64|h ps://doi.o g/10.3311/PPso.15709
C ea i e Commons A ibu ion b
Pe iodica Poly echnica Social and Managemen Sciences, 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021
Ci e his a icle as: Kano ska, L., Doub a sky, K. (2021) "Does P o ision o Sma Se ices Depend on Coope a ion Flexibili y, Inno a ion
Flexibili y, Inno a ion Pe o mance o Business Pe o mance in SMEs?", Pe iodica Poly echnica Social and Managemen Sciences, 29(1), pp. 64–69.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3311/PPso.15709
Does P o ision o Sma Se ices Depend on Coope a ion
Flexibili y, Inno a ion Flexibili y, Inno a ion Pe o mance
o Business Pe o mance in SMEs?
Lucie Kano ska1*, Ka el Doub a sky2
1 Ins i u e o Managemen , Facul y o Business and Managemen , B no Uni e si y o Technology, 2906/4 Kolejni, 612 00 B no,
Czech Republic
2 Ins i u e o In o ma ics, Facul y o Business and Managemen , B no Uni e si y o Technology, 2906/4 Kolejni, 612 00 B no,
Czech Republic
* Co esponding au ho , e-mail: kano ska@ bm. u b .cz
Recei ed: 07 Feb ua y 2020, Accep ed: 18 May 2020, Published online: 19 Oc obe 2020
Abs ac
Many manu ac u e s p o ide a lo o accompanying se ices o hei p oduc s. Howe e , no all o hem supply sma se ices, because
he mo e owa ds hese is no easy, especially o SMEs, which o en s uggle wi h a lack o money, insu icien digi al echnologies
o unskilled employees. The aim o his pape is o ind ou i sma se ice p o ision depends on coope a ion lexibili y, inno a ion
lexibili y, inno a ion pe o mance and business pe o mance in SMEs. To ul il he esea ch aim, quan i a i e esea ch was ca ied
ou among 112 Czech elec o echnical SMEs. The indings show ha he highe he a ing companies gi e o wo king wi hex e nal
cus ome s, he less chance hey ha e o p o iding sma se ices. Thus, SMEs who alue coope a ion lexibili y wi h ex e nal cus ome s
as less impo an a e mo e likely o p o ide sma se ices. The highe a ing companies gi e o p oduc inno a ion lexibili y, hehighe
he chance o p o iding sma se ices. Thus, we can expec companies who alue p oduc inno a ion lexibili y mo e highly o mo e
likely deli e sma se ices.
Keywo ds
se ices in manu ac u ing, sma se ices, SMEs, lexibili y, pe o mance, elec o echnical manu ac u e s, Czech Republic
1 In oduc ion
A lo o manu ac u e s wo k on he ans o ma ion o hei
angible p oduc s o p o ision se ices o sa is y hei cus-
ome s wi h be e complexi y. Accompanying se ices a e
able o suppo he company posi ion on he ma ke s and
a e one o he impo an sou ces o compe i i e ad an age.
Wi h he g owing impo ance o digi al echnology, man-
u ac u e s a e s a ing o o e sma se ices o hei cus-
ome s. Digi al echnologies assis companies o p oduce
and deli e "indi idual cus omized" p oduc s and se -
ices. Hence, cus ome s could be ope a ed on an indi id-
ual basis, which could imp o e cus ome sa is ac ion and
con o ming hei quali y expec a ions (Sade e al., 2019).
The p ocess o in eg a ing se ices o angible p oduc s is
called se i iza ion, and he in eg a ion o sma se ices
is called sma se i iza ion.
The issue o sma se i iza ion is speci ic o SMEs,
whe e he implemen a ion o sma echnologies is mo e
demanding due o he o en limi ed inancial and pe sonnel
capaci ies. Coope a ion be ween companies is e y impo -
an oday and is gaining in impo ance. Equally, he impo -
ance o lexibili y, which is mo e and mo e ecognized
as essen ial o building a sus ainable compe i i e ad an-
age in p oduc inno a ion, is inc easingly impo an .
To be able o be e unde s and he si ua ion in man-
u ac u ing SMEs in he ield o sma se ice p o ision,
his pape se s ou o asce ain i sma se ice p o ision
depends on inno a ion and coope a ion lexibili y and inno-
a ion and business pe o mance in elec o echnical SMEs
in he Czech Republic. The ca ego iza ion o SMEs in he
esea ch is in acco dance wi h he Wo ld Bank's de ini ion
o SMEs as en e p ises employing be ween 10–249 employ-
ees. The empi ical pa o he wo k is ocused on elec ical
enginee ing companies (CZ-NACE 26 and CZ-NACE 27),
which a e impo an ep esen a i es o he manu ac u -
ing indus y and a e subcon ac o s o many o he sec-
o s o he economy. In addi ion, he elec ical enginee ing
Kano ska and Doub a sky
Pe iod. Poly ech. Soc. Man. Sci., 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021|65
indus y is a global indus y, which means ha on he one
hand, many Czech companies can ha e cus ome s a ound
he wo ld, while on he o he hand, compe i o s can also
be global. As a esul , i is necessa y o cons an ly ocus
on esea ch and de elopmen , inno a e p oduc s, espond
o cus ome demand, look o p oduc ion sa ings and new
ends in he ield.
2 Li e a u e e iew
Many opposing e minologies a e used o sma se ices,
such as " elese ice" (Bo gmeie , 2002), " ele-main enance"
(Ga cia e al., 2004), " elema ics" (Cha e jee e al., 2001),
"e-se ice" (Rowley, 2006), "e-main enance" (Le a e al.,
2008) o some a ia ions, combina ions o adap a ions
using he e m " emo e", such as "RRDM (Remo e Repai ,
Diagnos ics and Main enance)" (Biehl e al., 2004).
Acco ding o Klein (2017), he e m "sma se ice" has
gained popula i y mo e ecen ly. Sma se ices ha
o e manu ac u ing se ices o hei p oduc s can also be
e e ed o as accompanying se ices using sma echnol-
ogies. Fo his pape , he e m "sma se ice" is used.
Also, a lo o de ini ions o sma se ices we e de el-
oped o e las yea s. Sma se ices can be pe cei ed
as one o he enable s o se i iza ion (e.g. G ubic and
Peppa d, 2016; Neu and B own, 2008) and a e he appli-
ca ion o specialized compe ences, h ough deeds, p o-
cesses, and pe o mances ha a e enabled by sma
p oduc s (Be e ungen e al., 2017). "Sma se ices a e
echnologically-media ed se ices ac i ely deli e ed
by he p o ide h ough accessing a emo e asse and
exchanging da a h ough buil -in con ol and/o eed-
back de ices" (Klein, 2017). Finally, as Allmendinge and
Lomb eglia (2005) decla e, "Soon, i will no be enough
o a company o o e se ices; i will ha e o p o ide
sma se ices.".
Sma se ices can also o e some aluable ben-
e i s o hei p o ide s and also o hei cus ome s.
Sma se ices a e mo e compe i i e, o e new sou ces
o e enue, highe ma gins, and conside able cos sa ings
(Küssel e al., 2000). They p o ide he oppo uni y o lea n
om cus ome s, es ablishing a basis o esea ch and de el-
opmen , sales o ma ke ing ac i i ies (Laine e al., 2010).
Sma se ices allow o de ec o ea ly p edic machine
ailu es o de ec i e p oduc s a ea ly s ages and can o e
ins an oo cause analysis as well as ins an ecommenda-
ions o p ope emedia ion (Sade e al., 2019). Po e and
Heppelmann (2014) summa ize hei posi ion: "Sma se -
ices o e exponen ially expanding oppo uni ies o new
unc ionali y, a g ea e eliabili y, much highe p od-
uc u iliza ion, and capabili ies ha cu ac oss and an-
scend adi ional p oduc bounda ies". Allmendinge and
Lomb eglia (2005) s a e ha companies p o iding sma
se ices ge mo e han 50 % o e enue and 60 % o ma -
gins om se ices han om p oduc sales.
Digi al esou ces can be a le e o inno a ion in SMEs
(Higón, 2012). They also change he way inno a ion is
managed (Yoo e al., 2009) and make companies mo e
ex o e ed (Tambe e al., 2012). Digi al esou ces ace
he adi ional spa ial cons ain s o companies which
a e connec ed o coope a ion in he ield o inno a-
ion (Del ou e al., 2018). Acco ding o Pagani (2013),
an inc easing in e es in business- o-business collabo a-
ion can be expec ed, based on se ices, which use sma
echnology and can change adi ional business ope a ions
and make collabo a ion a majo success ac o .
Flexibili y has become one o he mos use ul and nec-
essa y ools in oday's compe i i e ma ke s. Flexibili y
in manu ac u ing is widely ecognized as a c i ical compo-
nen o achie ing a compe i i e ad an age in he ma ke .
P oduc inno a ion lexibili y is inc easingly ecognized
as essen ial o building a sus ainable compe i i e ad an-
age in an inc easingly u bulen ma ke (Liao e al., 2010).
3 Me hodology
Fo a good unde s anding o he esea ch p oblem, he
quali a i e esea ch was unde aken in manu ac u ing
companies. The cu en esea ch is a ollow-up o he ea -
lie esea ch held in 60 manu ac u ing companies.
The ques ionnai e consis ed o se en pa s wi h sui able
ques ions. Coope a ion lexibili y was di ided in o ex e nal
coope a ion lexibili y wi h cus ome s, ex e nal coope a ion
lexibili y wi h supplie s and in e nal coope a ion lexibil-
i y. Inno a ion lexibili y was di ided in o inno a ion lex-
ibili y ela ing o p oduc and inno a ion lexibili y ela -
ing o accompanying se ices. Also, he ques ions ela ed
o inno a ion pe o mance and business de elopmen we e
included. The las pa o he ques ionnai e asked o gen-
e al in o ma ion abou he esponden s, including a eques
abou hei in e es in sma se ice p o ision.
The i ems ela ing o lexibili y we e based on
Tomáško á (2005), Liao and Ba nes (2015), Obeida e al.
(2016). The i ems ela ing o inno a ion pe o mance
we e based on Liao and Ba nes (2015) and Obeida e al.
(2016). Pe o mance is de ined as sys em o moni o ing
indi idual co po a e p ocesses on he way o implemen
he app op ia e changes in o ganiza ional cul u e, sys ems
66|Kano ska and Doub a sky
Pe iod. Poly ech. Soc. Man. Sci., 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021
and p ocesses (Milicho ský, 2015). Business pe o mance
i ems ypically measu e he use o ma ke ing pe o -
mance i ems (i ems 1–3) and inancial pe o mance i ems
(i ems 4 and 5). The i ems ela ing o p o ision o sma
se ice we e inspi ed by Bje ke and Johansson (2015),
Chaudhu i (2018), G ubic and Peppa d (2016).
A Like scale o m om 1 o 5 was used o he ques-
ionnai e, whe e 1 means "No, I don' ag ee" and 5 means
"Yes, I ag ee". All pa s we e es ed using C onbach alpha.
The le el o eliabili y o ex e nal coope a ion lexibili y
o cus ome s was 0.792, o ex e nal coope a ion lexibil-
i y o supplie s 0.812, o in e nal coope a ion lexibili y
0.814, o inno a ion lexibili y ela ing o p oduc 0.832
(p oduc inno a ion lexibili y), o inno a ion lexibili y
ela ing o accompanying se ices 0.890, o inno a ion
pe o mance 0.677 and o business pe o mance 0.673.
The le els o eliabili y we e good o all pa s o he ques-
ionnai e excep inno a ion pe o mance and business
pe o mance whe e he le el o eliabili y is ques ionable.
Manu ac u ing SMEs om he Czech Republic pa -
icipa ed in he esea ch, especially p oduce s o elec ic
equipmen and elec onic componen s. Manu ac u e s
pa icipa ing in he esea ch comply wi h he Czech indus-
y classi ica ion, namely CZ-NACE 26 (Manu ac u e
o compu e , elec onic and op ical p oduc s) and
CZ-NACE 27 (The P oduc ion o Elec ical Equipmen ).
The e a e 278 companies in CZ-NACE 26 and 575 compa-
nies in CZ-NACE 27 wi h 10–250 employees acco ding o
Czech S a is ical O ice. To ally he e a e 853 companies
(da a a e om Decembe 2019).
Small and medium manu ac u e s we e selec ed om
he Amadeus da abase. Mos ly manage s and di ec o s
we e con ac ed by email and asked o ill ou a ques-
ionnai e, which was web-based. Incomple e ques ion-
nai es we e disca ded. The da a was collec ed om
July o Oc obe 2019. The o al numbe o SMEs om
CZ-NACE 26 and om CZ-NACE 27 in he Amadeus
da abase was 730 (254 SMEs om CZ-NACE 26 and
476 SMEs om CZ-NACE 27). All 730 companies we e
con ac ed, bu 22 emails we e sen back immedia ely.
These companies ha e al eady ceased o exis o a e in liq-
uida ion o con ac emails we e missing and he compa-
nies we e no longe aceable. In o al, 112 ully comple ed
ques ionnai es we e ecei ed back. The ques ionnai e
e u n a e co esponds o 15.8 %. The da a analysis was
done by he so wa e package SPSS, Ve sion 17.
The pape is ocused on sma se ice p o ision and on
coope a ion lexibili y and inno a ion lexibili y in man-
u ac u ing SMEs. The ollowing esea ch ques ion was
p oposed RQ: Does P o ision o Sma Se ices depend
on coope a ion lexibili y, inno a ion lexibili y, inno a-
ion pe o mance and business pe o mance in SMEs?
Logis ic eg ession was chosen o ul ill he aim o he
pape . Logis ic eg ession is used o c ea e a model whe e
he dependen a iable is a ca ego ical a iable (sma se -
ice p o ision). Independen a iables (whe e i is possible
o moni o whe he hey ha e an in luence on he depen-
den a iable) can be bo h me ic and ca ego ical a iables.
4 Findings
The Resea ch Ques ion used bina y logis ic eg ession
o desc ibe he dependence o sma se ices p o ision
on quan i a i e esea ch a eas. The dependen a iable is
dicho omous (Yes, No). Independen a iables a e me ic
a iables:
• collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal - cus ome s,
• collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal - supplie s,
• collabo a i e lexibili y / in e nal, inno a ion lexi-
bili y by p oduc ,
• inno a ion lexibili y by accompanying se ices,
• inno a ion pe o mance and business pe o mance.
The ollowing Table 1 shows he signi icance o inde-
penden a iables measu ed by Wald's s a is ics.
Fi s o all, he iew was ocused on a cons an ha
has no logical in e p e a ion in he model. Based on he
p- alue o he signi icance es o he cons an , which is
highe han he selec ed signi icance le el o 0.05, he
cons an is s a is ically insigni ican ( doesn' ha e in o -
ma ion alue o his mode). The model is ec ea ed wi h-
ou a cons an . Thus, a new educed model is calcula ed,
see Table 2.
Table 1 Signi icance o a iables in he model
BS.E. Wald d p- alue Exp(B)
Ex e nal-
cus ome s –1.558 0.590 6.987 10.008 0.211
Ex e nal-
supplie s 0.261 0.330 0.623 10.430 1.298
In e nal 0.675 0.441 2.341 10.126 1.964
Flexibili y
by p oduc 0.801 0.486 2.719 10.099 2.228
Flexibili y
by accomp.
se ices
0.296 0.424 0.488 10.485 1.345
Inno a ion
Pe o mance –0.416 0.380 1.200 10.273 0.660
Business
Pe o mance 0.902 0.474 3.630 10.057 2.466
Cons an –2.726 1.591 2.937 10.087 0.065
Kano ska and Doub a sky
Pe iod. Poly ech. Soc. Man. Sci., 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021|67
Acco ding o he p- alues o he signi icance es s o he
indi idual eg ession coe icien s, i can be seen in Table 2
ha he only a iable ha ing a signi ican impac on sma
se ices p o ision is lexibili y in he ield o coope a ion /
ex e nal / cus ome s (p- alue < 0.05). Highe alues o
p- alues indica e he e a e high co ela ions be ween inde-
penden a iables (a mul icollinea i y p oblem). Fo his
eason, he dependence be ween he independen a iables
is de e mined by a co ela ion ma ix. The e a e s ong
dependences (g ea e han 0.9) be ween a iables inno a-
ion lexibili y by accompanying se ices:
• collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal-cus ome s,
• collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal-supplie s,
• collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal - cus ome s,
• collabo a i e lexibili y / in e nal and inno a ion lex-
ibili y by p oduc ,
• inno a ion pe o mance,
• inno a ion lexibili y by p oduc , business pe o mance
• inno a ion lexibili y by p oduc .
Fi s o all, he iew is ocused on he dependence o
inno a ion lexibili y by accompanying se ices:
• collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal
• supplie s on collabo a i e lexibili y / Ex e nal-
cus ome s.
New educed models a e calcula ed by emo ing he
ele an a iables o pai s o a iables om he o iginal
model. These educed models a e compa ed (R2 is aken
as a c i e ion). The bes model is p esen ed in Table 3.
The p oblem o he exis ence o a s ong dependence
o collabo a i e lexibili y / in e nal, inno a ion pe o -
mance, business pe o mance on inno a ion lexibili y
by p oduc is sol ed in he same way. New educed models
a e calcula ed by emo ing he ele an a iables o pai s
o a iables o iple o a iables om he o iginal model.
These educed models a e compa ed (R2 is aken as a c i-
e ion). The bes model is p esen ed in Table 4.
Table 4 shows wo a iables ha do no co ela e sig-
ni ican ly. Thus, he model desc ibing he p o ision o
sma se ices can only be desc ibed as shown in Table 4.
Bo h a iables in his model a e s a is ically signi ican
(p- alue < 0.05). Acco ding o he las column Exp (B),
which is he exposed coe icien o chance, he p o ision
o sma se ices can be in e p e ed by changing he p e-
dic o by one.
The highe he a ing companies gi e o wo king
wi h ex e nal cus ome s, he less chance hey ha e o
p o iding sma se ices. Thus, o companies e alua -
ing wo se coope a ion wi h ex e nal cus ome s, we a e
mo e likely o p o ide sma se ices. The highe he a -
ing companies gi e inno a ion o he p oduc , he highe
he chance hey ha e o p o iding sma se ices. Thus, o
companies e alua ing p oduc inno a ion, we can be mo e
likely o deli e sma se ices.
Looking a he esul s in e ms o whe he he busi-
ness sco e in each egion a ec s sma se ices p o ision,
i can be said ha he chances o p o iding sma se ices
o an en e p ise e alua ing coope a ion lexibili y / ex e -
nal / cus ome s a e age 2, is 0.439 imes highe han he
company ha e alua es lexibili y in he ield o collabo-
a ion / ex e nal / cus ome s on a e age 1. So i can be said
ha he inc easing e alua ion o lexibili y in he ield o
Table 3 Signi icance o a iables in he model
BS.E. Wald d p- alue Exp(B)
Ex e nal-
cus ome s –1.781 0.517 11.883 10.001 0.168
In e nal 0.699 0.414 2.844 10.092 2.012
Flexibili y
by p oduc 1.044 0.374 7.775 10.005 2.841
Inno a ion
Pe o mance –0.566 0.354 2.557 10.110 0.568
Business
Pe o mance 0.843 0.461 3.352 10.067 2.324
Table 4 Signi icance o a iables in he model
BS.E. Wald d p- alue Exp(B)
Ex e nal-
cus ome s –0.824 0.257 10.267 10.001 0.439
Flexibili y
by p oduc 0.970 0.308 9.958 10.002 2.639
Table 2 Signi icance o a iables in he model
BS.E. Wald d p- alue Exp(B)
Ex e nal-
cus ome s –1.849 0.568 10.580 10.001 0.157
Ex e nal-
supplie s 0.149 0.314 0.227 10.634 1.161
In e nal 0.620 0.428 2.102 10.147 1.860
Flexibili y
by p oduc 0.904 0.474 3.643 10.056 2.470
Flexibili y
by accomp.
se ices
0.219 0.407 0.291 10.590 1.245
Inno a ion
Pe o mance –0.605 0.360 2.835 10.092 0.546
Business
Pe o mance 0.822 0.460 3.191 10.074 2.275
68|Kano ska and Doub a sky
Pe iod. Poly ech. Soc. Man. Sci., 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021
coope a ion lexibili y / ex e nal / cus ome s educes he
chances o p o iding sma se ices. I can also be seen
om he o he side, which means ha a company e alua -
ing lexibili y in ex e nal coope a ion - cus ome s on a e -
age 1, has 2.278 imes highe chances o no p o iding
sma se ices han an agency e alua ing coope a ion
lexibili y in ex e nal coope a ion - cus ome s on a e -
age 2. The chances o p o iding sma se ices o a man-
u ac u e ha e alua es inno a ion lexibili y o a p oduc
a e age o 2, a e 2.639 imes highe han a company ha
e alua es inno a ion lexibili y o a p oduc a e age o 1.
5 Discussion
To ul ill he esea ch ques ion s a ed abo e, logis ic
eg ession c ea es a model desc ibing he impac o some
a eas on sma se ice p o ision. The quan i a i e esea ch
ca ied ou con i med only wo a eas. The gene al model
o se en pa s looks like his:
log
.
π
παβ ββ
ββ
ββ
x
xxxxxx
xx
()
−
()
=+ ++
++
++
111 22 33 44
55
66 77
The esul ing model looks like his:
lo
g,
π
π
ββ
x
xxx
()
−
()
=+
111
22
speci ically:
log.
..
π
π
x
xxx
()
−
()
=− +
10 824 097
12
In e p e a ion is no ia he g aph bu able and chances,
see Table 4. The highe he a ing companies gi e o wo king
wi h ex e nal cus ome s, he less chance hey ha e o p o id-
ing sma se ices. Thus, o companies e alua ing wo se
coope a ion wi h ex e nal cus ome s, hey a e mo e likely o
p o ide sma se ices. The highe he a ing companies gi e
o inno a ion o he p oduc , he highe he chance hey a e
o p o iding sma se ices. Thus, o companies e alua ing
p oduc inno a ion, we can be mo e likely o deli e sma
se ices. This inding is in line wi h Biehl (2017) ha sma
se ices " aised high expec a ions o i s po en ial" and a e
widely used o desc ibe he company's inno a ion.
I we wan o answe he esea ch ques ion, "Does
P o ision o Sma Se ices depend on coope a ion lexi-
bili y, inno a ion lexibili y, inno a ion pe o mance and
business pe o mance in SMEs?", we ha e o say ha p o-
ision o sma se ices depends only on coope a ion lex-
ibili y / ex e nal / cus ome s and on inno a ion lexibili y
ela ing o p oduc . Only wo pa s om se en possible
a ec he sma se ice p o ision signi ican ly.
6 Conclusion
The indings o he esea ch show ha he p o ision o
sma se ices depends on coope a ion lexibili y / ex e -
nal / cus ome s and inno a ion lexibili y ela ing o p oduc .
Bo h a iables om se en possible in he abo e-men ioned
model a e s a is ically signi ican (p < 0.05). The p o ision
o sma se ices can be in e p e ed by changing he p e-
dic o by one. The highe he a ing companies gi e o
wo king wi h ex e nal cus ome s, he less chance hey
ha e o p o iding sma se ices. The highe he a ing
companies gi e o inno a ion o he p oduc , he highe
he chance hey ha e o p o iding sma se ices.
I would ce ainly be in e es ing o con inue esea ch
in o he indus ies and hen be able o compa e he p o i-
sion o sma se ices. The a icle limi may be in a sample
o manu ac u e s, a ge ing only one indus y and espon-
den s wi hin one coun y. The e o e, u he esea ch
will be di ec ed o o he indus ies o iden i y he mos
comp ehensi e iew o he p o ision o sma se ices o
indus ial manu ac u e s.
Acknowledgemen
E a Tomasko a con ibu ed in he esea ch, which was
held in 112 elec o echnical SMEs companies in he Czech
Republic in 2019.
Re e ences
Allmendinge , G., Lomb eglia, R. (2005) "Fou S a egies o he Age
o Sma Se ices", Ha a d Business Re iew, 83(10), A icle
Numbe : 131. [online] A ailable a : h ps://ha bo esea ch.com/
wp-con en /uploads/si es/8/2018/09/Ha a d-Business-Re iew_
Fou -S a egies- o -Sma -Se ices_Allmendinge -Lomb eglia.pd
[Accessed: 10 July 2019]
Be e ungen, D., Ma zne , M., Janiesch, C. (2017) "In o ma ion sys-
ems o sma se ices", In o ma ion Sys ems and e-Business
Managemen , 15(4), pp. 781–787.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10257-017-0365-8
Biehl, M., P a e , E., McIn y e, J. R. (2004) "Remo e epai , diagnos-
ics, and main enance", Communica ions o he ACM, 47(11),
pp. 100–106.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1145/1029496.1029501
Biehl, S. (2017) "Design Guidelines o Sma Se ices: A S a egic-
logic Pe spec i e on Seeking Compe i i e Ad an age wi h
Digi ized Se i iza ion S a egies", Doc o al disse a ion,
Uni e si y o S . Gallen.

Kano ska and Doub a sky
Pe iod. Poly ech. Soc. Man. Sci., 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021|69
Bje ke, L., Johansson, S. (2015) "Pa e ns o inno a ion and collabo a-
ion in small and la ge i ms", The Annals o Regional Science,
55(1), pp. 221–247.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s00168-015-0712-y
Bo gmeie , A. (2002) "Telese ice und die Neue Ins i u ionenökonomie"
(Telese ices in mechanical and plan enginee ing: applica ions
and design ecommenda ions), In: Telese ice im Maschinen-
und Anlagenbau, Deu sche Uni e si ä s e lag, Wiesbanden,
Ge many, pp. 115–147. (in Ge man)
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-322-81064-9_4
Cha e jee, A., G eenbe g, J., Jones, M., Kaas, H. W., Wojcik, P. (2001)
"Telema ics: Decision Time o De oi ", Business S a egy
Re iew, 12(2), pp. 21–38.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/1467-8616.00172
Chaudhu i, A. (2018) "In e ne o Things, o Things, and by Things",
Aue bach Publica ions, New Yo k, NY, USA.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1201/9781315200644
Del ou , F., Le Gall, S., Le hiais, V. (2018) "The spa iali y o SMEs' coop-
e a ion o inno a ion in he digi al age: a mixed me hod s udy",
In: 4 h Geog aphy o Inno a ion Con e ence (GeoInno 2018),
Ba celona, Spain, pp. 1–14.
Ga cia, E., Guyenne , H., Lapay e, J. C., Ze houni, N. (2004) "A new
indus ial coope a i e ele-main enance pla o m", Compu e s &
Indus ial Enginee ing, 46(4), pp. 851–864.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.cie.2004.05.019
G ubic, T., Peppa d, J. (2016) "Se i ized manu ac u ing i ms com-
pe ing h ough emo e moni o ing echnology: An explo a o y
s udy", Jou nal o Manu ac u ing Technology Managemen ,
27(2), pp. 154–184.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/JMTM-05-2014-0061
Higón, D. A. (2012) "The impac o ICT on inno a ion ac i i ies:
E idence o UK SMEs", In e na ional Small Business Jou nal:
Resea ching En ep eneu ship, 30(6), pp. 684–699.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/0266242610374484
Klein, M. M. (2017) "Design ules o sma se ices", Doc o al
disse a ion, Uni e si y o S . Gallen. [online] A ailable a : h p://
e di.unisg.ch/www/edis.ns /SysLkpByIden i ie /4607/%24FILE/
Dis4607.pd [Accessed: 12 No embe 2018]
Küssel, R., Lies mann, V., Spiess, M., S ich, V. (2000) ""TeleSe ice"
a cus ome -o ien ed and e icien se ice?", Jou nal o Ma e ials
P ocessing Technology, 107(1–3), pp. 363–371.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/S0924-0136(00)00727-5
Laine, T., Pa anko, J., Suomala, P. (2010) "Downs eam shi a a
machine y manu ac u e : he case o he emo e echnologies",
Managemen Resea ch Re iew, 33(10), pp. 980–993.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/01409171011083987
Le a , E., Iung, B., C espo Ma quez, A. (2008) "E-main enance: e iew
and concep ual amewo k", P oduc ion Planning & Con ol,
19(4), pp. 408–429.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09537280802062571
Liao, Y., Ba nes, J. (2015) "Knowledge acquisi ion and p oduc inno a-
ion lexibili y in SMEs", Business P ocess Managemen Jou nal,
21(6), pp. 1257–1278.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/BPMJ-05-2014-0039
Liao, Y., Hong, P., Rao, S. S. (2010) "Supply Managemen , Supply
Flexibili y and Pe o mance Ou comes: An Empi ical In es iga ion
o Manu ac u ing Fi ms", Jou nal o Supply Chain Managemen ,
46(3), pp. 6–22.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/j.1745-493X.2010.03195.x
Milicho ský, F. (2015) "Financial Key Pe o mance Indica o s
in Enginee ing Companies", Pe iodica Poly echnica Social and
Managemen Sciences, 23(1), pp. 60–67.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3311/PPso.7810
Neu, W. A., B own, S. W. (2008) "Manu ac u e s o ming success ul
complex business se ices: Designing an o ganiza ion o i he
ma ke ", In e na ional Jou nal o Se ice Indus y Managemen ,
19(2), pp. 232–251.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/09564230810869757
Obeida , B. Y., Al-Su adi, M. M., Masa'deh, R., Ta hini, A. (2016)
"The impac o knowledge managemen on inno a ion: An empi -
ical s udy on Jo danian consul ancy i ms", Managemen Resea ch
Re iew, 39(10), pp. 1214–1238.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/MRR-09-2015-0214
Pagani, M. (2013) "Digi al Business S a egy and Value C ea ion:
F aming he Dynamic Cycle o Con ol Poin s", MIS Qua e ly,
37(2), pp. 617–632. [online] A ailable a : h ps://www.js o .o g/
s able/43825925?seq=1 [Accessed: 05 July 2019]
Po e , M. E., Heppelmann, J. E. (2014) "How Sma , Connec ed P oduc s
A e T ans o ming Compe i ion", Ha a d Business Re iew,
92(11), pp. 64–88. [online] A ailable a : h ps://www.gospi. /
IMG/pd /po e -2014-hb _how-sma -connec ed-p oduc s-a e-
ans o ming-compe i ionhb -2014.pd [Accessed: 10 July 2019]
Rowley, J. (2006) "An analysis o he e-se ice li e a u e: owa ds a
esea ch agenda", In e ne Resea ch, 16(3), pp. 339–359.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/10662240610673736
Sade , S., Hus i, I., Da óczi, M. (2019) "Indus y 4.0 as a Key Enable
owa d Success ul Implemen a ion o To al Quali y Managemen
P ac ices", Pe iodica Poly echnica Social and Managemen
Sciences, 27(2), pp. 131–140.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3311/PPso.12675
Tambe, P., Hi , L. M., B ynjol sson, E. (2012) "The Ex o e ed Fi m:
How Ex e nal In o ma ion P ac ices A ec Inno a ion and
P oduc i i y", Managemen Science, 58(5), pp. 843–859.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1446
Tomáško á, E. (2005) "Měření žní o ien ace a její li na podniko ý
ýkon" (Measu ing o ma ke o ien a ion and i s in luence on busi-
ness pe o mance), Doc o al disse a ion, B no Uni e si y o
Technology. (in Czech)
Yoo, Y., Boland, R. J., Lyy inen, K., Majch zak, A. (2009) "Call o
Pape s-Special Issue: O ganizing o Inno a ion in he Digi ized
Wo ld", O ganiza ion Science, 20(1), pp. 278–279.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1287/o sc.1080.0416