- ec ion o cul u al he i age bu does no se ou he in en o y p ocedu e o he con en ha mus be included. Da a s anda ds o landscape he i age we e de eloped based on he needs and ambi ions o each in en o y and he esul is a lack o uni o mi y and di e en le els o in o ma ion; 2. The a ailable in o ma ion in he ongoing in en o ies is nei he sys ema ic no up o da e, le alone exhaus i e, as equi ed by A icle 6 o Law no. 107/2001. A SIPA, he in o ma ion abou he p o ec ion s a us is upda ed bu o he p io i ies and he lack o inancial in es men and pe sonnel o con inue his wo k a e among he easons gi en o his si ua ion; 3. The esul s o some p ojec s ha e been con ined o hei own managemen s uc u e. This is despi e hei dissemina ion a mee ings o con e ences, which a e mainly aimed a a speci ic audience. Thus, some da abases ha e ne e been a ailable online un il oday, o he s a e no longe a ailable bu can be consul ed in e e ence lib a ies, academic lib a ies o o he eco ds o ices, along wi h he oldes s udies; 4. The mul iplica ion o online pla o ms wi h in en o ies means an unnecessa y epli- ca ion and dispe sion o simila in o ma ion, eams, e o s and expenses; 5. The lack o in e play be ween he legal ins umen s o p o ec ion conside ed in he legisla ion—in en o y and classi ica ion. This means ha he classi ica ion does no ollow he in en o y, which has been ca ied ou mo e o less sys ema ically. In ac , a ela i ely small pe cen age o ga dens ha e been classi ied compa ed o he numbe o ga dens in en o ied. One cause o his is he succession and uncoo dina ed coexis ence o ins i u ions esponsible o cul u al he i age ha led o he duplica ion o compe ences and was age o esou ces. I should be no ed ha some o hese issues a e no exclusi e o Po ugal. In he Eu opean con ex i is common no o ha e a speci ic cen al au ho i y o speci ic legisla ion ocusing on ga dens; he e o e, hei p o ec ion ends o be in eg a ed in Ins i u ions and in he legal egula ions de ined o he i age in gene al. Se bia is one example whe e pa ks and ga dens a e included in na ional legisla ion [ 52 ]. Fo example, he sp ead o in o ma ion Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 17 o 19 ac oss a ious documen a y sou ces and he mul iplica ion o s a e and non-s a e digi al pla o ms also happens in Uni ed Kingdom, F ance [ 31 ] and e en Aus alia [ 53 ]. These ha e in en o ies a di e en e i o ial scales, which is no he case in Po ugal. Howe e , in he case o Aus alia, he e is some ag eemen be ween da abases and he e has been an e o o cen alize in o ma ion [ 53 ]. In England, he Regis e o Pa ks and Ga dens o Special His o ic In e es , a s a u o y documen , imposes high selec ion c i e ia o a ga den o be included in he Regis e , ocusing on age, a i y, comple eness o condi ion and examples o he wo k o known na ional and local designe s. In addi ion, si es less han 30 yea s old a e no mally egis e ed only i hey a e o ou s anding quali y and unde h ea [31], some hing ha does no happen in he ongoing in en o ies in Po ugal. 6. Conclusions This pape has ocused on he analysis o a se o in en o ies o his o ical ga dens ca ied ou o e he yea s in he academic wo ld and also on he ini ia i e o he ins i- u ional en i onmen . The con en analysis allows o ecognize ha each s udy, lis ing and in en o y ca ied ou a di e en imes by di e en igu es, g oups and en i ies wi h di e en me hodologies and pu poses has helped o en ich knowledge o he Po uguese landscape he i age. This e lec s he g owing in e es in i s p o ec ion and p ese a ion, which, on some occasions, esul ed in p o ocols be ween ins i u ions o he eco e y o ga dens being ul illed. I also leads o he conclusion ha his is no an easy he i age o in en o y, and i is only possible o p o ec wha is p ope ly known. Some weaknesses we e iden i ied ha can be educed o wo majo dimensions: in o - ma ion and i s o ganiza ion, sys ema iza ion, s anda diza ion, upda ing, comple eness and a ailabili y; and legisla ion and i s cla i ica ion, speci ica ion, in eg a ion and coope a ion. I hus seems clea ha in he case o Po ugal, o in en o ies o ul ill hei co e objec i e and be e ec i e, i is pa icula ly necessa y ha he i age and ga den he i age p o essionals, oge he wi h he ele an en i ies, coope a e, discuss and unde s and he possibili y and he ad an ages o cen alizing in o ma ion abou his o ic ga dens in a single lis . Fo his o happen, i is c ucial o analyze he exis ing in en o ies, o disco e mo e de ails abou he s eng hs and weaknesses in e ms o in o ma ion, which will allow a sounde unde s anding o wha u he wo k needs o be comple ed. Solid da a s anda ds should be de ined consis en ly and alidly o e ime, wi h a speci ic legal amewo k ha es ablishes a ypology o spaces and speci ies wha in o ma ion should be added, while ensu ing he e is a balance, such ha he in en o y can be compiled in acco dance wi h A icle 6 o Law no. 107/2001. In o ma ion mus be he a ge o a pe manen and sys ema ic in es men , bo h inancial and in human esou ces, which can be achie ed by c ea ing and main aining a eam o dedica ed p o essionals o ca y ou his ask on a pe manen basis. The e ec i eness o he in en o y also equi es es ablishing a b oad comp omise be ween he he i age legal amewo k, he en i ies and he in en o y p ocess, so ha he in o ma ion p oduced leads o classi ica ion and also o he c ea ion o speci ic legisla ion o his o ic ga dens. I his is no aken in o accoun soon, no only will sus ainable he i age managemen be comp omised, bu e en ually he p ese a ion and sa egua ding o hese he i age asse s will be jeopa dized, oo, oge he wi h hei access, new uses and in e p e a ions by socie y. In his ega d, ou ism has been seen as a s a egic ehicle o sa egua d, alue and ensu e hei cul u al and economic sus ainabili y. In en o ies and he in o ma ion hey con ain a e c ucial no only o suppo he implemen a ion and de elopmen o ou ism s a egies based on inno a i e and e ec i e in e p e a ion echniques, bu o p e en any damage ha migh a ise om ou is use. The lack o access o in o ma ion in some da abases and he slowness o he en i ies in p o iding da a o cla i ica ion on hem did no pe mi a deepe analysis o ce ain in en o ies. Despi e such limi a ions, his pape en iches ou unde s anding abou he his o ic ga dens’ in en o y p ocess by ga he ing in o ma ion, and h ough he e olu iona y Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 18 o 19 and compa a i e analysis ca ied ou . I also p o ides some insigh s o a u u e endea o wi h ega d o he in en o y o his o ic ga dens. Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, me hodology, in es iga ion, esou ces, da a cu a ion, w i ing—o iginal d a , w i ing— e iew & edi ing, isualiza ion, supe ision, S.S.; w i ing— e iew and edi ing, isualiza ion, supe ision, P.C. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip . Funding: This esea ch was unded by FCT—Founda ion o Science and Technology, g an num- be FCT_SFRH/BD/85081/2012 and also ecei ed suppo om he Cen e o S udies in Geog a- phy and Spa ial Planning (CEGOT), unded by na ional unds h ough he FCT unde e e ence UIDB/04084/2020. In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable. Da a A ailabili y S a emen : No applicable. Acknowledgmen s: We would like o exp ess ou since e hanks o FCT and CEGOT o suppo ing his esea ch and o Jean Ann Bu ows, a na i e English speake , o he aluable con ibu ion in ansla ing his pape . Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es . Re e ences 1. Añón, C.F. In oduc ion. In Ja dins e Si es His o iques; ICOMOS, Ed.; Fundación Cul u al Banes o: Mad id, Spain, 1993; pp. 25–26. 2. Kimbe , C.T. Ga dens and Dwelling: People in Ve nacula Ga dens. Geog . Re . 2004,94, 263–283. [C ossRe ] 3. Bha i, M.; Chu ch, A.; Cla emon , A.; S enne , P. ‘I lo e being in he ga den’: Enchan ing encoun e s in e e yday li e. Soc. Cul . Geog . 2009,10, 61–76. [C ossRe ] 4. Be jman, S. El Paisaje y el Pa imónio. A ailable online: h ps://www.icomos.o g/publica ions/ja dines_his o icos_buenos_ ai es_2001/con e encia1.pd (accessed on 22 Feb ua y 2016). 5. Es adão, L. Sal agua da dos Ja dins His ó icos A a és do In en á io. Ca ac e ização Topológica e Tipológica dos Ja dins do Alen ejo; G adua ion Repo ; Uni e sidade Técnica de Lisboa: Lisbon, Po ugal, 2005. 6. Gollwi ze , G. L’In en ai e des Ja dins His o iques. In Ja dins e Si es His o iques; ICOMOS, Ed.; Fundación Cul u al Banes o: Mad id, Spain, 1993; pp. 31–32. 7. Sales, J. The Conse a ion o English Landscape Ga dens o he Na ional T us . In His o ic Ga dens and Si es; ICOMOS, Ed.; S i Lanka Na ional Commi ee o ICOMOS: Colombo, S i Lanka, 1993; pp. 145–150. 8. Caldei a Cab al, F. Fundamen os da A qui ec u a Paisagis a; Ins i u o da Conse ação da Na u eza: Lisboa, Po ugal, 1993. 9. Es adão, L. Polí icas de In en á io de Ja dins His ó icos em Po ugal. In P oceedings o he Cong esso 30 Anos APAP a Paisagem da Democ acia, Po o, Po ugal, 12–14 Oc obe 2006. 10. Mye s, D. He i age in en o ies: P omo ing e ec i eness as a i al ool o sus ainable he i age managemen . J. Cul . He i . Manag. Sus ain. De . 2016,6, 102–112. [C ossRe ] 11. ICOMOS. P inciples o he Reco ding o Monumen s, G oups o Buildings and Si es. 1996. A ailable online: h ps://www. icomos.o g/cha e s/a chi es-e.pd (accessed on 29 July 2020). 12. And ade, I.E.-J. Cons ução e descons ução do concei o de ja dim his ó ico. Risco 2008,8, 138–144. [C ossRe ] 13. Cas el-B anco, C. (Ed.) O ja dim po uguês e a his ó ia da água nos ja dins. In AÁgua nos Ja dins Po ugueses; Sc ibe: Lisboa, Po ugal, 2010; pp. 7–21. 14. Ribei o, C.M. Ja dins His ó icos Po ugueses: Conceção e enquad amen o ju ídico pa a a sua ges ão e alo ização. In Genius Loci: Luga es e Signi icados | Places and Meanings; Rosas, L., Sousa, A.C., Ba ei a, H., Eds.; CITCEM: Po o, Po ugal, 2018; Volume 3, pp. 117–127. 15. Cas el-B anco, C. Ja dins His ó icos. Poesia A ás dos Mu os; Inapa: Lisboa, Po ugal, 2002. 16. Ca apinha, A. Uma b e e pe spec i a his ó ica. In Guia dos Pa ques, Ja dins e Geomonumen os de Lisboa; T a assos, D., Ed.; Câma a Municipal de Lisboa: Lisboa, Po ugal, 2009; pp. 10–15. 17. UNESCO. The Ope a ional Guidelines o he Implemen a ion o he Wo ld He i age Con en ion. A ailable online: h ps: //whc.unesco.o g/en/guidelines/?msclkid=b88 3457c23511ec926b2c6b9d0c607a (accessed on 22 Ap il 2022). 18. Gonçal es, R.M.T. A P o ecção do Pa imónio Paisagis a—1.ª pa e. Re . Pa im. Es ud. 2001,1, 108–115. 19. Schulp, C.; Le e s, C.; Kuemme le, T.; Tieskens, K.; Ve bu g, P. Mapping and modelling pas and u u e land use change in Eu ope´s cul u al landscapes. Land Use Policy 2019,80, 332–344. [C ossRe ] 20. Taylo , K.; Lennon, J. (Eds.) Managing Cul u al Landscapes; Rou ledge: London, UK, 2012. 21. Council o Eu ope. The Eu opean Landscape Con en ion. Flo ence. 2000. A ailable online: h ps://www.coe.in /en/web/ landscape/ ex -o - he-eu opean-landscape-con en ion (accessed on 22 Ap il 2022). 22. Cla al, P. Géog aphie Cul u ell; A mand Colin: Pa is, F ance, 2012. Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5978 19 o 19 23. And ade, I.E.-J. Dimensão Ambien al do Pa imônio Ve de Público U bano: O Impac o do En o no U bano nos Ja dins de In e esse His ó ico. Ph.D. Thesis, Uni e sidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, B azil, 2009. 24. ICOMOS. His o ic Ga dens—The Flo ence Cha e . 1981. A ailable online: h ps://www.icomos.o g/cha e s/ga dens_e.pd (accessed on 12 Ap il 2011). 25. Pechè e, R. La es au a ion des ja dins his o iques e la philosophie du coloque. In His o ic Ga dens and Si es; ICOMOS, Ed.; Fundación Cul u al Banes o: Mad id, Spain, 1993; pp. 29–30. 26. Tully, G.; Piai, C.; Rod íguez-He nández, J.; Delhommeau, E. Unde s anding Pe cep ions o Cul u al Landscapes in Eu ope: A Compa a i e Analysis Using ‘Oppida’ Landscapes. His . En i on. Policy P ac . 2019,10, 198–223. [C ossRe ] 27. Lopes, F.; Co eia, M.B. Pa imónio A qui ec ónico e A queológico; Ca as, Recomendações e Con enções In e nacionais; Li os Ho izon e: Lisboa, Po ugal, 2004. 28. UNESCO. Recommenda ion Conce ning he Sa egua ding o he Beau y and Cha ac e o Landscapes and Si es. A ailable online: h p://po al.unesco.o g/en/e .php-URL_ID=13067&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.h ml (accessed on 29 July 2020). 29. Lummen, A.M. La Memo ia de la His ó ia. A ailable online: h ps://www.icomos.o g/publica ions/ja dines_his o icos_buenos_ ai es_2001/con e encia2.pd (accessed on 22 Feb ua y 2016). 30. Aus alia ICOMOS. The Aus alia ICOMOS Cha e o he Conse a ion o Places o Cul u al Signi icance—(The Bu a Cha e ). A ailable online: h ps://aus alia.icomos.o g/publica ions/cha e s/ (accessed on 30 July 2020). 31. Sil a, S. Laze e Tu ismo nos Ja dins His ó icos Po ugueses. Uma Abo dagem Geog á ica; Fundação Eng. º An ónio de Almeida: Po o, Po ugal, 2020. 32. IEJP. Eu opean In en o ies. A ailable online: h p://eu opeanga dens.eu/en/eu opean-in en o ies-2/eu opean-in en o ies/ (accessed on 23 Ap il 2022). 33. ERHG. The Eu opean Cul u al Rou e P ojec . A ailable online: h p://eu opeanhis o icga dens.eu/en/ (accessed on 3 Decembe 2020). 34. Assembleia da República Po uguesa. Lei n º 107/2001 de 8 de Se emb o de 2001. A ailable online: h ps://d e.p /d e/de alhe/ lei/107-2001-629790 (accessed on 6 Ma ch 2012). 35. Ca i a, H.; Ca doso, A.H. T a ado da G andeza dos Ja dins em Po ugal ou da O iginalidade e Desai es Des a A e; Edição dos Au o es: Lisboa, Po ugal, 1987. 36. Sousa Vi e bo, F. A Ja dinagem em Po ugal: Apon amen os Pa a a Sua His ó ia; Imp ensa da Uni e sidade: Coimb a, Po ugal, 1906. 37. Ca apinha, A. Da Essência do Ja dim Po uguês. Ph.D. Thesis, Uni e sidade de É o a, É o a, Po ugal, 1995. 38. Sousa Vi e bo, F. A Ja dinagem em Po ugal, 2nd ed.; Imp ensa da Uni e sidade: Coimb a, Po ugal, 1909. 39. A aújo, I. A A e Paisagis a e a A e dos Ja dins em Po ugal; Minis é io das Ob as Públicas, Di eção Ge al dos Se iços de U banização: Lisboa, Po ugal, 1962. 40. Ribei o, L. Quin as do Concelho de Lisboa—In en á io, Ca ac e ização e Sal agua da; Pedagogical Ap i ude Repo ; Uni e sidade Técnica de Lisboa: Lisboa, Po ugal, 1992. 41. Cas el-B anco, C. Le an amen o e A aliação de Ja dins His ó icos Pa a Tu ismo; Cen o de Ecologia Aplicada Bae a Ne es do Ins i uo Supe io de Ag onomia: Lisboa, Po ugal, 1998; Volume 1. 42. Uni e sidade de T ás-os-Mon es e Al o Dou o. A e Paisagis a no No e de Po ugal—In en á io de Sí ios de In e esse. A ailable online: h p://www.a epaisagis a.u ad.p /a ea_es .h ml (accessed on 2 June 2012). 43. Soa es, A.L.; TalhéAzambuja, S.; Ma ques, T.; Sil a, A.I.; Azambuja, J.; A sénio, P. His o ic Ga dens o Lisbon—A Landscape He i age In en o y Model. In P oceedings o he Eu opean Council o Landscape A chi ec u e Schools (ECLAS) 2014 Con e ence Landscape: A Place o Cul i a ion, Po o, Po ugal, 21–23 Sep embe 2014. 44. IHRU. Pesquisa o In en á io do Pa imónio A qui e ónico. 2014. A ailable online: h p://www.monumen os.go .p /Si e/APP_ PagesUse /De aul .aspx (accessed on 30 Ma ch 2014). 45. DGPC. Pesquisa o In en á io do Pa imónio A qui e ónico. 2022. A ailable online: h p://www.monumen os.go .p /Si e/ APP_PagesUse /De aul .aspx (accessed on 5 Janua y 2022). 46. IHRU. No mas de In en á io do Pa imónio A qui e ónico—Espaço Ve de (NIPA-E.V.), e sion 4.0, no. 8; Ins i u o da Habi ação e Reabili ação U bana: Lisboa, Po ugal, 2015. 47. DGPC. In en á io do Pa imónio A qui e ónico—Es u u a de Dados. A ailable online: h p://www.monumen os.go .p /si e/ app_pagesuse /Si ePageCon en s (accessed on 28 June 2018). 48. IEJP. In en á io de Ja dins e Paisagens em Po ugal. A ailable online: h p://eu opeanga dens.eu/in en o ies/p / (accessed on 5 Janua y 2022). 49. And esen, T. In en á io dos Ja dins His ó icos de Po ugal. Obje i os, Me odologia, C i é ios. A ailable online: h ps://www. ja dinshis o icos.p / ileman/Uploads/Documen s/AJH_In en a io.pd (accessed on 30 July 2020). 50. AJH. In en á io dos Ja dins His ó icos de Po ugal. A ailable online: h ps://www.ja dinshis o icos.p /home/sea ch (accessed on 5 Janua y 2022). 51. Ama al, F.; Cas el-B anco, C. In en o y o his o ic landscapes and ga dens in Po ugal. In P oceedings o he 2013 Es i In e na ional Use Con e ence, San Diego, CA, USA, 8–12 July 2013. 52. AISBL HEREIN The Eu ope o Ga dens. A ailable online: h ps:// m.coe.in /ho s-se ie-he ein-1-l-eu ope-des-ja dins- he- eu ope-o -ga dens/16809a41d3 (accessed on 6 May 2022). 53. Aus alian Ga den His o y Socie y. A Na ional Re iew o In en o ies o His o ic Ga dens, T ees & Landscapes. A ailable online: h ps://www.ga denhis o ysocie y.o g.au/wp-con en /uploads/2017/03/In en o ies_o _his o ic_ga dens_ inal_6-7- 2012had9.pd (accessed on 25 June 2018).