

Ci a ion: Dino, G.A.; Mancini, S.;
Lasagna, M.; Bone o, S.M.R.;
De Luca, D.A.; Pe ei a, M.D.;
Bap is a, E.H.; de Fe o Mi anda
Miguel, I.L.; Nu unga, F.; Vic ó ia,
S.S.; e al. Coope a i e P ojec s o
Sha e Good P ac ices owa ds Mo e
E ec i e Sus ainable
Mining—SUGERE: A Case S udy.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 3162. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/su14063162
Academic Edi o : Rajesh
Kuma Jyo hi
Recei ed: 20 Janua y 2022
Accep ed: 2 Ma ch 2022
Published: 8 Ma ch 2022
Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al
wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in
published maps and ins i u ional a il-
ia ions.
Copy igh : © 2022 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
sus ainabili y
A icle
Coope a i e P ojec s o Sha e Good P ac ices owa ds Mo e
E ec i e Sus ainable Mining—SUGERE: A Case S udy
Gio anna An onella Dino 1, Susanna Mancini 1,* , Manuela Lasagna 1, Sab ina Ma ia Ri a Bone o 1,
Domenico An onio De Luca 1, Ma ia Dolo es Pe ei a 2, Es he Holden Bap is a 3,
I ina Ludmilla de Fe o Mi anda Miguel 4, Fe dinalda Nu unga 5, Sónia Sil a Vic ó ia 6and Nelson Rod igues 7
1Ea h Sciences Depa men , Uni e si y o To ino—Via Valpe ga Caluso 35, 10125 To ino, I aly;
[email p o ec ed] (G.A.D.); [email p o ec ed] (M.L.); [email p o ec ed] (S.M.R.B.);
[email p o ec ed] (D.A.D.L.)
2Depa men o Geology, Uni e si y o Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email p o ec ed]
3Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Tunda ala Poli echnic Ins i u e, Lubango 46703, Angola;
[email p o ec ed]
4Depa men o Geology, Uni e si y Agos inho Ne o, Luanda 46703, Angola; [email p o ec ed]
5
Geological and Mining Depa men o Highe , Ins i u e o Science and Technology o Mozambique, Rua 1,194,
Mapu o 1100, Mozambique; [email p o ec ed]
6Facul y o Sciences and Technology, Uni e si y o Cape Ve de, P aia CP 279, Cape Ve de;
[email p o ec ed].edu.c
7Ea h Sciences Depa men , Uni e si y o Coimb a—Polo II, Rua Sil io Lima, 3030-790 Coimb a, Po ugal;
[email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac :
The supply o aw ma e ials is a global challenge o be add essed; hemes such as “sus ain-
abili y”, “ esponsibili y”, and “eco-compa ibili y” ep esen he co ne s ones o p oceeding owa ds
a “wise” managemen o geo esou ces. Acco ding o he Uni ed Na ions’ SDGs, he economic de-
elopmen o coun ies mus go hand in hand wi h he imp o emen o hei en i onmen al, heal h,
and social sus ainabili y. F om his pe spec i e, he exploi a ion o geo esou ces needs o be handled
wi h an in e disciplina y app oach ha ackles no only he echnical, economic, and en i onmen al
issues, bu also he social, legisla i e, and human heal h ones. In ecen yea s, Eu ope has p omo ed
se e al coope a i e p ojec s aimed a boos ing sus ainabili y in he ex ac i e indus y. To achie e and
gua an ee conc e e and uly sus ainable mining, i is necessa y o build and s eng hen educa ional
and aining skills. Wi h hese objec i es in mind, he i s esul s o he EU–A ica SUGERE E asmus+
p ojec a e p esen ed he e. The objec s o he p ojec a e he implemen a ion o Bachelo , Mas e , and
doc o al cu icula in geology and mining enginee ing and he p omo ion o socioeconomic de elop-
men hanks o he aining o expe s who a e able o coope a e and wo k in an in e disciplina y
manne o a sus ainable app oach o local mine exploi a ion.
Keywo ds:
EU–A ica coope a ion p ojec s; sus ainabili y o geo esou ces; local economic de elop-
men (LED); geology and mining enginee ing high educa ion; esponsible mining
1. In oduc ion
Supplies o aw ma e ials (RM) and c i ical aw ma e ials (CRM) a e a ma e o
conce n and a global challenge o ace o a sus ainable way o li ing. When conside ing
he exploi a ion o na u al esou ces (e.g., RM and CRM om mining and qua ying
ac i i ies) and/o an h opic esou ces (e.g., ecycled p oduc s, byp oduc s, and seconda y
aw ma e ials (SRM) om was e managemen and ecycling), an in e disciplina y app oach
(including echnical ac o s, en i onmen al and human heal h ac o s, economic ac o s,
and social and legisla i e ac o s) is needed [1].
Acco ding o he Uni ed Na ions’ Sus ainable De elopmen Goals [
2
] (SDGs), and as
add essed in he Johannesbu g Plan o Implemen a ion (JPOI) [
3
], economic, en i onmen al,
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 3162. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su14063162 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 3162 2 o 17
heal h, and social issues need o be managed in a con empo a y way ha gua an ees he
enhancemen o sus ainable indus ies and, in pa icula , o he mining sec o ( he objec o
he p esen s udy).
The minimiza ion o was e gene a ion, he educ ion in i s impac s on he en i on-
men , and he p ese a ion o na u al esou ces, oge he wi h he oppo uni y o he
euse/ ecycling o was e ma e ials, a e in line wi h he EU policy exp essed in he Eu-
ope 2020 s a egy o sma , sus ainable, and inclusi e g ow h [
4
], as well as in he EU
Sus ainable De elopmen S a egy [5,6] and he Pa is Ag eemen documen [7].
A ecen in e es ing p ojec unded by he EC is SUMEX [
8
], which aims o es ablish
a sus ainabili y amewo k o he ex ac i e indus y in Eu ope wi h he in ol emen o
s akeholde s om ci il socie y, academia, indus y, and go e nmen backg ounds om
coun ies ac oss he EU.
In ecen yea s, Eu ope has de eloped coope a i e p ojec s ela ed o he sus ainabili y
o he ex ac i e indus y and he de ini ion o sha ed s anda ds wi h o he coun ies,
pa icula ly wi h hose in A ica. The E asmus+ p og am aims a de eloping models o bes
p ac ices and a a playg ound o common ac i i ies o p omo e inno a i e educa ional and
p o essional pe spec i es. In gene al, hese p ojec s a e abou building he skills needed no
only o p o ide a good echnical basis o sus ainable de elopmen and a sha ed legisla ion
amewo k, bu also o ensu e ha A ica can ully bene i om i s na u al esou ces. They
in ol e schools and esea ch ins i u ions o he imp o ed pe cep ion o he sus ainable
de elopmen o he in es iga ion and ex ac ion o RM, and in ou case, a common pedagog-
ical app oach was de eloped o he implemen a ion o geology and mining enginee ing
cou ses in A ican coun ies. To each and gua an ee a conc e e and uly sus ainable min-
ing, aside om he d a ing o a sha ed egula o y and policy amewo k, educa ion and
aining challenges mus be o e come: Expe s in di e en ields ( om mining enginee ing
o geology, om economics o social sciences, and om en i onmen al o heal h sciences)
a e needed. Expe s need o ha e a common “ope a i e dic iona y” in o de o coope a e
and o wo k in an in e disciplina y way. Thus, while hinking o sus ainable mining, p ope
Bachelo , Mas e , and PhD deg ee cou ses mus be implemen ed. Such cou ses should
conce n no only Eu opean coun ies, bu also (and mainly) coun ies ha a e mo e ac i e
in he mining sec o , such as A ican coun ies; s a ing om his poin , coope a ion should
be p omo ed be ween EU and A ican uni e si ies.
This pape aims o show he i s esul s o coope a i e p ojec s ela ed o he ex ac i e
indus y be ween EU and A ican coun ies. In pa icula , i p esen s an in e na ional
EU–A ica p ojec o capaci y building, SUGERE, which is based on common aining
o p omo ing local economic de elopmen h ough he implemen a ion, e ision, and
imp o emen o he BSc, MSc, and PhD geology and mining cu icula.
The di e en pa s o his manusc ip ocus on he main objec i e o he SUGERE
p ojec : om he p omo ion o a wo-way ans e o knowledge be ween Eu opean and
A ican ins i u ions o he implemen a ion o he bes eaching and aining p ac ices o
he upda ing o geologis s’ and mining enginee s’ cu icula. Ra he han being a esea ch
pape , his is a desc ip i e s udy ha p o ides ac s and ools a ising om coope a i e
p ojec s—in pa icula , he SUGERE p ojec —which may help in mo ing o wa d in he
di ec ion o sus ainable mining in eme ging coun ies.
2. Sus ainable Mining: Ta ge s o he De elopmen o Geology and Mining
Enginee ing Cu icula
A ica’s mine al esou ces a e impo an o he EU, and a la ge numbe o EU-lis ed o
EU-based mining companies ope a e in A ican coun ies. The ex en o which hos -coun y
ules cons ain he beha io o companies su icien ly o ensu e ha hey con ibu e o
local g ow h a he han o be simply he agen s o ex ac ion o injus ice is cen al o he
ela ionship be ween ex ac i e indus ies and de elopmen . In e con inen al coope a ion
and egula o y exchange can posi i ely con ibu e o he o ma ion o legisla i e and policy
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 3162 3 o 17
amewo ks ha p omo e ‘ex ac i e jus ice’ by os e ing a symbio ic ela ionship in he
ex ac i e indus y be ween A ica and Eu ope [9].
Many A ican coun ies a e s uck in a commodi y ap, whe e hey expo high-bulk,
low- alue RM, and impo inished p oduc s o a highe alue. In esponse o his
phenomenon is he A ica Mining Vision [
10
]. The AMV was a icula ed in 2009 (Addis
Ababa) o c a a mining indus y ha was equi able, anspa en , and inclusi e; one ha
would ope a e as a lywheel o de elopmen a he han a con eyo bel o expo ing
RM. Coun ies migh ha e well-go e ned ex ac i e indus ies in basic compliance e ms,
bu isk managemen and sus ainabili y migh be absen . T ue go e nance should place
emphasis on sus ainabili y [11].
2.1. Towa ds a Sus ainable Pa h in Mining Sec o in A ica
A ica hos s abou a hi d o he wo ld’s RM ese es [
12
]; he e a e cu en ly a ound
700 ac i e mines and many o he si es ha a e unde in es iga ion, conside ing he global
ansi ion o a low-ca bon u u e [
12
,
13
]. In e na ional s anda ds, such as he Uni ed
Na ions Global Compac (UNGC), also equi e mining companies ope a ing in A ica o
add ess social and en i onmen al issues, in acco dance wi h he p inciple o sus ainabil-
i y [14–17].
Globally, since 2006, when he Uni ed Na ions P inciples o Responsible In es -
men [
18
] (PRI) we e launched, an inc easing p opo ion o companies epo on en i on-
men al, social and go e nance (ESG) da a. In es o s ha e also commi ed o include ESG
da a in hei in es men analysis, wi h many c i icisms [
19
] ela ed o he ac ha he
analysis o a single assessmen should hide de iciencies in any o he o he wo pilla s. A
igo ous app oach equi es sepa a e in-dep h analyses o each pilla .
Some au ho s p opose a holis ic assessmen o he local sus ainabili y o he mining
sec o by combining indica o s ha desc ibe he en i onmen al, social, economic, and
ins i u ional impac [20], acco ding o communi y pe spec i es and expe ad ice.
The impac s a e s ongly ela ed o he ea u es o he a ea and communi ies in e ac ing
wi h he mining ac i i y; hus, i is essen ial ha mining companies discuss wi h local
communi ies, in compliance wi h he law and human igh s, o build he necessa y le el
o social accep ance o gua an ee p ope de elopmen o he ac i i y. The social and
en i onmen al impac s usually cap u e he a en ion o jou nalis s, who can nega i ely
in luence an unin o med audience [21] and hinde he ex ac ion o he RM.
Indus ial mining p ojec s can play an impo an ole in global sus ainable de elop-
men and be a d i ing o ce o he economic de elopmen o low–medium-sized coun ies
income and, he e o e, can play a c i ical ole in he amewo k o he Agenda 2030 o
Sus ainable De elopmen [
22
–
24
]. Indeed, mining ac i i y can ha e posi i e e ec s on he
heal h, well-being, and economy o local communi ies, in ela ion o se e al ac o s, such
as he quali y o go e nance, he ype o ex ac ion echnology, he geog aphic loca ion, he
economic en i onmen , he echnical skills o he company, he ypology o mines [
25
,
26
],
he needs o he local socie y, e c.
Some o he economic bene i s o mining ac i i ies include o eign di ec in es men
(FDI), job c ea ion, new in as uc u e, and he imp o emen o essen ial se ices such as
wa e , schools, educa ion (bo h o child en and adul s), and p ima y heal h ca e [27–29].
Despi e he possible bene i s, po en ial nega i e e ec s could be p oduced by mining
ex ac ion and in as uc u e [
30
–
32
], which mus be ca e ully e alua ed and p ope ly
managed o ensu e he expec ed le el o sus ainable de elopmen [33].
Nega i e e ec s can be ep esen ed by en i onmen al impac s such as con amina ion
o wa e bodies, ai pollu ion, deg ada ion and changes in land use, ood insecu i y, loss o
ege a ion co e age, and damage o biodi e si y [
34
]. The ac o s ha a ec he pollu ion
connec ed o mining ac i i ies a e mainly linked o he o e ype, me al being ex ac ed,
exploi a ion me hod, o e p ocessing, pollu ion con ol e o s, and he geochemical and
hyd o-geochemical condi ions o wa e and su oundings [
35
]. Ways in which mining
ac i i ies and ex ac i e was es (EW) acili ies can a ec he en i onmen a e gene ally due
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 3162 4 o 17
o changes in hyd og aphy and hyd ogeological se ings o an a ea [
36
–
38
], he o ma ion
o acid mine d ainage (AMD) [
39
–
44
], he con amina ion o sedimen s, he con amina ion
o wa e sou ces wi h exposed me als [
45
–
50
], p ocessing chemical pollu ion [
51
], and ai
dispe sion o po en ially ha m ul mine als.
Mining and smel ing ope a ions a e o en he mos impo an local sou ces o en i-
onmen al con amina ion by me als and me alloids [
52
]. Me al con amina ion has been
documen ed in many mining–smel ing a eas o he wo ld, and i is a ma e o conce n due
o he me als oxici y o he en i onmen , humans, and animals [
53
,
54
]. The e ec s o RM
exploi a ion can be obse ed e en a e he cessa ion o mining ac i i ies.
Acco ding o [
55
], poli icians, ac i is s, and esea che s a e igh ing o a mo e sus ain-
able economy based on he need o de elop new me hodologies o analyzing en i onmen-
al sus ainabili y. These new me hods should include mo e complex p ocedu es such as
EIA (en i onmen al impac assessmen ) and LCA (li e cycle assessmen ; an in e na ionally
s anda dized app oach—ISO 14,040— o assess he use and li e cycle o esou ces and hei
emissions). LCA should be conside ed a ool o es ima ing he en i onmen al impac s o
an h opogenic sys ems, such as p oduc s, companies, and na ions, om a “c adle- o-g a e”
pe spec i e [
56
]. Fo he sus ainable managemen o EW, heal h–en i onmen al isk analy-
sis could be a alid ool o quan i a i ely assess he isks o human heal h ela ed o he
p esence o pollu an s in en i onmen al ma ices. Si e in es iga ion, sampling, and analysis
a e essen ial o p o ide eal da a o si e-speci ic concep ual models and, subsequen ly,
o isk analysis [
57
–
59
]. Risk assessmen includes no only he iden i ica ion o he “ isk
sou ces” bu also he e alua ion o he p obabili ies o ac ual ailu e, as well as he se e i y
o he likely consequences o ollow om such a ailu e.
The Ex ac i e Was e Di ec i e (EWD) [
60
], p o ides measu es, p ocedu es, and guid-
ance o p e en and educe as a as possible any ad e se e ec s on he en i onmen and
human heal h esul ing om he managemen o he EW. In gene al, he po en ial nega i e
impac s o mining and p ocessing ac i i ies a e ela ed o he elease o con aminan s in he
en i onmen al ma ices (iden i ied as soil, wa e and ai [
61
], wi h de imen al e ec s on
biodi e si y and human heal h) o he consump ion o ene gy, wa e and soil, o noise (due
o machine y and logis ics) and o he elease o haza dous subs ances.
Nega i e e ec s can also be ela ed o social impac s, such as mass mig a ion, he
displacemen o people and p ope y, o e loading o exis ing public in as uc u e and
social se ices [
62
–
64
], social con lic s, inc eases in he cos o li ing [
65
,
66
], and a g ow h
in he incidence o heal h diseases [
67
] such as sexually ansmi ed diseases [
68
]. Heal h
is a undamen al elemen o sus ainable de elopmen [
69
,
70
]: i mining companies wo k
in pa ne ship wi h local heal h sys ems, a be e well-being o local communi ies can be
achie ed wi h posi i e e ec s on he accep ance and objec i es o mining ac i i ies [
71
,
72
].
I has been demons a ed ha he mode niza ion o in as uc u e and he imp o emen o
he socio-economic condi ions can p oduce new posi i e oppo uni ies o he socie y, such
as a dec ease in child mo ali y and an inc ease in he weal h index [73–75].
Since 1980, many coun ies in he wo ld ha e unde aken signi ican e o ms in he
mining sec o , suppo ed by he Wo ld Bank, o a ac in es men s and s imula e he
economic de elopmen o he coun y [
76
,
77
], and since he 1990s, many inancie s ha e
imposed speci ic en i onmen al assessmen s in acco dance wi h Global and Eu opean
di ec i es as a equi emen o hei unding [
78
]. These en i onmen al assessmen s we e
hen sys ema ically in eg a ed in o he na ional legisla ion o A ican Coun ies o e he
nex ew decades [
79
]. In his way, he amewo k o good p ac ices has been s eadily
s eng hened, and in acco dance wi h in e na ional o na ional s anda ds, he easibili y
o mining p ojec s is now condi ioned by an app op ia e p oac i e p ocess o p e en o
minimize nega i e en i onmen al, economic, and social impac s and maximize po en ial
posi i e e ec s by he e i o ial and social in eg a ion o he p ojec [80–82].
The social esponsibili y o he companies and he app op ia e echnical skills o he
wo ke s con ibu e o op imize he esou ces, educe he isks, c ea e a o able condi ions
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 3162 5 o 17
o economic ac i i y, imp o e economic dispa i ies, and inc ease he well-being o he
en i onmen and heal h o he local communi ies.
2.2. O e iew on Coope a ion and EU P ojec s Connec ed o Sus ainabili y in he
Ex ac i e Indus y
Recen ly, Eu opean and in e na ional coope a ion p ojec s ela ed o sus ainabili y and
geo- esou ces issues ha e been ca ied ou in o de o p omo e sus ainable mining. Those
can be di ided in o:
1.
Coope a ion p ojec s based on capaci y building in he ield o geo esou ces and o
he de elopmen o a sha ed legisla i e and policy amewo k (E asmus+ p ojec s);
2.
Eu opean p ojec s based on Resea ch and Inno a ion (Ho izon 2020 p ojec s—R&I)
ac i i ies o he de elopmen o a ci cula economy;
3.
Eu opean coope a ion p ojec s which aim a building EU–A ica pa ne ships on
sus ainable RM alue chains (Ho izon 2020 p ojec s—CSA);
1. Coope a ion P ojec s: E asmus+ unds academic and you h mobili y and coope a-
ion be ween Eu ope and o he egions in he wo ld, including A ica. A ican coun ies
can ake pa in E asmus+ as Pa ne Coun ies in ou ypes o p ojec s in he highe
educa ion sec o , and in you h coope a ion p ojec s.
Join p ojec s a e aimed a mode nizing and e o ming highe educa ion ins i u ions,
de eloping new cu icula, imp o ing go e nance, and building ela ionships be ween
highe educa ion ins i u ions and en e p ises. S uc u al p ojec s can also ackle policy
opics and issues, p epa ing he g ound o highe educa ion e o m, in coope a ion wi h
na ional au ho i ies. Capaci y building p ojec s can be add essed o a g oup o ACP
(A ican, Ca ibbean and Paci ic s a es) and A ican Coun ies o o a single coun y. Wha
ollows is a b ie summa y o he E asmus+ p ojec s ha be e ep esen he coope a ion
ac i i ies o de elop highe educa ion sys ems wi hin EU and A ica, especially conce ning
challenges such as sus ainable mining.
An example o a success ul E asmus+ mining p ojec is MINERAL p ojec : “Mode ni-
sa ion o Geological Educa ion in Russian and Vie namese Uni e si ies (MINERAL)” [
83
]; i
in ol es academic mobili y o sha ing p ac ical knowledge in geological educa ion, in o-
duc ion o inno a i e eaching me hods, and ecogni ion o diplomas in pa ne coun ies.
I upli s uni e si ies o an in e na ional le el, assu es ins i u ion in e na ionaliza ion and
ne wo king, and inc eases s uden and s a mobili y.
O he wo join A ica–EU ini ia i es ha e been de eloped in ecen yea s o gua an ee
a s ong educa ion sys em:
-
Ha moniza ion and Tuning (TUNING A ica) [
84
] ini ia i e, in ol ing 107 uni e si ies,
egional bodies, and s uden s om 42 A ican coun ies. This p ojec uses a me hod-
ology ha has al eady been es ed in e na ionally, which suppo s he sys ema ic
compa ison and ha moniza ion o highe educa ion cu icula o A ican uni e si ies
and p omo es s uden mobili y in A ica [
85
]. The Tuning Me hodology has been
applied in he edesign o BSc deg ee p og ams in eigh g oups o designa ed subjec
a eas, including Applied Geology.
-
Ha monisa ion o A ican Highe Educa ion, Quali y, Assu ance and Acc edi a ion
(HAQAA) [
86
], which has been es ablished o suppo he de elopmen o a ha mo-
nized quali y assu ance and acc edi a ion sys em a ins i u ional, na ional, egional,
and Pan-A ican con inen al le els. The gene al objec i es a e o imp o e he quali y
and ha moniza ion o A ican highe educa ion and suppo s uden s’ employabili y
and mobili y ac oss he con inen .
These wo ini ia i es a e examples o he excellen collabo a ion be ween he EU and
he A ican Uni e si ies in he ield o highe educa ion.
An example o policy and egula o y sha ing is he Eu opean Union’s No ma i e
Role in A ican Ex ac i es Go e nance [
87
] (ENRAG) p ojec , which seeks o p omo e
collabo a ion in he EU and A ican esea ch and policy communi ies on he opic o
ex ac i e indus y go e nance. This coope a ion p ojec is based on he objec i es o he

Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 3162 6 o 17
A ica Mining Vision [
10
] (AMV). The AMV, a “pa hway, o mula ed by A ican na ions
hemsel es, ha places he con inen ’s long- e m and a - eaching de elopmen goals a
he cen e o all policy decisions ela ed o mining”, was implemen ed o ensu e ha A ica
u ilizes i s mine al esou ces s a egically o b oad-based, inclusi e de elopmen .
2. Eu opean p ojec s based on Resea ch and Inno a ion (R&I): he Eu opean Com-
mission has launched an ac ion plan o he ci cula economy ha aims o suppo he
ansi ion o an economy in which aluable ma e ials, p oduc s, and esou ces a e kep as
long as possible while educing was e gene a ion.
The Ho izon 2020 wo k p og am includes a a ge ed “Indus y 2020 in he Ci cula
Economy” ini ia i e o suppo he objec i es o he ci cula economy, based on a balance
o economic and en i onmen al bene i s h ough he de elopmen o new echnologies
and business models by linking di e en sec o s and public au ho i ies. The spec um
o p io i ies co e ed by Ho izon p ojec s is e y di e se and co e s mo e sus ainable
p oduc ion and op imiza ion o indus ial p ocesses, new bio-based and biodeg adable
p oduc s, subs i u ion o eco e y o aw ma e ials, e c.
ERA-MIN, ERA-MIN 2 and ERA-MIN 3 p ojec s implemen a Eu opean-wide coo di-
na ion o esea ch and inno a ion p og ams on aw ma e ials o s eng hen he indus y
compe i i eness and he shi o a ci cula economy [
88
]. These p ojec s comp ise a p og es-
si e, Pan-Eu opean ne wo k o public esea ch unding o ganiza ions.
3. Eu opean coope a ion p ojec s conce ned wi h building EU-A ica pa ne ships
on sus ainable aw ma e ials alue chains (CSA): one Eu opean p ojec based on CSA is
HORIZON-CL4-2021-RESILIENCE-01-05 [
89
]. This p ojec p omo es esponsible mining
p ac ices h ough p og ams aimed a he sus ainable de elopmen o he in o mal sec o
(a isanal and small-scale mining), which has become o s a egic impo ance o se e al
coun ies.
The ul ima e aim o hese p ojec s is o suppo he in o mal sec o h ough he p omo-
ion and dissemina ion o esponsible business p ac ices, o de elop he s eng hening o
local go e nance and he business en i onmen h ough coope a ion wi h o he ins i u ions
and de elopmen pa ne s.
Mo eo e , he Eu opean Union suppo s he Ex ac i e Indus ies T anspa ency Ini-
ia i e (EITI) h ough unding o he EITI In e na ional Managemen as well as o local
p og ams in i s implemen ing coun ies. The Wo ld Bank has been suppo ing he imple-
men a ion o he EITI since 2004 and has p o ided coun y-le el g an s and analy ical and
ad iso y ac i i ies globally. The UN 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen is a he
hea o he EU’s in e na ional coope a ion and de elopmen policy and is also e lec ed in
he new EU Consensus on De elopmen (2017). The EU’s de elopmen assis ance is one o
he pilla s o he EU’s ex e nal ac ion alongside o eign, secu i y, and ade policies.
Finally, PanA Geo and PanA Geo-2 [
90
] p ojec s ha e o be ci ed, which include
12 Eu opean Geological Su eys and Eu oGeoSu eys. PanA Geo-2 (2021–2024) is a con-
inua ion o he well- ecognised PanA Geo (2016–2019), which has p o ided 42 aining
sessions o 1068 geoscien is s om 49 A ican coun ies, and gene a ing no able impac s
on he poli ical, ins i u ional, and echnical capaci y le el in A ica. “PanA Geo”, sho
o “Pan-A ican Suppo o he Eu oGeoSu eys—O ganisa ion o A ican Geological
Su eys (EGS-OAGS) Pa ne ship”, is a p ojec ha suppo s he aining o geoscien i ic
s a om A ican Geological Su eys h ough he de elopmen o an inno a i e aining
p og am ha includes he acquisi ion and de elopmen o impo an p o essional skills ha
complemen hei echnical ones and quali ica ions. The aining p og am is implemen ed
by wo ld-class geoscien i ic expe s bo h om A ican and Eu opean Geological Su eys.
PanA Geo-2 co e s he en i e y o he A ican con inen , wi h a speci ic ocus on hose
coun ies ha a e ich in mine al esou ces. The p ojec is add essed o he O ganisa ion
o A ican Geological Su eys (OAGS) and i s membe o ganiza ions, as well as ele an
go e nmen al bodies such as mining au ho i ies and geological esea ch bodies (e.g., uni-
e si ies, esea ch cen e s). EGS is a non-p o i o ganiza ion wi h he goal o p o iding
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 3162 7 o 17
neu al, balanced, and p ac ical suppo o Eu opean ins i u ions wi h geoscience expe
knowledge om ac oss Eu ope.
2.3. SUGERE Case S udy: S uden Ca ee s (Geologis s, Mining Enginee ing and Geoenginee ing)
owa ds Sus ainable Mining (Bo h a EU and A ican Le el)
SUGERE [
91
] (Sus ainable sus ainabili y and Wise Use o Geological Resou ces) is an
ERASMUS+ p ojec (Figu e 1. KA2—Coope a ion o inno a ion and he exchange o good
p ac ices—Capaci y building in he ield o Highe Educa ion). The conso ium includes
ou pa ne s om h ee Eu opean coun ies (Uni e si y o Coimb a and Cen o de Es udos
Sociais—Po ugal; Uni si y o Salamanca—Spain; Uni e si y o To ino—I aly) and six
pa ne s om h ee A ican coun ies (Uni e sidade de Cabo Ve de and Uni e sidade de
San iago—Cabo Ve de; Uni e sidade Agos inho Ne o and Ins i u o Supe io Poli écnico
Tunda ala—Angola; Uni e sidade Edua do Mondlane and Ins i u o Supe io de Ciências
e Tecnologia de Moçambique—Mozambique). I s a ed on 15 Janua y 2019 and i will
las un il 14 Sep embe 2023 (ex ended om he o iginal deadline due o he COVID-
19 pandemic c isis).
Sus ainabili y 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 18
PanA Geo-2 co e s he en i e y o he A ican con inen , wi h a speci ic ocus on hose
coun ies ha a e ich in mine al esou ces. The p ojec is add essed o he O ganisa ion
o A ican Geological Su eys (OAGS) and i s membe o ganiza ions, as well as ele an
go e nmen al bodies such as mining au ho i ies and geological esea ch bodies (e.g., uni-
e si ies, esea ch cen e s). EGS is a non-p o i o ganiza ion wi h he goal o p o iding
neu al, balanced, and p ac ical suppo o Eu opean ins i u ions wi h geoscience expe
knowledge om ac oss Eu ope.
2.3. SUGERE Case S udy: S uden Ca ee s (Geologis s, Mining Enginee ing and Geoenginee -
ing) owa ds Sus ainable Mining (Bo h a EU and A ican Le el)
SUGERE [91] (Sus ainable sus ainabili y and Wise Use o Geological Resou ces) is an
ERASMUS+ p ojec (Figu e 1. KA2—Coope a ion o inno a ion and he exchange o
good p ac ices—Capaci y building in he ield o Highe Educa ion). The conso ium in-
cludes ou pa ne s om h ee Eu opean coun ies (Uni e si y o Coimb a and Cen o
de Es udos Sociais—Po ugal; Uni si y o Salamanca—Spain; Uni e si y o To ino—I -
aly) and six pa ne s om h ee A ican coun ies (Uni e sidade de Cabo Ve de and Uni-
e sidade de San iago—Cabo Ve de; Uni e sidade Agos inho Ne o and Ins i u o Supe-
io Poli écnico Tunda ala—Angola; Uni e sidade Edua do Mondlane and Ins i u o Su-
pe io de Ciências e Tecnologia de Moçambique—Mozambique). I s a ed on 15 Janua y
2019 and i will las un il 14 Sep embe 2023 (ex ended om he o iginal deadline due o
he COVID-19 pandemic c isis).
Figu e 1. SUGERE (Sus ainable sus ainabili y and Wise Use o Geological Resou ces).
The SUGERE p ojec seeks he implemen a ion o i e cou ses: h ee BScs in Geology
and Geological and Mining Enginee ing, one MSc in Geological Resou ces, and a PhD in
Geology (Table 1). The aim o he p ojec is he sha ing o he common iew o Local Eco-
nomic De elopmen , as se by he igh balance o Geology/Mining plus En i onmen al
Issues Plus Social Economy. The cou ses’ cu icula a e being discussed among all pa -
ne s, and each cou se is expec ed o ha e con ibu ions om all.
Figu e 1. SUGERE (Sus ainable sus ainabili y and Wise Use o Geological Resou ces).
The SUGERE p ojec seeks he implemen a ion o
i e cou ses
: h ee BScs in Geology
and Geological and Mining Enginee ing, one MSc in Geological Resou ces, and a PhD
in Geology (Table 1). The aim o he p ojec is he sha ing o he common iew o Local
Economic De elopmen , as se by he igh balance o Geology/Mining plus En i onmen al
Issues Plus Social Economy. The cou ses’ cu icula a e being discussed among all pa ne s,
and each cou se is expec ed o ha e con ibu ions om all.
Table 1. Cu icula o be implemen ed du ing he p ojec pe iod.
Cu icula Impleme a ion A ican Ins i u ion Ci y
BSc—Geological Enginee ing deg ee UAN Lubango (Angola)
BSc—Geology deg ee UEM Mapu o (Mozambique)
BSc—Geological and Mining enginee ing deg ees ISCTEM Mapu o (Mozambique)
MSc in Geological Resou ces deg ee UniCV—US Cabo Ve de
PhD in Geology UAN Luanda (Angola)
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 3162 8 o 17
The p ojec ocuses on local economic de elopmen (LED) as a combina ion o (Geol-
ogy/Mining) + En i onmen + Social Economy. The main objec i e is o g adua e pe sons
ha a e able o oppose he “Resou ce Cu se” [
92
]. The p ojec is expec ed o b ing new
ideas back o he Eu opean Pa ne s. The Eu opean Pa ne s will no be jus gi e s, bu hey
will also be ecei e s ( hus, a WP named P ojec Rebound has been se ). So, in addi ion o
a No h–Sou h in luence, he e will also be a Sou h–No h one. A he end o he p ojec
pe iod, he ob ained esul s will be b ough back o he Eu opean Ins i u ions, hope ully o
con ibu e o imp o ing bo h he quali y o exis ing Eu opean and A ican cou ses.
The ac onym o he p ojec SUGERE (Po uguese wo d o SUGGEST) was chosen
o e lec he pos u e o he Eu opean Pa ne s: hey will be sugges ing al e a ions by
demons a ing esul s bu will ne e y o impose any so o p econcei ed model.
The da a collec ion, analysis, and scien i ic e alua ion o he p ojec will be led by an
A ican ins i u ion.
3. Resul s and Rebounds om Suge e and O he Coope a ion P ojec s
One o SUGERE’s main objec i es is o p o ide suppo in se ing up and p epa ing
esea ch and eaching labo a o ies in he A ican ins i u ions pa icipa ing in he p ojec .
Se ing up a labo a o y no only in ol es he pu chase o equipmen and ma e ials (which
his p ojec inances) bu also he aining o pe sonnel who know how o use he equipmen
and in e p e he esul s co ec ly (Figu e 2).
Sus ainabili y 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 18
Figu e 2. Geological su ey, labo a o y ac i i ies and eam mee ings o SUGERE p ojec .
Due o COVID-19, all planned SUGERE in-p esence ac i i ies we e cancelled as o
Ma ch 2020 and pos poned o 2022. Fo his eason, he only epo on aining ou comes
de i es om he in-pe son ac i i ies ha ook place in Salamanca in Sep embe 2019 (Ta-
ble 2).
Table 2. Summing up o he ca ied ou ac i i ies.
Suge e Ac i i ies Ca ied ou How To Whom Numbe o Pe sons
T aining Pe iod USAL (Salamanca)
Speci ic lec u es on ea h science and mining engi-
nee ing (Geochemis y, Na u al S ones and A chi-
ec u al He i age, Mine alogy, and o he s)
ON-SITE LESSONS
ALL AFRICAN
PARTNERS (Teach-
e s and esea che s)
23
Speci ic labo a o y ac i i ies (p epa a ion o ocks
o analysis, use o SEM elec on mic oscope, p ac i-
cal wo k on ca hodoluminescence o ca bona ed
ocks de e mina ion, s able iso ope analysis,
ICP/OES and ICP/MS analysis and o he s)
Geophysics labo a o y, Physical and Mechanical
es ing lab.
Visi o a echnological cen e and he a chi ec onic
he i age o he Unesco Wo ld He i age ci ies o Sala-
manca and Cace es
LABORATORY AC-
TIVITIES 23
Re ision ac i i ies o cu icula BSc, MSc and PhD
“Need analysis” and adap a ion o BSc cu icula and
p epa a ion and sending o English e sion o
SHARING PLAT-
FORM MYCLOUD
AND VIDEOCALL
UEM, ISCTEM
Figu e 2. Geological su ey, labo a o y ac i i ies and eam mee ings o SUGERE p ojec .
Due o COVID-19, all planned SUGERE in-p esence ac i i ies we e cancelled as o
Ma ch 2020 and pos poned o 2022. Fo his eason, he only epo on aining ou comes
de i es om he in-pe son ac i i ies ha ook place in Salamanca in Sep embe 2019
(Table 2).
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 3162 9 o 17
Table 2. Summing up o he ca ied ou ac i i ies.
Suge e Ac i i ies Ca ied Ou How To Whom Numbe o Pe sons
T aining Pe iod USAL (Salamanca)
Speci ic lec u es on ea h science and mining
enginee ing (Geochemis y, Na u al S ones and
A chi ec u al He i age, Mine alogy, and o he s)
ON-SITE LESSONS ALL AFRICAN
PARTNERS
(Teache s and
esea che s)
23
Speci ic labo a o y ac i i ies (p epa a ion o ocks
o analysis, use o SEM elec on mic oscope,
p ac ical wo k on ca hodoluminescence o
ca bona ed ocks de e mina ion, s able iso ope
analysis, ICP/OES and ICP/MS analysis and o he s)
Geophysics labo a o y, Physical and Mechanical
es ing lab.Visi o a echnological cen e and he
a chi ec onic he i age o he Unesco Wo ld He i age
ci ies o Salamanca and Cace es
LABORATORY
ACTIVITIES 23
Re ision ac i i ies o cu icula BSc, MSc and PhD
“Need analysis” and adap a ion o BSc cu icula and
p epa a ion and sending o English e sion o
UNITO BSc p og am on Geology p og am o
cou ses and disciplines
SHARING PLATFORM
MYCLOUD AND
VIDEOCALL
UEM, ISCTEM
“Need analysis” and de elopmen o MSc p og ams
on geological esou ces
SHARING PLATFORM
MYCLOUD AND
VIDEOCALL
UNICV
“Need analysis”: Discussion abou o ganiza ion o
PhD deg ees p og am on geology and enginee ing.
PhD deg ees in enginee ing was supe ised,
de ining he cu icula, lec u e books and
eaching plan
SHARING PLATFORM
MYCLOUD AND
VIDEOCALL
UAN
Cou ses de eloped o PhD in Geology (UAN)
Da a Analysis (UC)
ON-LINE LESSONS PhD in Geology in
Luanda (Angola) 16
Sedimen ology (USAL, UC)
Mine alogy (USAL)
Geochemis y (USAL)
Geo echnics (UNITO, UC)
Remo e Sensing (UNITO)
Sus ainable Mining and Ci cula Economy (UNITO)
Tec onics (UC)
Na u al Radioac i i y (UC)
Coal chemis y (UC)
Geophysics (UC)
Twen y- h ee people including p o esso s and esea che s om A ican uni e si ies
and he Uni e si y o Salamanca pa icipa ed in he aining ac i i ies on ea h science
and mining enginee ing opics h ough speci ic lec u es and labo a o y ac i i ies. These
ac i i ies we e p o ided wi h he in en ion o helping in he p epa a ion o esea ch and
eaching labo a o ies a he pa icipa ing ins i u ions. Du ing he aining pe iod, he
cu icula con en s we e analyzed and sha ed by all he pa icipan s, gua an eeing a wo-
way app oach (EU s. A ica and A ica s. EU).
The pa icipan s a he aining in Salamanca we e essen ially eache s om he A ican
HEIs; he majo i y o hem showed an MSc deg ee (60%) and he mino i y a BSc o a PhD
deg ee (13% and 27%, espec i ely). A summa y o he p o ile o he pa icipan s is
ep esen ed in Figu e 3. In pa icula , he a e age age o he pa icipan s was 40 yea s
old (73% male and 27% emale). In o al, 75% o he a endees we e eache s, and 25%
we e echnicians.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 3162 16 o 17
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