Analysing he mas e plan
de elopmen and u ban he i age
o Naja Ci y in I aq
Sabeeh La a Fa han
Depa men o A chi ec u al Enginee ing, College o Enginee ing,
Uni e si y o Wasi , Wasi , I aq and
School o A chi ec u e, Design and he Buil En i onmen ,
No ingham T en Uni e si y, No ingham, UK
Dhi gham Alobaydi
Depa men o A chi ec u e Enginee ing, College o Enginee ing,
Uni e si y o Baghdad, Baghdad, I aq
Daniel An on
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, and
Zuhai Nasa
Uni e si y o Ku a, Ku a, I aq
Abs ac
Pu pose –This pape is in ended o assess he de elopmen s conduc ed on he mas e plan o Old Naja ,
mainly in h ee a eas: he Imam AliHoly Sh ine and i s su oundings, he G ea Ma ke A ea and he loca ion o
he Town o Visi o s.
Design/me hodology/app oach –In o de o analyse he implemen a ion o he ans o ma ion phases in Old
Naja , he S eng hs, Weaknesses, Oppo uni ies, and Th ea s (SWOT) echnique was used o iden i y and
o ganise he s eng hs, weaknesses, oppo uni ies and h ea s ela ed o he examined case s udy o he ci y’s
his o ic cen e. A he i s s age, all a ailable da a (pho og aphs, maps, documen s and epo s) we e collec ed
om di e en sou ces, including p e ious s udies by go e nmen al ins i u ions, depa men s and agencies.
Ul ima ely, he SWOT analysis was used o each iden i ied phase in he mo phological e olu ion o he his o ic
cen e. This can o e an oppo uni y o obse e he implica ions o u ban planning p ac ices in Old Naja om he
mid-20 h cen u y o he p esen day. In o de o iden i y he well-o ganised u ban design p ac ices and app op ia e
s a egies, he implemen ed s udies and p ojec s we e examined by he ou ac o s o he SWOT analysis.
Findings –The cu en esul s ha e e ealed impo an u ban ans o ma ions, al eady made and/o ongoing, o
hose a o emen ioned h ee main a eas, which imply a g ea loss o he ci y’s adi ional cha ac e and u ban
he i age. Fu he , he en i onmen al and socio-economic issues should be in ol ed in he analysis o e alua e how
hey ha e in luenced he cu en ou comes o Old Naja in ela ion o he u ban con igu a ion and o ien a ion.
O iginali y/ alue –The ich cul u al and a chi ec u al he i age o Al-Naja his o ic cen e is d ama ically
neglec ed and se iously h ea ened o be los . Hence, conse a ion on bo h angible and in angible le els is
u gen ly needed. I is he i s pape which ocussed on his p oblem and ies o lea n om he B i ish
Conse a ion Expe iences in his ield.
Keywo ds U ban ans o ma ions, Mas e plan, His o ic cen e, U ban he i age, Old Naja
Pape ype Resea ch pape
1. In oduc ion
The his o ic cen es ep esen he o igin co es o he ci ies, whe e g ow h and de elopmen
ha e been aking place. As desc ibed by Elnokaly and Else agy (2011),“ci ies a e socie y’s
cen es o human in e ac ion, c ea i i y, knowledge, di e si y, cul u e, comme ce and
economic c ea i i y”. Thus, i is in he his o ic ci y cen es ha mos o he e ec s o
de elopmen occu , which in u n a ec s bo h u ban and cul u al he i age in he a ea, as well
as eelings o iden i y and sense o belonging (Elnokaly and Else agy, 2013). Ro h (1992)
Analysis o
u ban he i age
o Naja Ci y
The cu en issue and ull ex a chi e o his jou nal is a ailable on Eme ald Insigh a :
h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /2044-1266.h m
Recei ed 10 July 2020
Re ised 10 Feb ua y 2021
26 No embe 2021
Accep ed 30 Augus 2022
Jou nal o Cul u al He i age
Managemen and Sus ainable
De elopmen
© Eme ald Publishing Limi ed
2044-1266
DOI 10.1108/JCHMSD-07-2020-0101
emphasised ha ci ies a e places cha ac e ised by landma ks, public spaces and buildings.
While he landma ks p o ide he ci izens wi h a common iden i y, he public spaces and
buildings iden i y he ci y scale. Ci ies ha e unde gone ans o ma ions o mee he socio-
economic needs o communi ies and p oduced a de eloped u ban o de o e ime. Mum o d
(2011) s a ed ha he ci y co e is associa ed wi h collec ions, neighbou hoods’clus e s and he
u ban cha ac e is ics ha shape he li e s yle, economic in e es s and cul u al p ocesses. In
his sense, Hillie e al. (1993) conside ed ci ies as economic engines ha con inuously
in luence hei spa ial ne wo k p ope ies including he connec i i y and accessibili y, o
which use s need o be connec ed o sepa a ed om in ela ion o he ci y pa s, om cen es
o subu bs. Mode n u ban de elopmen o s ee ne wo ks can impac he logic pa e ns o
his o ic u ban g ids and spa ial o ganisa ion i hey do no conside he spa ial p ope ies o
con igu a ion. Thus, he u ban ans o ma ions o his o ic cen es can endange he he i age
o he ci ies i add essed wi hou aking in o accoun a b oad a ie y o aspec s, including he
economy, en i onmen , mode nisa ion, he p ese a ion o he i age and social needs.
The end o u ban mo phological changes in his o ic cen es has become a global ma e
ha a ac s he awa eness o he ci y’s iden i y and cha ac e . Many o I aqi his o ic cen es
ha e been subjec o his ype o de elopmen , and he Ci y o Naja is no an excep ion.
In ha con ex , he Ci y o Naja has a long his o ic de elopmen since i has expe ienced a
se ies o changes, de elopmen s and ans o ma ions in i s his o ic cen e. This e olu ion has
been mainly d i en by economic in e es s and a emp ed o in oduce con empo a y
a chi ec u e and mode n planning p ac ices (Figu e 1). Rega dless o he in en ions o hese
mo phological changes, he e a e many physical and spa ial changes ha impac ed he densi y
o his o ic u ban ab ics, hie a chy o u ban places, di ec ion, o g ow h p ocesses and he ci y
planning in gene al. To unde s and he cumula i e de elopmen p ocesses in such his o ic
cen es –being he esul o an in e ac ion among building o ms, spa ial con igu a ions, social
se ings, economic ac i i ies and hei su ounding en i onmen s – he mas e plan should be
desc ibed and analysed based on i s mo phological o ma ion and ans o ma ion (Alobaydi,
2017;Alobaydi and Rashid, 2017;Conzen, 1960,1968;Sou hwo h and Owens, 1993). This pape
Figu e 1.
Showing he o igins o
Old Naja and Imam
Ali Sh ine
JCHMSD
is in ended o analyse he de elopmen o he mas e plan o he his o ic ci y cen e o Naja
du ing di e en his o ical phases. The mas e plan has always p o ided a concep ual
amewo k o guide he de elopmen o u u e g ow h and he dynamic long- e m planning
(Conzen, 1968;Whi ehand, 2001;Whi ehand e al., 2009). Howe e , be o e his objec i e is
achie ed, and wi h a iew o unde s anding ha he u ban o ma ion and ans o ma ions o
his o ical cen es a e no exclusi e o Islamic holy ci ies, wo cases o Wes e n ci ies in which
a ious aspec s shape he u ban landscape a e also desc ibed.
The e is an ex ensi e li e a u e o s udy he u ban mo phological de elopmen desc ibing
he spa ial ypologies, u ban pa e ns and g ow h p ocesses in he u ban co es and subu bs;
ne e heless, he e is a lack o compa a i e inqui ies in o he assessmen o mas e plans
applied o his o ic cen es wi hin a con ex o u ban he i age (Sou hwo h and Owens, 1993;
Whi ehand, 1992,2001;Whi ehand e al., 2011;Whi ehand and Gu, 2007). Tian and Shen
(2011) e alua ed he implemen a ion p ocesses o he mas e plan o Guangzhou, a po ci y
no hwes o Hong Kong, China. They used he g id o e lay me hod o analyse and compa e
he di e ence be ween he exis ing land use and he land use plan, which was supposed o be
applied. They concluded ha he implemen a ion o public acili ies open places seemed o be
mo e success ul in compa ison o he comme cial, esiden ial and indus ial uses. Fo he Old
Town o Lijiang, China, Li e al. (2020) s udied he limi a ions o he go e nmen ’s con ol in
managing he ole o u ban he i age managemen (UHM) o ace he apid u banisa ion. They
highligh ed he ole o communi y pa icipa ion ( esiden s, eli es and communi y-based
o ganisa ions) in he p ocess o decision-making aking in o accoun he UHM. The s udy
concluded ha he public awa eness needs o be aised, and he cu en ole o communi y
pa icipa ion is limi ed o he in o ma ion and consul a ion.
S udies dealing wi h sus ainable issues –including concep s, models and echniques using
na u al esou ces o p o ec and p ese e he landscape, open spaces, u ban o m, a chi ec u e
and en i onmen –co e ed ele an opics in his ega d. Lami and Mecca (2020) p oposed a
amewo k combined wi h he S eng hs, Weaknesses, Oppo uni ies, and Th ea s (SWOT)
analysis o each sui able u ban s a egies and solu ions o o m well-s uc u ed spaces, bo h
socially and unc ionally. Cysek-Pawlak and Pabich (2021) examined he ela ionship be ween
walkabili y and new u banism wi hin he con ex o u ban egene a ion, suppo ing he needs o
pedes ians. The s udy s a is ically e alua ed he low o pedes ians o con i m ha he e is a
ela ionship be ween walkabili y and o he u ban o ms (social, economic and en i onmen al)
which can in luence he mo emen pa e ns. Thus, his ela ionship can be imp o ed h ough
use beha iou in public spaces, imp o ed comme cial beha iou in public spaces and he
e olu ion o p ope y p ices, as well as isual a ac i eness.
A quan i a i e app oach h ough me hods and models o add ess u ban de elopmen and
u ban p oblems has been limi ed due o he di icul y o collec ing and analysing da a. S udies
based on he mic o-economic model o analyse he examined da a a he egional le el (Alobaydi
and Rashid, 2017;McGough and Tsolacos, 1999;Sil e and Goode, 1990) iden i ied he alues o
syn ac ic p ope ies o spa ial con igu a ion o iden i y he pa e ns o syn ac ic s uc u es om
he ci y cen e o he subu bs. In addi ion, B amley and Leishman (2005a,b) used a da a-based
panel o s udy he implica ions o na ional and egional planning policies on he local housing
ma ke . Hennebe y e al. (2005a,b) adop ed he c oss-sec ional da a app oach o assess he
in luence o u ban planning p ac ises on comme cial eal-es a e ma ke s in England.
Despi e he e o s made by he a o emen ioned li e a u e, esea ch on implemen a ion
p ocesses o mas e plans in ela ion o he u ban he i age is a e in I aq, due o he imposed
u ban planning applica ions and/o a bi a y ac ions. Mo eo e , he e a e ew s udies on his
speci ic opic in I aqi ci ies (Al-Saaidy andAlobaydi, 2021;Alobaydi, 2017;Alobaydi and Rashid,
2017;Jasim Essa Al-Saaidy and Alobaydi, 2021). Hence, his pape aims o ill he cu en gap
and s udy he Ci y o Naja . This pape is o ganised in o h ee main pa s. Fi s , he opics and
issues o ans o ma ions occu ed a he his o ic cen es a e in oduced; also, he li e a u e
Analysis o
u ban he i age
o Naja Ci y
e iew helped iden i y he esea ch gap. Nex , he case s udy and ele an issues a e desc ibed
and analysed. Finally, he esul s a e desc ibed and discussed and conclusions a e d awn.
2. His o ic backg ound
2.1 The case s udy o Old Naja
The ancien Ci y o Naja is loca ed 160 km sou hwes o Baghdad, I aq. I is bo de ed on he
no h and no h-wes by Wadi-Al-Salam Ceme e y, he so-called Valley o Peace, and is
bo de ed by ba en lands known as he Wes e n Dese . Naja ’s his o ic cen e is loca ed on a
hill, 60 m abo e sea le el, in such a way ha i o e looks he o cha ds and land om he sou h
and sou h-eas , as well as he la ge wa e body known as he Sea o Naja . To he eas , he ci y
is linked o o cha ds and ag icul u al land in Ku a, an old own 10 km away. Consequen ly,
acco ding o Fa han e al. (2018), he his o ic Ci y o Naja loses he ad an ages and
cha ac e is ics o he ci ies in cen al loca ions.
Wi h a iew o unde s and he spa ial o ganisa ion o Old Naja , he ci y’s his o ic cen e,
Figu e 2 shows he main monumen s and acili ies o med o e ime in he his o ic cen e.
Imam Ali Sh ine is loca ed in he co e o he ci y’s his o ic cen e, which made he sh ine
become he mos p ominen landma k and he cen e o he eligious and social ac i i ies a e
he all o he Umayyad s a e in he yea 750 AD (Kamona, 2008). The sanc ua y is
cha ac e ised by he dominance o i s golden dome and he wo mina e s, which had a majo
impac on he old ci y skyline. The main cou ya d, wi h i e en ances (Olsen, 2004), is
known as Al-Sahan, and su ounds he Holy Sh ine. The eas e n en ance consis s o wo
ga es (Bab al-Kabee and Bab-Muslim Ibn Aqil) loca ed on he axis passing h ough he G ea
Ma ke . This en ance is on he main açade o he sh ine, he eas e n açade. The es o he
ga es a e dis ibu ed on he o he sides, namely Babal-Tusi om he no h, Babal-Qibla om
he sou he n side and he Babal-Ema ah on he wes e n side (Kamona, 2005).
The si e is cu en ly loca ed in he middle o a squa e bounda y ha includes he buildings
o he sh ine and o he buildings su ounding i (Figu e 3). This a ea was o med by he
emo al and demoli ion o he old u ban his o ic ab ic which was su ounding he sh ine
The Ceme e y o
Wadi Al-Slam
Wadi Bah Al-Naja
Places o Imam Zine El
Abidine & Sa iSa a
School o
Mahdia
The Ceme e y o Wadi
Al-Slam
Imam Ali Sh ine
Al Yazdi School
Al-Akhwad
School
Jabal Al-Haweeb
Wall o Al-Naja
Khan Al-Shilan
G ea
Ma ke
I
ma
The a ea o
domes’ blue
Sou ce(s): Depa men o Planning-Go e no a e o Ka bala
(2016)
Figu e 2.
Main landma ks in
Old Naja
JCHMSD
(Al-Kubaisy, 2009). Cu en ly, i con ains a ange o mode n and empo a y s uc u es om
public heal h acili ies, places o ablu ions, wa e -d inking poin s, secu i y con ols, as well
as empo a y s eel ames and shading sys ems. The exis ence o hese empo a y se ices
may nega i ely a ec any u u e planning a emp o e i e he his o ic u ban ab ic o he
ci y and de elop his si e (Al-Hasoon, 2015). I should be also no ed ha he numbe o
pilg ims ( isi o s) o he sh ine was calcula ed a en y and exi om he main en ance a
peak ime on F idays, eaching app oxima ely 123,700 isi o s (Al-Jid, 2006).
Be o e he a i al o mode n planning p ac ices, he his o ic cen e o Old Naja was dense,
compac ed and su ounded by walls. Following ha , he his o ic cen e has wi nessed
ema kable u ban changes ha equi ed a mas e plan o include he exis ing o m and guide
he u u e de elopmen and ex ension. Se e al de elopmen s udies ha e aken place in he
mas e plan o Old Naja : i s , he s udy o Doxiadis Founda ion (Doxiadis Associa es, 1956);
second, he s udy o he U ban Planning Au ho i y (Depa men o Planning–Municipali y o
Naja , 1979), hi d, he s udy o he Gene al Di ec o a e o U ban Planning - Municipali y
o Naja (1986), and inally, he P ojec p oposal o Al-Ansa i (2007) o he de elopmen o
Naja ’s ci y cen e and he expansion o he Holy Sh ine.
The de elopmen o mas e plans o his o ic cen es o e ime is a global ma e o human
he i age and aces ele an challenges o u ban design and planning. Wi h a iew o p o ide a
b oade pe spec i e, wo in e na ional his o ic cen es a e nex desc ibed and analysed. This
can show lessons (di e ences and simila i ies) in he way de elopmen s and ex ensions
occu ing in his o ic cen es a e handled.
2.2 O he ans o med his o ic cen es
As men ioned abo e, he aim o his pape is o analyse he p ojec s and s udies ha ha e e ol ed
he u ban ab ic o Old Naja so a , and how his has impac ed on i s he i age. The e o e, i is
wo h p o iding examples o o he ci ies whe e ac o s such as mode nisa ion, ou ism and
cul u al e en s, among o he s, ha e been in ol ed in ans o ming hei his o ic cen es:
2.2.1 Donos ia-San Sebas i
an, Spain. The Ci y o Donos ia-San Sebas i
an in he Basque
Coun y, a egion in he no h o Spain (Eu ope), is a clea example o he in luence o economic
in e es s in he u ban landscape o i s his o ic cen e. Ga c
ıa-He n
andez e al. (2017) ca ied ou an
in-dep h analysis o he si ua ion o he Pa e Vieja, heci y’s his o ic cen e, which is expe iencing
a as ou is i ica ion p ocess. I is hen wo h syn hesising he main issues hese au ho s ound:
(1) The ci y’s main iconic buildings (mainly ho els and ameni ies) and in as uc u e as
he esul o ou ism in he ci y;
Sou ce(s): Municipali y o Naja
Figu e 3.
The Sh ine o Imam Ali
loca ion
Analysis o
u ban he i age
o Naja Ci y
(2) Loss o adi ional image; aise o globalised image (comme cial b ands);
(3) Local u ban e ail ade being eplaced by ou is -o ien ed es ablishmen s;
(4) Inc ease in ou ism businesses;
(5) Inc ease o en al p ope ies o ou is s;
(6) O e c owded (na ow) s ee s in his ci y wi h educed public space; ca pa king
insu iciency;
(7) Loss o popula ion;
(8) Raise o a “ ou ism monocul u e”; and
(9) Loss o li ing u ban space; change o leisu e, cul u e and global ou ism ac i i ies;
Howe e , ou is s and esiden s show opposed opinions in ela ion o he ci y’s u ban landscape.
The au ho s desc ibed how isi o s see he cu en si ua ion posi i ely i i does no a ec hei
s ay in he ci y. Also, he hospi ali y sec o , which is agains con ol measu es, conside s ha hese
condi ions cons i u e a g ea in es men oppo uni y. In con as , he esiden s conside ha
c owds ha e a nega i e impac on hei quali y o u ban li e as i in ol es diso de ly conduc in
public spaces. Mo eo e , he esiden s a e agains u ban egene a ion p ojec s in he ci y’spo
a ea, since hese ac ions would endange he ma i ime adi ion o he ci y. Ne e heless, as s a ed
by Ga c
ıa-He n
andez e al. (2017), he esiden s also bene i om he cul u al p ac ise and he
leisu e and en e ainmen ameni ies o he cu en ( ans o med) Pa e Vieja. This en ails ha no
all implica ions o ou ism ac i i y in he his o ic ci y cen e a e nega i e.
Among co ec ion measu es included in he ci y’s Tou ism Mas e Plan o ind a balance
among he s akeholde s and he in eg i y o he ci y, he ollowing can be highligh ed:
(1) Limi a ion o he numbe o ou ism p ope ies and hospi ali y es ablishmen s;
(2) Pedes ianisa ion o s ee s; and
(3) P omo ion o sus ainable mobili y.
2.2.2 Se ille, Spain. The ci y o Se ille (Spain), whose his o ic cen e is deba ed o being one o
he la ges in Eu ope, has a clea Muslim and Ch is ian cha ac e . The Uni ed Na ions
Educa ional Scien i ic and Cul u al O ganiza ion (UNESCO) (1987) included he Ca hed al,
Alc
aza and A chi o de Indias ( he main he i age landma ks in he his o ic ci y cen e) in he
lis o Wo ld He i age Si es o being “a ema kable monumen al complex”and “an
excep ional es imony o he ci iliza ion o he Almohads as well as ha o Ch is ian
Andalusia. The Gi alda mina e is he mas e piece o Almohad a chi ec u e. I s ands nex o
he ca hed al wi h i s i e na es; he la ges Go hic building in Eu ope, i houses he omb o
Ch is ophe Columbus. The ancien Lonja, which became he A chi o de Indias, con ains
aluable documen s om he a chi es o he colonies in he Ame icas.”These asse s a e a
sample o he as he i age in Se ille.
As a esul o di e se ac o s such as he ci y’s u bulen his o y – aise and all o empi es,
conques s and domina ion –, in e na ional e en s o con empo a y needs, Se ille has been
unde going impo an changes in i s his o ic ci y cen e’s he i age asse s. The Ca hed al i sel is
he esul o he ans o ma ion o a o me mosque, which was pa ially des oyed in 1,401 o
build one o he g ea es Go hic emples; he Pa io de los Na anjos is a cou ya d ha s ill
p ese es he memo y o he G ea Mosque (Ca ed al de Se illa, 2019). The wall ha su ounded
he ci y o Se ille was also subjec o changes, as i was almos comple ely demolished du ing he
19 h cen u y (Mo ales, 2013). The e a e se e al sec o s o he wall ha s ill emain (Conso cio de
Tu ismo de Se illa, 2020), he Pos igo del Acei e, one o he ew exis ing en ances o he ci y
JCHMSD
h ough he wall, cu en ly be ween he old shipya d and o he con empo a y buildings;
de ensi e owe s such as he To e del O o, a mul i- unc ional owe o he Guadalqui i i e ;
wall sec ions in he Maca ena neighbou hood om he ci y’s ga es A co de la Maca ena o he
Pue a de C
o doba (Mo ales, 2013), in he Alc
aza , Ja dines del Valle, among o he s.
Besides, Se ille has hos ed in e na ional e en s such as he Ibe o-Ame ican Exposi ion o 1929,
a cong ega ion o he “old me opolis”(Spain) and i s o me colonies (cu en ly coun ies in
Ame ica) o unde line he common cul u al elemen s be ween he wo pa ies (Sou o, 2007,2009).
Likewise, he Uni e sal Exposi ion o Se ille (Expo ‘92) ook place in he ci y du ing he celeb a ion
o he i h cen ena y o he disco e y o Ame ica. The aim was o p omo e he image o
mode nisa ion o he coun y, and o boos bo h he egional de elopmen and he ou ism o
Andalusia (Ma chena G
omez, 1992). As a esul , nume ous buildings, pa ks and in as uc u e
we e c ea ed p io o and/o because o he 1929 and 1992 exposi ions. Many o hose buildings a e
cu en ly being used as consula es, uni e si y o ices and esea ch cen es and ins i u ional o ices.
Howe e , he e a e o he buildings and public spaces ha show clea signs o neglec , as i hey
we e “slowly being eclaimed by na u e”(Mo ison, 2015).
Rega ding he mobili y, g ea in es men has been made in he cons uc ion o he
unde g ound (in he his o ic ci y cen e) and he am, whose ails we e ins alled jus 6 me es
om he ca hed al. On he one hand, his could be conside ed in asi e, a isual impac and
loss o iden i y in he a ea. Fu he , i can be deemed necessa y o con enien , gi en he
pedes ianisa ion p ocess happening in he his o ic ci y cen e in he la es decades (Campo
Tejedo e al., 2009) o keep (mos , no all) mo o ised ehicles away om he ci y cen e. In his
way, he local go e nmen (Ge encia de U banismo de Se illa–Ayun amien o de Se illa,
2017) designed bicycle ou s o isi he a o emen ioned he i age asse s and he main
landma ks o he ci y. A bicycle en al is a ailable wi h mo e han 260 pa king a eas sca e ed
h oughou he ci y, including he his o ic ci y cen e, and 2,600 bicycles, which e idences he
clea s ance o he Ci y Council owa ds sus ainable mobili y.
Finally, men ion should be made o he inse ion o mode n a chi ec u e in a ci y cen e wi h a
clea he i age cha ac e . This is he case o Me opol Pa asol in he Plaza de la Enca naci
on, in he
co e o he ci y cen e, a building designed by he a chi ec J€
u gen Maye and inaugu a ed in 2011
(Pla e 1).
This building –o monumen –is said o be he la ges wooden s uc u e in he wo ld, and is
nowadays bo h a ou is a ac ion in he ci y and a place whe e economic (ma ke , ba s and
es au an s), cul u al (an iqua ium, an a chaeological museum) and ec ea ional ac i i ies ake
Pla e 1.
Me opol Pa asol in he
Plaza de la
Enca naci
on in
Se ille, Spain
Analysis o
u ban he i age
o Naja Ci y
place (No Solo Una Idea, 2016). Again, he di icul balance be ween (1) he isual impac and loss o
iden i y and (2) he socio-economic and cul u al ou come o a ans o ma ion in a ci y cen e a ises.
3. Me hodology
In o de o analyse he implemen a ion o he ans o ma ion phases in Old Naja , he SWOT
echnique was used o iden i y and o ganise he s eng hs, weaknesses, oppo uni ies and h ea s
ela ed o he examined case s udy o he ci y’s his o ic cen e. A he i s s age, all a ailable da a
(pho og aphs, maps, documen s and epo s) we e collec ed om di e en sou ces, including
p e ious s udies by go e nmen al ins i u ions, depa men s and agencies. Among hese sou ces,
go e nmen al documen a ion such as he Naja Di ec o a e o U ban Planning was ele an , since
i p o ided e idence o unde s and how he planning condi ions o adi ional public spaces in
Naja Ci y ha e changed. These p e ious s udies a emp ed o upda e he mas e plan o Naja Ci y
in co-o dina ion wi h he Minis y o Municipali ies and Public Wo ks and he Gene al Di ec o a e
o Physical Planning. Second, he da a we e o ganised based on he his o ic de elopmen s and
impo an changes. Ul ima ely, he SWOT analysis was used o each iden i ied phase in he
mo phological e olu ion o he his o ic cen e. This can o e an oppo uni y o obse e he
implica ions o u ban planning p ac ices in Old Naja om he mid-20 h cen u y o he p esen day.
In o de o iden i y he well-o ganised u ban design p ac ises and app op ia e s a egies, he
implemen ed s udies and p ojec s we e examined by he ou ac o s o he SWOT analysis.
4. Mode n u ban design s udies: p ojec s in Old Naja
Since he las cen u y, Naja ’s his o ic ci y cen e has been unde a s eady case o u ban
addi ions, bu no de e mined a emp has been made o de elop i wi h a conside a ion o he
ci y’s cha ac e and iden i y. Fo example, i s , he demoli ion o he wall by he municipal
au ho i ies in 1938, and second, he cons uc ion o he ci y’s s ee s in 1954, al e ed he ci y’s
u ban space and changed he his o ical a eas on bo h sides o he oad. Changes we e also
made o he su oundings o he sh ine by decons uc ing he o iginal design pa e n; his is
e idenced by he building sepa a ion and he ex e nal walls as a on o he sh ine
(Al-Dhalmy, 2016). Fo easons o p o i abili y and comme cial land use, de elopmen
p oposals in he ci y alloca ed he Visi o s’Ci y and he Tou ism Se ices Cen e o he
adi ional u ban ab ic (pa e n). This implied he emo al o la ge u ban a eas o mee he
spa ial equi emen s o he wo p ojec s in he neighbou hoods o Al-Ama a and Al-Howaish.
In addi ion, he design phases o he p oposed a chi ec u al p ojec in he cen e o he
adi ional Ci y o Naja we e comple ed, p oposing he ans o ma ion o his a ea o isi o s
o he Sahn and he sac ed sh ine. In his way, a la ge ma ke a ea a ound he sac ed sh ine
could also be made a ailable, as well as a wide open Sahan on he side o he Imam Ali Squa e.
4.1 Doxiadis Founda ion’s s udy (1956)
The Doxiadis Founda ion’s s udy did no e lec he awa eness o he na u e o he adi ional
planning, he u ban ab ic, he he i age and he impo ance o Old Naja . No wi hs anding, i
is wo h no ing ha he poo en i onmen al condi ions esul ing om a high popula ion
densi y, o e c owding and lack o se ices and social ac i i ies can only be imp o ed by
implemen ing adical measu es such as emo ing a leas 50% o he dwellings and
imp o ing he es o he ci y (Di ec o a e o U ban Planning–Naja Go e no a e, 1958). As a
esul , he s udy did no add ess he de elopmen o p ese a ion policies o buildings wi h
g ea his o ical and a chi ec u al alues, and o he ci y’s u ban cha ac e ; no sugges ions
we e made o sol e a ic p oblems o he low o pedes ians and isi o s.
4.2 S udy by he U ban Planning Au ho i y (1979)
In 1979, he second mas e plan o he Ci y o Naja was p epa ed by he U ban Planning
Au ho i y (Depa men o Planning–Municipali y o Naja , 1979), when he i s design
JCHMSD
p oposals p epa ed by Doxiadis we e ans e ed o he planning au ho i y. As in he
Doxiadis Founda ion’s s udy (Doxiadis Associa es, 1956), he epo by he U ban Planning
Au ho i y did no sol e he p oblems o no conside ing he cha ac e o adi ion u ban
ab ics including he spa ial con igu a ion and physical s uc u es; in addi ion, i did no ake
he p ese a ion equi emen s in o accoun . Howe e , Doxiadis p oposed se e al p ojec s o
he ede elopmen o sec ions o he his o ic ci y cen e. These p ojec s we e: he shopping
cen e (comme cial a ea), he Visi o s’Ci y, he Tou is Se ices Cen e, he expansion p ojec
o he cou se o he Sahn in ou di ec ions and a ou is ci y in he low sea o Naja . Bo h he
Doxiadis Founda ion’s s udy and he 1979 supplemen a y s udy by he Planning Au ho i y
e eal ha hese bodies we e no awa e o he he i age alues o Old Naja . Unde his
p emise, he mo emen o isi o s and he inc ease in hei numbe , oge he wi h he
p oblems o de e io a ion o he s a e o cons uc ion o he a chaeological si es, esul ed in
he demoli ion o a chaeological si es, he expansion o s ee s and he c ea ion o new spaces.
4.3 S udy by he Gene al Di ec o a e o U ban Planning (1986)
The Di ec o a e o U ban Planning o Naja p epa ed a s udy o de elop he ci y, including
he his o ic cen e, i s new neighbou hoods and he Ceme e y a ea. The s udy included
aspec s o dis inc i e cha ac e is ics o he ci y and i s basic u ban elemen s, which should be
p ese ed due o hei he i age alues. The mos p ominen o hese is he hegemony o he
Holy Sh ine o e he o ma ion o he ci y, he p ese a ion o buildings o a chi ec u al and
his o ical alue and he impo ance o mo emen and access o he ci y. The s udy also
highligh ed he need o amend he basic design o he ci y o m o i he p oposed
de elopmen p ojec s in he ci y, which should be connec ed wi h each o he and wi h he
s uc u e o he ci y in gene al (Gene al Di ec o a e o U ban Planning–Municipali y o Naja ,
1986). Howe e , he s udy implied majo changes in he ci y, such as he expansion o he
60-m-long Sahan cou se, which led o he emo al o app oxima ely 40 m o he leng h o he
main ma ke axis. The e was also u he emo al and al e a ion o he adi ional u ban
pa e n, and he c ea ion o compe ing u ban spaces, especially he space o he Sahan,
leading o he weakening o i s in luence and dominance. Thus, he s udy con adic ed i s i s
app oach, which emphasised he ci y’s adi ional cha ac e is ics and p ese a ion o he
iden i y o he A ab-Islamic ci y, mani es ed by na ow zigzag alleys, low- ise buildings,
compac ed o ganic dwellings and dense adi ional bazaa s (Hakim, 1994,2007,2013).
4.4 Town o isi o s’p ojec
De elopmen p ojec s wi h e ec s on he ci y o m ha e been con inuously implemen ed.
One o he p ojec s aims a c ea ing a wide middle space –along wi h he a ea designa ed o
he es ablishmen o he Visi o s’Town – o connec he Holy Sh ine wi h he lowe pa o he
Naja Sea. The p ojec consis s o wo ows o buildings in he o m o open boxes wi h cen al
medallions which se e as uni ied columns wi h pilla s and in a pi o al di ec ion owa ds he
sanc ua y. These abs ac o ms a e no o iginal o he he i age and alues o Old Naja . I is
also wo h paying a en ion o he design o pa i ioning he squa e bases o he cen al shed
in o h ee upwa d columns, o ming o ms ha ca y all he en s ha should embody he
pas . In his sense, no hing has been done wi h he shapes o en s in he Ci y o Naja and
he Holy Sh ine. The g ea con as wi h he na u e o he adi ional u ban ab ic has gi en
he sh ine a peculia design ouch simila o he s yle o ea ing monumen s o chu ches in
Eu ope. Mo eo e , his la ge space will educe and weaken he dominance o he space o he
Sahan on he spa ial s uc u e o he ci y. The ho els a e also s ange in hei design,
embedded in hei cons uc ion. The p ojec ed high- ise building blocks di e om he ci y’s
adi ional skyline and weaken bo h he sh ine’s hegemony o i s dome and sanc ua y, and i s
economic aim; hus, he ancien a ea o Old Naja may become a place o ma e ial acquisi ion
and comme cial con lic (Depa men o P ojec s–Municipali y o Naja , 2005).
Analysis o
u ban he i age
o Naja Ci y
s udies so ha he indings in his esea ch can be compa ed agains a wide sample. Also, he
scope o he explo a ion was limi ed o he u ban places, landma ks and he implemen a ion
p ocesses o he mas e plans. In u u e, o he u ban sys ems, such as anspo a ion modes, socio-
economic and en i onmen al indica o s, should be conside ed in he analysis. Finally, conclusions
we e de i ed based on quali a i e desc ip ions and illus a ions; consequen ly, g ea e e o s
should be made o implemen quan i a i e me hods and echniques o u u e esea ch di ec ions.
6. Conclusion
The de elopmen o his o ic cen es has bene i ed om he socio-cul u al and a chi ec u al
he i age ye hey ha e aced many ele an challenges ha ha e led o change. As seen in he
cases o Donos ia-San Sebas i
an and Se ille in Spain, Eu ope, u ban ans o ma ions in
his o ic ci y cen es a e equen . Whe he due o economic in e es o mode nisa ion
p ac ices, i is no always easy o achie e a balance ha akes in o accoun he needs o
ci izens, he economic po en ial, he sus ainable de elopmen o he ci y and he p ese a ion
o he i age asse s and his o ic u ban cha ac e is ics.
In his esea ch, he SWOT analysis has been adop ed o iden i y he s eng hs, weaknesses,
oppo uni ies and h ea s based on he h ee main a eas ( he Imam Ali Holy Sh ine, G ea Ma ke
A ea and Visi o s’Town). This app oach was also use ul o e alua e how he i e examined
s udies and p ojec s add essed he u ban ans o ma ions o he his o ic cen e. In Old Naja , he
his o ic cen e o Naja Ci y, di e se s udies and de elopmen p ojec s ha e been implemen ed o e
Figu e 7.
The p oposed Sahns
loca ed in Al-Ama a
neighbou hood; The
Town o isi o s
JCHMSD
ime. This has led o impo an changes in he u ban ab ic, hus p o iding he ci y and he isi o s
wi hnewpublicspacesandse ices omee hedemandso heseasonalpilg image o heci y.
Howe e , hese u ban ans o ma ions ha e also en ailed di e se losses in he ci y, such as hose in
he adi ional u ban pa e n and in he he i age asse s because o he massi e demoli ion o key
a eas. In his sense, men ion should be made o he new con igu a ion o he Old Ci y as a whole.
The opening o la ge a eas in he Holy Sh ine sec o , he o me G ea Ma ke and he Town
o Visi o s has di ided Old Naja in o wo pa s. As a esul o ha di ision, he su ounding
adi ional a eas ha e been isola ed, which blu s he ci y’s cha ac e . The loss o he ancien
in e connec ion wi hin he u ban amewo k o he ci y has led o he loss o much o i s
his o ical impo ance, hus leading o a si ua ion ha had ne e been designed. The amewo k
has been eplaced in a sho ime by ex e nal pa e ns ha did no i he adi ional o m and
con en (bu which could i o he ci ies in he wo ld), hus h ea ening he u ban ans o ma ion
o he ancien ci y in o dis o ed copies o o he ci ies. Mo eo e , he p oposed new Sahn and
ma ke s will a ec he dominance o he Holy Sh ine and he his o ical dimension and local
iden i y. This is mainly because he numbe , heigh and design o hose buildings, as well as o
hei loca ion in la ge public spaces, a eas ha we e no o iginally designed o hose pu poses.
The local adminis a ion should he e o e make g ea e e o s o adop e ec i e measu es
h ough u ban planning, egula ions and policies o con ol he ans o ma ions in he u ban
ab ic o he Old Ci y. The abili y o con ol he ci y’s design de elopmen and changes is key
o p e en i s pa e n decay and e en he inal e acua ion o i s people. The au ho s o his
pape conside ha he de elopmen p ojec s should be aimed a inc easing he cohesion o
he al eady o n u ban ab ic o he his o ic ci y cen e, in such a way ha bo h he unique,
dis inc i e cha ac e is ics and he iden i y o he Imam Ali Holy Sh ine and su ounding
he i age a eas a e p ese ed. This becomes essen ial in he Islamic cul u e, especially since
he physical s uc u e o he Ci y o Naja is mainly de e mined by he in luence o eligious,
spi i ual and mo al p inciples and alues.
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Abou he au ho s
D Sabeeh La a Fa han is a P o esso o A chi ec u e and His o ic p ese a ion. He is he Vice-
Chancello o scien i ic a ai s, Wasi Uni e si y-Wais , I aq, and an academic isi o a No ingham
T en Uni e si y –Cen e o A chi ec u e, U banism and Global He i age (CAUGH), School o
A chi ec u e, Design and Buil En i onmen . His majo esea ch ocus is on he p ese a ion o high-
p o ile his o ical ci ies and si es and e i ing he angible and in angible he i age o I aq. Sabeeh La a
Fa han is he co esponding au ho and can be con ac ed a : [email p o ec ed]
Dhi gham Alobaydi is Chai in he Depa men o A chi ec u e Enginee ing a he Uni e si y o
Baghdad. Many o his esea ch p ojec s and publica ions ha e ocussed on he mo phological
de elopmen s o I aqi ci ies, pa icula ly he u ban o ms. His ecen publica ions examine he ole o
s ee s and syn ac ic p ope ies o u ban g ids in c ea ing success ul u ban places and well-connec ed
communi ies. His wo k also has included design o planning p ocesses o enhance he educa ion and
communica ion unc ions o ci ies. He is cu en ly wo king wi h he eam o “The ENGAGE Ne wo k”
and s udying he p oblems conce ning conse a ion and awa eness o cul u al he i age in a wide
amewo k in I aq; his esea ch p ojec aims o de elop a heo e ical and concep ual amewo k o
Humani a ian He i age h ough co-p oduc ion and co-c ea ion wi h local communi ies, s akeholde s and
pa ne s. He ecei ed he Doc o o Philosophy and Mas e o A chi ec u e deg ees, wi h a ocus on
u ban planning, om he Uni e si y o Kansas (KU), KS, USA.
Daniel An on esea ches he implemen a ion o 3D scanning, modelling and digi al echnologies o
he as-buil His o ical Building In o ma ion Modelling o a chi ec u al, a chaeological and cul u al
he i age asse s. This enables accu a e analyses o hei ac ual conse a ion s a us and con ibu es o
hei conse a ion and dissemina ion. Daniel also in es iga es he use o in a ed he mog aphy and 3D
poin clouds o c ea e 3D he mal da a o s udy he he mal beha iou o buildings.
D Zuhai Nasa is an Assis an P o esso and has ob ained PhD in Digi al A chi ec u al Design and
Technologies, om he Uni e si y o Li e pool. He ob ained MSc in Digi al A chi ec u al Design (DAD),
om Uni e si y o Sal o d–Manches e and BSc in A chi ec u e Enginee ing om he Uni e si y o
Technology-Baghdad. He is a Senio Lec u e a Facul y o Physical Planning, Uni e si y o Ku a, I aq.
His esea ch in e es s include u ban design s udies, digi al a chi ec u al design, building in o ma ional
modelling, building ene gy pe o mance, and sus ainable, g een and sma a chi ec u e design.
Fo ins uc ions on how o o de ep in s o his a icle, please isi ou websi e:
www.eme aldg ouppublishing.com/licensing/ ep in s.h m
O con ac us o u he de ails: [email p o ec ed]
JCHMSD
