symme y
S
S
A icle
P oposal o Technological GIS Suppo as Pa o
Residen Pa king in La ge Ci ies–Case S udy, Ci y
o B no
Pa el Kubíˇcek 1, Dalibo Ba onˇek 2,* , Jiˇ íBu eš 2and O aka Š ábenský2
1Bc. B nˇenskékomunikace a.s., Renneska ˇ ída 787/1a, 639 00 B no, Czech Republic; [email p o ec ed]
2Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ve eˇ í331/95, 602 00 B no, Czech Republic;
[email p o ec ed].cz (J.B.); s abensky[email p o ec ed].cz (O.Š.)
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed].cz
Recei ed: 2 Feb ua y 2020; Accep ed: 31 Ma ch 2020; Published: 3 Ap il 2020


Abs ac :
O e he las ew yea s, he e has been a signi ican inc ease in people’s dependence on
passenge and eigh anspo . As a esul , a ic in as uc u e is conges ed, especially in big ci y
cen e s and, a c i ical imes, his is o he poin o a ic collapse. This has led o he need o add ess
his si ua ion by he p og essi e deploymen o In elligen T anspo Sys ems (ITS), which a e used
o op imize a ic, o inc ease a ic low, and o imp o e anspo sa e y, including educ ion o
ad e se en i onmen al impac s. In 2018, he i s esul s o he C-Roads Pla o m which is a join
ini ia i e o Eu opean Membe S a es and oad ope a o s o es ing and implemen ing C-ITS se ices
in ligh o c oss-bo de ha moniza ion and in e ope abili y (C-ROADS) Czech Republic p ojec we e
pu in o ope a ion in B no, closely ela ed o he in e na ional ini ia i e o suppo he da a s uc u e
o u u e communica ion be ween ehicles and in elligen anspo in as uc u e. A sys em o
anspo o ganiza ion and sa e y was in oduced in he ci y o B no, which manages key in o ma ion
and ensu es cen al managemen o pa ial sys ems o anspo o ganiza ion and sa e y. The mos
impo an pa o his sys em is he pa king o ganiza ion sys em discussed in his a icle. The main
objec i e was o s eamline he pa king sys em in he ci y cen e o B no and in he immedia e icini y
by p e en ing unau ho ized long- e m pa king, ensu ing an inc eased numbe o pa king places
o esiden s and isi o s by inc easing he u no e o pa king. The aim o he esea ch was o
in es iga e (i) he possibili y and op imal use o Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys em (GIS) echnology o
esiden pa king sys em solu ions, (ii) he in eg a ion o Global Sa elli e Na iga ion Sys ems (GNSS)
sa elli e da a and image da a collec ed by came as on he mo e and (iii) he possibili y o using
ne wo k algo i hms o op imize mobile da a collec ion planning. The aim o ou s udy is o design and
op imize he in eg a ed collec ion o image da a localized by sa elli e GNSS echnologies in he GIS
en i onmen o suppo he esiden pa king sys em, including an e alua ion o i s e ec i eness. To
achie e his goal, a esiden ial pa king moni o ing sys em was designed and implemen ed, based on
dynamic moni o ing o he pa king s a e using a ehicle equipped wi h a digi al came a sys em and
Global Sa elli e Na iga ion Sys ems (GNSS) echnology o measu ing he ehicle posi ion, con olled
by spa ial and a ibu e da a low om s a ic and dynamic spa ial da abases in he Geog aphic
In o ma ion Sys em (GIS), which in eg a e he whole moni o ing sys em. The con ol algo i hm
o a ehicle passing h ough he s ee ne wo k wo ks on he basis o g aph heo y wi h a de ined
ecu ence in e al o he same ou e, aking in o accoun o he pa ame e s such as he h oughpu
o he s ee ne wo k a a gi en ime, i s a ic signs and he usual le el o a ic densi y. S a is ics
a e one yea o ope a ion show ha he p oposed sys em signi ican ly inc eased he economic yield
om pa king a eas om he o iginal 30% o 90%, and educed he o e all iola ion o pa king ules
o only 10%. I u he inc eased u no e and hus he possibili y o sho - e m pa king o isi o s
and also ensu ed a ailabili y o pa king o esiden s in he his o ical cen e o B no and su ounding
moni o ed a eas.
Symme y 2020,12, 542; doi:10.3390/sym12040542 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/symme y
Symme y 2020,12, 542 2 o 22
Keywo ds: GIS; moni o ing; esiden pa king; anspo
1. In oduc ion
B nois hesecondla ges ci y in he Czech Republic and has abou 500,000 inhabi an s. E e y majo
me opolis aces he challenges o secu i y, housing, cleanliness and anspo . Mode n in o ma ion
echnology, sma phones and o he de ices a e al eady an essen ial pa o he daily li e o ci izens and
can con ibu e o he op imiza ion and s eamlining o many p ocesses a ec ing u ban li e. B no is also
a uni e si y ci y wi h a s ong suppo o science, esea ch and de elopmen , ep esen ed by mo e
han 100 scien i ic esea ch ins i u ions. The mos impo an a e, o example, medical and esea ch
cen e s co e ed by Masa yk Uni e si y o echnical esea ch cen e s unde he auspices o he B no
Uni e si y o Technology. B no has he ambi ion o be a mode n ci y ha uses mode n echnology
and hus applies in o ma ion echnology o many a eas o social li e. The map po al [
1
] p o ides an
on-line basic map o he ci y, as well as many hema ically o ien ed map se s, such as, in he a ea o
spa ial planning, p ice maps, 3D building models, empe a u e maps, maps o wa e esou ces, geo isk
maps, e c. The basic maps ela ing o he ci y o B no can also be ound a he geopo al [2].
In he las ew yea s, he e has been a signi ican inc ease in people’s dependence on passenge
and eigh anspo . Inc easing a ic has a nega i e impac on he en i onmen and is also ene gy
in ensi e. Due o he inc ease in a ic in ensi y and densi y, communica ions a e o en e y close o
capaci y. The mobili y o people and hings is now in he p ocess o undamen al changes, igge ed
by he apid de elopmen o in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies and se ices suppo ing
mobile connec i i y. The apid deploymen o mobile digi al echnologies is also changing he way
we p o ide a ic in o ma ion o cu en changes ha a ec a ic. In elligen T anspo Sys ems
(ITS) a e used o op imize anspo , inc ease a ic low and imp o e anspo sa e y and educe i s
impac s. [
3
]. T anspo in B no is p o ided by ams, buses, olleybuses and ains. B no has a public
in e na ional ci il ai po p o iding ligh s o 25 coun ies ac oss he wo ld, capable o handling up o
557,000 passenge s pe yea .
The p oposed sys em o pa king egula ion in he cen e and adjacen pa s o he ci y o B no
is designed o be concep ually consis en wi h a highe p ojec T anspo O ganiza ion and Secu i y
Sys em (SOBD) suppo ed by a p ojec o he Eu opean Union [
4
]. The subjec ma e o he in o ma ion
sys em is he managemen o key in o ma ion and cen al managemen o u u e sub-sys ems o
anspo o ganiza ion and sa e y. Such sub-sys ems include, e.g., pa king egula ion sys ems in he
his o ical cen e o B no, pa king ( o esiden s, isi o pa king, pa king lo on he ou ski s o he
ci y wi h good connec ion o public anspo , pa king houses, ba ie sys ems), speed measu emen ,
junc ion con ol, ehicle weighing and pa king sys ems wi h paymen e minals. The so wa e
pa o he in o ma ion sys em suppo s ac i i ies and manages da a in he a eas o in o ma ion
managemen and ules ela ed o anspo o ganiza ion and secu i y, au ho iza ion managemen (e.g.,
pa king p i ileges), managemen o in o ma ion p o ided by sub-sys ems (e.g., measu emen esul s),
compliance assessmen , de ec ion and epo ing suspec ed iola ions, billing and s a is ics.
The sha p inc ease in a ic densi y, especially in la ge ci ies, causes p oblems wi h pa king
o ehicles bo h in his o ical cen e s and in adjacen a eas. This si ua ion can no longe be sol ed
ex ensi ely, i.e., by inc easing he numbe o pa king spaces, o e en in a classic way, e.g., by egula ing
pa king ia membe s o he municipal police. The e o e, me hods we e sough o make he pa king
sys em in B no mo e e icien using mode n echnologies.
The main objec i e o his p ojec is:
1.
To p e en long- e m (in many cases unau ho ized) pa king o ehicles in he ci y cen e , hus
blocking pa king capaci y;
2.
To ensu e a su icien numbe o pa king places o esiden s and isi o s o B no by inc easing
he u no e o pa king.
Symme y 2020,12, 542 3 o 22
The esul o he p ojec is a sys em ha au oma ically moni o s he si ua ion o pa king in B no
based on a sui able planning algo i hm, and au oma ically e alua es da a om he ield based on
pa king ules, and c ea es and sends o ense documen a ion o he police o u he in es iga ion.
P io o he launch o he pa king moni o ing sys em add essed in his a icle, no simila au oma ed
o semi-au oma ed sys em was in ope a ion o mee he abo e objec i es.
The aim o he esea ch was o in es iga e (i) he possibili y and op imal use o Geog aphic
In o ma ion Sys em (GIS) echnology o esiden pa king sys em solu ion, (ii) he in eg a ion o Global
Sa elli e Na iga ion Sys ems (GNSS) sa elli e da a and image da a collec ed by came as on he mo e
and (iii) he possibili y o using ne wo k algo i hms o op imize mobile da a collec ion planning. The
aim o ou s udy is o design and op imize he in eg a ed collec ion o image da a localized by sa elli e
GNSS echnologies in he GIS en i onmen o suppo he esiden pa king sys em, including an
e alua ion o i s e ec i eness.
In eg a ed collec ion o sa elli e posi ioning da a and image da a o deal wi h pa king egula ion
in la ge ci ies due o high a ic densi y is a opical issue. I is common o use in o ma ion echnology
and o collec and e alua e image da a acqui ed mainly by s a ic came as. The use o sa elli e-based
collec ion o pho og aphic da a in la ge a eas by mobile came as, hei in eg a ion wi h GIS echnology
and subsequen e alua ion o da a as a basis o egula ion o pa king by au ho i ies is no ye a
commonly used echnology. Mo eo e , i has i s pi alls, which we e he subjec s o ou solu ion.
The sys em was expec ed o signi ican ly inc ease he economic yield om pa king a eas, educe
he o e all a e o pa king iola ions, inc ease u no e and hus he a ailabili y o sho - e m pa king
o isi o s and esiden s in he his o ical cen e o B no and he moni o ed su ounding a eas.
The in oduc ion o he pa king moni o ing sys em has comple ed he cons uc ion o he S a ic
Objec Base Da a (SOBD) sys em as a pa ial impo an da a s uc u e con ibu ing o he u u e
possibili y o using sma communica ion be ween ehicles, which is he subjec o he ansna ional
p ojec C-ROADS.
2. Rela ed Concep s and Wo ks
The massi e de elopmen o he au omo i e indus y causes complica ions no only in anspo
bu also in he possibili ies o ehicle pa king. The si ua ion is pa icula ly c i ical in la ge ci ies and
densely popula ed conu ba ions. Ex ensi e solu ions o his p oblem, i.e., by ex ending pa king a eas,
ha e been exhaus ed in many cases. The e o e, an in ensi e app oach o ehicle pa king is cu en ly
being p omo ed, which is based on he es ablishmen o app op ia e ules o he e icien use o
exis ing pa king capaci ies in a gi en loca ion. This me hod belongs o he wide issue o de eloped
ci ies (Sma Ci ies). I is a highly opical subjec conce ning all ci ies in de eloped coun ies a ound
he wo ld.
The e a e a numbe o publica ions in wo ld da abases dealing wi h simila issues and using
ma hema ical, GIS and o he ools ha inspi ed he au ho s o gene a e ideas o sol ing he gi en
issue. The opics o imp o ing he o ganiza ion o anspo and inc easing he sa e y and luidi y
o anspo in he cen al pa s o a ious ci ies we e moni o ed. Ano he moni o ed opic was he
espec o al eady implemen ed egula o y measu es in anspo ela ed o he issue o illegally pa ked
ehicles, educing conges ion, sea ching o ee pa king spaces and also he issue o educing ene gy
consump ion and emissions. In e ms o echnical ools wo king wi h spa ial loca ion da a, he use o
GIS ools p o ed o be he mos sui able.
The publica ions we e selec ed acco ding o he objec i e de ined in he p e ious chap e , and
acco ding o c i e ia ha speci ies he wide aspec s o he objec i e. The ca ego ies o opics a e:
1.
Imp o ing he o ganiza ion o anspo , i.e., inc easing he sa e y and low o a ic in he cen al
pa o he ci y;
2.
Inc easing espec o egula o y measu es in anspo and educing he numbe o illegally
pa ked ehicles;
Symme y 2020,12, 542 4 o 22
3.
Reducing conges ion by educing pa king space and he eby educing ene gy consump ion
and emissions;
4. Inc easing sa e y and ensu ing su icien pa king space o esiden s and isi o s;
5. Use o GIS echnology o o ganize pa king in he ci y.
Fo each o hese ca ego ies, he me hods used we e e alua ed and he possibili ies o hei use in
ou p ojec we e analyzed.
In [
5
], he au ho s p o ide a sea ch cha ac e and deal wi h wo ks aimed a op imizing a ic
ou es, pa king p oblems and he de ec ion and p e en ion o a ic acciden s. The mos widely used
me hods o he solu ion we e machine lea ning (ML) and he In e ne o Things (IoT). In pape [
6
],
he p oblem o pa king has been add essed by p oposing an a chi ec u e o au oma e he pa king
p ocess using he in e ne o hings, a i icial in elligence and mul i agen sys ems. The au ho s in [
7
]
o e a e iew o he li e a u e ha deals wi h a wide ield o anspo p oblems and i s esul s a e
use ul o sol ing gene al anspo issues. The s udy in [
8
] deals wi h a ic managemen based on
og compu ing. The me hod is based on cloud compu ing and is used o con ol sma ci y a ic in
eal ime. The pape in [
9
] p esen s a machine lea ning me hod o a ic managemen . These include
pa king moni o ing, 5G communica ions and mo e. The s udy in [
10
] ocuses on he design o new
oad signs o he use o wi eless communica ion echnologies. The p inciple o he p oposed solu ion
is he digi iza ion o oad signs and hei display on he d i e ’s desk o ehicles.
In ou p ojec , we used he p inciples o he machine lea ning me hod in he design o he con ol
algo i hm o he calcula ion o he op imized ou e o he moni o ing ehicle and o he sea ch o
ee pa king places. The use o IoT is o eseen only in he C-ROADS p ojec , when he ehicles will
be equipped wi h he app op ia e echnology o pa icipa e in sol ing si ua ions in an in elligen
anspo sys em.
A new pa king model o cos and ime op imiza ion is desc ibed in [
11
]. Pe o mance is measu ed
by a special pa ame e . The wo k in [
12
] p oposes a dis ibu ed sys em ha in o ms d i e s abou ee
pa king spaces in eal ime. The de ec ion o acan places wo ks on he p inciples o compu e ision
and machine lea ning. The s udy in [
13
] p oposes an in elligen , ully au oma ed pa king managemen
sys em. I in o ms he d i e abou he numbe o ee pa king spaces in he immedia e icini y and
sa es uel.
F om hese schema ics, i was possible o use common compu e ision algo i hms o ecognize
images o he license pla es o pa ked ehicles. Localiza ion o a isi o ’s ehicle is ealized by he
GNSS me hod o by hei loca ion in he mobile ope a o ’s ne wo k using he on-boa d compu e in he
ca o he d i e ’s sma phone. Based on i s cu en loca ion, he web applica ion o he sma phone
applica ion o he B no pa king sys em [
14
] sea ches o ee pa king places in he immedia e icini y,
including he possibili y o ehicle egis a ion in o he sys em. An e olu iona y algo i hm was used
o a simila unc ion in [
15
]. Ano he localiza ion ask based on he in elligen algo i hm sol ed in [
16
]
was o ind he nea es place o cha ging elec ic ehicles. In ou p ojec , i was necessa y o sol e he
in eg a ion o s a ic and dynamic da a om mul iple sou ces. The use o da a om s a ic came as in
combina ion wi h IoT has been deal wi h in [17–19].
The au ho s in [
15
] deal wi h a sys em o he alloca ion o ee pa king spaces—a sys em o
a ailable ma hema ical models ha wo ks on he basis o a gene ic algo i hm. The ad an age o he
sys em is he speed and e iciency o sea ching.
In [
17
], he au ho s p esen a sys em o da a mining om independen sou ces, which a e s o ed
in ci y compu e s. Thei sys em is designed o ob ain mo e in o ma ion o Sma Ci ies.
A new Sma Ci y Ne wo k Design Tool is desc ibed in [
18
]. The sys em is based on human
machine communica ion, moni o s ne wo k a ic and op imizes ne wo k se ices.
In [
19
] he e is an in elligen managemen sys em o managing a la ge numbe o IoT de ices.
The sys em is based on cloud compu ing and aims o op imize se ices wi hin a Sma Ci y.
Symme y 2020,12, 542 5 o 22
A icle [
16
] shows a case s udy o cha ging elec ic ehicles. The p inciple is an in elligen concep
wi h he possibili y o an ecosys em wi h a use in e ace o mobile applica ions. The p ojec is pa o
he EU Ho izon 2020.
One possible way o elie ing a ic and educing he numbe o ehicles is hei sha ing, as
sol ed in [
20
]. In a s udy [
21
], he au ho s y o sol e he p oblem o pa king by in oducing a bicycle
sha ing sys em whe e supply and demand a e ealized using sma phones. An impo an pa o he
ac ual pa king space capaci y moni o ing sys em is he in e ope abili y add essed in [
22
] by IoT. In
e ms o en o ceabili y o o enses when pa king ehicles, legal condi ions a e also impo an . The
wo k in [
23
] add esses an analysis o he legal amewo k o sma ci y se ices including anspo
and pa king.
The s udy in [
20
] discusses a ca sha ing sys em based on he use o ca s in 10 di e en Eu opean
ci ies. The knowledge can be used o design a sys em ha allows ca sha ing based on p edic ion,
usage and o he pa ame e s.
The wo k in [
22
] desc ibes he Global IoT Se ices sys em, which enables in e ope abili y wi hin
IoT be ween ci ies. The applica ion has been e i ied in Sma Ci ies in Spain and Sou h Ko ea.
The au ho s in [
23
] deal wi h IoT classi ica ion wi hin a Sma Ci y. I discusses ou IoT cases: an
in elligen pa king sys em, in elligen s ee ligh ing, in elligen moni o ing sys em and in elligen
senso s. Each o hese sys ems is analyzed in his wo k and hei op imiza ion is ecommended.
The wo k in [
21
] discusses a bicycle sha ing sys em in China. The sys em was in oduced in 2008
and is based on empi ical analysis. The esul is he design o a new bicycle sha ing sys em called
Dockless bikesha e. This sys em has p o ed i s wo h and suppo s he Chinese Republic.
Mos o he abo e wo k sol es he p oblem o pa king using mode n me hods om he ield o
in o ma ion echnology, web applica ions and mul i-c i e ia decision making. Su p isingly, e y ew
p ojec s use GIS as an in eg a ing elemen be ween s a ic and dynamic spa ial da a. I is his p inciple
ha he au ho s chose as he basic elemen o he concep p esen ed in he nex chap e .
The au ho s in [
24
] use a web GIS in combina ion wi h mul ic i e ial analysis (MCDA) o ind
pa king spaces. The p inciple o he solu ion is g oup decision-making, which leads o a dec ease in
he sha e o in o ma ion e ie al, a e age ime spen ga he ing indi idual in o ma ion and a iabili y
o in o ma ion e ie al pe a ibu e in he con ex o pa king space selec ion.
The wo k in [
25
] uses GIS echnology o selec he op imal places o pa king and cha ging elec ic
ca s in Ge many. The sys em e alua es demand nea poin s o in e es .
The s udy in [
26
] p esen s he use o GIS o moni o a ic densi y and ee pa king spaces in
Vilnius (Li huania).
The issue o changing he s anda ds o pa king space dimensions in he con ex o he end o
pu chasing and manu ac u ing la ge ehicles ha p o ide he bes possible com o is add essed
in [
27
]. Pa king space p ojec s end o design pa king spaces o a ep esen a i e se o ehicle ypes,
bu he e o is o minimize he dimensions o pa king spaces. The a icle e alua es an analysis o
ehicles om di e en coun ies and wi h di e en dimensions ha a e compa able o he dimensions
o pa king spaces.
3. The Concep o T anspo O ganiza ion and Secu i y Sys em in he His o ical Cen e o B no
The Residen ial Pa king P ojec in B no is pa o he T anspo O ganiza ion and Secu i y Sys em
(SOBD) [4], which con ains:
•A pa king egula ion sys em in he his o ical cen e o B no;
•Speed measu emen ;
•Checking d i e s who d i e h ough ed a ic ligh s;
•Vehicle weighing;
•
Pa king o ganiza ion ( esiden pa king (R), isi o pa king (P), R and P pa king, pa king houses,
ba ie sys ems);

Symme y 2020,12, 542 6 o 22
•Pa king sys ems wi h paymen e minals.
In 2018, he i s esul s o he C-ROADS Czech Republic p ojec [
28
], which is closely linked o he
C-ROADS in e na ional ini ia i e, which was he esul o join ac i i ies o he Czech Republic, Aus ia
and Ge many, we e pu in o ope a ion in B no. The C-ROADS Czech Republic p ojec is co- unded by
he EU unde he Connec ing Eu ope Facili y p og am (CEF). The main objec i e o he p ojec was, in
coope a ion wi h o he Eu opean coun ies, o ha monize he p o ision o da a communica ion se ices
be ween ehicles and o allow communica ion be ween ehicles and in elligen anspo in as uc u e,
hus c ea ing an en i onmen o he eme gence o coope a i e in elligen anspo sys ems (C-ITS)
including he possibili y o using au onomous ehicles. The use o new echnologies will con ibu e
o g ea e sa e y o oad use s and smoo he and mo e e icien anspo , including achie ing he
e ec o educing emissions in he a mosphe e. C-ITS sys ems in o m d i e s in a imely and accu a e
way abou a ic condi ions and wa n o dange ous loca ions and o he p oblems a ound hem. In
addi ion, a ic con ol and in o ma ion cen e s ecei e accu a e and comp ehensi e in o ma ion on
he cu en a ic si ua ion di ec ly om ehicles. As a esul , i is possible o e icien ly in luence a ic
low and he eby inc ease a ic low and sa e y and educe i s nega i e en i onmen al impac [
28
].
The mos impo an pa o he a ic managemen in B no is he Cen al Technical Con ol Cen e
(CTD), which p o ides dispa ching ac i i y, emo e supe ision o a ic ligh s, e alua es in o ma ion
om he ci y su eillance sys em, moni o s public anspo p e e ences, ope a es a a ic in o ma ion
cen e [
29
], manages he pa king sys em, home and paid pa king in he ci y o B no and coope a es
wi h au ho i ies, police and in eg a ed escue sys ems [30].
Ci izens can also con ibu e o imp o ing he quali y o oad main enance h ough a mobile
applica ion o epo de ec s on u ban oads unde he managemen o he B no Communica ion
Company [
31
]. In o de o educe he numbe o owing ehicles in he block cleaning o public oads,
he applica ion is in ope a ion wi h hei clea e ms and loca ions [32].
Pa ial goals o op imiza ion o he pa king sys em:
1.
Imp o ing he o ganiza ion o anspo , i.e., inc easing he sa e y and luidi y o anspo in he
cen al pa o he ci y;
2.
Inc easing espec o a ic- egula o y measu es and educing he numbe o illegally
pa ked ehicles;
3.
Reducing conges ion by educing pa king space and hus educing ene gy consump ion
and emissions;
4. Inc easing secu i y and ensu ing adequa e pa king space o esiden s and isi o s.
T anspo o ganiza ion is gene ally a complex issue ha canno be sol ed wi hou he suppo o
new in o ma ion echnologies. Since i is a me hod ha equi es spa ial in o ma ion (posi ion- ela ed
in o ma ion in he e e ence coo dina e sys em), i is possible o use GIS echnologies.
The e a e ou a eas cu en ly ope a ing in he sys em. The cen al a ea—B no cen e —which has
speci ic ules and en ance o he his o ical ci y cen e is guided by he en y pe missions. The o he
h ee esiden pa king a eas a e linked o he Cen al Dis ic in he no he n pa and a e de ined
by speci ic s ee s. The esiden pa king sys em has been phased in. The i s s age was launched in
2018. In Ma ch 2019, a new concep o esiden ial pa king in he ci y o B no was app o ed. Mo e
in o ma ion can be ound in [4].
The p inciple o he p oposed solu ion is based on he use o s a ic (pa king a eas) and dynamic
(moni o ing da a) spa ial da a p ocessed in he geog aphical in o ma ion sys em (GIS).
The pa king moni o ing sys em is based on he use o a mobile came a sys em o a la ge numbe
o pa king spaces loca ed in he ci y o B no. This echnology is o iginal in he Czech Republic. The
mobile sys em is mo e e icien han he sys em o a la ge numbe o s a ic came as due o he limi ed
possibili ies o hei ins alla ion, including he necessi y o sol ing he p oblem o he necessa y
image quali y.
Symme y 2020,12, 542 7 o 22
The esiden pa king a eas a e shown in Figu e 1, oge he wi h he ypes o a ic signs displayed.
The ed zone A (cen e o he ci y) is he en ance es ic ed zone ( esiden mode), he g een zone B
(cen al a ea o he ci y) is wi hou en y es ic ion (subsc ip ion and isi o mode), blue zone C (edge
zone) is no con olled du ing he day. The zones di e in he p ice o pa king, he mos expensi e
being he cen al zone. Examples o a ic signs illus a e how a ca pa king a ea in a gi en s ee zone
is ma ked.
Symme y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 22
mos expensi e being he cen al zone. Examples o a ic signs illus a e how a ca pa king a ea in
a gi en s ee zone is ma ked.
In Figu e 1, a eas wi h au ho ized pa king a e enclosed in ed. A ea 1-01 is he cen al a ea; a eas
1-02, 1-13 and 1-14 a e named a e he a ea’s mos impo an s ee . Road signs in pa ial a eas always
include a supplemen a y able ha iden i ies he a ea, e.g., 1-01, and speci ies i s es ic ion.
Residen pa king space (Residen s) i is in ended o a na u al esiden in a dema ca ed a ea o
o a p ope y owne in a dema ca ed a ea.
Subsc ip ion pa king place (Subsc ibe s) i is in ended o an en ep eneu ial na u al o legal
pe son es ablished in he dema ca ed a ea o o an en ep eneu ial na u al o legal pe son wi h an
es ablishmen in he dema ca ed a ea.
Visi ing pe sons (Visi o s) a e nei he subsc ibe s no esiden s. In he a eas o he new pa king
sys em, which a e ma ked wi h an o ange band ma k, sho - e m pa king is ee (60 o 30 min by
p ice band, once e e y 24 h), hen paid ia pa king me e s o mobile app. Ano he solu ion is he use
o pa king houses o pa king places. Pe sons going o isi a pa icula esiden can ask o a
empo a y pa king pe mi . Each esiden (including child en and non- esiden s) can spli up o 150
pa king hou s a yea .
Pa king houses a e buildings o oll pa king in he cen e . Cu en ly, he e a e eigh pa king
houses wi h a capaci y o 1310 pa king spaces.
Figu e 1. Residen ial pa king a eas map [32].
4. Ma e ials and Me hods
The pa king sys em model is based on con ol da a, which consis s o h ee pa s.
1. S a ic spa ial da a loca e pa king spaces, a ising om he p ojec o geode ic su ey, and a e
o med by:
Figu e 1. Residen ial pa king a eas map [14].
In Figu e 1, a eas wi h au ho ized pa king a e enclosed in ed. A ea 1-01 is he cen al a ea; a eas
1-02, 1-13 and 1-14 a e named a e he a ea’s mos impo an s ee . Road signs in pa ial a eas always
include a supplemen a y able ha iden i ies he a ea, e.g., 1-01, and speci ies i s es ic ion.
Residen pa king space (Residen s) i is in ended o a na u al esiden in a dema ca ed a ea o o
a p ope y owne in a dema ca ed a ea.
Subsc ip ion pa king place (Subsc ibe s) i is in ended o an en ep eneu ial na u al o legal
pe son es ablished in he dema ca ed a ea o o an en ep eneu ial na u al o legal pe son wi h an
es ablishmen in he dema ca ed a ea.
Visi ing pe sons (Visi o s) a e nei he subsc ibe s no esiden s. In he a eas o he new pa king
sys em, which a e ma ked wi h an o ange band ma k, sho - e m pa king is ee (60 o 30 min by p ice
band, once e e y 24 h), hen paid ia pa king me e s o mobile app. Ano he solu ion is he use o
pa king houses o pa king places. Pe sons going o isi a pa icula esiden can ask o a empo a y
pa king pe mi . Each esiden (including child en and non- esiden s) can spli up o 150 pa king hou s
a yea .
Pa king houses a e buildings o oll pa king in he cen e . Cu en ly, he e a e eigh pa king
houses wi h a capaci y o 1310 pa king spaces.
Symme y 2020,12, 542 8 o 22
4. Ma e ials and Me hods
The pa king sys em model is based on con ol da a, which consis s o h ee pa s.
1. S a ic spa ial da a
loca e pa king spaces, a ising om he p ojec o geode ic su ey, and a e
o med by:
•Pa king a ea polygons;
•The posi ion o e ical a ic signs;
•Residen ial pa king a ea bounda ies.
Ho izon al oad ma kings a e ep esen ed by polygons, and e ical ma kings a e ep esen ed by
poin s. In addi ion o he posi ion, he da a includes o he a ibu es such as iden i ica ion codes,
ypes o s all, Zones o Pa king S ages (ZPS) capaci y, ope a ing hou s, e c.
2. Dynamical spa ial da a
consis o da a gene a ed by mobile in eg a ed da a collec ion using
came a eco dings o localized Global Na iga ion Sa elli e Sys ems (GNSS) echnologies. Da a
a e cap u ed on he basis o a ibu es, which a e used o s a he came a in place o igge s.
These da a a e comp ised o :
•Moni o igge s;
•Links;
•Rou es and waypoin s;
•The s ee ne wo k.
3. A ibu e da a
a e used o he pa ame ic se ings o he came a sys em based on he o ien a ion
o he pa king lo o he moni o ing ehicle (pe pendicula o inclined posi ion o he ehicles,
le , igh ). The da a con ain hese i ems:
•Vehicle iden i ie s;
•D i e iden i ie s;
•T ack iden i ie s.
Figu e 2is a diag am o he da a low be ween componen s o he pa king sys em.
The basic pilla o con ol da a is he exis ence o he polygons o pay s all a eas and e ical
a ic signs in ec o o m. The basis o c ea ing polygons is a geode ic su ey o p ojec . The esul
is hen a digi al map wi h he polygons o pa king a eas wi hin he paid pa king zone. The B no
Communica ion Cen e uses GIS so wa e om Ci y Da a So wa e, L d. (CDSw), in which i eco ds
he passpo da a o oads and hei ea u es in he ci y o B no. One o he applica ions o his GIS
so wa e is T anspo , whe e bo h ho izon al and e ical a ic signs a e eco ded.
These polygons ep esen su aces in indi idual laye s:
•Residen ial pa king a eas;
•License pla e pa king o disabled people;
•Pa king o disabled people;
•P ohibi ed a eas—en ances, g een a eas, obs acles;
•Supply (wi h au ho iza ion);
•Rese ed pa king spaces—doc o s, es au an s, shops, e c.;
•Rese ed pa king space o a con ac /s a e adminis a ion ins i u ions—cou s, police, e c.;
•Tu n pa king;
•Tu n pa king wi h ime limi a ion and au ho iza ion ( isi s);
•Fo mo o cycles;
•Closu e o esiden ial pa king–block cleaning, closing o , e c.
Symme y 2020,12, 542 9 o 22
Symme y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 22
• Pa king a ea polygons;
• The posi ion o e ical a ic signs;
• Residen ial pa king a ea bounda ies.
Ho izon al oad ma kings a e ep esen ed by polygons, and e ical ma kings a e ep esen ed
by poin s. In addi ion o he posi ion, he da a includes o he a ibu es such as iden i ica ion
codes, ypes o s all, Zones o Pa king S ages (ZPS) capaci y, ope a ing hou s, e c.
2. Dynamical spa ial da a consis o da a gene a ed by mobile in eg a ed da a collec ion using
came a eco dings o localized Global Na iga ion Sa elli e Sys ems (GNSS) echnologies. Da a
a e cap u ed on he basis o a ibu es, which a e used o s a he came a in place o igge s.
These da a a e comp ised o :
• Moni o igge s;
• Links;
• Rou es and waypoin s;
• The s ee ne wo k.
3. A ibu e da a a e used o he pa ame ic se ings o he came a sys em based on he o ien a ion
o he pa king lo o he moni o ing ehicle (pe pendicula o inclined posi ion o he ehicles,
le , igh ). The da a con ain hese i ems:
• Vehicle iden i ie s;
• D i e iden i ie s;
• T ack iden i ie s.
Figu e 2 is a diag am o he da a low be ween componen s o he pa king sys em.
Figu e 2. Scheme o da a low be ween pa king sys em componen s.
Al on l d. GIS BKOM (QGIS)
S a ical spa ial da a
•Polygons o paid pa king a eas
•Ve ical a ic signs
•Residen ial pa king a ea
bounda ies
Dynamical spa ial da a
•T igge s
•Rela ions
•Rou e poin s
•S ee ne
A ibu e da a
•Vehicle iden i ie s
•D i e iden i ie s
•T acks iden i ie s
Con ol da a
Expo (*.SHP)
Polygons
T a ic signs
Da a managemen in SW QGIS
Pa king
au oma s
SOBD
da abase
Monda a
da abase
Upda e o
con ol da a
Se e o
moni o ing
ehicle
Da a synch onisa ion
Da abase Access
Da a se e
Au oma ed
ans e o
egis a ed RP
Documen a ion
o suspec ed
o ense
Ci y
police
Upda e o
con ol da a
Figu e 2. Scheme o da a low be ween pa king sys em componen s.
Each base laye polygon has i s a ibu e able, which con ains he objec iden i ica ion, ime
alidi y, ci y a ea, zone ype, s anding ype (longi udinal, pe pendicula , oblique), paid pa king a ea
designa ion, s ee ne wo k loca ion, ope a ing ime acco ding o he e ical oad sign, pa king spaces,
edi ing his o y, e c. These polygons ep esen he en i e pa king space, which is usually a ew pa king
spaces. Figu e 3shows an exce p om a GIS T anspo sec ion designed by CDSw in he GISSe e on
he NexusDB pla o m.
The e a e sec ions o esiden ial pa king ( ully g een), o bidden a eas, g eene y, e c. ( ille —b own
g id), disabled places o a speci ic license pla e (g een g id), ese ed pa king places o doc o s,
es au an s, shops, e c. (pu ple ha ch).
Figu e 4shows a iew o he GIS T anspo sec ion wi h addi ional e ical a ic signs ( a ic sign
symbols) and a pho og aph o he pa king me e and a e ical a ic sign indica ing he pa king a ea
in he e ain ha is pa o he da a s o ed in he da abase. The e is also an example o a pho og aph
o a bo de o a pa king a ea in he e ain wi h blue lines. The e ical a ic sign is egis e ed in
he T anspo applica ion by a poin elemen , wi h he cell displayed acco ding o he c ea ed s yle
in i s ac ual o m. An impo an i em o a ic sign a ibu es is he alidi y ha uniquely links he
sign wi h he esiden pa king sys em. Sign a ibu es, like pa king me e s, con ain a link o pho o
documen a ion o he sign in he ield. Taking pho o documen a ion, an essen ial pa o he con ol
da a, is acili a ed by he mobile applica ion om CDSw company (San Diego, CA, USA), P aha, CR.
This allows you o ake pho os o a ic signs h ough sma phones and assign hem o he app op ia e
poin in he T a ic app, so he ope a o will eco d he change and can espond o he change. I a new
sign is aken, i s pho o can be assigned o a pho o-poin wi h coo dina es ound by he mobile, and
he ope a o a he PC hen assigns pho o documen a ion o poin a ibu es a e c ea ing he ag’s
da a poin .
Symme y 2020,12, 542 16 o 22
Symme y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 o 22
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figu e 9. Con .

Symme y 2020,12, 542 17 o 22
Symme y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 o 22
(e)
Figu e 9. (a) Documen a ion o suspec ed o ense (heade ). (b) Documen a ion o suspec ed o ense—
iden i ica ion o ehicle egis a ion numbe (anonymized). (c) Documen a ion o suspec ed o ense—
iden i ica ion o he pa king a ea a ic sign om he a ic sign ca alog in SOBD. (d) Documen a ion
o suspec ed iola ion— ideo sequences o ansi eco ds. (e) Documen a ion o suspec ed
iola ion—localiza ion o pa king a ea (pu ple), pa king a ea a ic signs (black do ) and ehicles
suspec ed o o ense (sho black line) om QGIS.
In he ini ial phase o ial ope a ion, he sys em showed up o 60%, in e ms o legal
en o ceabili y, un ecognizable o enses. This high pe cen age was subjec ed o e e se analysis and
was ound o be due o se e al ac o s:
- The need o calib a e he sys em;
- The illegibili y o he egis a ion pla e;
- Reduced isibili y (snow, ain, og, nigh );
- As a esul o empo a y a ic signs which a e no pa o he con ol da a ( empo a y mobile
oad signs).
The need o sys em calib a ion was igge ed by he unce ain y o he s a ing igge loca ion
esul ing om he unce ain y o ehicle posi ioning by GNSS due o he conside able obscu i y o
he ho izon in dense buildings. This esul ed in a shi in he image sequence in which no all he
necessa y objec s we e eco ded o co ec image e alua ion (e.g., missing an app op ia e e ical
a ic sign o inapp op ia e came a angle). The p oblem was sol ed by changing he posi ion o he
igge poin s in he con ol da a by adjus ing he o ien a ion o he came as on he ehicle, and
e ining he posi ion was sol ed by using an Ine ial Measu emen Uni (IMU).
In Table 1, he s a is ics documen he bene i s o sys em calib a ion by compa ing he pe cen age
o quali a i e da a imp o emen by he o ense demons abili y pa ame e . A e he calib a ion o
he sys em, he quali y o he moni o ed da a was imp o ed by 25% in e ms o demons able
o enses.
Table 1. S a is ics o e alua ion o quali a i e imp o emen in he p o abili y o he o ense.
Pe iod P o abili y o O ense
[%]
Range o he
Sample
Be o e calib a ion— om Ap . o Aug. 2019 28 13251
A e calib a ion—Oc . 2019 35 1695
Figu e 9.
(
a
) Documen a ion o suspec ed o ense (heade ). (
b
) Documen a ion o suspec ed
o ense—iden i ica ion o ehicle egis a ion numbe (anonymized). (
c
) Documen a ion o suspec ed
o ense—iden i ica ion o he pa king a ea a ic sign om he a ic sign ca alog in SOBD. (
d
)
Documen a ion o suspec ed iola ion— ideo sequences o ansi eco ds. (
e
) Documen a ion o
suspec ed iola ion—localiza ion o pa king a ea (pu ple), pa king a ea a ic signs (black do ) and
ehicles suspec ed o o ense (sho black line) om QGIS.
A he same ime, he pa king a ea is iden i ied, and in he map sec ion (Figu e 9e), he speci ic
loca ion o he s anding ehicle suspec ed o a pa king iola ion (sho black line) and he co esponding
a ic sign indica ing he pa king a ea (black do ) is ma ked.
In he ini ial phase o ial ope a ion, he sys em showed up o 60%, in e ms o legal en o ceabili y,
un ecognizable o enses. This high pe cen age was subjec ed o e e se analysis and was ound o be
due o se e al ac o s:
- The need o calib a e he sys em;
- The illegibili y o he egis a ion pla e;
- Reduced isibili y (snow, ain, og, nigh );
-
As a esul o empo a y a ic signs which a e no pa o he con ol da a ( empo a y mobile
oad signs).
The need o sys em calib a ion was igge ed by he unce ain y o he s a ing igge loca ion
esul ing om he unce ain y o ehicle posi ioning by GNSS due o he conside able obscu i y o he
ho izon in dense buildings. This esul ed in a shi in he image sequence in which no all he necessa y
objec s we e eco ded o co ec image e alua ion (e.g., missing an app op ia e e ical a ic sign o
inapp op ia e came a angle). The p oblem was sol ed by changing he posi ion o he igge poin s in
he con ol da a by adjus ing he o ien a ion o he came as on he ehicle, and e ining he posi ion
was sol ed by using an Ine ial Measu emen Uni (IMU).
In Table 1, he s a is ics documen he bene i s o sys em calib a ion by compa ing he pe cen age
o quali a i e da a imp o emen by he o ense demons abili y pa ame e . A e he calib a ion o he
sys em, he quali y o he moni o ed da a was imp o ed by 25% in e ms o demons able o enses.
Table 1. S a is ics o e alua ion o quali a i e imp o emen in he p o abili y o he o ense.
Pe iod P o abili y o O ense [%] Range o he Sample
Be o e calib a ion— om Ap . o Aug. 2019
28 13,251
A e calib a ion—Oc . 2019 35 1695
Symme y 2020,12, 542 18 o 22
Table2showsinde ail he s uc u eo hepe cen ageo heindi idualpa ame e sin hep opo ion
o da a excluded due o he non- e i iabili y o he o ense, which a e s ill subjec o imp o emen .
Table 2. S uc u e o da a disca ded by he sys em due o he non- e i iabili y o he o ense.
Reason o Non-Demons able O ense Be o e Calib a ion [%] A e Calib a ion [%]
Poo ly cap u ed e ical oad sign ( om
w ong posi ion) 2 2
Hidden ehicle egis a ion numbe 3 1
Bad ehicle pho o 3 6
Missing s ee name 18 3
W ong ype o pa king 3 2
Bad sec ion ype 3 7
W ong sec ion code 0 0
W ong ime in e al 2 1
Inco ec ly ecognized ehicle egis a ion
pla e 14 14
Missing ca alog pho o o oad sign 3 4
Hidden oad sign 2 1
Missing oad sign 11 12
Nigh sho 7 10
O he 14 19
Tempo a y a ic sign 7 4
Un eadable oad sign 2 1
Vehicle ou o sec ion 5 9
ZTP ca d holde 1 4
Duplica e o ense 0 0
Non-sendabili y o da a 0 0
The seemingly high pe cen age o inadequa e documen a ion o o ense p oceedings is due o a
la ge numbe o limi ing ac o s ega ding he legal unques ionabili y o he o ense. Failu e o comply
wi h any o hem makes he o ense ineligible.
6. Discussion
The main objec i es o his p ojec we e o p e en long- e m (in many cases unau ho ized)
pa king o ehicles in he cen e o B no ci y, hus blocking he pa king capaci y, and ensu ing a
su icien numbe o pa king spaces o B no esiden s and isi o s by inc easing he u no e o
pa king, which was accomplished by he in oduc ion o he pa king sys em.
The whole echnology is ully au oma ed; he human ac o en e s he p ocess in he ini ial phase
o se ing and modi ying he pa ame e s and hen a he end in e alua ing o enses in adminis a i e
p oceedings. The bene i o he echnology lies in he au oma ed p ocessing o a la ge numbe o
eco ds ha could no be e alua ed manually. Ano he bene i is o ee he ci y cen e om long- e m
pa ked ehicles and inc ease pa king a ailabili y.
Ou solu ion u ilizes he in eg a ion o image da a e e encing posi ion and ime by GNSS sa elli e
echnology, while u ilizing da abase esou ces and Open Sou ce GIS. The me hods o g aph heo y and
image ecogni ion we e used in algo i hmiza ion. In ela ed wo ks (Chap e 2), he me hods o he
In e ne o Things (IoT) [
5
,
22
], we e used in pa icula , while Machine Lea ning (ML) [
9
,
12
], and image
Symme y 2020,12, 542 19 o 22
p ocessing we e used [
11
,
12
], in o he con ex s han in ou solu ion. The use o a modi ied Chinese
pos man algo i hm (The Chinese Pos man P oblem) has p o ed o wo k bes o ou p ojec .
F om he pe spec i e o hose in e es ed in pa king, in o ma ion is a ailable on he websi e o in
he mobile applica ion abou he a ailabili y o pa king spaces a he place o need. The a ailabili y o
pa king in o ma ion is now a equen ly used IoT-based applica ion.
The sys em o s a ic came as is used o he e alua ion o ehicle en ances o he cen e h ough a
mechanical ba ie . Fo moni o ing ba ie - ee pa king spaces in u ban condi ions, he me hod o
mobile moni o ing has clea ly p o ed i s wo h. The use o s a ic came as equi es mul i-angle sho s,
gene a ing inc eased demands on he numbe and ins alla ion o came as, bu he success a e o image
ecogni ion is high and is up o 89% [33–35].
The illegibili y o he license pla e is due o mul iple ac o s, e.g., a di y o missing license pla e
o one scanned a an un a o able angle. The echnology has only been ope a ional o one yea and is
cons an ly being e alua ed and imp o ed. The main aim o he sys em is o o ce d i e s o espec he
pa king ules.
Th ough he calib a ion p ocess o he mobile pa king moni o ing sys em, he quali y o da a was
imp o ed om 28% o 35% in e ms o p o able o enses. We no e ha his pe cen age is made up o
excellen da a in e ms o mee ing all he necessa y condi ions o success ul en o cemen o o enses.
In [
11
], a simila imp o ed success a e om 24% o 43% is epo ed. The e o a e is e y indi idual
and depends on local condi ions.
B nˇensk
é
Komunikace company, B no, CR is he ope a o o he esiden pa king sys em, bu
he e alua ion is au oma ed and came a eco ds a e only a ailable o he municipal police. This
complica es he co ec se ing o con ol da a, as GIS ope a o s canno access he moni o ing ca
documen a ion o p i acy easons (acco ding o GDPR), and he municipal police ini ia i e is he only
esponse o co ec ing se ings.
The elec onic a ailabili y o pa king ule in o ma ion ia sma communica ion de ices, which
mos people use, con ibu es o he accep ance o he whole sys em and i s inc easing popula i y. A
simila sys em o egula ed pa king also ope a es in he capi al o he Czech Republic, P ague.
7. Conclusions
The a icle in oduced a sys em o he in ensi e use o pa king spaces. I is an au oma ed
sys em based on moni o ing he si ua ion in pa king places using a mobile came a se equipped wi h
da a s o age and means o da a ans e o he cen al da abase. The da a is e alua ed in a sui able
GIS-based so wa e acco ding o pa king ules. I is his e alua ion ha is a c i ical pa o he whole
sys em. In p ac ice, he e ha e been cases whe e a complain was sen o municipal police on pa king
ules iola ion, which was no ully jus i ied. The e o e, he u he de elopmen o he desc ibed
sys em will be aimed a imp o ing he e alua ion p ocess in o de o minimize unau ho ized cases.
De ailed in o ma ion abou he pa king sys em is e y well p esen ed on he web o in he o m o a
sma phone applica ion [36], which lis s all he possible pa king si ua ions in B no.
P io o he in oduc ion o he sys em, he pa king yield was a ound 30% compa ed o he cu en
si ua ion a e he in oduc ion o he pa king sys em.
In he ci y cen e , whe e he en ances a e egula ed by a bol sys em, he use o s a ic came as is
e ec i e, while o he con ol o pa king in he s ee ne wo k i is cheape and mo e lexible in e ms
o ideo eco ding o use a mobile came a sys em on a ehicle.
The main bene i o he echnical solu ion was he in eg a ion o image, loca ion and ime
da a acqui ed by a mo ing ehicle equipped wi h a came a sys em in combina ion wi h GNSS
na iga ion echnology.
A e he in oduc ion o a moni o ed pa king sys em, he o e all a e o iola ions o pa king
ules assessed om he eco ds o o enses in he moni o ed a eas dec eased. The s a is ics o he
municipal police show ha , in 2019, pa king was unjus i ied, on a e age, 10% o he ime, wi h a
mon hly a iabili y o 17% o 7%. Mobile da a collec ion has a numbe o dis u bances a ec ing he
Symme y 2020,12, 542 20 o 22
quali y o da a, and o he co ec e alua ion o o enses i is necessa y o ha e lawless da a. All
o mula ed esea ch goals we e ul illed and he GIS en i onmen p o ed o be usable bo h o da a
in eg a ion and o hei subsequen analysis and e icien dis ibu ion o pu pose ou pu s.
The con inua ion o he esea ch will consis o imp o ing he da a quali y in s a is ically iden i ied
p oblema ic pa ame e s, especially license pla e ecogni ion, he p oblem o changes esul ing om
empo a y a ic signs, and a ic in educed isibili y.
The in oduc ion o a egula ed pa king sys em in he cen e o B no and in he su ounding a eas
con ibu ed signi ican ly o imp o ing he a ailabili y o pa king o esiden s, subsc ibe s and isi o s.
The sys em o pa king houses and ca pa ks will be g adually ex ended in he ci y o B no, along wi h
he mode niza ion o he anspo ne wo k. The new pa king sys em o e s many ad an ages. The
goal is no o collec money pu pose ully, bu o achie e e ec i e enewal o pa king, hus allowing
mo e people o pa k and deal wi h he necessa y issues. The limi a ion makes sense whe e esiden s
ha e a p oblem wi h pa king o whe e he e is a day- o-day o e p essu e. In mos o B no, whe e a
new sys em was in oduced, egula ion is only in oduced a nigh . In he mos c i ical places ( he i s
wo zones), he e is egula ion e en du ing he day.
The Ci y o B no is wo king o make he mos o he use o in o ma ion echnology in conjunc ion
wi h sma communica ion de ices and sma applica ions o imp o e ci y li e.
Wi h he in oduc ion o he au oma ed pa king sys em in he ci y o B no as he las pa o he
SOBD sys em, one o he impo an da abases o he u u e possibili y o in elligen communica ion
be ween ehicles, sol ed in he p ojec C-ROADS Czech Republic, was c ea ed.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
P.K. p o ided suppo ma e ials and is he adminis a o o he BKOM company pa king
sys em, D.B. elabo a ed he li e a u e e iew and sys em model, J.B. w o e he in oduc o y sec ion, a chap e on
expe imen al esul s, discussion and conclusion, O.Š. conduc ed he o e all edi ing o he a icle he a p o essional
ansla ion. The oles o D.B. and J.B. a e in he p o essional consul ancy o GIS echnology in suppo o BKOM.
All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding:
This pape was elabo a ed wi h he suppo o Eu opean p ojec C-ROADS and wi h he heo e ical
coope a ion o B no Uni e si y o Technology, Speci ic Resea ch P ojec FAST-S-18-5324 and FAST-J-20-6374.
Acknowledgmen s: Thanks o all e iewe s o hei sugges i e commen s.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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