The quasi-continuous exhaust regime in ASDEX Upgrade and JET

Nuclea Ma e ials and Ene gy 42 (2025) 101904
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The quasi-con inuous exhaus egime in ASDEX Upg ade and JET
M. Fai sch a,∗, M. Dunne a, E. Le che b,c, P. Lomas c, I. Balboa c, P. Bilko a h, P. Bohm h,
L. Gil , G.F. Ha e g, A. Kappa ou a, D. Kos c, B. Labi d, L. Rado ano ic g, A. Redl a,
O. Sau e d, S. Silbu n c, E.R. Solano i, A. Tookey c, E. Viezze e, E. Wol um a,
U. S o h a,j, JET con ibu o s1, he ASDEX Upg ade Team2, he EURO usion Tokamak
Exploi a ion Team3
aMax–Planck-Ins i u e o Plasma Physics, Bol zmanns . 2, 85748 Ga ching, Ge many
bLabo a o y o Plasma Physics LPP-ERM/KMS, B-1000 B ussels, Belgium
cUni ed Kingdom A omic Ene gy Au ho i y, Culham Science Cen e, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, Uni ed Kingdom o G ea B i ain and No he n, I eland
dEcole Poly echnique Fede ale de Lausanne, Swiss Plasma Cen e , CH-1015, Lausanne, Swi ze land
eDep . o A omic, Molecula and Nuclea Physics, Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain
Ins i u o de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclea , Ins i u o Supe io Técnico, Uni e sidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Po ugal
gIns i u e o Applied Physics, TU Wien, Fusion@ÖAW, Wiedne Haup s . 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Aus ia
hIns i u e o Plasma Physics o he CAS, P ague, Czech Republic
iLabo a o io Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Spain
jPhysik Depa men E28, Technische Uni e si ä München, 85748 Ga ching, Ge many
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
ELM- ee scena io
Type-II ELMs
Quasi-con inuous exhaus egime
Powe exhaus
Ballooning modes
ABSTRACT
The quasi-con inuous exhaus (QCE) egime is a ype-I ELM- ee high con inemen egime ob ained a high
plasma shaping and high sepa a ix densi y. A compa ison wi h a ious ELM- ee egimes in he li e a u e
is p esen ed oge he wi h po en ial physics models o accessing he QCE egime. The egime was ecen ly
success ully po ed om ASDEX Upg ade o JET. We p esen a i s compa ison be ween he achie ed plasma
condi ions in he wo okamaks and an ex apola ion owa ds ITER and EU-DEMO pa ame e s. The s ep in
size om ASDEX Upg ade o JET success ully lowe ed he pedes al op collisionali y, demons a ing ha he
egime is no limi ed o high collisionali y a he pedes al op bu na u ally ope a es a high densi y. The
ex apola ion o ITER and EU-DEMO pa ame e s shows ha hey can each he condi ions in which ASDEX
Upg ade and JET a e ope a ing in QCE wi hou ype-I ELMs applying p e iously p oposed physics models.
1. In oduc ion
High con inemen and edge localised modes (ELMs) a e his o i-
cally linked in okamak ope a ion. O e he yea s, di e en ypes o
ELMs we e iden i ied [1], wi h he la ge ype-I ELMs appea ing in
he a ou ed H-mode egime o decades [2]. Only in ecen yea s,
al e na i es a e gaining mo e ocus because i was shown ha unmi -
iga ed ype-I ELMs will lead o unaccep able i s wall loading in a
eac o [3,4].
He e, we discuss one speci ic ype-I ELM- ee egime which is
called he quasi-con inuous exhaus (QCE) egime [5]. While signi ican
p og ess in expe imen al exploi a ion and heo e ical unde s anding
o he egime has been achie ed in ecen yea s, some majo open
∗Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (M. Fai sch).
1See he au ho lis o C. Maggi e al, 2024 Nucl. Fusion h ps://doi.o g/10.1088/1741-4326/ad3e16.
2See he au ho lis o H. Zohm e al, 2024 Nucl. Fusion h ps://doi.o g/10.1088/1741-4326/ad249d.
3See he au ho lis o E. Jo in e al, 2024 Nucl. Fusion h ps://doi.o g/10.1088/1741-4326/ad2be4.
ques ions emain: (i) Wha is he ole o he pedes al op collisionali y
which is ele a ed in he medium sized machines compa ed o ha
expec ed in ITER, (ii) how a ec ilamen s de achmen and he i s wall
ene gy and pa icle loads and (iii) is he anspo caused by ilamen s
p e en ing he pedes al om eaching he peeling-ballooning bounda y
a oiding ype-I ELMs.
The pape is o ganised as ollows. We summa ised he his o ical
e olu ion o he egime leading o he e-naming in o QCE and he
simila i ies o o he ype-I ELM- ee egimes in Sec ion 2. The physics
pic u e behind he absence o ype-I ELMs is highligh ed in Sec ion 3.
A compa ison be ween ASDEX Upg ade (AUG) and JET oge he wi h a
i s ex apola ion o eac o -sized machines, including open ques ions,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.nme.2025.101904
Recei ed 25 June 2024; Recei ed in e ised o m 10 Feb ua y 2025; Accep ed 13 Feb ua y 2025
Nuclea Ma e ials and Ene gy 42 (2025) 101904
2
M. Fai sch e al.
is shown in Sec ion 4. The pape inishes wi h a summa y and an
ou look in Sec ion 5.
2. The QCE in ela ion o o he simila ype-I ELM- ee egimes
A a ie y o simila egimes exis on many okamaks. The a ious
de ini ions a e p esen ly no s ic enough o ul ima ely dis inguish
hem. An o e iew o many no- and small-ELM egimes is p o ided
e.g. in [6] and speci ically o AUG in able 1 o [7].
The QCE egime comes wi h high shaping and high uelling in which
ype-I ELMs a e eplaced by low-ampli ude, high- equen ansien s
which we call ilamen s. These ilamen s we e o iginally called ype-
II ELMs in AUG [8–10], JET [11–14] and MAST [15]. The name
hen e ol ed o small ELMs in AUG [16] and TCV [17] and since
2021 he e m quasi-con inuous exhaus egime is used o he same
egime [5,18–27].
The change o name came along wi h expe imen al e idence o
he o igin o he ansien s. While he ea lie wo k hin ed o he
pedes al op as o igin o he ilamen s [8], i was la e shown ha
i is he pedes al oo , close o he sepa a ix [16]. Ea ly models
ela ed he ansien s o he pedes al op collisionali y and o a esis i e
MHD ins abili y [28]. Wi h ecen high esolu ion measu emen s in he
egion [16], he physics in e p e a ion changed as well. Now, local
ballooning modes loca ed close o he sepa a ix a e p oposed as he
o igin, see Sec ion 3.
This di e en in e p e a ion has some majo implica ions. The sep-
a a ix egion in medium sized and eac o g ade okamaks is compa-
able in e ms o densi y and collisionali y, while he pa ame e s a
he pedes al op a e expec ed o de ia e signi ican ly. Thus, while he
olde in e p e a ion ex apola ed e y un a ou ably o la ge de ices,
he p esen one sugges s high ele ance o he egime also o u u e
machines. Mo e on he ex apola ion will be p o ided in Sec ion 4.
A ype-II ELM de ini ion exis s a DIII-D by Snyde e al. [29],
desc ibing small ype-I ELMs ha a e a he ballooning bounda y. While
he QCE pedes als in AUG a e close o he ballooning limi , la ge ELMs
a lowe sepa a ix densi y in he same plasma shape also exis he e, as
shown by Ha e e al. [16].
The enhanced D-alpha (EDA) mode om Alca o C-Mod [30,31]
sha es many ea u es wi h he QCE egime, and he simila i y o he
ype-II ELM egime was, in ac , al eady men ioned in he ea lies pub-
lica ions, e.g. [8]. Small ELMs a e obse ed in Alca o C-Mod in EDA
when he no malised plasma p essu e is abo e a ce ain h eshold, 𝛽N>
1.3[31]. Below his h eshold aclean EDA is obse ed, i.e. s eady s a e
wi hou ansien s. The EDA H-mode is also obse ed in AUG [32,33]
and DIII-D [34]. A quasi-cohe en mode (QCM) se es as he iden i ie
o he EDA H-mode. Simila mode s uc u es a e obse ed in ype-II
ELMs /QCE [8,23], wi h he sp ead o he mode equency b oadening
in QCE compa ed o phases ha can be unambiguously be iden i ied
as EDA phases (wi hou isible ilamen s). In AUG du ing smoo h
ansi ions om EDA o QCE phases ilamen s de elop only when he
QCE is app oached, and his ansi ion is an ac i e ield o esea ch,
e.g. [23].
Ano he ela ed ype-I ELM- ee egime comes wi h g assy ELMs. The
exp ession o igina es om JT-60U [35]. G assy ELMs a e obse ed a
high shaping oge he wi h high poloidal p essu e 𝛽pol, o en eached
a high sa e y ac o and educed plasma cu en . Along wi h JT-60U,
he g assy ELM egime is epo ed om AUG [12], DIII-D [36] and
EAST [37]. A main di e ence o he QCE egime is ha in phases wi h
g assy ELMs no quasi-cohe en mode s uc u e is epo ed [38,39]. The
g assy ELMs a e linked o high-𝑛ballooning modes [40] simila o QCE,
as shown in he ollowing sec ion.
3. Physics model
Dedica ed s udies in AUG e ealed ha he appea ance o he QCE
egime is ela ed o p ocesses nea he sepa a ix [16], o en called
pedes al oo , a egion in he ange o poloidal lux label 𝜌pol ≈
0.99–0.999 o abou 1 mm inside he sepa a ix in absolu e scale [22].
F om he access condi ions, i.e. s ong shaping and high gas uelling,
a physics model is de i ed. Local ballooning modes a e iden i ied as
candida es o he enhanced anspo ha leads o he la ening o he
p essu e g adien a he sepa a ix and a s abilisa ion o ype-I ELMs.
In he ollowing, di e en ballooning modes a e discussed.
3.1. Local ideal ballooning modes a he pedes al oo
Analysis o high con inemen QCE plasmas wi h he ideal MHD
s abili y code HELENA e ealed ha he pedes al oo is uns able o
ideal, 𝑛= ∞ballooning modes [18,19]. Fu he i was shown ha
QCE- ele an shapes des abilise he local ideal ballooning modes be o e
he global peeling-ballooning limi o ype-I ELMs is eached [26]. The
ele an shaping pa ame e has he o m [26]
𝑆d=𝜅2.2(1 +𝛿)0.9(1)
wi h elonga ion 𝜅and a e aged iangula i y 𝛿, which was iden i ied o
bes ep esen he impo an physics. An ope a ional window o QCE
opens o 𝑆d>3. The manda o y minimum shaping pa ame e o a
gi en expe imen depends on he no malised p essu e g adien bo h in
he s eep g adien egion and a he pedes al oo and hence depends
on uelling, hea ing and sa e y ac o . In addi ion, a po en ial link o
he closeness o double-null on he ideal ballooning modes was shown
in [18].
3.2. The u bulence pa ame e 𝛼
A ela ed bu somewha di e en in e p e a ion esul s om a d i -
Al én u bulence model [41]. I was used o cons uc he sepa a ix
ope a ional space o di e en egimes in e ms o densi y and em-
pe a u e a he pedes al oo . A u bulence con ol pa ame e was
de ined [41]
𝛼 =
𝑞cy l
100 𝜈∗
e,edge.(2)
The collisionali y is
𝜈∗
e,edge = 0.97 × 10−16𝜋 𝑞cy l
𝑛e,edge
𝑇2
e,edge
𝑍e (3)
wi h majo adius 𝑅geo in (m), pedes al oo elec on densi y 𝑛e,edge in
(m−3) and pedes al oo elec on empe a u e 𝑇e,edge in (eV), u he
𝑞cy l=𝐵 o
𝐵pol
𝑎geo
𝑅geo
𝜅 (4)
𝐵pol =
𝜇0𝐼p
2𝜋 𝑎geo 𝜅 (5)
𝜅 =√1 +𝜅2(1 + 2𝛿2− 1.2𝛿3)
2.(6)
He e, 𝐵 o is he o oidal magne ic ield on axis in (T), 𝐼p he plasma
cu en in (A), 𝑎geo he mino adius in (m), 𝜇0 he acuum pe meabili y
and 𝑍e he e ec i e cha ge a he pedes al oo .
The 𝛼 pa ame e is linked o esis i e ballooning mode s abil-
i y [42]. Simila ly o he ideal ballooning mode analysis, his model
co ela es 𝜈∗
e,edge i.e. 𝛼 o he supp ession o ype-I ELMs in AUG [22].
I was shown ha o 𝛼 >0.55 o 𝜈∗
e,edge >14 ype-I ELMs a e a oided
and he QCE egime is eached. In AUG eaching he ideal ballooning
limi a he pedes al oo is only possible wi h simul aneously eaching
𝛼 >0.55 [22]. La e , we will show ha his is no necessa ily ue o
u u e okamaks.
Nuclea Ma e ials and Ene gy 42 (2025) 101904
3
M. Fai sch e al.
Table 1
Main enginee ing pa ame e s o AUG and JET in he QCE egime and design pa ame e s
o ITER and EU-DEMO.
uni AUG JET ITER EU-DEMO
𝐼pMA 0.6–1.0 1.5–2.25 15 18
𝐵 o T 1.6–2.5 2.3–2.8 5.3 5.9
𝑅geo m 1.6 2.9 6.2 9.1
𝑎geo m 0.5 0.85 2.0 2.9
𝜅– 1.5–1.88 1.75–1.88 1.85 1.86
𝛿– 0.17–0.43 0.42–0.52 0.49 0.50
𝑞cy l– 2.8–7.0 3.0–5.2 3.2 4.3
𝑞95 – 3.3–7.9 3.5–6.3 3.0 3.9
𝑆d– 3.1–5.1 4.6–5.8 5.5 5.6
S udies a TCV showed a link be ween b oadening o he sc ape-
o laye powe all-o leng h and 𝛼 by bo h densi y and shaping
a ia ions [20,24]. In AUG he b oadening o he sc ape-o laye powe
all-o leng h in QCE is linked o densi y o p essu e a he pedes al oo
and no 𝛼 [22], while he limi e ene gy loads we e ound o inc ease
wi h 𝛼 in ELMy and QCE discha ges [21]. The QCE egime is linked
o he densi y shoulde [5,24,25], a la ening o he densi y g adien in
he a -SOL which migh enhance wall loads. The ene gy and pa icle
load on limi e s is an ac i e ield o esea ch due o he po en ial o
unwan ed e osion and wi h his impu i y in lux in nex s ep de ices.
4. Compa ison be ween ASDEX upg ade and JET and ex apola-
ion o ITER and EU-DEMO
Now we u n o he compa ison o he AUG and JET QCE ope a-
ional spaces. The pa ame e s om AUG a e aken om a b oad da a
se simila o he one published in [22], o JET we use he ecen wo k
p esen ed in [27], including deu e ium– i ium plasmas. Bo h okamaks
ha e me al plasma acing componen s.
4.1. Pa ame e s
Global pa ame e s o he ou okamaks a e p esen ed in Table 1.
The AUG and JET pa ame e s do no ep esen he limi s o achie ing
he QCE egime o he machine capabili ies bu p esen he achie ed
ope a ional ange wi hin he u ilised da a se s. We will also p esen
ex apola ions o ITER and EU-DEMO. Fo ITER we ake he design
pa ame e s o [43], o EU-DEMO we ake he EU-DEMO-2018 design
pa ame e s o [44]. Fu he , we use he local pa ame e s as p esen ed in
Table 2 o he ollowing calcula ions. The G eenwald densi y is de ined
as [45]
𝑛GW = 1014 𝐼p
𝜋 𝑎2
geo
(7)
wi h 𝑛GW in (m−3), 𝐼pin (A) and 𝑎geo in (m). We use he de ini ion
o [46] o he pedes al op collisionali y
𝜈∗
e,ped = 6.921 × 10−18 𝑍e ln 𝛬e𝑅geo𝑞95𝑛e,ped
(𝑎geo∕𝑅geo)1.5𝑇2
e,ped
(8)
wi h he Coulomb loga i hm ln 𝛬e. Fo AUG and JET 𝑍e esul s om
line a e aged measu emen s assuming la p o iles. The alues o ITER
and EU-DEMO ha e o be aken as indica i e and do no necessa ily
ep esen o icial published es ima es.
Fig. 1shows ypical QCE expe imen al ime aces o AUG and JET.
Simila no malised global pa ame e s a e achie ed in bo h okamaks.
Wi h hea ing powe le els needed o each 𝛽N≈1.8–2.0 bo h de ices
show a sligh ly educed con inemen scaling ac o o 𝐻98,y 2≈0.85–
0.95. The main pa ame e s o AUG discha ge # 39232 a e 𝑃hea =
7.5 MW,𝐵 o = 2.43 T,𝐼p= 0.8 MA,𝑞cy l= 4.9. The main pa ame e s o
JET discha ge JPN 105496 a e 𝑃hea = 30 MW,𝐵 o = 2.3 T,𝐼p= 1.5 MA,
𝑞cy l= 3.9.
Table 2
Main pedes al pa ame e s o AUG, JET, ITER and EU-DEMO. The ITER and EU-DEMO
alues ha e o be aken as indica i e and do no necessa ily ep esen o icial es ima es.
uni AUG JET ITER EU-DEMO
𝑛GW 1019 m−3 7–14 6–10 12.0 6.8
𝑛e,ped 1019 m−3 3–12 3–8 8.0 5.7
𝑇e,ped keV 0.2–0.5 0.7–1.0 4.7 3.7
𝑍e ,ped – 1.2–3.3 1.4–3.2 1.5 2.1
𝑍e ,edge – N.A. N.A. 2.0 2.5
𝑃SOL MW 0.5–10 10–25 100 170
𝜈∗
e,ped – 1.6–25 0.9–2.0 0.06 0.21
The sligh ly educed con inemen scaling ac o is in line wi h he
obse a ions in ELMy H-mode ha an inc eased sepa a ix densi y
educes he pedes al op p essu e [47]. The sepa a ix densi y is hence
a c ucial ade-o , i has o be high enough o each QCE and ul il he
powe exhaus equi emen s, bu low enough o keep good con inemen
and addi ionally no each an H-mode densi y limi [48–50].
The ollowing subsec ions discuss he ange o plasma shaping and
he pedes al op alues ha a e eached in AUG and JET QCE ime
windows oge he wi h he ITER and EU-DEMO design poin s. Fu he ,
an ex apola ion o he pedes al oo pa ame e s owa ds ITER and EU-
DEMO o he necessa y condi ions o each QCE using he wo physics
models desc ibed in Sec ion 3is p esen ed.
4.2. Plasma shaping
S ong plasma shaping is one o he key access condi ions o QCE
plasmas. Fig. 2p esen s a compa ison o he shaping pa ame e 𝑆d
(Eq. (1)) and he sa e y ac o 𝑞cy l o he AUG and JET da abases
oge he wi h he expec ed alues o ITER and EU-DEMO.
The AUG da abase is on a e age a highe 𝑞cy lcompa ed o he
assumed alues o ITER and EU-DEMO. The access o QCE was shown
o be mo e di icul wi h lowe sa e y ac o , in line wi h bo h ideal and
esis i e MHD physics models. Ne e heless, he AUG da abase eaches
alues well wi hin he designed EU-DEMO and ITER alues. The JET
da abase is on a e age a lowe sa e y ac o han AUG and close o
he p edic ions o EU-DEMO and ITER.
The plasma shaping in AUG needed o QCE is less han in JET,
while JET eaches shaping pa ame e s e y close o ITER and EU-
DEMO. I is no ewo hy ha JET plasmas wi h educed shaping did
no show QCE phases [27], while he educed (bu s ill high) shaping is
su icien in AUG. A p edic ion o he necessa y shaping o a gi en ex-
pe imen needs he knowledge o he local p essu e g adien s. This is an
impo an ield o u u e s udies, including po en ial size dependencies.
4.3. Pedes al op
Fig. 3compa es wo key pedes al op pa ame e s, he collisionali y
and he G eenwald densi y ac ion. While bo h AUG and JET each he
no malised pedes al densi ies expec ed o ITER and EU-DEMO, he e-
po ed alues a TCV a e lowe . In all h ee okamaks he collisionali y
is highe han he expec ed alues in ITER and EU-DEMO. The sp ead
in no malised densi y is mainly linked o he 𝑞cy l a ia ion in AUG and
JET, and a highe G eenwald ac ion ela es o lowe 𝑞cy l. Due o he
ac ha he G eenwald densi y o ITER and EU-DEMO is wi hin he
p obed space in AUG and JET, simila absolu e densi ies a e achie ed
as well. Since he pedes al p essu e scales wi h okamak size, lowe
pedes al op empe a u es a e achie ed in he smalle plasmas. Hence,
o he QCE egime in TCV, AUG and JET i is no possible o each
he same collisionali y as expec ed o ITER and EU-DEMO. The lowe
collisionali y in JET compa ed o AUG and TCV ollows he expec ed
end wi h plasma size and eaches alues as low as 𝜈∗
e,ped = 0.9, s ill an
o de o magni ude highe han expec ed in ITER.
Nuclea Ma e ials and Ene gy 42 (2025) 101904
4
M. Fai sch e al.
Fig. 1. Typical QCE plasmas in ASDEX Upg ade (le ) and JET ( igh ). (a) No malised plasma p essu e 𝛽N, (b) no malised co e densi y 𝑛e,co e∕𝑛GW, (c) ene gy con inemen ac o
𝐻98,y 2and (d) ELM moni o . The ELM moni o in ASDEX Upg ade is based on he ou e di e o shun cu en measu emen ( he de ini ion is p esen ed in [22]), o JET he ou e
di e o a ge empe a u e as measu ed by IR he mog aphy is used. In bo h okamaks, i s a ansien ype-I ELMy phase is p esen a e he L-H ansi ion. This is due o he
shaping being inc eased only a e he plasma p essu e is on H-mode le el, he QCE egime is hen eached wi h he inal shaping in bo h okamaks and main ained o he ull
du a ion o he la - op phase. The la - op phase ends by a amp-down o hea ing powe s a ing a 8.1 s in AUG and 15.3 s in JET.
Fig. 2. Cylind ical sa e y ac o 𝑞cy las a unc ion o he shaping pa ame e 𝑆d o he
ASDEX Upg ade and JET da a se s o ime windows in QCE oge he wi h he design
pa ame e s o ITER and EU-DEMO. AUG ypically ope a ed a highe sa e y ac o
and lowe shaping han ITER and EU-DEMO, eaching he design pa ame e s o bo h
machines wi hin he da a se . The JET da a se is a compa able alues o bo h sa e y
ac o and shaping wi h espec o ITER and EU-DEMO.
4.4. Pedes al oo
In he ollowing, we calcula e he local pedes al oo pa ame e s
o ITER and EU-DEMO ha a e needed o each he QCE egime in
acco dance o he wo physics models p esen ed in Sec ion 3, in he
same way as p esen ed in [22] wi h he assump ion o Spi ze -Hä m
elec on hea conduc ion being he dominan pa allel loss channel in
he sc ape-o laye .
In he ollowing, he da a is in e p e ed in iew o he wo ins abili-
ies in oduced abo e, he ideal ballooning mode 𝛼MHD and he esis i e
ballooning mode as pa ame e ised by 𝛼 . An impo an open ques ion
no only o QCE is he amoun o anspo se ing he g adien s
a ound he sepa a ix. Due o he lack o i s -p inciple models o he
anspo ac oss he sepa a ix (and nea -SOL) he p essu e g adien jus
Fig. 3. Pedes al op collisionali y as a unc ion o he pedes al op densi y no malised
o he G eenwald densi y o he TCV, ASDEX Upg ade and JET da a se s o ime
windows in QCE oge he wi h he design pa ame e s o ITER and EU-DEMO. The TCV
da a se is aken om [17]. Bo h AUG and JET each he no malised densi y p edic ed
o ITER and EU-DEMO bu a e a highe collisionali y, while TCV is ope a ed a lowe
no malised densi y. The lowes collisionali y is eached in JET wi h 𝜈∗
e,ped = 0.9.
inside he sepa a ix and he powe all-o leng h in he nea -SOL a e
unknown o ITER and EU-DEMO. Expe imen al wo k p o ides scaling
laws ha a e ypically used o ex apola e. In he ollowing, we will ely
on such scaling laws o he g adien s o show he necessa y g adien s
o ul il he access condi ions as p oposed in Sec ion 3.
While he majo i y o expe imen s a e conduc ed in deu e ium, JET
o e ed he possibili y o use also pu e i ium and deu e ium– i ium
mix u es o gain insigh in o iso ope e ec s. QCE expe imen s showed
ha esul s ob ained in pu e deu e ium plasmas could be ep oduced
in mixed deu e ium– i ium plasmas [27], while measu emen s o he
in e - ype-I ELM nea -SOL powe all-o leng h did no show a change
be ween deu e ium and i ium plasmas [51].
Wi hin his limi a ions, sel -consis en ex apola ions a e shown.
Nuclea Ma e ials and Ene gy 42 (2025) 101904
5
M. Fai sch e al.
4.4.1. Ideal ballooning mode
In his case we sea ch o he minimum pedes al oo densi y o
which 𝛼MHD =𝛼c i wi h
𝛼MHD = 4𝜇0𝑅geo𝑞2
cy l𝑛e,edge𝑇e,edge ⟨𝜆pe⟩−1 (9)
𝛼c i = 0.64𝜅2.2(1 +𝛿)0.9= 0.64𝑆d,(10)
wi h 𝛼c i aken om [26]. Fo he pedes al oo p essu e all-o leng h
we use a eg ession based on AUG QCE expe imen s [22]
⟨𝜆pe⟩∕𝜌𝑠,pol = 1.30 ⋅(1 + 0.002 ⋅𝜈∗2.0
e,edge),(11)
wi h he poloidal gy o- adius
𝜌𝑠,pol =√𝑚i𝑇e,edge
𝑒𝐵pol
(12)
whe e 𝑚iis he a e age ion mass. This ep esen s a weak b oadening
due o collisionali y. The b acke s indica e ha his is a poloidally
a e aged quan i y. We assume u he o he powe all-o leng h
𝜆q= 21∕10𝜆pe[52], i.e. no addi ional b oadening in he nea -SOL.
The esul ing pa ame e -se s a e summa ised in Table 3. Fo bo h ITER
and EU-DEMO al eady a low densi y (no malised o G eenwald) o
abou 𝑛e,edge∕𝑛GW ≈ 0.25 he c i ical p essu e g adien is eached. I is
specula ed, ha , i he local ballooning mode physics pic u e is co ec ,
and he p essu e g adien is s eep (as p edic ed by he used scaling
law and only modes ly b oade han he ITPA mul i-machine eg ession
o 𝜆q[53]) QCE should be achie able in bo h ITER and EU-DEMO a
powe exhaus ele an pedes al oo densi ies. We no e ha highe
densi ies a e no excluded, bu hey need o be accompanied by a
b oadening o he p essu e g adien as explained in he nex pa ag aph.
4.4.2. Resis i e ballooning mode
In his case we sea ch o a sel -consis en se o g adien s and local
pa ame e s o ul il 𝛼 = 0.55. As i can be seen by he calcula ed
𝛼 alues o he 𝛼MHD case, his is only possible wi h a b oadening
o he g adien s. He e, we inc ease bo h 𝜆peand 𝜆qindependen ly.
We no e ha he powe all-o leng h was measu ed o signi ican ly
b oaden in he QCE egime [5,20,22,24], de ia ing om he o en
obse ed link be ween pedes al oo p essu e g adien and nea -SOL
powe all-o leng h [22]. The 𝜆peis assumed o b oaden o s ay below
𝛼MHD∕𝛼c i = 1, while 𝜆qis b oadened o each he desi ed 𝛼 wi h
he cons ain o s aying a 𝑛e,edge∕𝑛GW = 0.5. This is se as an a bi a y
uppe bounda y o he densi y. Wi h he b oadening o 𝜆q he pedes al
oo empe a u e educes due o he Spi ze -Hä m elec on hea con-
duc ion assump ion [22] and wi h his inc eases 𝛼 un il eaching he
desi ed alue. The esul ing pa ame e -se s a e summa ised in Table 3.
Fo bo h ITER and EU-DEMO eaching 𝛼 = 0.55 is mo e es ic i e han
𝛼MHD∕𝛼c i = 1. A signi ican b oadening o 𝜆qneeds o be assumed. I
has o be no ed ha he calcula ed 𝜆q alues a e s ill lowe han he
XGC1 code p edic ions o ITER [54]. Using a c i ical 𝜈∗
e,edge ins ead o
𝛼 leads o e y simila ex apola ions as shown in [22].
4.4.3. Implica ions
Fo AUG and JET, eaching he ideal ballooning limi is simul a-
neously eaching 𝛼 >0.55 [22,26], his is no longe necessa ily ue
o ITER and EU-DEMO. While he e is oom o educe 𝑇e,edge in AUG
and JET expe imen s by educing he hea ing powe , he e o e educing
𝛼MHD and inc easing 𝛼 , his migh no be possible o ITER and EU-
DEMO due o he cons ain o s aying abo e he H-mode h eshold
powe . I is he e o e impo an o s udy he access o QCE in de ail
and o dis inguish he wo access condi ions in o de o be able o
ex apola e wi h mo e con idence o new machines. We also poin ou
ha so a only he onse h eshold o he pedes al oo ballooning
modes has been ea ed and no non-linea o quasi-linea model o
he anspo d i en by hese modes exis s. I is, hence, no ye possible
o ex apola e i he anspo le els a e su icien in o de o keep he
pedes al om eaching he global peeling-ballooning mode limi .
Table 3
Local plasma pa ame e s equi ed a he pedes al oo o he plasma, 1 mm inside o
he sepa a ix o ITER and EU-DEMO o eaching QCE gi en he physics models based
on ideal ballooning modes (𝛼MHD) o on he 𝛼 ≥0.55 c i e ion.
uni ITER -𝛼MHD ITER -𝛼 EU-DEMO -𝛼MHD EU-DEMO -𝛼
⟨𝜆pe⟩mm 4.0 5.3 5.3 6.5
𝜆qmm 1.1 3.4 1.4 4.2
𝑛e,edge 1019 m−3 3.0 5.7 1.6 2.7
𝑇e,edge eV 264 183 329 225
𝛼 – 0.14 0.55 0.16 0.55
5. Summa y and ou look
The QCE egime has been ex ensi ely s udied in ecen yea s in
bo h AUG and JET. The egime is accessed a high plasma shaping and
su icien uelling wi h ideal o esis i e ballooning modes close o he
sepa a ix being candida es o explain he ype-I ELM s abilisa ion. The
QCE egime in JET was achie ed by ollowing echniques de eloped in
AUG and TCV.
Using AUG and JET as a s ep-ladde , a i s ex apola ion owa ds
ITER and EU-DEMO pa ame e s is p esen ed. The shaping and sa e y
ac o o ITER and EU-DEMO is wi hin he pa ame e s in JET and AUG.
Due o he ac ha QCE is a high densi y egime, he pedes al op den-
si y alues a e well wi hin he expec ed ange in ITER and EU-DEMO.
The pedes al op collisionali y is highe , hough ecen expe imen s a e
ge ing close o he alue expec ed in ITER and EU-DEMO, as he JET
expe imen s achie ed alues as low as 𝜈∗
e,ped = 0.9[27].
Based on he desc ibed physics models, an ex apola ion is ca ied
ou o ITER and EU-DEMO o he access o he QCE egime. The
necessa y pedes al oo densi y o each he ideal ballooning limi
o bo h okamaks is abou 𝑛e,edge∕𝑛GW ≈ 0.25 assuming he applied
p essu e g adien scaling is jus i ied. This is well wi hin he ypically
achie able pedes al oo densi y ange. On he o he hand, eaching
he c i e ion 𝛼 >0.55 is mo e challenging. Realis ic densi ies, he e
using 𝑛e,edge∕𝑛GW = 0.5, a e compa ible wi h his c i e ion only when
assuming a b oadening o he powe all-o leng h. Such a b oadening
is indeed obse ed in QCE discha ges in AUG [5,22] and TCV [20,24].
Two key open ques ions s ill need o be add essed in u u e wo k.
Fi s , he quan i ica ion o he anspo associa ed o he local MHD
modes is missing, e.g. a p esen we can only scale he access c i e ia
as a i s s ep. Second, no scaling o he ilamen impac on he di e o
and i s wall exis s so a . Especially a po en ial bu e ing o he
ilamen s be o e eaching he di e o a ge is an impo an ield
o u u e s udies. So a pa ial de achmen is epo ed in be ween
ilamen s, while he ilamen s a e a ached [22]. We conclude ha
he QCE egime is a p omising eac o -scena io due o he absence o
ELMs, he po en ial b oadening o he powe all-o leng h and he
compa ibili y wi h high pedes al oo densi y.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
M. Fai sch: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, W i ing – o iginal d a ,
In es iga ion, Fo mal analysis, Concep ualiza ion. M. Dunne: W i ing –
e iew & edi ing, In es iga ion, Fo mal analysis, Concep ualiza ion. E.
Le che: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, In es iga ion, Fo mal analysis. P.
Lomas: In es iga ion. I. Balboa: Fo mal analysis. P. Bilko a: Fo mal
analysis. P. Bohm: Fo mal analysis. L. Gil: W i ing – e iew & edi -
ing, In es iga ion. G.F. Ha e : In es iga ion. A. Kappa ou: W i ing
– e iew & edi ing, P ojec adminis a ion. D. Kos: Fo mal analysis.
B. Labi : P ojec adminis a ion. L. Rado ano ic: W i ing – e iew &
edi ing, In es iga ion. A. Redl: In es iga ion. O. Sau e : In es iga ion.
S. Silbu n: Fo mal analysis. E.R. Solano: In es iga ion. A. Tookey:
Fo mal analysis. E. Viezze : In es iga ion. E. Wol um: W i ing –
e iew & edi ing, In es iga ion. U. S o h: W i ing – e iew & edi ing,
Supe ision, Funding acquisi ion.

Nuclea Ma e ials and Ene gy 42 (2025) 101904
6
M. Fai sch e al.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e he ollowing inancial in e es s/pe sonal ela-
ionships which may be conside ed as po en ial compe ing in e es s: M.
Fai sch epo s inancial suppo was p o ided by Eu a om Resea ch
and T aining P og amme. B. Labi , O. Sau e epo s inancial sup-
po was p o ided by Swiss S a e Sec e a ia o Educa ion Resea ch
and Inno a ion. E.R. Solano epo s inancial suppo was p o ided
by Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund. I he e a e o he au ho s,
hey decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o
pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence he wo k
epo ed in his pape .
Acknowledgemen s
This wo k has been ca ied ou wi hin he amewo k o he EU-
RO usion Conso ium, pa ially unded by he Eu opean Union ia
he Eu a om Resea ch and T aining P og amme (G an Ag eemen No
101052200 — EURO usion). The Swiss con ibu ion o his wo k has
been unded by he Swiss S a e Sec e a ia o Educa ion, Resea ch and
Inno a ion (SERI). Views and opinions exp essed a e howe e hose
o he au ho (s) only and do no necessa ily e lec hose o he Eu o-
pean Union, he Eu opean Commission o SERI. Nei he he Eu opean
Union no he Eu opean Commission no SERI can be held esponsible
o hem. Wo k suppo ed in pa by a g an PID2021-127727OB-I00
unded by he Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by
ERDF ‘‘A way o making Eu ope’’.
Da a a ailabili y
Da a will be made a ailable on eques .
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