h ps://doi.o g/10.14311/APP.2022.33.0610
Ac a Poly echnica CTU P oceedings 33:610–616, 2022 © 2022 The Au ho (s). Licensed unde a CC-BY 4.0 licence
Published by he Czech Technical Uni e si y in P ague
EFFECT OF USING BIOMASS FLY ASH ON THE CONCRETE
SUSTAINABILITY
Elisabe e Rod igues Teixei aa,∗, Ai es Camõesb, Fe nando G. B ancoc
aUni e si y o Minho, ISISE, Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Guima ães, Po ugal
bCTAC, Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, School o Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Minho, Campus de Azu ’em,
4800-058 Guima ães, Po ugal
cUni e si y o Coimb a, ISISE, Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Coimb a, Po ugal
∗co esponding au ho : b8416@ci il.uminho.p
Abs ac .
Biomass ly ash has been s udied has a pa ial cemen ma e ial, since his ma e ial has a posi i e
effec on conc e e p ope ies. E en hough, some mixes wi h BFA p esen s a posi i e bene i , hey
need o be economically compe i i e and p esen a good en i onmen al pe o mance. So, he analyse
and compa ison o conc e e ha uses BFA as aw ma e ial subs i u ion in e ms o en i onmen al
impac s ela ed o he p oduc ion o con en ional conc e e. One o he bes app oaches o de elop his
ype o s udy is o use he li e cycle assessmen (LCA) me hod. This me hod quan i ies bo h he inpu
lows, such as ene gy, wa e and ma e ials, as well as he ou pu lows, such as CO2emission, solid
was es and liquid was es. Based bo h on he abo emen ioned con ex and me hodological app oach,
a quan i ica ion and compa ison o po en ial en i onmen al impac s esul ing om he p oduc ion o
1 m3o conc e e was made, using diffe en ypes o binde and quan i ies o cemen subs i u ion.
Keywo ds: Li e cycle analysis, sus ainabili y, was es.
1. In oduc ion
Biomass ly ash (BFA) has an effec on conc e e p op-
e ies, p esen ing simila esul s o conc e e wi h a-
di ional pozzolanic ma e ials such as coal ly ash [1].
Mo eo e , he analysis o he po en ial en i onmen al
impac s ela ed o he p oduc ion o a conc e e ha
uses BFA as aw ma e ial subs i u ion is manda o y.
This analysis needs o be compa ed wi h he p oduc-
ion o plain cemen conc e e. One o he bes ap-
p oaches o de elop his ype o s udy is using he li e
cycle assessmen (LCA) me hod [2]. This me hod en-
ables he quan i ica ion o he po en ial en i onmen-
al impac s o p oduc s o se ices. I quan i ies bo h
he inpu lows, such as ene gy, wa e and ma e ials,
as well as he ou pu lows, such as CO2emission,
solid was es and liquid was es [3]. LCA allows es i-
ma ing he po en ial impac on humans and na u e
and enables iden i ying a eas wi h imp o emen po-
en ial [3]. Based bo h on he abo emen ioned con-
ex and me hodological app oach, a quan i ica ion
and compa ison o po en ial en i onmen al impac s
esul ing om he p oduc ion o 1 m3o conc e e was
made, using diffe en ypes o binde : i) Po land ce-
men ; ii) Po land cemen and CFA o /and BFA, iii)
Po land cemen and CFA and HL; and i ) Po land
cemen , CFA, BFA and HL. This wo k was p esen ed
o he de ence o he i s au ho PhD deg ee and i
is p esen ed in [4].
2. Me hods and Me hodology
2.1. Goal and Scope
The main goal o his s udy was o e alua e he en-
i onmen al pe o mances o a ious conc e e o mu-
la ions using biomass ly ash as a cemen eplace-
men ma e ial (Table 1) [4]. The me hod used in
his s udy ollowed he phases o an LCA. The use
o LCA is done acco ding o he ISO 14040 s anda d,
which p o ides a consensual amewo k, e minology
and me hodological phases [3]. The implemen a ion
o his me hod is based on ou majo phases: i) goal
and scope de ini ion; ii) in en o y analysis; iii) impac
assessmen ; and i ) in e p e a ion [3]. The goal and
scope exp ess he pu pose, objec i es, p oduc sys-
em, bounda ies and unc ional uni . In he in en o y
analysis, he da a necessa y o analyse he li e cycle
o he p oduc is collec ed. In he impac assessmen ,
he li e cycle in en o y (LCI) lows a e classi ied, cha -
ac e ized and no malized, using one o many possible
Li e Cycle Impac Assessmen (LCIA) me hodologies
o es ima e he po en ial en i onmen al impac s. The
las phase, in e p e a ion, is e y impo an o : i)
iden i y, quan i y and e alua e he in o ma ion ha
esul s om he las wo phases; ii) communica e he
in o ma ion in a co ec way; and iii) ecommend im-
p o emen s wi hin he analysed sys em [3, 4].
The compa a i e analysis and he agg ega ion o
indica o s we e de eloped using he mul ic i e ia
decision suppo Me hodology o he Rela i e
Sus ainabili y Assessmen o Building Technologies
(MARS-SC) [5]. The MARS-SC me hodology is
610
ol. 33/2022 Biomass Fly Ash on he Conc e e Sus ainabili y
Conc e e Mix %w w/b
Cemen BFA CFA HL
REF 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.50
CFA20 80.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.50
BFA20 80.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.50
CFA40 60.0 0.0 40.0 0.0 0.50
BFA40 60.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 0.50
CFA50 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.50
CFA50b 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.35
BFA50 50.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.5
CFA60 40.0 0.0 60.0 0.0 0.5
BFA60 40.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 0.5
CFA49.5HL0.5 50.0 0.0 49.5 0.5 0.35
CFA49.5BFA0.5 50.0 0.5 49.5 0.0 0.35
CFA48.8BFA1.3 50.0 1.3 48.8 0.0 0.35
CFA45BFA5 50.0 5.0 45.0 0.0 0.35
CFA48.8BFA0.6HL0.6 50.0 0.6 48.8 0.6 0.35
Table 1. Binde ac ion and wa e /binde a io used in he conc e e o mula ions [4].
based on h ee g oups o sus ainabili y ca ego ies:
en i onmen al, unc ional and economic [6]. Since
his esea ch aimed a assessing he en i onmen al
pe o mance o diffe en conc e e o mula ions, only
he en i onmen al ca ego y o MARS-SC was con-
side ed. The MARS-SC me hodology is p ocessed
in i e s eps: i) de ini ion o he sus ainabili y indi-
ca o s; ii) quan i ica ion o he indica o s (including
he li e cycle in en o y); iii) no maliza ion o he
indica o s; i ) agg ega ion o he indica o s; and )
sus ainable sco e calcula ion and global assessmen
[5].
2.2. Sys em Bounda ies and Func ional
Uni
The bounda ies o his wo k ma k he embodied en-
i onmen al impac s (c adle- o-ga e) o he diffe en
conc e e composi ions as well as he en i onmen al
impac s ha esul om he anspo a ion o he
ma e ials o he conc e e plan and hei mixing.
The choice o limi ing he s udy o he c adle- o-ga e
s age is jus i ied by he ac ha , in he s udied
composi ions, he use and disposal o conc e e will
esul in simila en i onmen al impac s [4]. The
decla ed unc ional uni is dependen on he goal o
li e cycle analysis and he e o e cons i u es 1 m3o
conc e e.
2.3. In en o y Analysis
To quan i y he sus ainabili y indica o s, i is neces-
sa y o i s de elop he in en o y analysis [6]. The
in en o y is used o quan i y he inpu s (e.g. ene gy,
ma e ials and chemical) and ou pu s (e.g. emissions
and was es) o he p oduc sys em [7].)
Table 2 shows he in en o y o he ma e ials and
anspo a ion conside ed o each conc e e o mula-
ion [4]. This in en o y ook in o conside a ion he
speci ic con ex o he Po uguese conc e e indus y.
The li e cycle analysis so wa e SimaP o 7.3.3 was
used o acili a e he quan i ica ion o he impac ca -
ego ies. In his s udy, he speci ic consump ion o aw
ma e ials, ene gy and uels and he emissions eleased
o ai , wa e and soil du ing he cemen p oduc ion
o an impo an Po uguese cemen plan , loca ed in
he sou h o Po ugal, was conside ed. The da a used
a e desc ibed in he public En i onmen al Decla a-
ion [8] o his cemen plan . Fo his esea ch, i was
conside ed ha his plan supplied he cemen used
o he p epa a ion o he diffe en conc e e o mula-
ions. I was necessa y o quan i y he impac ca -
ego ies, since he en i onmen al decla a ion did no
co e all impac ca ego ies necessa y o his s udy,
being limi ed o hose manda o ily decla ed acco d-
ing o Po uguese en i onmen al legisla ion [4]. Using
he in en o y lis ed in he en i onmen al decla a ion,
he SimaP o so wa e was used o assess he po en ial
en i onmen al impac s o he used Po land cemen .
Rega ding each ype o ly ashes, i was necessa y
o make he alloca ion o lows o he powe plan
acco ding o he place o p oduc ion. Alloca ion is
necessa y in he case o join cop oduc ion, whe e
he p ocesses canno be sub-di ided, as is he case
in ly ashes p oduc ion [9]. Alloca ion shall espec
he main pu pose o he p ocesses s udied, app op i-
a ely alloca ing all ele an p oduc s and unc ions.
Since he main pu pose o a he mal powe plan is
o p oduce elec ici y and since he diffe ence in e -
enue be ween he elec ici y and he ly ashes is high,
i is no possible o use an alloca ion p ocess based on
physical p op ie ies (e.g. mass and olume). The e-
o e, he alloca ion p ocess used in his esea ch was
based on economic alues [4].
Due o he en i onmen al epo [10] om a majo
Po uguese coal powe plan (loca ed in he cen e
611
E. R. Teixei a, A. Camões, F. G. B anco Ac a Poly echnica CTU P oceedings
Fo mula ions PC* G a el Sand Wa e SP* CFA BFA HL
Ma e ial Inpu (kg)
REF 350.0 969.2 738.1 200.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CFA20 280.0 982.1 756.7 149.5 0.0 70.0 0.0 0.0
BFA20 280.0 985.3 759.1 149.4 0.0 0.0 70.0 0.0
CFA40 210.0 973.0 749.6 149.7 0.0 140.0 0.0 0.0
BFA40 210.0 979.3 754.5 149.5 0.0 0.0 140.0 0.0
CFA50 175.0 968.4 745.1 149.8 0.0 175.0 0.0 0.0
CFA50b 175.0 1044.3 804.5 88.4 8.8 175.0 0.0 0.0
BFA50 175.0 976.3 752.2 149.6 0.0 0.0 175.0 0.0
CFA60 140.0 963.8 742.5 149.9 0.0 210.0 0.0 0.0
BFA60 140.0 973.3 749.9 149.7 0.0 0.0 210.0 0.0
CFA49.5HL0.5 175.0 1049.0 768.6 91.5 5.3 173.5 0.0 1.9
CFA49.5BFA0.5 175.0 1049.0 795.2 91.5 11.4 173.5 1.9 0.0
CFA48.8BFA1.3 175.0 1050.1 842.8 35.5 11.4 170.6 4.4 0.0
CFA45BFA5 175.0 1049.5 838.9 42.4 3.9 160.0 17.8 0.0
CFA48.8BFA0.6HL0.6 175.0 1067.2 832.9 36.9 2.5 170.6 2.2 2.2
T anspo a ion ( km)
REF 14.5 357.6 272.4 − − − − −
CFA20 11.6 362.4 279.2 − − 12.4 − −
BFA20 11.6 363.6 280.1 − − − 10.2 −
CFA40 8.7 359.0 276.6 − − 24.8 − −
BFA40 8.7 361.4 278.4 − − − 20.3 −
CFA50 7.3 357.3 274.9 − − 31.0 − −
CFA50b 7.3 385.3 296.9 −2.9 31.0 − −
BFA50 7.3 360.3 277.6 − − − 25.4 −
CFA60 5.8 355.6 274.0 − − 37.2 − −
BFA60 5.8 359.1 276.7 − − − 30.5
CFA49.5HL0.5 7.3 387.1 283.6 −1.7 30.7 −0.2
CFA49.5BFA0.5 7.3 387.1 293.4 −3.8 30.7 0.3 −
CFA48.8BFA1.3 7.3 387.5 311.0 −3.8 30.2 0.6 −
CFA45BFA5 7.3 387.3 309.6 −1.3 28.3 2.6 −
CFA49.5BFA0.6HL0.6 7.3 393.8 307.3 −0.8 30.2 0.3 0.3
PC - Po land Cemen ; SP - Supe plas icize
Table 2. Binde In en o y esul s o he ma e ial and anspo a ion inpu s o each conc e e (pe m3o p oduced
conc e e) [4].
o he coun y), i is possible o known how many
ons o coal a e consumed o p oduce 1 kWh o elec-
ici y as well as he quan i y o CFA p oduced du -
ing coal combus ion. In Po ugal, he comme cial
alue o CFA is abou 18 e/ on and he alue o he
elec ici y is 0.16 e/kWh. The e o e, he economic
alloca ion coefficien o 0.17 % is applied o he im-
pac s o he ex ac ion, anspo a ion and combus-
ion o he coal om ha powe plan . As wi h he
cemen plan , his en i onmen al epo only co e ed
he impac ca ego ies ha a e manda o y acco ding
o Po uguese en i onmen al legisla ion. As a e-
sul , all he lows (inpu s and ou pu s) decla ed in
his epo we e in oduced in he SimaP o so wa e,
aking in o conside a ion he quan i ied economic al-
loca ion coefficien o 0.17 %. Rega ding BFA, i is
impo an o highligh ha in Po ugal his kind o
ly ash is conside ed a was e p oduc and he e o e
hey do no p o ide an economic alue. Because o
his ac and acco ding o he alloca ion ules p e-
sen ed in ISO 14040, no lows om he he mal powe
plan a e alloca ed in he p oduc ion o BFA. Wi h
espec o he li e-cycle in en o y o he o he used
ma e ials (g a el, sand, wa e and supe plas icize ),
gene ic da a was used. Since he de elopmen o spe-
ci ic en i onmen al in o ma ion o p oduc s is e y
ime and cos consuming, ini ial LCA s udies, whose
main goal was o compa e diffe en design scena -
ios, a e no mally based on gene ic (a e age) da a
[4,6]. Fo his eason and due o he lack o public
a ailable speci ic da a o he abo emen ioned ma e-
ials, his in o ma ion was ga he ed om one o he
mos in e na ionally acc edi ed gene ic en i onmen-
al da abases o he Ecoin en epo V2.2 [11]. The
nea es con ex o he Po uguese one was conside ed
o his s udy. Since he ene gy consumed du ing he
manu ac u ing p ocess is he pa ame e ha mos in-
luences he li e-cycle en i onmen al impac [12] and
612
ol. 33/2022 Biomass Fly Ash on he Conc e e Sus ainabili y
since he Po uguese ene gy mix is diffe en om he
Eu opean a e age [13], a con ex ualiza ion o he en-
e gy used in each p ocess was de eloped. This means
ha all used p ocesses om he Ecoin en da abase
we e edi ed, and all ene gy inpu lows we e changed
o conside he Po uguese ene gy mix. In he in en-
o y o he anspo a ion p ocesses, he s udy con-
side ed he dis ances be ween he Po uguese places
o aw ma e ial ex ac ion o aw ma e ials s o age a-
cili ies and he conc e e mixing plan in ques ion [4].
The dis ance be ween he aw ma e ials p oduc ion
acili ies and conc e e p oduc ion was conside ed o
his s udy. The kilome es conside ed as he ans-
po a ion dis ance o cemen (Secil G oup), sand and
g a el (MIBAL - Minas de Ba quei os, S.A.), coal ly
ashes (Pegop-ene gia Eléc ica Sa), biomass ly ash
(Al i), supe plas icize (BASF) and hyd a ed lime
(Lusical-companhia Lusi ana De Cal Sa) o he con-
c e e indus y conside ed in his s udy we e 41.5, 369,
177, 145, 329 and 117 km, espec i ely.
The in en o y ela ed o he p oduc ion o conc e e
was quan i ied aking in o accoun he En i onmen al
P oduc Decla a ion (EPD) o a speci ic Po uguese
conc e e plan [14], whe e he diffe en conc e e
o mula ions a e supposedly p oduced. F om his
EPD, only he lows ela ed o he conc e e mixing
phase we e conside ed.
2.4. Impac Assessmen
The li e cycle in en o y da a was con e ed in o
po en ial en i onmen al impac , using he li ecycle
impac assessmen (LCIA) me hods. In MARS-SC,
he de ini ion o he sus ainabili y indica o s de-
pends, abo e all, on he ype o analysed p oduc
o building elemen and on he aims o he s udy.
In his me hod, he en i onmen al pe o mance as-
sessmen is based on he ollowing six en i onmen al
impac ca ego ies: i) Global wa ming; ii) Ozone
deple ion; iii) Acidi ica ion o soil and wa e ; i )
Eu ophica ion; ) Pho ochemical ozone c ea ion;
and i) Deple ion o abio ic esou ces- ossil uels.
Compa ed wi h he lis o impac ca ego ies ound in
he EN15804:2012 [15] s anda d, MARS SC does no
conside he Deple ion o abio ic esou ces-elemen s
as an impac ca ego y.
2.5. No maliza ion, Agg ega ion and
Global Assessmen
To a oid he scale effec s in he agg ega ion o pa-
ame e s o he diffe en indica o s and in o de o
minimize he possibili y ha some o he pa ame e s
a e o he ype. highe is be e and lowe is bad, i
was necessa y o no malize he indica o s [15]. The
no maliza ion was done using he Diaz-Bal ei o [16].
A e no maliza ion, is impo an o calcula e he ag-
g ega ion o each en i onmen al indica o in e ms o
a global indica o , desc ibing he o e all en i onmen-
al pe o mance (NDA). The global indica o NDA
esul s om he weigh ing a e age o each no mal-
ized. The sum o all weigh s mus be equal o 1.
Fo agg ega ion pu poses, his s udy conside s he
weigh s (Table 3) se in a s udy de eloped by he US
En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency’s Science Ad iso y
Boa d (SAB) [17]. In each sus ainable p o ile, he
global pe o mance o a espec i e conc e e wi h ly
ash was moni o ed and compa ed wi h ha o he
e e ence conc e e.
Indica o Weigh (%)
GWP 38
ODP 12
AP 12
EP 12
POCP 14
ADP_FF 12
Table 3. Weigh o each en i onmen al indica o [17].
3. Resul s and Discussion
Table 4 summa izes he alues ob ained in he quan-
i ica ion o he en i onmen al impac ca ego ies, e-
la ed wi h he p oduc ion o he diffe en conc e e
mixes. Analysing he esul s, when i used jus ce-
men as binde , conc e e p esen s he highes alues
o CO2emission. The high emission o CO2is a e-
sul o he chemical eac ions (calcina ion) ha occu
du ing clinke p oduc ion [4,18].
The inco po a ion o he BFA blended wi h CFA
allows a educ ion in all en i onmen al impac s,
mo eo e he en i onmen al impac s dec ease wi h
inc easing o cemen subs i u ion. A his s age, i is
necessa y o highligh he effec o he alloca ion s ep
on he ob ained esul s. In Po ugal, BFA a e consid-
e ed a was e p oduc wi hou economic alue [18] and
he e o e he e a e no lows om he biomass powe
plan alloca ed o i s p oduc ion [4]. The same does
no happen wi h CFA, as hey ha e a ma ke alue
and consequen ly a pe cen age o he powe plan ’s
lows is alloca ed o hei p oduc ion [19]. Conc e e
mixes 0.5%w and 1.3%w o BFA dec eased he en i-
onmen al impac ela ed wi h he CO2emissions bu
an inc ease on he alues o he o he s en i onmen al
indica o s was obse ed [4]. This is a no esul o he
inco po a ion o BFA, since his esul is no no ed in
he mixes wi h 5, 20, 40 and 60%w , bu i is due o
he ac o hese wo mixes p esen ed a highe supe -
plas icize con en . I was concluded in o he s udies
ha supe plas icize had high in luence on e.g. ODP
and ADP_FF impac ca ego ies, bu did no ha e
a signi ican in luence on GWP ha mos in luences
he o e all en i onmen al impac conc e e wi h ashes,
which con i m he esul s achie ed in his s udy [4].
The no maliza ion o he alues ob ained o each en-
i onmen al impac ca ego y was ob ained and he
613
E. R. Teixei a, A. Camões, F. G. B anco Ac a Poly echnica CTU P oceedings
Fo mula ions GWP100 ODP AP EP POCP ADP_FF
kg (×102) kg (×10−5) kg kg (×10−1) kg (×10−2) kg (×103)
REF 4.02 2.67 1.00 2.53 4.00 2.71
CFA20 3.44 2.55 0.91 2.32 3.64 2.56
BFA20 3.44 2.55 0.91 2.27 3.64 2.53
CFA40 2.83 2.38 0.80 2.08 3.23 2.36
BFA40 2.83 2.38 0.80 1.98 3.22 2.30
CFA50 2.53 2.30 0.75 1.96 3.02 2.26
CFA50b 2.88 2.69 0.90 2.41 3.97 3.10
BFA50 2.53 2.29 0.75 1.83 3.01 2.18
CFA60 2.23 2.21 0.69 1.84 2.82 2.16
BFA60 2.23 2.21 0.69 1.69 2.80 2.07
CFA49.5HL0.5 2.75 2.53 0.84 2.22 3.55 2.77
CFA49.5BFA0.5 2.96 2.77 0.94 2.51 4.20 3.31
CFA48.8BFA1.3 2.99 2.85 0.95 2.54 4.26 3.36
CFA45BFA5 2.75 2.59 0.85 2.22 3.57 2.73
CFA48.8BFA0.6HL0.6 2.73 2.57 0.83 2.18 3.46 2.64
Table 4. Values ob ained o he diffe en en i onmen al impac s.
Fo mula ions GWP100 ODP AP EP POCP ADP_FF
[kg CO2eq] [kg CFC-11 eq] [kg SO2eq] [kg PO4eq] [kg C2H4eq] [MJ eq]
REF 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.01 0.18 0.50
CFA20 0.32 0.44 0.30 0.26 0.42 0.62
BFA20 0.32 0.44 0.31 0.32 0.43 0.65
CFA40 0.66 0.72 0.65 0.54 0.71 0.78
BFA40 0.66 0.72 0.65 0.66 0.71 0.82
CFA50 0.83 0.86 0.82 0.68 0.85 0.85
CFA50b 0.64 0.20 0.32 0.16 0.20 0.20
BFA50 0.83 0.86 0.83 0.83 0.86 0.91
CFA60 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.82 0.99 0.93
BFA60 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
CFA49.5HL0.5 0.71 0.47 0.52 0.37 0.49 0.46
CFA49.5BFA0.5 0.59 0.09 0.21 0.04 0.04 0.03
CFA48.8BFA1.3 0.58 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
CFA45BFA5 0.71 0.37 0.50 0.38 0.47 0.49
CFA48.8BFA0.6HL0.6 0.72 0.41 0.54 0.42 0.55 0.56
Table 5. No malized alues o he s udied en i onmen al impac ca ego ies [4].
esul s a e p esen ed in Table 5. This enables a be -
e pe cep ion o which o he conc e es has a be -
e en i onmen al pe o mance. I is obse ed ha ,
conc e e in which 60% BFA had he bes en i onmen-
al pe o mance, being REF and CFA48.8BFA1.3 he
mixes ha p esen ed he lowes en i onmen al pe -
o mance.
Figu e 1 p esen he sus ainabili y p o iles and he
o e all en i onmen al pe o mances. A he le el o
each impac ca ego y, he bes conc e e is he one
ha has he alue closes o one. I is e i ied ha
he BFA60 conc e e p esen ed he bes en i onmen-
al pe o mance (NDA= 1.00) and plain cemen con-
c e e (REF) p esen ed he wo s pe o mance (NDA
= 0.12) [4].
The e o e, hese esul s allow he conclusion ha
using a high con en o BFA signi ican ly inc eases
he en i onmen al pe o mance o conc e e p oduc-
ion, since he o e all en i onmen al pe o mance o
conc e e is imp o ed. Addi ionally, he usage o hese
ma e ials con ibu es o a be e compa ibili y be-
ween he cons uc ion sec o and he goals o Sus-
ainable De elopmen [4].
4. Conclusions
BFA used alone o blended displayed a capabili y
o educe he en i onmen al impac s o conc e e,
when compa ed o con en ional conc e e. The e-
sul s showed ha 60% o BFA p esen ed he bes
esul s. Besides he good esul s obse ed, i is im-
po an o e e ha he conc e e o mula ions wi h
0.5 and 1.3%w o BFA p esen ed a low en i onmen-
al pe o mance, bu be e han ha o plain ce-
men conc e e. The en i onmen al issues ela ed wi h
614

ol. 33/2022 Biomass Fly Ash on he Conc e e Sus ainabili y
Figu e 1. No malized alues ha desc ibed he sus ainabili y p o ile.
hese wo conc e e o mula ions a e due o he use o
a highe con en o supe plas icize when compa ed
wi h he o he o mula ions. The effec o supe plas-
icize on he en i onmen al indica o s is known, bu
he esul s showed ha i is possible o sligh ly e-
duce he con en o SP, wi hou ha ing a signi ican
effec on he wo kabili y, main aining he alues sim-
ila o hose o he conc e e o mula ion wi h 5%w
o BFA [4]. The dec ease o he con en o SP has an
impo an con ibu ion on he imp o emen o en i-
onmen al pe o mance o hese wo conc e e mixes.
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s wish o hank he Po uguese Founda ion o
Science and Technology (FCT) and he Eco-Cons uc ion
and Rehabili a ion Doc o al P og am o suppo ing he
PhD schola ship ( e e ence PD/BD/ 52661/2014). This
wo k was pa ly inanced by FCT/MCTES h ough na-
ional unds (PIDDAC) unde he R&D Uni Ins i u e o
Sus ainabili y and Inno a ion in S uc u al Enginee ing
(ISISE), unde e e ence UIDB/04029/2020.
Re e ences
[1] R. Rajamma, L. Senff, M. J. Ribei o, e al. Biomass
ly ash effec on esh and ha dened s a e p ope ies o
cemen based ma e ials. Composi es Pa B:
Enginee ing 77:1-9, 2015. h ps:
//doi.o g/10.1016/j.composi esb.2015.03.019.
[2] R. Feiz, J. Ammenbe g, L. Baas, e al. Imp o ing he
CO2 pe o mance o cemen , pa I: u ilizing li e-cycle
assessmen and key pe o mance indica o s o assess
de elopmen wi hin he cemen indus y. Jou nal o
Cleane P oduc ion 98:272-81, 2015.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2014.01.083.
[3] K. Celik, C. Me al, A. Pe ek Gu sel, e al.
Mechanical p ope ies, du abili y, and li e-cycle
assessmen o sel -consolida ing conc e e mix u es
made wi h blended po land cemen s con aining ly
ash and limes one powde . Cemen and Conc e e
Composi es 56:59-72, 2015. h ps:
//doi.o g/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.11.003.
[4] E.R. Teixei a, High Volume Coal and Biomass Fly
Ash Eco-Efficien Conc e e, School o Engenee ing,
Uni e si y o Minho, 2019.
[5] J. Fe nandes, R. Ma eus, L. B agança. The po en ial
o e nacula ma e ials o he sus ainable building
design, in: Ve nac. He i . Ea hen A chi . Con ib.
Sus ain. De ., p. 623-629, 2013.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1201/b15685.
[6] R. Ma eus, S. Nei a, L. B agança, e al.
Sus ainabili y assessmen o an inno a i e ligh weigh
building echnology o pa i ion walls - Compa ison
wi h con en ional echnologies. Building and
En i onmen 67:147-59, 2013.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.builden .2013.05.012.
[7] X. Li, Y. Zhu, Z. Zhang. An LCA-based en i onmen al
impac assessmen model o cons uc ion p ocesses.
Building and En i onmen 45(3):766-75, 2010.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.builden .2009.08.010.
[8] S.A. Secil - Compania Ge al de Cal e Cimen os, Secil
Ou ão - En i onmen al Decla a ion, (2013).
[9] P. Van den Heede, N. De Belie. En i onmen al
impac and li e cycle assessmen (LCA) o adi ional
and g een conc e es: Li e a u e e iew and heo e ical
calcula ions. Cemen and Conc e e Composi es
34(4):431-42, 2012. h ps:
//doi.o g/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.01.004.
[10] Cen al Te moeléc ica do Pego, En i onmen al
Decla a ion, 2011.
[11] R. Hischie , B. Weidema, H. Al haus, e al,
Implemen a ion o Li e Cycle Impac Assessmen
Me hods. ecoin en epo No. 3, 2.2 2010.
h ps://ecoin en .o g/wp-con en /uploads/2020/
08/201007_hischie _weidema_implemen a ion_o _l
cia_me hods.pd .
[12] F.P. To gal, S. Jalali. Eco-efficien Cons uc ion and
Building Ma e ials: Li e Cycle Assessmen (LCA),
Eco-Labelling and Case S udies, Woodhead Publishing
Se ies in Ci il and S uc u al Enginee ing, 2011.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-0-85729-892-8.
615
E. R. Teixei a, A. Camões, F. G. B anco Ac a Poly echnica CTU P oceedings
[13] F.P. To gal, S. Jalali, Cons ução Sus en á el . O
Caso Dos Ma e iais Decons ução, Cong . Cons ução
2007 - 3o. Cong . Nac., p. 1-10, 2007.
h ps:// eposi o ium.sdum.uminho.p /bi s eam/
1822/7542/1/A igo%204.pd .
[14] CONCRETOPE - Fab ica de Be ão p on o S.A,
En i onmen al P oduc Decla a ion o Ready-mixed
conc e e, (2005).
[15] CEN EN 15804:2012. Sus ainabili y o cons uc ion
wo ks - En i onmen al p oduc decla a ions - Co e
ules o he p oduc ca ego y o cons uc ion
p oduc s, CEN:B ussels, 2012.
[16] L. Díaz-Bal ei o, C. Rome o. In sea ch o a na u al
sys ems sus ainabili y index. Ecological Economics
49(3):401-5, 2004.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.005.
[17] EPA Science Ad iso y Boa d, Towa d In eg a ed
En i onmen al Decision-Making, Washing on, DC,
Uni ed S a es. EPA-SAB-EC-00-011, 2000.
[18] E. R. Teixei a, R. Ma eus, A. F. Camões, e al.
Compa a i e en i onmen al li e-cycle analysis o
conc e es using biomass and coal ly ashes as pa ial
cemen eplacemen ma e ial. Jou nal o Cleane
P oduc ion 112:2221-30, 2016.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2015.09.124.
[19] D. Ga cía-Gusano, D. Ga aín, I. He e a, e al. Li e
Cycle Assessmen o applying CO2 pos -combus ion
cap u e o he Spanish cemen p oduc ion. Jou nal o
Cleane P oduc ion 104:328-38, 2015.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2013.11.056.
616