Resea ch A icle
Expe imen al Analysis on Sh inkage and Swelling in
O dina y Conc e e
Ba ba a Kucha czyko á, Pe Danjk, Dalibo Kocáb, and Pe Misák
Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ve eˇ
´
ı331/95,60200B no,CzechRepublic
Co espondence should be add essed o Ba ba a Kucha czyko ´
a; ba ba a.kucha czyko a@ u b .cz
Recei ed 2 Ma ch 2017; Accep ed 23 Ap il 2017; Published 22 May 2017
Academic Edi o : Ka suyuki Kida
Copy igh © 2017 Ba ba a Kucha czyko ´
a e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly
ci ed.
The pape deals wi h he expe imen al de e mina ion o sh inkage de elopmen du ing conc e e ageing. Th ee conc e e mix u es
we e made. They di e ed in he amoun o cemen in he esh mix u e, 300, 350, and 400 kg/m3. In o de o de e mine he in luence
o plas icise on he p og ess o olume changes, ano he h ee conc e e mix u es we e p epa ed wi h plas icise in he amoun o
0.25% by cemen mass. Measu emen s we e pe o med wi h he goal o obse ing he in luence o cemen and plas icise con en
on he o e all de elopmen o olume changes in he conc e e. Changes in leng h and mass losses o he conc e e du ing ageing
we e measu ed simul aneously. The con inuous measu emen o conc e e mass losses caused by d ying o he specimen’s su ace
p o ed use ul du ing he in e p e a ion o esul s ob ained om he conc e e sh inkage measu emen . Du ing he i s 24 hou s o
ageing, all he conc e e mix u es exhibi ed swelling. I s magni ude and p og ess we e in luenced by cemen , wa e , and plas icise
con en . Howe e , a loss o mass caused by wa e e apo a ion om he su ace o he specimens was also eco ded in his s age. The
measu ed p og ess o sh inkage co esponded well o he p og ess o mass loss.
1. In oduc ion
Conc e e sh inkage can be de ined as a olume change ha
akes place du ing wo consecu i e s ages o conc e e ageing,
he ea ly s age o se ing and he long- e m s age o ha dening
[1]. These changes a e in bo h cases connec ed wi h mois u e
lea ing he esh o ha dened conc e e. Gene ally speaking,
h ee main ca ego ies o sh inkage can be ecognised – plas ic
sh inkage, chemical sh inkage (which includes au ogenous
sh inkage), and sh inkage due o d ying. Some sou ces
men ion conc e e swelling [2–7]. F om he long- e m poin
o iew also he ca bona ion sh inkage mus be aken in o
accoun . The de e mina ion o he eal p og ess o olume
changes o conc e e has ecei ed inc eased a en ion om
ci il enginee s and conc e e p oduce s in ecen yea s. This is
connec ed mainly wi h he de elopmen o new conc e es as
a as composi ion and p oduc ion echnology is conce ned
[3, 8–10]. Scien i ic sou ces desc ibe a numbe o app oaches
o de e mining he alue o conc e e sh inkage [5, 11, 12].
Howe e , hese a e mos ly me hods o sepa a ely de e -
mining he indi idual componen s o conc e e sh inkage in
he ea ly age, such as me hods o de e mining plas ic o
au ogenous sh inkage, desc ibed, o example, in [2, 3, 6, 7,
12, 13], and me hods o de e mining conc e e sh inkage due
o d ying, which a e de ined mos ly in he na ional s anda ds
o a ious coun ies. Thus, con empo a y expe imen al mea-
su emen s a e no su icien o cap u ing he o al change
in conc e e olume caused by chemical eac ions, plas ic
se lemen , and d ying. These in luences ha e ei he la ge o
smalle signi icance in e e y s age o conc e e ageing. While
he o al sum o hese in luences can be e y signi ican in
he ea ly s age o se ing and ha dening, he mos signi ican
in luence om a long- e m pe spec i e appea s o be conc e e
d ying [4].
Con empo a y app oaches o conc e e sh inkage mea-
su emen a e based mainly on he de e mina ion o ela i e
leng h change. In mos cases, measu emen begins a e
specimens ha e been emo ed om hei moulds, which is
ypicallynosoone han heageo 24hou s.Inimpo an
o complica ed conc e e s uc u es, sh inkage is measu ed
di ec ly on a conc e e elemen using a special ype o wi e
s ain gauge designed o be embedded in he conc e e.
Hindawi
Ad ances in Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing
Volume 2017, A icle ID 3027301, 11 pages
h ps://doi.o g/10.1155/2017/3027301
2 Ad ances in Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing
Suchgaugesa e ypically ied o he ein o cemen cageo
he measu ed elemen by means o eba ex ensions [14–
18]. Howe e , his measu emen is e y expensi e and i is
usually no possible o d aw gene alisa ions om he esul s.
In p ac ical e ms, i is mo e ad an ageous o de e mine
he p og ess o he olume changes in conc e e by es ing
specimens in a labo a o y.
The signi icance o each ype o sh inkage is s ongly
dependen on he composi ion o he composi e, he cu ing
me hod,and hesizeo he es specimen[19].Expe ience
gained om measu emen s pe o med in ecen yea s indi-
ca es he necessi y o assessing he magni ude o sh inkage in
wo basic s ages, in he ea ly s age o se ing and ha dening
( oughly up o 48 hou s a e mixing cemen wi h wa e )
and a “la e ages” which can be coun ed om 48 h o
conc e e ageing. A e cemen has been mixed wi h wa e ,
hey eac oge he andchemicalsh inkageoccu s.Along
wi h he chemical sh inkage, au ogenous sh inkage also
appea s. Au ogenous sh inkage occu s o as long as he e
is wa e p esen in he po e s uc u e. Fo his eason, his
phenomenon is o en called sel -desicca ion sh inkage [1,
4]. Ve y soon a e esh conc e e has been made, plas ic
sh inkage also akes place. This is in a e y ea ly s age when
he conc e e is s ill esh and a solid s uc u e which would
“hold he body in place” has no ye o med. The magni ude
o plas ic sh inkage depends on he e apo a ion o wa e om
esh conc e e o i s abso p ion in o a d y conc e e body o
soil unde nea h [4, 20]. I s magni ude is also in luenced by
esh mix u e bleeding.
A no less impo an , ye o en neglec ed, ype o olume
change is de o ma ion caused by empe a u e change. Such
olume changes can be obse ed a he ea ly s age o se ing as
well as h oughou ha dening and long- e m ageing. In hei
pape om 1997, Tazawa and Miyazawa discuss he in luence
o empe a u e on au ogenous sh inkage; as empe a u e
ises, he magni ude o au ogenous sh inkage a an ea ly age
inc eases, while a la e ages his in luence appea s negligible.
In he ex ensi e scien i ic wo k om 2001 [2], Hol discusses
he connec ion be ween empe a u e inc ease in conc e e and
i s he mal expansion du ing he ea ly s age o se ing and
ha dening. Amin e al. ha e also deal wi h he in luence
o empe a u e on sh inkage o conc e e du ing his pe iod,
which hey discuss in de ail in a pape published in 2010 [21].
In ecen yea s he e has been g ea ly inc eased in e es
in de e mining olume changes in conc e e a an ea ly age.
Also, he e m “conc e e swelling” can be encoun e ed mo e
and mo e equen ly in connec ion wi h he phenomenon
obse able in he i s 24 hou s a e he mixing o cemen
wi h wa e . The au ho s o his pape deal wi h his phe-
nomenon mo e ex ensi ely in 2006 du ing he expe imen al
e i ica ion o a me hod o measu ing olume changes in
conc e e cas in sh inkage d ains p oduced by Schleibinge
[12]. Ve y in e es ing esul s ha e been ob ained du ing
measu emen s pe o med on conc e es wi h di e en po ous
agg ega e con en s, o du ing he obse a ion o he in luence
o he wa e sa u a ion o po ous agg ega e on olume
changes in ligh weigh conc e e. The e a e se e al ac o s
which can be a he o igin o his phenomenon. In mos cases
conc e e swelling is connec ed wi h excess ee wa e in he
Table 1: Iden i ica ion o es conc e es.
Assumed cemen
dosage [kg] No plas icise Plas icise
0.25% o cemen mass
300 0/1 1/1
350 0/2 1/2
400 0/3 1/3
conc e e mix u e which causes he conc e e o bleed. This
excess wa e is d awn back in o he ha dened cemen pas e
by weak capilla y suc ion a e plas ic se ling has inished.
This eabso p ion is he cause o swelling [2, 22, 23]. Swelling
can also be s eng hened by he o ma ion o some expansi e
hyd a ion p oduc s, abso p ion o wa e in o he C-S-H gel
[4, 7], o he gene a ion o hyd a ion hea [2]. Swelling also
occu s in conc e es which a e en i ely subme ged in wa e [4].
I appea s ha in mos adi ional cemen composi es
he mos subs an ial pa o he o al amoun o sh inkage
is ac ually de o ma ion caused by d ying. This de o ma ion
occu s h oughou se ing and ha dening and can be educed
ia sui able composi ion design and especially by choosing
a sui able cu ing me hod o he inal conc e e elemen .
Sh inkage due o d ying occu s in all ypes o cemen
composi es placed in an en i onmen wi h ela i e humidi y
<95% [20].
2. Expe imen al Pa
2.1. Tes ed Ma e ial. The expe imen s d aw on esul s pub-
lished wi hin he p ojec GAˇ
CR 13-18870S [24–27]. The
pu pose o he measu emen s was o de e mine olume
changes in o dina y conc e e and especially o eco d he
p og ess o ea ly and la e -age sh inkage. The basic o mula
o he conc e e consis ed o dense agg ega e wi h a maximum
pa icle size o 16 mm, CEM I 42.5 R Po land cemen and
wa e . Th ee conc e e mix u es we e made which di e ed
in cemen con en . They di e ed in he amoun o cemen
in he esh mix u e, 300, 350, and 400 kg/m3. In o de
o de e mine he in luence o plas icise on he p og ess
o olume changes, ano he h ee conc e e mix u es we e
p epa ed wi h plas icise in he amoun o 0.25% by cemen
mass (polyca boxyla e e he based echnology). The amoun
o cemen in he eshmix u ewas hesamelikein he
e e ence mix u es wi hou plas icise . In o al six di e en
mix u es, h ee wi h plas icise and h ee wi hou , we e
p epa ed o he expe imen (see Table 1). Wa e con en was
adjus ed o achie e app oxima ely he same wo kabili y in
all he conc e es. Measu emen s we e hen pe o med wi h
he aim o examining he in luence o cemen and plas icise
con en on he o e all p og ess o olume changes in he
conc e e.Ala genumbe o specimenswe emade omeach
ypeo conc e e,eachbeingapp ox.0.4m
3in olume. In
o de o ensu e he homogenei y o he amoun o conc e e
necessa y o making all he specimens, all conc e e mix u es
we e p oduced in a conc e e mixing owe . Fo mo e de ailed
in o ma ion on he composi ions o he conc e e mix u es,
see Table 2. Also, Table 3 lis s he mix u es’ basic p ope ies
in he esh s a e. These p ope ies a e di ec ly connec ed wi h
Ad ances in Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 3
Table 2: Composi ion o esh conc e es.
Componen s pe 1 m3o esh conc e e Uni s Conc e e ID
0/1 0/2 0/3 1/1 1/2 1/3
CEM I 42.5 R (Mok ´
a) [kg] 300 350 400 300 350 400
Sand (B a ˇ
cice) 0–4 [kg] 925 875 825 925 875 825
Agg ega e (Olb amo ice) 4–8 [kg] 185 185 185 185 185 185
Agg ega e (Olb amo ice) 8–16 [kg] 695 695 695 695 695 695
Wa e
Mixing [kg] 190 190 190 165 165 165
In agg ega e [kg] 14 14 14 14 14 14
To al [kg] 204 204 204 179 179 179
Sika ViscoC e e 4035 [kg] 0 0 0 0.75 0.88 1.00
w/c a io (wmixing/cemen ) [—] 0.63 0.54 0.48 0.55 0.47 0.41
Table 3: Basic p ope ies o esh conc e es.
Conc e e ID 0/1 0/2 0/3 1/1 1/2 1/3
Bulk densi y o esh conc e e [kg/m3] 2,320 2,320 2,290 2,280 2,300 2,300
Flow able [mm] 410 390 420 360 350 370
Ai con en [%] 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.2
conc e e beha iou especially du ing he ea ly s age o i s
se ing. The p ope ies o he esh conc e e we e de e mined
in acco dance wi h ˇ
CSN EN 12 350 [28].
Two pa ame e s we e obse ed du ing he measu emen ,
namely, ela i e leng h de o ma ion (sh inkage/swelling) and
mass loss (e apo a ion o wa e om he su ace o he
conc e e). Th ee es specimens, sh inkage d ains illed wi h
conc e e, we e manu ac u ed om each mix u e.
2.2. Tes Equipmen and P ocedu e. The measu emen o
sh inkage was pe o med using a es ing de ice made by he
company Schleibinge Ge ¨
a e Teube u. G eim GmbH [12].
Sh inkage d ains o 1000 mm in leng h and 60 × 100mm
in c oss-sec ion we e used o eco ding he leng h changes
measu edalong hecen alaxiso hespecimensusingan
induc i i y senso leaning agains he mo able head o he
d ain. These d ains a e p ima ily designed o sh inkage mea-
su emen in he ea ly s age o cemen composi e se ing and
ha dening. Special ma ke s we e embedded in o he uppe
su ace o he conc e e placed in he sh inkage d ains in o de
o acili a e subsequen long- e m measu emen o ela i e
de o ma ion. In his way, wo gauging bases we e c ea ed
o u he measu emen (see Figu e 1). This a angemen
enables he con inuous cap u e o he o al ela i e leng h
changes o he conc e e since he momen he conc e e is
placed in o he d ain un il i s long- e m ageing a e he
specimen has been emo ed om he sh inkage d ain. De ails
abou he ma ke ypes, d awing and hei a angemen can
be ound in [29]. Figu e 1 shows he sh inkage d ains illed
wi h conc e e and eady o measu emen .
The sh inkage d ains we e illed wi h conc e e and placed
on o a special weighing able which allowed con inuous
eco ding o mass losses caused by ee d ying o he spec-
imen su aces (see Figu e 2). In his way, changes in he
leng h and mass losses o he conc e e in he sh inkage d ains
1
3
2
Figu e 1: Sh inkage d ains eady o measu emen (1: embedded
ma ke s; 2: induc i i y senso ; 3: mo able head).
we e measu ed simul aneously (see Figu e 2). The design o
he weighing able as well as he de ails o he measu emen
p ocedu e a e p o ec ed by indus ial p ope y igh s held
by B no Uni e si y o Technology egis e ed in he na ional
pa en da abase unde applica ion numbe 2013-961 [30]. Fo
de ails abou measu emen echniques see [31].
Due o he consis ency o he esh conc e e, measu e-
men was s a ed app oxima ely one hou a e he conc e e
was pou ed in o he d ains. Sh inkage was measu ed in he
d ains placed on he weighing able in a labo a o y a a
empe a u e o 21±2∘Cand ela i ehumidi yo 83±3%un il
heconc e ewas3daysold.The opsu aceo heconc e e
was no p o ec ed om d ying. The specimens we e hen
ex ac ed om he d ains and s o ed in a labo a o y a a s able
empe a u e o 21 ± 2∘Cand ela i ehumidi yo 55 ± 3%.
Fu he measu emen s we e pe o med using a Hollan s ain
gauge(seeFigu e3)whichwas ixedon o hesu aceo
hespecimens.Theposi ioningo hegaugingpoin swas
p ede ined by he ma ke s embedded a spacing o 200 mm.
The specimens we e hen le o d y eely o he en i e ime
o measu emen and we e weighed a egula in e als.
4 Ad ances in Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing
Table 4: Basic cha ac e is ics o ha dened conc e es.
0/1 0/2 0/3 1/1 1/2 1/3
Bulk densi y [kg/m3]2310
(11.0)
2320
(8.62)
2330
(18.5)
2320
(8.08)
2330
(4.04)
2360
(1.73)
Comp essi e s eng h [N/mm2]33.3
(0.19)
44.5
(0.49)
55.8
(2.23)
42.8
(0.84)
50.8
(0.22)
56.4
(2.21)
Dynamic modulus o elas ici y 𝐸c L [N/mm2]29000
(503)
34600
(661)
35000
(281)
30600
(563)
31200
(670)
32900
(671)
No e. All ma e ials’ cha ac e is ics a e ep esen ed by mean alues and (s anda d de ia ion) bo h in oduced in he same uni s. Values o dynamic moduluso
elas ici y 𝐸c L we e de e mined using he esonance me hod acco ding o [32].
(a)
1
2
3
(b)
Figu e 2: Weighing able o con inuous measu emen o mass loss (a); sh inkage d ains placed on he weighing able (1: sh inkage d ain
wi h he induc i i y senso ; 2: weighing able; 3: embedded ma ke s).
1
Figu e 3: A Hollan s ain gauge (1: embedded ma ke s).
3. Resul s and Discussion
The measu emen esul s a e p esen ed he e mainly in isual
o m. To in oduce he es ed conc e es hei basic ma e ials’
cha ac e is ics in ha dened s a e a e summa ized in Table 4.
Fo cla i y, measu emen a an ea ly age, ha is, conc e e
in sh inkage d ains, is shown sepa a ely om he p og ess o
o al sh inkage, ha is, measu emen in he sh inkage d ains
as well as measu emen a e he specimens we e emo ed.
Gene ally speaking, he obse ed in luences, ha is, cemen
and plas icise con en , a e no e y signi ican in e ms o
he alues o o al de o ma ion. Conce ning cemen dosage
(Figu e 4(a), on he uppe pa ), he g ea es o al sh inkage
de e mined a he age o 300 days was eco ded in conc e e
0/1.Howe e , he alueo sh inkageincompa isonwi h
o he conc e es (0/2 and 0/3) is di e en by no mo e han
150 𝜇m/m. The p og ess and alues o mass losses eco ded
o e he whole ime o measu emen we e he same o
all he conc e es being examined. Ra he in e es ing esul s
we e obse ed in he measu emen s eco ded in he ea ly
s age o conc e e se ing and ha dening. Figu e 4(b) shows
he p og ess o he sh inkage o conc e es wi h di e en
cemen con en . The esul s indica e a di e en beha iou o
each conc e e in he i s 24 hou s o ageing. The diag am
shows ha sho ly a e commencing he measu emen , all
he conc e es swell despi e wa e e apo a ion (as seen om
he mass losses, Figu e 4(b), bo om pa ). I can also be
obse ed ha he swelling ime mo es along wi h an inc ease
in cemen con en . While he s age o swelling in he case
o conc e e 0/1 (300 kg o cemen pe 1 m3o esh conc e e)
ends app ox. 18 hou s a e he beginning o measu emen , in
he case o conc e e 0/2 (350 kg/m3as abo e) he du a ion o
swelling is 24 hou s and o conc e e 0/3 (400 kg/m3as abo e)
i is 30 hou s. The magni ude o swelling is dependen on
he amoun o cemen and wa e con ained in he conc e e.
Gene ally speaking, he highe he cemen dosage was, he
g ea e he alue o olume inc emen eco ded was. The
abo e-desc ibed p og ess o conc e e olume changes can
be explained in he ollowing way. Fi s ly, his phenomenon
is s ongly dependen on he chemical composi ion, spe-
ci ic su ace, and g ading o he cemen used. Secondly,
he p og ess o swelling is also connec ed wi h mois u e
dis ibu ion in he po e s uc u e o he conc e e. In suppo
o he conclusions d awn by Hol [2], his phenomenon is
Ad ances in Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
0
100
0/1
0/2
0/3
Sh inkage (m/m)
Mass loss (g/g·10−4)
Time (days)
Time (days)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
−100
−200
−300
−400
−500
−200
−400
−600
−800
−1000
0/1
0/2
0/3
(a)
0 12243648
0 12 24 36 48
0
25
50
75
100
0
25
Sh inkage (m/m)
Mass loss (g/g·10−4)
Time (hou s)
Time (hou s)
−25
−50
−75
−100
−125
−150
−25
−50
0/1
0/2
0/3
0/1
0/2
0/3
(b)
Figu e 4: P og ess o sh inkage/swelling and mass loss o conc e e 0/1, 0/2, and 0/3 ((a): measu emen o e he whole ime o se ing and
ha dening; (b): ea ly age measu emen ).
linked wi h he con en o mixing wa e in conc e e ha
ises o he su ace o he composi e (a e agg ega e and
cemen dis ibu ion in he esh conc e e dispe sion sys em
has s abilised) and causes conc e e bleeding. A e plas ic
se lemen has inished, his excess wa e on he specimen
uppe su ace is d awn back in o he se ing and la e ha d-
ening cemen pas e, e illing he po es c ea ed du ing cemen
hyd a ion. This wa e eabso p ion causes he swelling o
conc e e. Simila explana ion can be ound in Repo o
RILEM Technical Commi ee [22], whe e his phenomenon
is asc ibed o he ea ly au ogenous de o ma ion called as
au ogenous expansion. Thi dly, he swelling can also be
suppo ed by he o ma ion o some hyd a ion p oduc s ha
ha e a g ea e mola olume han he o iginal eac an s. And
las ly, i is necessa y o sugges ha he hea gene a ed du ing
cemen hyd a ion has a subs an ial e ec on he olume
inc ease o he conc e e as well because i causes i s he mal
expansion. The phenomenon o swelling is clea ly isible
om he measu emen s in he i s 24 hou s o ageing when
he hyd a ion hea is gene a ed a he highes a e (app ox.
200 J/g pe 24 h) [31, 33]. The pa icula con ibu ion o all
he abo e-men ioned phenomena is he objec o ongoing
expe imen al measu emen .
When he es specimens a e emo ed om he d ains
and hei su ace is exposed o ai , he wa e con en o he
conc e e begins o dec ease apidly due o ee desicca ion
which esul s in sh inkage o a much g ea e magni ude han
swelling.

6 Ad ances in Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing
0/1
1/1
0
−200
−400
−600
−800
−1000
Sh inkage (m/m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (days)
0
100
Mass loss (g/g·10−4)
Time (days)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
−100
−200
−300
−400
−500
0/1
1/1
(a)
0 12243648
0
25
50
75
100
Sh inkage (m/m)
Time (hou s)
−25
−50
0 12 24 36 48
0
25
Mass loss (g/g·10−4)
Time (hou s)
−25
−50
−75
−100
−125
−150
0/1
1/1
0/1
1/1
(b)
Figu e 5: P og ess o sh inkage/swelling and mass loss o conc e es 0/1, and 1/1 ((a): measu emen o e he whole ime o se ing and
ha dening; (b): ea ly age measu emen ).
Conce ning he compa ison o he o al sh inkage o
conc e es wi h he addi ion o plas icise , i can again be
s a ed ha no signi ican di e ences we e eco ded in he
absolu e alues o o al de o ma ion de e mined o he indi-
idual conc e es in he g oups o conc e e specimens being
compa ed (see Figu es 5–7). Howe e , some di e ences we e
obse ed a he ime when de o ma ion s abilised. Conc e es
wi hou plas icise saw a ela i ely sha p inc ease in sh inkage
be o e he age o 90 days, a e which hey began o s abilise.
The addi ion o plas icise slowed he sh inkage down al eady
a he age o app oxima ely 30 days. The highes di e ence in
sh inkage alues was eco ded be ween conc e es 0/1 and 1/1.
Ne e heless, Figu e 5(a) (on he uppe pa ) shows ha his
di e encein o alsh inkageisnohighe han150𝜇m/m. The
alues and p og ess o mass losses we e he same o bo h
obse ed conc e es (see Figu e 5(a) bo om pa ). Simila
esul s o sh inkage p og ess we e eco ded in he case o
conc e es 0/2 and 1/2 and 0/3 and 1/3, espec i ely. These
esul s co espond well wi h he measu ed p og ess o mass
losses associa ed wi h cemen and wa e dosage (see Table 2).
Figu es 5(b), 6(b), and 7(b) (on he bo om pa s) show ha ,
in he ea ly s age o conc e e se ing and ha dening, he mass
o he conc e e specimens wi h plas icise dec eases mo e
apidly (in compa ison wi h he conc e e wi hou plas icise ).
I can be obse ed ha his end is changing app oxima ely
a e 7 days o conc e e ageing (see Figu es 6(a) and 7(a) bo -
om pa s). Ra he in e es ing esul s in e ms o he p og ess
o conc e e olume changes we e again ob ained om he
ea ly age measu emen (Figu es 5(b), 6(b), and 7(b)). All he
pe o med measu emen s exhibi a simila end, conc e es
Ad ances in Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 7
0
−200
−400
−600
−800
−1000
Sh inkage (m/m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (days)
0
100
Mass loss (g/g·10−4)
Time (days)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
−100
−200
−300
−400
−500
0/2
1/2
0/2
1/2
(a)
0 12243648
0
25
50
75
100
Sh inkage (m/m)
Time (hou s)
−25
−50
0 12 24 36 48
0
25
Mass loss (g/g·10−4)
Time (hou s)
−25
−50
−75
−100
−125
−150
0/2
1/2
0/2
1/2
(b)
Figu e 6: P og ess o sh inkage/swelling and mass loss o conc e es 0/2, and 1/2 ((a): measu emen o e he whole ime o se ing and
ha dening; (b): ea ly age measu emen ).
wi h plas icise see a educ ion in he alue o swelling. Also,
he cu es o ini ial olume changes o he conc e e wi h
plas icise eco ded du ing i s 48 hou s o measu emen
di e om he cu es o he conc e e wi hou plas icise .
This phenomenon is closely linked wi h he adjus men o
wa e con en . Once he plas icise is added, he wa e con en
is educed which in luences he p og ess o he se ing o
he esh conc e e. This is also connec ed wi h hea low
andwi h he eleaseo hyd a ionhea in he i s 24hou s
o ageing.I isal eadyknownandhasbeenp o enin
p e ious expe imen al measu emen s [33] ha he addi ion
o plas icise has a subs an ial in luence on cemen hyd a ion.
The addi ion o plas icise e a ds cemen hyd a ion and has
a c i ical in luence on i s o e all p og ess. The ma gin o
hyd a ion e a da ion is s ongly dependen on he amoun
and p ope ies o he cemen and plas icise used in he
conc e e mix u e. Based on he measu emen esul s i can be
s a ed ha he highe he amoun o cemen is, he g ea e he
di e ences a e in he beha iou o he conc e e specimens in
he g oups being compa ed (see Figu es 5(b), 6(b), and 7(b)
uppe pa s). On he o he hand, all conc e es wi h plas icise
(1/1, 1/2 and 1/3) exhibi e y simila beha iou o e he
whole ime o ageing, independen ly o he amoun o cemen
dosage (see Figu e 8). The p og ess o conc e e olume
changes a he ea ly age co esponds well wi h he p og ess o
hea low measu ed o pa icula mix u es [33]. The smalles
e ec o he addi ion o plas icise was ound in conc e es
0/1 and 1/1 (Figu e 5) which, compa ed wi h o he conc e es,
con ained a low amoun o cemen and had a high w/c a io
(see Tables 1 and 2).
8 Ad ances in Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing
0
−200
−400
−600
−800
−1000
Sh inkage (m/m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (days)
0
100
Mass loss (g/g·10−4)
Time (days)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
−100
−200
−300
−400
−500
0/3
1/3
0/3
1/3
(a)
0 12243648
0
25
50
75
100
Sh inkage (m/m)
Time (hou s)
−25
−50
012243648
0
25
Mass loss (g/g·10−4)
Time (hou s)
−25
−50
−75
−100
−125
−150
0/3
1/3
0/3
1/3
(b)
Figu e 7: P og ess o sh inkage/swelling and mass loss o conc e es 0/3, 1/3, and ((a): measu emen o e he whole ime o se ing and
ha dening; (b): ea ly age measu emen ).
Qui e in e es ing esul s we e obse ed in ela ionship
be ween sh inkage and mass loss de elopmen (Figu e 9). No
di e ences a e obse ed be ween mix u es 0/1, 0/2 and 0/3,
and 1/1. Howe e , sligh di e ences a e obse ed a he end
o cu es o mix u es 1/1, 1/2, and 1/3 which shows he e ec
o di e en imes when he mass o es specimens has been
s abilised.
4. Conclusion
Recen expe ience wi h measu emen s indica es he necessi y
o assessing he magni ude o sh inkage in wo basic s ages,
in he ea ly s age o se ing and ha dening ( oughly up
o 48 hou s a e cemen is mixed wi h wa e ) and a he
“la e ages” which begin a 48 h and mo e. Pe o med ea ly
age measu emen s showed di e ences in he de elopmen
o conc e es’ sh inkage which could no be de ec ed by
measu emen s pe o med on demoulded specimens ( ypi-
cally 24 hou s a e cas ing). Measu emen s conduc ed by
di e en esea ch eams showed ha gene alisa ions canno
be d awn om he absolu e alues o he es esul s bu
a he om he ends isible in he eco ded da a p og ess.
The pe o med expe imen s con i med his. Despi e he ac
ha he measu ed ea ly age de o ma ions we e no e y
signi ican in e ms o absolu e alues, he esul s we e use ul
o unde s anding he gene al beha iou o he conc e es
being examined. Con inuous measu emen o he mass
losses caused by ee d ying o he es specimens’ su ace
p o ided use ul da a o he in e p e a ion o he esul s o
conc e e sh inkage measu emen . Conce ning he cemen
Ad ances in Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 9
1/1
1/2
1/3
0
−200
−400
−600
−800
−1000
Sh inkage (m/m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (days)
0
100
Mass loss (g/g·10−4)
Time (days)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
−100
−200
−300
−400
−500
1/1
1/2
1/3
(a)
1/1
1/2
1/3
0 12243648
0
25
50
75
100
Sh inkage (m/m)
Time (hou s)
−25
−50
0 12243648
0
25
Mass loss (g/g·10−4)
Time (hou s)
−25
−50
−75
−100
−125
−150
1/1
1/2
1/3
(b)
Figu e 8: P og ess o sh inkage/swelling and mass loss o conc e es 1/1, 1/2, and 1/3 ((a): measu emen o e he whole ime o se ing and
ha dening; (b): ea ly age measu emen ).
dosage, du ing he i s 24 hou s o ageing, all mix u es
exhibi ed swelling he magni ude and p og ess o which we e
in luenced by he con en o cemen and wa e . Gene ally
speaking, he highe he cemen dosage was, he g ea e he
alue o olume inc emen eco ded was. In absolu e alues,
Figu e 4(b) on he uppe pa anges app oxima ely om
35 o 85 𝜇m/m. Howe e , a simul aneous loss in mass was
egis e ed in his s age as well. Conc e es wi h plas icise see
a educ ion in he alue o swelling. Also, he cu es o ini ial
olume changes eco ded du ing he i s 48 hou s o mea-
su emen di e signi ican ly in compa ison wi h conc e es
wi hou plas icise . In e ms o he absolu e alues o o al
de o ma ion, he obse ed in luences (cemen and plas icise
con en )a eno e ysigni ican .Themeasu edp og esso
sh inkage well co esponds wi h he p og ess o mass losses.
Conce ning he absolu e alue o sh inkage de e mined a
300 days o age, all he examined conc e es ange om 650 o
850 𝜇m/m. Howe e , di e ences we e eco ded in he ime a
which de o ma ion s abilised. Conc e es wi hou plas icise
saw a ela i ely sha p inc emen o sh inkage be o e he age
o 90 days a e which hey began o s abilise. A e he
plas icise had been added, he p og ess o sh inkage slowed
down in app oxima ely 30 days. In he ea ly s age o conc e e
se ing and ha dening, he mass o conc e e specimens wi h
plas icise , compa ed wi h he conc e e wi hou plas icise ,
dec eases mo e apidly. I can be obse ed ha his end
is changing app oxima ely a e 7 days o conc e e ageing.
Conc e e swelling esul s usually om he ac ion o se e al