Does Provision of Smart Services Depend on Cooperation Flexibility, Innovation Flexibility, Innovation Performance or Business Performance in SMEs?

64|h ps://doi.o g/10.3311/PPso.15709 C ea i e Commons A ibu ion b Pe iodica Poly echnica Social and Managemen Sciences, 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021 Ci e his a icle as: Kano ska, L., Doub a sky, K. (2021) "Does P o ision o Sma Se ices Depend on Coope a ion Flexibili y, Inno a ion Flexibili y, Inno a ion Pe o mance o Business Pe o mance in SMEs?", Pe iodica Poly echnica Social and Managemen Sciences, 29(1), pp. 64–69. h ps://doi.o g/10.3311/PPso.15709 Does P o ision o Sma Se ices Depend on Coope a ion Flexibili y, Inno a ion Flexibili y, Inno a ion Pe o mance o Business Pe o mance in SMEs? Lucie Kano ska1*, Ka el Doub a sky2 1 Ins i u e o Managemen , Facul y o Business and Managemen , B no Uni e si y o Technology, 2906/4 Kolejni, 612 00 B no, Czech Republic 2 Ins i u e o In o ma ics, Facul y o Business and Managemen , B no Uni e si y o Technology, 2906/4 Kolejni, 612 00 B no, Czech Republic * Co esponding au ho , e-mail: kano ska@ bm. u b .cz Recei ed: 07 Feb ua y 2020, Accep ed: 18 May 2020, Published online: 19 Oc obe 2020 Abs ac Many manu ac u e s p o ide a lo o accompanying se ices o hei p oduc s. Howe e , no all o hem supply sma se ices, because he mo e owa ds hese is no easy, especially o SMEs, which o en s uggle wi h a lack o money, insu icien digi al echnologies o unskilled employees. The aim o his pape is o ind ou i sma se ice p o ision depends on coope a ion lexibili y, inno a ion lexibili y, inno a ion pe o mance and business pe o mance in SMEs. To ul il he esea ch aim, quan i a i e esea ch was ca ied ou among 112 Czech elec o echnical SMEs. The indings show ha he highe he a ing companies gi e o wo king wi hex e nal cus ome s, he less chance hey ha e o p o iding sma se ices. Thus, SMEs who alue coope a ion lexibili y wi h ex e nal cus ome s as less impo an a e mo e likely o p o ide sma se ices. The highe a ing companies gi e o p oduc inno a ion lexibili y, hehighe he chance o p o iding sma se ices. Thus, we can expec companies who alue p oduc inno a ion lexibili y mo e highly o mo e likely deli e sma se ices. Keywo ds se ices in manu ac u ing, sma se ices, SMEs, lexibili y, pe o mance, elec o echnical manu ac u e s, Czech Republic 1 In oduc ion A lo o manu ac u e s wo k on he ans o ma ion o hei angible p oduc s o p o ision se ices o sa is y hei cus- ome s wi h be e complexi y. Accompanying se ices a e able o suppo he company posi ion on he ma ke s and a e one o he impo an sou ces o compe i i e ad an age. Wi h he g owing impo ance o digi al echnology, man- u ac u e s a e s a ing o o e sma se ices o hei cus- ome s. Digi al echnologies assis companies o p oduce and deli e "indi idual cus omized" p oduc s and se - ices. Hence, cus ome s could be ope a ed on an indi id- ual basis, which could imp o e cus ome sa is ac ion and con o ming hei quali y expec a ions (Sade e al., 2019). The p ocess o in eg a ing se ices o angible p oduc s is called se i iza ion, and he in eg a ion o sma se ices is called sma se i iza ion. The issue o sma se i iza ion is speci ic o SMEs, whe e he implemen a ion o sma echnologies is mo e demanding due o he o en limi ed inancial and pe sonnel capaci ies. Coope a ion be ween companies is e y impo - an oday and is gaining in impo ance. Equally, he impo - ance o lexibili y, which is mo e and mo e ecognized as essen ial o building a sus ainable compe i i e ad an- age in p oduc inno a ion, is inc easingly impo an . To be able o be e unde s and he si ua ion in man- u ac u ing SMEs in he ield o sma se ice p o ision, his pape se s ou o asce ain i sma se ice p o ision depends on inno a ion and coope a ion lexibili y and inno- a ion and business pe o mance in elec o echnical SMEs in he Czech Republic. The ca ego iza ion o SMEs in he esea ch is in acco dance wi h he Wo ld Bank's de ini ion o SMEs as en e p ises employing be ween 10–249 employ- ees. The empi ical pa o he wo k is ocused on elec ical enginee ing companies (CZ-NACE 26 and CZ-NACE 27), which a e impo an ep esen a i es o he manu ac u - ing indus y and a e subcon ac o s o many o he sec- o s o he economy. In addi ion, he elec ical enginee ing Kano ska and Doub a sky Pe iod. Poly ech. Soc. Man. Sci., 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021|65 indus y is a global indus y, which means ha on he one hand, many Czech companies can ha e cus ome s a ound he wo ld, while on he o he hand, compe i o s can also be global. As a esul , i is necessa y o cons an ly ocus on esea ch and de elopmen , inno a e p oduc s, espond o cus ome demand, look o p oduc ion sa ings and new ends in he ield. 2 Li e a u e e iew Many opposing e minologies a e used o sma se ices, such as " elese ice" (Bo gmeie , 2002), " ele-main enance" (Ga cia e al., 2004), " elema ics" (Cha e jee e al., 2001), "e-se ice" (Rowley, 2006), "e-main enance" (Le a e al., 2008) o some a ia ions, combina ions o adap a ions using he e m " emo e", such as "RRDM (Remo e Repai , Diagnos ics and Main enance)" (Biehl e al., 2004). Acco ding o Klein (2017), he e m "sma se ice" has gained popula i y mo e ecen ly. Sma se ices ha o e manu ac u ing se ices o hei p oduc s can also be e e ed o as accompanying se ices using sma echnol- ogies. Fo his pape , he e m "sma se ice" is used. Also, a lo o de ini ions o sma se ices we e de el- oped o e las yea s. Sma se ices can be pe cei ed as one o he enable s o se i iza ion (e.g. G ubic and Peppa d, 2016; Neu and B own, 2008) and a e he appli- ca ion o specialized compe ences, h ough deeds, p o- cesses, and pe o mances ha a e enabled by sma p oduc s (Be e ungen e al., 2017). "Sma se ices a e echnologically-media ed se ices ac i ely deli e ed by he p o ide h ough accessing a emo e asse and exchanging da a h ough buil -in con ol and/o eed- back de ices" (Klein, 2017). Finally, as Allmendinge and Lomb eglia (2005) decla e, "Soon, i will no be enough o a company o o e se ices; i will ha e o p o ide sma se ices.". Sma se ices can also o e some aluable ben- e i s o hei p o ide s and also o hei cus ome s. Sma se ices a e mo e compe i i e, o e new sou ces o e enue, highe ma gins, and conside able cos sa ings (Küssel e al., 2000). They p o ide he oppo uni y o lea n om cus ome s, es ablishing a basis o esea ch and de el- opmen , sales o ma ke ing ac i i ies (Laine e al., 2010). Sma se ices allow o de ec o ea ly p edic machine ailu es o de ec i e p oduc s a ea ly s ages and can o e ins an oo cause analysis as well as ins an ecommenda- ions o p ope emedia ion (Sade e al., 2019). Po e and Heppelmann (2014) summa ize hei posi ion: "Sma se - ices o e exponen ially expanding oppo uni ies o new unc ionali y, a g ea e eliabili y, much highe p od- uc u iliza ion, and capabili ies ha cu ac oss and an- scend adi ional p oduc bounda ies". Allmendinge and Lomb eglia (2005) s a e ha companies p o iding sma se ices ge mo e han 50 % o e enue and 60 % o ma - gins om se ices han om p oduc sales. Digi al esou ces can be a le e o inno a ion in SMEs (Higón, 2012). They also change he way inno a ion is managed (Yoo e al., 2009) and make companies mo e ex o e ed (Tambe e al., 2012). Digi al esou ces ace he adi ional spa ial cons ain s o companies which a e connec ed o coope a ion in he ield o inno a- ion (Del ou e al., 2018). Acco ding o Pagani (2013), an inc easing in e es in business- o-business collabo a- ion can be expec ed, based on se ices, which use sma echnology and can change adi ional business ope a ions and make collabo a ion a majo success ac o . Flexibili y has become one o he mos use ul and nec- essa y ools in oday's compe i i e ma ke s. Flexibili y in manu ac u ing is widely ecognized as a c i ical compo- nen o achie ing a compe i i e ad an age in he ma ke . P oduc inno a ion lexibili y is inc easingly ecognized as essen ial o building a sus ainable compe i i e ad an- age in an inc easingly u bulen ma ke (Liao e al., 2010). 3 Me hodology Fo a good unde s anding o he esea ch p oblem, he quali a i e esea ch was unde aken in manu ac u ing companies. The cu en esea ch is a ollow-up o he ea - lie esea ch held in 60 manu ac u ing companies. The ques ionnai e consis ed o se en pa s wi h sui able ques ions. Coope a ion lexibili y was di ided in o ex e nal coope a ion lexibili y wi h cus ome s, ex e nal coope a ion lexibili y wi h supplie s and in e nal coope a ion lexibil- i y. Inno a ion lexibili y was di ided in o inno a ion lex- ibili y ela ing o p oduc and inno a ion lexibili y ela - ing o accompanying se ices. Also, he ques ions ela ed o inno a ion pe o mance and business de elopmen we e included. The las pa o he ques ionnai e asked o gen- e al in o ma ion abou he esponden s, including a eques abou hei in e es in sma se ice p o ision. The i ems ela ing o lexibili y we e based on Tomáško á (2005), Liao and Ba nes (2015), Obeida e al. (2016). The i ems ela ing o inno a ion pe o mance we e based on Liao and Ba nes (2015) and Obeida e al. (2016). Pe o mance is de ined as sys em o moni o ing indi idual co po a e p ocesses on he way o implemen he app op ia e changes in o ganiza ional cul u e, sys ems 66|Kano ska and Doub a sky Pe iod. Poly ech. Soc. Man. Sci., 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021 and p ocesses (Milicho ský, 2015). Business pe o mance i ems ypically measu e he use o ma ke ing pe o - mance i ems (i ems 1–3) and inancial pe o mance i ems (i ems 4 and 5). The i ems ela ing o p o ision o sma se ice we e inspi ed by Bje ke and Johansson (2015), Chaudhu i (2018), G ubic and Peppa d (2016). A Like scale o m om 1 o 5 was used o he ques- ionnai e, whe e 1 means "No, I don' ag ee" and 5 means "Yes, I ag ee". All pa s we e es ed using C onbach alpha. The le el o eliabili y o ex e nal coope a ion lexibili y o cus ome s was 0.792, o ex e nal coope a ion lexibil- i y o supplie s 0.812, o in e nal coope a ion lexibili y 0.814, o inno a ion lexibili y ela ing o p oduc 0.832 (p oduc inno a ion lexibili y), o inno a ion lexibili y ela ing o accompanying se ices 0.890, o inno a ion pe o mance 0.677 and o business pe o mance 0.673. The le els o eliabili y we e good o all pa s o he ques- ionnai e excep inno a ion pe o mance and business pe o mance whe e he le el o eliabili y is ques ionable. Manu ac u ing SMEs om he Czech Republic pa - icipa ed in he esea ch, especially p oduce s o elec ic equipmen and elec onic componen s. Manu ac u e s pa icipa ing in he esea ch comply wi h he Czech indus- y classi ica ion, namely CZ-NACE 26 (Manu ac u e o compu e , elec onic and op ical p oduc s) and CZ-NACE 27 (The P oduc ion o Elec ical Equipmen ). The e a e 278 companies in CZ-NACE 26 and 575 compa- nies in CZ-NACE 27 wi h 10–250 employees acco ding o Czech S a is ical O ice. To ally he e a e 853 companies (da a a e om Decembe 2019). Small and medium manu ac u e s we e selec ed om he Amadeus da abase. Mos ly manage s and di ec o s we e con ac ed by email and asked o ill ou a ques- ionnai e, which was web-based. Incomple e ques ion- nai es we e disca ded. The da a was collec ed om July o Oc obe 2019. The o al numbe o SMEs om CZ-NACE 26 and om CZ-NACE 27 in he Amadeus da abase was 730 (254 SMEs om CZ-NACE 26 and 476 SMEs om CZ-NACE 27). All 730 companies we e con ac ed, bu 22 emails we e sen back immedia ely. These companies ha e al eady ceased o exis o a e in liq- uida ion o con ac emails we e missing and he compa- nies we e no longe aceable. In o al, 112 ully comple ed ques ionnai es we e ecei ed back. The ques ionnai e e u n a e co esponds o 15.8 %. The da a analysis was done by he so wa e package SPSS, Ve sion 17. The pape is ocused on sma se ice p o ision and on coope a ion lexibili y and inno a ion lexibili y in man- u ac u ing SMEs. The ollowing esea ch ques ion was p oposed RQ: Does P o ision o Sma Se ices depend on coope a ion lexibili y, inno a ion lexibili y, inno a- ion pe o mance and business pe o mance in SMEs? Logis ic eg ession was chosen o ul ill he aim o he pape . Logis ic eg ession is used o c ea e a model whe e he dependen a iable is a ca ego ical a iable (sma se - ice p o ision). Independen a iables (whe e i is possible o moni o whe he hey ha e an in luence on he depen- den a iable) can be bo h me ic and ca ego ical a iables. 4 Findings The Resea ch Ques ion used bina y logis ic eg ession o desc ibe he dependence o sma se ices p o ision on quan i a i e esea ch a eas. The dependen a iable is dicho omous (Yes, No). Independen a iables a e me ic a iables: • collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal - cus ome s, • collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal - supplie s, • collabo a i e lexibili y / in e nal, inno a ion lexi- bili y by p oduc , • inno a ion lexibili y by accompanying se ices, • inno a ion pe o mance and business pe o mance. The ollowing Table 1 shows he signi icance o inde- penden a iables measu ed by Wald's s a is ics. Fi s o all, he iew was ocused on a cons an ha has no logical in e p e a ion in he model. Based on he p- alue o he signi icance es o he cons an , which is highe han he selec ed signi icance le el o 0.05, he cons an is s a is ically insigni ican ( doesn' ha e in o - ma ion alue o his mode). The model is ec ea ed wi h- ou a cons an . Thus, a new educed model is calcula ed, see Table 2. Table 1 Signi icance o a iables in he model BS.E. Wald d p- alue Exp(B) Ex e nal- cus ome s –1.558 0.590 6.987 10.008 0.211 Ex e nal- supplie s 0.261 0.330 0.623 10.430 1.298 In e nal 0.675 0.441 2.341 10.126 1.964 Flexibili y by p oduc 0.801 0.486 2.719 10.099 2.228 Flexibili y by accomp. se ices 0.296 0.424 0.488 10.485 1.345 Inno a ion Pe o mance –0.416 0.380 1.200 10.273 0.660 Business Pe o mance 0.902 0.474 3.630 10.057 2.466 Cons an –2.726 1.591 2.937 10.087 0.065 Kano ska and Doub a sky Pe iod. Poly ech. Soc. Man. Sci., 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021|67 Acco ding o he p- alues o he signi icance es s o he indi idual eg ession coe icien s, i can be seen in Table 2 ha he only a iable ha ing a signi ican impac on sma se ices p o ision is lexibili y in he ield o coope a ion / ex e nal / cus ome s (p- alue < 0.05). Highe alues o p- alues indica e he e a e high co ela ions be ween inde- penden a iables (a mul icollinea i y p oblem). Fo his eason, he dependence be ween he independen a iables is de e mined by a co ela ion ma ix. The e a e s ong dependences (g ea e han 0.9) be ween a iables inno a- ion lexibili y by accompanying se ices: • collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal-cus ome s, • collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal-supplie s, • collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal - cus ome s, • collabo a i e lexibili y / in e nal and inno a ion lex- ibili y by p oduc , • inno a ion pe o mance, • inno a ion lexibili y by p oduc , business pe o mance • inno a ion lexibili y by p oduc . Fi s o all, he iew is ocused on he dependence o inno a ion lexibili y by accompanying se ices: • collabo a i e lexibili y / ex e nal • supplie s on collabo a i e lexibili y / Ex e nal- cus ome s. New educed models a e calcula ed by emo ing he ele an a iables o pai s o a iables om he o iginal model. These educed models a e compa ed (R2 is aken as a c i e ion). The bes model is p esen ed in Table 3. The p oblem o he exis ence o a s ong dependence o collabo a i e lexibili y / in e nal, inno a ion pe o - mance, business pe o mance on inno a ion lexibili y by p oduc is sol ed in he same way. New educed models a e calcula ed by emo ing he ele an a iables o pai s o a iables o iple o a iables om he o iginal model. These educed models a e compa ed (R2 is aken as a c i- e ion). The bes model is p esen ed in Table 4. Table 4 shows wo a iables ha do no co ela e sig- ni ican ly. Thus, he model desc ibing he p o ision o sma se ices can only be desc ibed as shown in Table 4. Bo h a iables in his model a e s a is ically signi ican (p- alue < 0.05). Acco ding o he las column Exp (B), which is he exposed coe icien o chance, he p o ision o sma se ices can be in e p e ed by changing he p e- dic o by one. The highe he a ing companies gi e o wo king wi h ex e nal cus ome s, he less chance hey ha e o p o iding sma se ices. Thus, o companies e alua - ing wo se coope a ion wi h ex e nal cus ome s, we a e mo e likely o p o ide sma se ices. The highe he a - ing companies gi e inno a ion o he p oduc , he highe he chance hey ha e o p o iding sma se ices. Thus, o companies e alua ing p oduc inno a ion, we can be mo e likely o deli e sma se ices. Looking a he esul s in e ms o whe he he busi- ness sco e in each egion a ec s sma se ices p o ision, i can be said ha he chances o p o iding sma se ices o an en e p ise e alua ing coope a ion lexibili y / ex e - nal / cus ome s a e age 2, is 0.439 imes highe han he company ha e alua es lexibili y in he ield o collabo- a ion / ex e nal / cus ome s on a e age 1. So i can be said ha he inc easing e alua ion o lexibili y in he ield o Table 3 Signi icance o a iables in he model BS.E. Wald d p- alue Exp(B) Ex e nal- cus ome s –1.781 0.517 11.883 10.001 0.168 In e nal 0.699 0.414 2.844 10.092 2.012 Flexibili y by p oduc 1.044 0.374 7.775 10.005 2.841 Inno a ion Pe o mance –0.566 0.354 2.557 10.110 0.568 Business Pe o mance 0.843 0.461 3.352 10.067 2.324 Table 4 Signi icance o a iables in he model BS.E. Wald d p- alue Exp(B) Ex e nal- cus ome s –0.824 0.257 10.267 10.001 0.439 Flexibili y by p oduc 0.970 0.308 9.958 10.002 2.639 Table 2 Signi icance o a iables in he model BS.E. Wald d p- alue Exp(B) Ex e nal- cus ome s –1.849 0.568 10.580 10.001 0.157 Ex e nal- supplie s 0.149 0.314 0.227 10.634 1.161 In e nal 0.620 0.428 2.102 10.147 1.860 Flexibili y by p oduc 0.904 0.474 3.643 10.056 2.470 Flexibili y by accomp. se ices 0.219 0.407 0.291 10.590 1.245 Inno a ion Pe o mance –0.605 0.360 2.835 10.092 0.546 Business Pe o mance 0.822 0.460 3.191 10.074 2.275 68|Kano ska and Doub a sky Pe iod. Poly ech. Soc. Man. Sci., 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021 coope a ion lexibili y / ex e nal / cus ome s educes he chances o p o iding sma se ices. I can also be seen om he o he side, which means ha a company e alua - ing lexibili y in ex e nal coope a ion - cus ome s on a e - age 1, has 2.278 imes highe chances o no p o iding sma se ices han an agency e alua ing coope a ion lexibili y in ex e nal coope a ion - cus ome s on a e - age 2. The chances o p o iding sma se ices o a man- u ac u e ha e alua es inno a ion lexibili y o a p oduc a e age o 2, a e 2.639 imes highe han a company ha e alua es inno a ion lexibili y o a p oduc a e age o 1. 5 Discussion To ul ill he esea ch ques ion s a ed abo e, logis ic eg ession c ea es a model desc ibing he impac o some a eas on sma se ice p o ision. The quan i a i e esea ch ca ied ou con i med only wo a eas. The gene al model o se en pa s looks like his: log . π παβ ββ ββ ββ x xxxxxx xx () − () =+ ++ ++ ++ 111 22 33 44 55 66 77 The esul ing model looks like his: lo g, π π ββ x xxx () − () =+ 111 22 speci ically: log. .. π π x xxx () − () =− + 10 824 097 12 In e p e a ion is no ia he g aph bu able and chances, see Table 4. The highe he a ing companies gi e o wo king wi h ex e nal cus ome s, he less chance hey ha e o p o id- ing sma se ices. Thus, o companies e alua ing wo se coope a ion wi h ex e nal cus ome s, hey a e mo e likely o p o ide sma se ices. The highe he a ing companies gi e o inno a ion o he p oduc , he highe he chance hey a e o p o iding sma se ices. Thus, o companies e alua ing p oduc inno a ion, we can be mo e likely o deli e sma se ices. This inding is in line wi h Biehl (2017) ha sma se ices " aised high expec a ions o i s po en ial" and a e widely used o desc ibe he company's inno a ion. I we wan o answe he esea ch ques ion, "Does P o ision o Sma Se ices depend on coope a ion lexi- bili y, inno a ion lexibili y, inno a ion pe o mance and business pe o mance in SMEs?", we ha e o say ha p o- ision o sma se ices depends only on coope a ion lex- ibili y / ex e nal / cus ome s and on inno a ion lexibili y ela ing o p oduc . Only wo pa s om se en possible a ec he sma se ice p o ision signi ican ly. 6 Conclusion The indings o he esea ch show ha he p o ision o sma se ices depends on coope a ion lexibili y / ex e - nal / cus ome s and inno a ion lexibili y ela ing o p oduc . Bo h a iables om se en possible in he abo e-men ioned model a e s a is ically signi ican (p < 0.05). The p o ision o sma se ices can be in e p e ed by changing he p e- dic o by one. The highe he a ing companies gi e o wo king wi h ex e nal cus ome s, he less chance hey ha e o p o iding sma se ices. The highe he a ing companies gi e o inno a ion o he p oduc , he highe he chance hey ha e o p o iding sma se ices. I would ce ainly be in e es ing o con inue esea ch in o he indus ies and hen be able o compa e he p o i- sion o sma se ices. The a icle limi may be in a sample o manu ac u e s, a ge ing only one indus y and espon- den s wi hin one coun y. The e o e, u he esea ch will be di ec ed o o he indus ies o iden i y he mos comp ehensi e iew o he p o ision o sma se ices o indus ial manu ac u e s. Acknowledgemen E a Tomasko a con ibu ed in he esea ch, which was held in 112 elec o echnical SMEs companies in he Czech Republic in 2019. Re e ences Allmendinge , G., Lomb eglia, R. (2005) "Fou S a egies o he Age o Sma Se ices", Ha a d Business Re iew, 83(10), A icle Numbe : 131. [online] A ailable a : h ps://ha bo esea ch.com/ wp-con en /uploads/si es/8/2018/09/Ha a d-Business-Re iew_ Fou -S a egies- o -Sma -Se ices_Allmendinge -Lomb eglia.pd [Accessed: 10 July 2019] Be e ungen, D., Ma zne , M., Janiesch, C. (2017) "In o ma ion sys- ems o sma se ices", In o ma ion Sys ems and e-Business Managemen , 15(4), pp. 781–787. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10257-017-0365-8 Biehl, M., P a e , E., McIn y e, J. R. (2004) "Remo e epai , diagnos- ics, and main enance", Communica ions o he ACM, 47(11), pp. 100–106. h ps://doi.o g/10.1145/1029496.1029501 Biehl, S. (2017) "Design Guidelines o Sma Se ices: A S a egic- logic Pe spec i e on Seeking Compe i i e Ad an age wi h Digi ized Se i iza ion S a egies", Doc o al disse a ion, Uni e si y o S . Gallen. Kano ska and Doub a sky Pe iod. Poly ech. Soc. Man. Sci., 29(1), pp. 64–69, 2021|69 Bje ke, L., Johansson, S. (2015) "Pa e ns o inno a ion and collabo a- ion in small and la ge i ms", The Annals o Regional Science, 55(1), pp. 221–247. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s00168-015-0712-y Bo gmeie , A. (2002) "Telese ice und die Neue Ins i u ionenökonomie" (Telese ices in mechanical and plan enginee ing: applica ions and design ecommenda ions), In: Telese ice im Maschinen- und Anlagenbau, Deu sche Uni e si ä s e lag, Wiesbanden, Ge many, pp. 115–147. (in Ge man) h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-322-81064-9_4 Cha e jee, A., G eenbe g, J., Jones, M., Kaas, H. W., Wojcik, P. (2001) "Telema ics: Decision Time o De oi ", Business S a egy Re iew, 12(2), pp. 21–38. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/1467-8616.00172 Chaudhu i, A. (2018) "In e ne o Things, o Things, and by Things", Aue bach Publica ions, New Yo k, NY, USA. h ps://doi.o g/10.1201/9781315200644 Del ou , F., Le Gall, S., Le hiais, V. (2018) "The spa iali y o SMEs' coop- e a ion o inno a ion in he digi al age: a mixed me hod s udy", In: 4 h Geog aphy o Inno a ion Con e ence (GeoInno 2018), Ba celona, Spain, pp. 1–14. Ga cia, E., Guyenne , H., Lapay e, J. C., Ze houni, N. (2004) "A new indus ial coope a i e ele-main enance pla o m", Compu e s & Indus ial Enginee ing, 46(4), pp. 851–864. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.cie.2004.05.019 G ubic, T., Peppa d, J. (2016) "Se i ized manu ac u ing i ms com- pe ing h ough emo e moni o ing echnology: An explo a o y s udy", Jou nal o Manu ac u ing Technology Managemen , 27(2), pp. 154–184. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/JMTM-05-2014-0061 Higón, D. A. (2012) "The impac o ICT on inno a ion ac i i ies: E idence o UK SMEs", In e na ional Small Business Jou nal: Resea ching En ep eneu ship, 30(6), pp. 684–699. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/0266242610374484 Klein, M. M. (2017) "Design ules o sma se ices", Doc o al disse a ion, Uni e si y o S . Gallen. [online] A ailable a : h p:// e di.unisg.ch/www/edis.ns /SysLkpByIden i ie /4607/%24FILE/ Dis4607.pd [Accessed: 12 No embe 2018] Küssel, R., Lies mann, V., Spiess, M., S ich, V. (2000) ""TeleSe ice" a cus ome -o ien ed and e icien se ice?", Jou nal o Ma e ials P ocessing Technology, 107(1–3), pp. 363–371. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/S0924-0136(00)00727-5 Laine, T., Pa anko, J., Suomala, P. (2010) "Downs eam shi a a machine y manu ac u e : he case o he emo e echnologies", Managemen Resea ch Re iew, 33(10), pp. 980–993. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/01409171011083987 Le a , E., Iung, B., C espo Ma quez, A. (2008) "E-main enance: e iew and concep ual amewo k", P oduc ion Planning & Con ol, 19(4), pp. 408–429. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/09537280802062571 Liao, Y., Ba nes, J. (2015) "Knowledge acquisi ion and p oduc inno a- ion lexibili y in SMEs", Business P ocess Managemen Jou nal, 21(6), pp. 1257–1278. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/BPMJ-05-2014-0039 Liao, Y., Hong, P., Rao, S. S. (2010) "Supply Managemen , Supply Flexibili y and Pe o mance Ou comes: An Empi ical In es iga ion o Manu ac u ing Fi ms", Jou nal o Supply Chain Managemen , 46(3), pp. 6–22. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/j.1745-493X.2010.03195.x Milicho ský, F. (2015) "Financial Key Pe o mance Indica o s in Enginee ing Companies", Pe iodica Poly echnica Social and Managemen Sciences, 23(1), pp. 60–67. h ps://doi.o g/10.3311/PPso.7810 Neu, W. A., B own, S. W. (2008) "Manu ac u e s o ming success ul complex business se ices: Designing an o ganiza ion o i he ma ke ", In e na ional Jou nal o Se ice Indus y Managemen , 19(2), pp. 232–251. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/09564230810869757 Obeida , B. Y., Al-Su adi, M. M., Masa'deh, R., Ta hini, A. (2016) "The impac o knowledge managemen on inno a ion: An empi - ical s udy on Jo danian consul ancy i ms", Managemen Resea ch Re iew, 39(10), pp. 1214–1238. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/MRR-09-2015-0214 Pagani, M. (2013) "Digi al Business S a egy and Value C ea ion: F aming he Dynamic Cycle o Con ol Poin s", MIS Qua e ly, 37(2), pp. 617–632. [online] A ailable a : h ps://www.js o .o g/ s able/43825925?seq=1 [Accessed: 05 July 2019] Po e , M. E., Heppelmann, J. E. (2014) "How Sma , Connec ed P oduc s A e T ans o ming Compe i ion", Ha a d Business Re iew, 92(11), pp. 64–88. [online] A ailable a : h ps://www.gospi. / IMG/pd /po e -2014-hb _how-sma -connec ed-p oduc s-a e- ans o ming-compe i ionhb -2014.pd [Accessed: 10 July 2019] Rowley, J. (2006) "An analysis o he e-se ice li e a u e: owa ds a esea ch agenda", In e ne Resea ch, 16(3), pp. 339–359. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/10662240610673736 Sade , S., Hus i, I., Da óczi, M. (2019) "Indus y 4.0 as a Key Enable owa d Success ul Implemen a ion o To al Quali y Managemen P ac ices", Pe iodica Poly echnica Social and Managemen Sciences, 27(2), pp. 131–140. h ps://doi.o g/10.3311/PPso.12675 Tambe, P., Hi , L. M., B ynjol sson, E. (2012) "The Ex o e ed Fi m: How Ex e nal In o ma ion P ac ices A ec Inno a ion and P oduc i i y", Managemen Science, 58(5), pp. 843–859. h ps://doi.o g/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1446 Tomáško á, E. (2005) "Měření žní o ien ace a její li na podniko ý ýkon" (Measu ing o ma ke o ien a ion and i s in luence on busi- ness pe o mance), Doc o al disse a ion, B no Uni e si y o Technology. (in Czech) Yoo, Y., Boland, R. J., Lyy inen, K., Majch zak, A. (2009) "Call o Pape s-Special Issue: O ganizing o Inno a ion in he Digi ized Wo ld", O ganiza ion Science, 20(1), pp. 278–279. h ps://doi.o g/10.1287/o sc.1080.0416