Proposal of Technological GIS Support as Part of Resident Parking in Large Cities–Case Study, City of Brno
Abstract
Over the last few years, there has been a significant increase in people’s dependence on passenger and freight transport. As a result, traffic infrastructure is congested, especially in big city centers and, at critical times, this is to the point of traffic collapse. This has led to the need to address this situation by the progressive deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), which are used to optimize traffic, to increase traffic flow, and to improve transport safety, including reduction of adverse environmental impacts. In 2018, the first results of the C-Roads Platform which is a joint initiative of European Member States and road operators for testing and implementing C-ITS services in light of cross-border harmonization and interoperability (C-ROADS ) Czech Republic project were put into operation in Brno, closely related to the international initiative to support the data structure for future communication between vehicles and intelligent transport infrastructure. A system of transport organization and safety was introduced in the city of Brno, which manages key information and ensures central management of partial systems of transport organization and safety. The most important part of this system is the parking organization system discussed in this article. The main objective was to streamline the parking system in the city center of Brno and in the immediate vicinity by preventing unauthorized long-term parking, ensuring an increased number of parking places for residents and visitors by increasing the turnover of parking. The aim of the research was to investigate (i) the possibility and optimal use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology for resident parking system solutions, (ii) the integration of Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS) satellite data and image data collected by cameras on the move and (iii) the possibility of using network algorithms to optimize mobile data collection planning. The aim of our study is to design and optimize the integrated collection of image data localized by satellite GNSS technologies in the GIS environment to support the resident parking system, including an evaluation of its effectiveness. To achieve this goal, a residential parking monitoring system was designed and implemented, based on dynamic monitoring of the parking state using a vehicle equipped with a digital camera system and Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS) technology for measuring the vehicle position, controlled by spatial and attribute data flow from static and dynamic spatial databases in the Geographic Information System (GIS), which integrate the whole monitoring system. The control algorithm of a vehicle passing through the street network works on the basis of graph theory with a defined recurrence interval for the same route, taking into account other parameters such as the throughput of the street network at a given time, its traffic signs and the usual level of traffic density. Statistics after one year of operation show that the proposed system significantly increased the economic yield from parking areas from the original 30% to 90%, and reduced the overall violation of parking rules to only 10%. It further increased turnover and thus the possibility of short-term parking for visitors and also ensured availability of parking for residents in the historical center of Brno and surrounding monitored areas.
Full text
symme y
S
S
A icle
P oposal o Technological GIS Suppo as Pa o
Residen Pa king in La ge Ci ies–Case S udy, Ci y
o B no
Pa el Kubíˇcek 1, Dalibo Ba onˇek 2,* , Jiˇ íBu eš 2and O aka Š ábenský2
1Bc. B nˇenskékomunikace a.s., Renneska ˇ ída 787/1a, 639 00 B no, Czech Republic; [email p o ec ed]
2Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ve eˇ í331/95, 602 00 B no, Czech Republic;
[email p o ec ed].cz (J.B.); s abensky[email p o ec ed].cz (O.Š.)
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed].cz
Recei ed: 2 Feb ua y 2020; Accep ed: 31 Ma ch 2020; Published: 3 Ap il 2020
Abs ac :
O e he las ew yea s, he e has been a signi ican inc ease in people’s dependence on
passenge and eigh anspo . As a esul , a ic in as uc u e is conges ed, especially in big ci y
cen e s and, a c i ical imes, his is o he poin o a ic collapse. This has led o he need o add ess
his si ua ion by he p og essi e deploymen o In elligen T anspo Sys ems (ITS), which a e used
o op imize a ic, o inc ease a ic low, and o imp o e anspo sa e y, including educ ion o
ad e se en i onmen al impac s. In 2018, he i s esul s o he C-Roads Pla o m which is a join
ini ia i e o Eu opean Membe S a es and oad ope a o s o es ing and implemen ing C-ITS se ices
in ligh o c oss-bo de ha moniza ion and in e ope abili y (C-ROADS) Czech Republic p ojec we e
pu in o ope a ion in B no, closely ela ed o he in e na ional ini ia i e o suppo he da a s uc u e
o u u e communica ion be ween ehicles and in elligen anspo in as uc u e. A sys em o
anspo o ganiza ion and sa e y was in oduced in he ci y o B no, which manages key in o ma ion
and ensu es cen al managemen o pa ial sys ems o anspo o ganiza ion and sa e y. The mos
impo an pa o his sys em is he pa king o ganiza ion sys em discussed in his a icle. The main
objec i e was o s eamline he pa king sys em in he ci y cen e o B no and in he immedia e icini y
by p e en ing unau ho ized long- e m pa king, ensu ing an inc eased numbe o pa king places
o esiden s and isi o s by inc easing he u no e o pa king. The aim o he esea ch was o
in es iga e (i) he possibili y and op imal use o Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys em (GIS) echnology o
esiden pa king sys em solu ions, (ii) he in eg a ion o Global Sa elli e Na iga ion Sys ems (GNSS)
sa elli e da a and image da a collec ed by came as on he mo e and (iii) he possibili y o using
ne wo k algo i hms o op imize mobile da a collec ion planning. The aim o ou s udy is o design and
op imize he in eg a ed collec ion o image da a localized by sa elli e GNSS echnologies in he GIS
en i onmen o suppo he esiden pa king sys em, including an e alua ion o i s e ec i eness. To
achie e his goal, a esiden ial pa king moni o ing sys em was designed and implemen ed, based on
dynamic moni o ing o he pa king s a e using a ehicle equipped wi h a digi al came a sys em and
Global Sa elli e Na iga ion Sys ems (GNSS) echnology o measu ing he ehicle posi ion, con olled
by spa ial and a ibu e da a low om s a ic and dynamic spa ial da abases in he Geog aphic
In o ma ion Sys em (GIS), which in eg a e he whole moni o ing sys em. The con ol algo i hm
o a ehicle passing h ough he s ee ne wo k wo ks on he basis o g aph heo y wi h a de ined
ecu ence in e al o he same ou e, aking in o accoun o he pa ame e s such as he h oughpu
o he s ee ne wo k a a gi en ime, i s a ic signs and he usual le el o a ic densi y. S a is ics
a e one yea o ope a ion show ha he p oposed sys em signi ican ly inc eased he economic yield
om pa king a eas om he o iginal 30% o 90%, and educed he o e all iola ion o pa king ules
o only 10%. I u he inc eased u no e and hus he possibili y o sho - e m pa king o isi o s
and also ensu ed a ailabili y o pa king o esiden s in he his o ical cen e o B no and su ounding
moni o ed a eas.
Symme y 2020,12, 542; doi:10.3390/sym12040542 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/symme y
Symme y 2020,12, 542 2 o 22
Keywo ds: GIS; moni o ing; esiden pa king; anspo
1. In oduc ion
B nois hesecondla ges ci y in he Czech Republic and has abou 500,000 inhabi an s. E e y majo
me opolis aces he challenges o secu i y, housing, cleanliness and anspo . Mode n in o ma ion
echnology, sma phones and o he de ices a e al eady an essen ial pa o he daily li e o ci izens and
can con ibu e o he op imiza ion and s eamlining o many p ocesses a ec ing u ban li e. B no is also
a uni e si y ci y wi h a s ong suppo o science, esea ch and de elopmen , ep esen ed by mo e
han 100 scien i ic esea ch ins i u ions. The mos impo an a e, o example, medical and esea ch
cen e s co e ed by Masa yk Uni e si y o echnical esea ch cen e s unde he auspices o he B no
Uni e si y o Technology. B no has he ambi ion o be a mode n ci y ha uses mode n echnology
and hus applies in o ma ion echnology o many a eas o social li e. The map po al [
1
] p o ides an
on-line basic map o he ci y, as well as many hema ically o ien ed map se s, such as, in he a ea o
spa ial planning, p ice maps, 3D building models, empe a u e maps, maps o wa e esou ces, geo isk
maps, e c. The basic maps ela ing o he ci y o B no can also be ound a he geopo al [2].
In he las ew yea s, he e has been a signi ican inc ease in people’s dependence on passenge
and eigh anspo . Inc easing a ic has a nega i e impac on he en i onmen and is also ene gy
in ensi e. Due o he inc ease in a ic in ensi y and densi y, communica ions a e o en e y close o
capaci y. The mobili y o people and hings is now in he p ocess o undamen al changes, igge ed
by he apid de elopmen o in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies and se ices suppo ing
mobile connec i i y. The apid deploymen o mobile digi al echnologies is also changing he way
we p o ide a ic in o ma ion o cu en changes ha a ec a ic. In elligen T anspo Sys ems
(ITS) a e used o op imize anspo , inc ease a ic low and imp o e anspo sa e y and educe i s
impac s. [
3
]. T anspo in B no is p o ided by ams, buses, olleybuses and ains. B no has a public
in e na ional ci il ai po p o iding ligh s o 25 coun ies ac oss he wo ld, capable o handling up o
557,000 passenge s pe yea .
The p oposed sys em o pa king egula ion in he cen e and adjacen pa s o he ci y o B no
is designed o be concep ually consis en wi h a highe p ojec T anspo O ganiza ion and Secu i y
Sys em (SOBD) suppo ed by a p ojec o he Eu opean Union [
4
]. The subjec ma e o he in o ma ion
sys em is he managemen o key in o ma ion and cen al managemen o u u e sub-sys ems o
anspo o ganiza ion and sa e y. Such sub-sys ems include, e.g., pa king egula ion sys ems in he
his o ical cen e o B no, pa king ( o esiden s, isi o pa king, pa king lo on he ou ski s o he
ci y wi h good connec ion o public anspo , pa king houses, ba ie sys ems), speed measu emen ,
junc ion con ol, ehicle weighing and pa king sys ems wi h paymen e minals. The so wa e
pa o he in o ma ion sys em suppo s ac i i ies and manages da a in he a eas o in o ma ion
managemen and ules ela ed o anspo o ganiza ion and secu i y, au ho iza ion managemen (e.g.,
pa king p i ileges), managemen o in o ma ion p o ided by sub-sys ems (e.g., measu emen esul s),
compliance assessmen , de ec ion and epo ing suspec ed iola ions, billing and s a is ics.
The sha p inc ease in a ic densi y, especially in la ge ci ies, causes p oblems wi h pa king
o ehicles bo h in his o ical cen e s and in adjacen a eas. This si ua ion can no longe be sol ed
ex ensi ely, i.e., by inc easing he numbe o pa king spaces, o e en in a classic way, e.g., by egula ing
pa king ia membe s o he municipal police. The e o e, me hods we e sough o make he pa king
sys em in B no mo e e icien using mode n echnologies.
The main objec i e o his p ojec is:
1.
To p e en long- e m (in many cases unau ho ized) pa king o ehicles in he ci y cen e , hus
blocking pa king capaci y;
2.
To ensu e a su icien numbe o pa king places o esiden s and isi o s o B no by inc easing
he u no e o pa king.
Symme y 2020,12, 542 3 o 22
The esul o he p ojec is a sys em ha au oma ically moni o s he si ua ion o pa king in B no
based on a sui able planning algo i hm, and au oma ically e alua es da a om he ield based on
pa king ules, and c ea es and sends o ense documen a ion o he police o u he in es iga ion.
P io o he launch o he pa king moni o ing sys em add essed in his a icle, no simila au oma ed
o semi-au oma ed sys em was in ope a ion o mee he abo e objec i es.
The aim o he esea ch was o in es iga e (i) he possibili y and op imal use o Geog aphic
In o ma ion Sys em (GIS) echnology o esiden pa king sys em solu ion, (ii) he in eg a ion o Global
Sa elli e Na iga ion Sys ems (GNSS) sa elli e da a and image da a collec ed by came as on he mo e
and (iii) he possibili y o using ne wo k algo i hms o op imize mobile da a collec ion planning. The
aim o ou s udy is o design and op imize he in eg a ed collec ion o image da a localized by sa elli e
GNSS echnologies in he GIS en i onmen o suppo he esiden pa king sys em, including an
e alua ion o i s e ec i eness.
In eg a ed collec ion o sa elli e posi ioning da a and image da a o deal wi h pa king egula ion
in la ge ci ies due o high a ic densi y is a opical issue. I is common o use in o ma ion echnology
and o collec and e alua e image da a acqui ed mainly by s a ic came as. The use o sa elli e-based
collec ion o pho og aphic da a in la ge a eas by mobile came as, hei in eg a ion wi h GIS echnology
and subsequen e alua ion o da a as a basis o egula ion o pa king by au ho i ies is no ye a
commonly used echnology. Mo eo e , i has i s pi alls, which we e he subjec s o ou solu ion.
The sys em was expec ed o signi ican ly inc ease he economic yield om pa king a eas, educe
he o e all a e o pa king iola ions, inc ease u no e and hus he a ailabili y o sho - e m pa king
o isi o s and esiden s in he his o ical cen e o B no and he moni o ed su ounding a eas.
The in oduc ion o he pa king moni o ing sys em has comple ed he cons uc ion o he S a ic
Objec Base Da a (SOBD) sys em as a pa ial impo an da a s uc u e con ibu ing o he u u e
possibili y o using sma communica ion be ween ehicles, which is he subjec o he ansna ional
p ojec C-ROADS.
2. Rela ed Concep s and Wo ks
The massi e de elopmen o he au omo i e indus y causes complica ions no only in anspo
bu also in he possibili ies o ehicle pa king. The si ua ion is pa icula ly c i ical in la ge ci ies and
densely popula ed conu ba ions. Ex ensi e solu ions o his p oblem, i.e., by ex ending pa king a eas,
ha e been exhaus ed in many cases. The e o e, an in ensi e app oach o ehicle pa king is cu en ly
being p omo ed, which is based on he es ablishmen o app op ia e ules o he e icien use o
exis ing pa king capaci ies in a gi en loca ion. This me hod belongs o he wide issue o de eloped
ci ies (Sma Ci ies). I is a highly opical subjec conce ning all ci ies in de eloped coun ies a ound
he wo ld.
The e a e a numbe o publica ions in wo ld da abases dealing wi h simila issues and using
ma hema ical, GIS and o he ools ha inspi ed he au ho s o gene a e ideas o sol ing he gi en
issue. The opics o imp o ing he o ganiza ion o anspo and inc easing he sa e y and luidi y
o anspo in he cen al pa s o a ious ci ies we e moni o ed. Ano he moni o ed opic was he
espec o al eady implemen ed egula o y measu es in anspo ela ed o he issue o illegally pa ked
ehicles, educing conges ion, sea ching o ee pa king spaces and also he issue o educing ene gy
consump ion and emissions. In e ms o echnical ools wo king wi h spa ial loca ion da a, he use o
GIS ools p o ed o be he mos sui able.
The publica ions we e selec ed acco ding o he objec i e de ined in he p e ious chap e , and
acco ding o c i e ia ha speci ies he wide aspec s o he objec i e. The ca ego ies o opics a e:
1.
Imp o ing he o ganiza ion o anspo , i.e., inc easing he sa e y and low o a ic in he cen al
pa o he ci y;
2.
Inc easing espec o egula o y measu es in anspo and educing he numbe o illegally
pa ked ehicles;
Symme y 2020,12, 542 4 o 22
3.
Reducing conges ion by educing pa king space and he eby educing ene gy consump ion
and emissions;
4. Inc easing sa e y and ensu ing su icien pa king space o esiden s and isi o s;
5. Use o GIS echnology o o ganize pa king in he ci y.
Fo each o hese ca ego ies, he me hods used we e e alua ed and he possibili ies o hei use in
ou p ojec we e analyzed.
In [
5
], he au ho s p o ide a sea ch cha ac e and deal wi h wo ks aimed a op imizing a ic
ou es, pa king p oblems and he de ec ion and p e en ion o a ic acciden s. The mos widely used
me hods o he solu ion we e machine lea ning (ML) and he In e ne o Things (IoT). In pape [
6
],
he p oblem o pa king has been add essed by p oposing an a chi ec u e o au oma e he pa king
p ocess using he in e ne o hings, a i icial in elligence and mul i agen sys ems. The au ho s in [
7
]
o e a e iew o he li e a u e ha deals wi h a wide ield o anspo p oblems and i s esul s a e
use ul o sol ing gene al anspo issues. The s udy in [
8
] deals wi h a ic managemen based on
og compu ing. The me hod is based on cloud compu ing and is used o con ol sma ci y a ic in
eal ime. The pape in [
9
] p esen s a machine lea ning me hod o a ic managemen . These include
pa king moni o ing, 5G communica ions and mo e. The s udy in [
10
] ocuses on he design o new
oad signs o he use o wi eless communica ion echnologies. The p inciple o he p oposed solu ion
is he digi iza ion o oad signs and hei display on he d i e ’s desk o ehicles.
In ou p ojec , we used he p inciples o he machine lea ning me hod in he design o he con ol
algo i hm o he calcula ion o he op imized ou e o he moni o ing ehicle and o he sea ch o
ee pa king places. The use o IoT is o eseen only in he C-ROADS p ojec , when he ehicles will
be equipped wi h he app op ia e echnology o pa icipa e in sol ing si ua ions in an in elligen
anspo sys em.
A new pa king model o cos and ime op imiza ion is desc ibed in [
11
]. Pe o mance is measu ed
by a special pa ame e . The wo k in [
12
] p oposes a dis ibu ed sys em ha in o ms d i e s abou ee
pa king spaces in eal ime. The de ec ion o acan places wo ks on he p inciples o compu e ision
and machine lea ning. The s udy in [
13
] p oposes an in elligen , ully au oma ed pa king managemen
sys em. I in o ms he d i e abou he numbe o ee pa king spaces in he immedia e icini y and
sa es uel.
F om hese schema ics, i was possible o use common compu e ision algo i hms o ecognize
images o he license pla es o pa ked ehicles. Localiza ion o a isi o ’s ehicle is ealized by he
GNSS me hod o by hei loca ion in he mobile ope a o ’s ne wo k using he on-boa d compu e in he
ca o he d i e ’s sma phone. Based on i s cu en loca ion, he web applica ion o he sma phone
applica ion o he B no pa king sys em [
14
] sea ches o ee pa king places in he immedia e icini y,
including he possibili y o ehicle egis a ion in o he sys em. An e olu iona y algo i hm was used
o a simila unc ion in [
15
]. Ano he localiza ion ask based on he in elligen algo i hm sol ed in [
16
]
was o ind he nea es place o cha ging elec ic ehicles. In ou p ojec , i was necessa y o sol e he
in eg a ion o s a ic and dynamic da a om mul iple sou ces. The use o da a om s a ic came as in
combina ion wi h IoT has been deal wi h in [17–19].
The au ho s in [
15
] deal wi h a sys em o he alloca ion o ee pa king spaces—a sys em o
a ailable ma hema ical models ha wo ks on he basis o a gene ic algo i hm. The ad an age o he
sys em is he speed and e iciency o sea ching.
In [
17
], he au ho s p esen a sys em o da a mining om independen sou ces, which a e s o ed
in ci y compu e s. Thei sys em is designed o ob ain mo e in o ma ion o Sma Ci ies.
A new Sma Ci y Ne wo k Design Tool is desc ibed in [
18
]. The sys em is based on human
machine communica ion, moni o s ne wo k a ic and op imizes ne wo k se ices.
In [
19
] he e is an in elligen managemen sys em o managing a la ge numbe o IoT de ices.
The sys em is based on cloud compu ing and aims o op imize se ices wi hin a Sma Ci y.
Symme y 2020,12, 542 5 o 22
A icle [
16
] shows a case s udy o cha ging elec ic ehicles. The p inciple is an in elligen concep
wi h he possibili y o an ecosys em wi h a use in e ace o mobile applica ions. The p ojec is pa o
he EU Ho izon 2020.
One possible way o elie ing a ic and educing he numbe o ehicles is hei sha ing, as
sol ed in [
20
]. In a s udy [
21
], he au ho s y o sol e he p oblem o pa king by in oducing a bicycle
sha ing sys em whe e supply and demand a e ealized using sma phones. An impo an pa o he
ac ual pa king space capaci y moni o ing sys em is he in e ope abili y add essed in [
22
] by IoT. In
e ms o en o ceabili y o o enses when pa king ehicles, legal condi ions a e also impo an . The
wo k in [
23
] add esses an analysis o he legal amewo k o sma ci y se ices including anspo
and pa king.
The s udy in [
20
] discusses a ca sha ing sys em based on he use o ca s in 10 di e en Eu opean
ci ies. The knowledge can be used o design a sys em ha allows ca sha ing based on p edic ion,
usage and o he pa ame e s.
The wo k in [
22
] desc ibes he Global IoT Se ices sys em, which enables in e ope abili y wi hin
IoT be ween ci ies. The applica ion has been e i ied in Sma Ci ies in Spain and Sou h Ko ea.
The au ho s in [
23
] deal wi h IoT classi ica ion wi hin a Sma Ci y. I discusses ou IoT cases: an
in elligen pa king sys em, in elligen s ee ligh ing, in elligen moni o ing sys em and in elligen
senso s. Each o hese sys ems is analyzed in his wo k and hei op imiza ion is ecommended.
The wo k in [
21
] discusses a bicycle sha ing sys em in China. The sys em was in oduced in 2008
and is based on empi ical analysis. The esul is he design o a new bicycle sha ing sys em called
Dockless bikesha e. This sys em has p o ed i s wo h and suppo s he Chinese Republic.
Mos o he abo e wo k sol es he p oblem o pa king using mode n me hods om he ield o
in o ma ion echnology, web applica ions and mul i-c i e ia decision making. Su p isingly, e y ew
p ojec s use GIS as an in eg a ing elemen be ween s a ic and dynamic spa ial da a. I is his p inciple
ha he au ho s chose as he basic elemen o he concep p esen ed in he nex chap e .
The au ho s in [
24
] use a web GIS in combina ion wi h mul ic i e ial analysis (MCDA) o ind
pa king spaces. The p inciple o he solu ion is g oup decision-making, which leads o a dec ease in
he sha e o in o ma ion e ie al, a e age ime spen ga he ing indi idual in o ma ion and a iabili y
o in o ma ion e ie al pe a ibu e in he con ex o pa king space selec ion.
The wo k in [
25
] uses GIS echnology o selec he op imal places o pa king and cha ging elec ic
ca s in Ge many. The sys em e alua es demand nea poin s o in e es .
The s udy in [
26
] p esen s he use o GIS o moni o a ic densi y and ee pa king spaces in
Vilnius (Li huania).
The issue o changing he s anda ds o pa king space dimensions in he con ex o he end o
pu chasing and manu ac u ing la ge ehicles ha p o ide he bes possible com o is add essed
in [
27
]. Pa king space p ojec s end o design pa king spaces o a ep esen a i e se o ehicle ypes,
bu he e o is o minimize he dimensions o pa king spaces. The a icle e alua es an analysis o
ehicles om di e en coun ies and wi h di e en dimensions ha a e compa able o he dimensions
o pa king spaces.
3. The Concep o T anspo O ganiza ion and Secu i y Sys em in he His o ical Cen e o B no
The Residen ial Pa king P ojec in B no is pa o he T anspo O ganiza ion and Secu i y Sys em
(SOBD) [4], which con ains:
•A pa king egula ion sys em in he his o ical cen e o B no;
•Speed measu emen ;
•Checking d i e s who d i e h ough ed a ic ligh s;
•Vehicle weighing;
•
Pa king o ganiza ion ( esiden pa king (R), isi o pa king (P), R and P pa king, pa king houses,
ba ie sys ems);
Symme y 2020,12, 542 6 o 22
•Pa king sys ems wi h paymen e minals.
In 2018, he i s esul s o he C-ROADS Czech Republic p ojec [
28
], which is closely linked o he
C-ROADS in e na ional ini ia i e, which was he esul o join ac i i ies o he Czech Republic, Aus ia
and Ge many, we e pu in o ope a ion in B no. The C-ROADS Czech Republic p ojec is co- unded by
he EU unde he Connec ing Eu ope Facili y p og am (CEF). The main objec i e o he p ojec was, in
coope a ion wi h o he Eu opean coun ies, o ha monize he p o ision o da a communica ion se ices
be ween ehicles and o allow communica ion be ween ehicles and in elligen anspo in as uc u e,
hus c ea ing an en i onmen o he eme gence o coope a i e in elligen anspo sys ems (C-ITS)
including he possibili y o using au onomous ehicles. The use o new echnologies will con ibu e
o g ea e sa e y o oad use s and smoo he and mo e e icien anspo , including achie ing he
e ec o educing emissions in he a mosphe e. C-ITS sys ems in o m d i e s in a imely and accu a e
way abou a ic condi ions and wa n o dange ous loca ions and o he p oblems a ound hem. In
addi ion, a ic con ol and in o ma ion cen e s ecei e accu a e and comp ehensi e in o ma ion on
he cu en a ic si ua ion di ec ly om ehicles. As a esul , i is possible o e icien ly in luence a ic
low and he eby inc ease a ic low and sa e y and educe i s nega i e en i onmen al impac [
28
].
The mos impo an pa o he a ic managemen in B no is he Cen al Technical Con ol Cen e
(CTD), which p o ides dispa ching ac i i y, emo e supe ision o a ic ligh s, e alua es in o ma ion
om he ci y su eillance sys em, moni o s public anspo p e e ences, ope a es a a ic in o ma ion
cen e [
29
], manages he pa king sys em, home and paid pa king in he ci y o B no and coope a es
wi h au ho i ies, police and in eg a ed escue sys ems [30].
Ci izens can also con ibu e o imp o ing he quali y o oad main enance h ough a mobile
applica ion o epo de ec s on u ban oads unde he managemen o he B no Communica ion
Company [
31
]. In o de o educe he numbe o owing ehicles in he block cleaning o public oads,
he applica ion is in ope a ion wi h hei clea e ms and loca ions [32].
Pa ial goals o op imiza ion o he pa king sys em:
1.
Imp o ing he o ganiza ion o anspo , i.e., inc easing he sa e y and luidi y o anspo in he
cen al pa o he ci y;
2.
Inc easing espec o a ic- egula o y measu es and educing he numbe o illegally
pa ked ehicles;
3.
Reducing conges ion by educing pa king space and hus educing ene gy consump ion
and emissions;
4. Inc easing secu i y and ensu ing adequa e pa king space o esiden s and isi o s.
T anspo o ganiza ion is gene ally a complex issue ha canno be sol ed wi hou he suppo o
new in o ma ion echnologies. Since i is a me hod ha equi es spa ial in o ma ion (posi ion- ela ed
in o ma ion in he e e ence coo dina e sys em), i is possible o use GIS echnologies.
The e a e ou a eas cu en ly ope a ing in he sys em. The cen al a ea—B no cen e —which has
speci ic ules and en ance o he his o ical ci y cen e is guided by he en y pe missions. The o he
h ee esiden pa king a eas a e linked o he Cen al Dis ic in he no he n pa and a e de ined
by speci ic s ee s. The esiden pa king sys em has been phased in. The i s s age was launched in
2018. In Ma ch 2019, a new concep o esiden ial pa king in he ci y o B no was app o ed. Mo e
in o ma ion can be ound in [4].
The p inciple o he p oposed solu ion is based on he use o s a ic (pa king a eas) and dynamic
(moni o ing da a) spa ial da a p ocessed in he geog aphical in o ma ion sys em (GIS).
The pa king moni o ing sys em is based on he use o a mobile came a sys em o a la ge numbe
o pa king spaces loca ed in he ci y o B no. This echnology is o iginal in he Czech Republic. The
mobile sys em is mo e e icien han he sys em o a la ge numbe o s a ic came as due o he limi ed
possibili ies o hei ins alla ion, including he necessi y o sol ing he p oblem o he necessa y
image quali y.
Symme y 2020,12, 542 7 o 22
The esiden pa king a eas a e shown in Figu e 1, oge he wi h he ypes o a ic signs displayed.
The ed zone A (cen e o he ci y) is he en ance es ic ed zone ( esiden mode), he g een zone B
(cen al a ea o he ci y) is wi hou en y es ic ion (subsc ip ion and isi o mode), blue zone C (edge
zone) is no con olled du ing he day. The zones di e in he p ice o pa king, he mos expensi e
being he cen al zone. Examples o a ic signs illus a e how a ca pa king a ea in a gi en s ee zone
is ma ked.
Symme y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 22
mos expensi e being he cen al zone. Examples o a ic signs illus a e how a ca pa king a ea in
a gi en s ee zone is ma ked.
In Figu e 1, a eas wi h au ho ized pa king a e enclosed in ed. A ea 1-01 is he cen al a ea; a eas
1-02, 1-13 and 1-14 a e named a e he a ea’s mos impo an s ee . Road signs in pa ial a eas always
include a supplemen a y able ha iden i ies he a ea, e.g., 1-01, and speci ies i s es ic ion.
Residen pa king space (Residen s) i is in ended o a na u al esiden in a dema ca ed a ea o
o a p ope y owne in a dema ca ed a ea.
Subsc ip ion pa king place (Subsc ibe s) i is in ended o an en ep eneu ial na u al o legal
pe son es ablished in he dema ca ed a ea o o an en ep eneu ial na u al o legal pe son wi h an
es ablishmen in he dema ca ed a ea.
Visi ing pe sons (Visi o s) a e nei he subsc ibe s no esiden s. In he a eas o he new pa king
sys em, which a e ma ked wi h an o ange band ma k, sho - e m pa king is ee (60 o 30 min by
p ice band, once e e y 24 h), hen paid ia pa king me e s o mobile app. Ano he solu ion is he use
o pa king houses o pa king places. Pe sons going o isi a pa icula esiden can ask o a
empo a y pa king pe mi . Each esiden (including child en and non- esiden s) can spli up o 150
pa king hou s a yea .
Pa king houses a e buildings o oll pa king in he cen e . Cu en ly, he e a e eigh pa king
houses wi h a capaci y o 1310 pa king spaces.
Figu e 1. Residen ial pa king a eas map [32].
4. Ma e ials and Me hods
The pa king sys em model is based on con ol da a, which consis s o h ee pa s.
1. S a ic spa ial da a loca e pa king spaces, a ising om he p ojec o geode ic su ey, and a e
o med by:
Figu e 1. Residen ial pa king a eas map [14].
In Figu e 1, a eas wi h au ho ized pa king a e enclosed in ed. A ea 1-01 is he cen al a ea; a eas
1-02, 1-13 and 1-14 a e named a e he a ea’s mos impo an s ee . Road signs in pa ial a eas always
include a supplemen a y able ha iden i ies he a ea, e.g., 1-01, and speci ies i s es ic ion.
Residen pa king space (Residen s) i is in ended o a na u al esiden in a dema ca ed a ea o o
a p ope y owne in a dema ca ed a ea.
Subsc ip ion pa king place (Subsc ibe s) i is in ended o an en ep eneu ial na u al o legal
pe son es ablished in he dema ca ed a ea o o an en ep eneu ial na u al o legal pe son wi h an
es ablishmen in he dema ca ed a ea.
Visi ing pe sons (Visi o s) a e nei he subsc ibe s no esiden s. In he a eas o he new pa king
sys em, which a e ma ked wi h an o ange band ma k, sho - e m pa king is ee (60 o 30 min by p ice
band, once e e y 24 h), hen paid ia pa king me e s o mobile app. Ano he solu ion is he use o
pa king houses o pa king places. Pe sons going o isi a pa icula esiden can ask o a empo a y
pa king pe mi . Each esiden (including child en and non- esiden s) can spli up o 150 pa king hou s
a yea .
Pa king houses a e buildings o oll pa king in he cen e . Cu en ly, he e a e eigh pa king
houses wi h a capaci y o 1310 pa king spaces.
Symme y 2020,12, 542 8 o 22
4. Ma e ials and Me hods
The pa king sys em model is based on con ol da a, which consis s o h ee pa s.
1. S a ic spa ial da a
loca e pa king spaces, a ising om he p ojec o geode ic su ey, and a e
o med by:
•Pa king a ea polygons;
•The posi ion o e ical a ic signs;
•Residen ial pa king a ea bounda ies.
Ho izon al oad ma kings a e ep esen ed by polygons, and e ical ma kings a e ep esen ed by
poin s. In addi ion o he posi ion, he da a includes o he a ibu es such as iden i ica ion codes,
ypes o s all, Zones o Pa king S ages (ZPS) capaci y, ope a ing hou s, e c.
2. Dynamical spa ial da a
consis o da a gene a ed by mobile in eg a ed da a collec ion using
came a eco dings o localized Global Na iga ion Sa elli e Sys ems (GNSS) echnologies. Da a
a e cap u ed on he basis o a ibu es, which a e used o s a he came a in place o igge s.
These da a a e comp ised o :
•Moni o igge s;
•Links;
•Rou es and waypoin s;
•The s ee ne wo k.
3. A ibu e da a
a e used o he pa ame ic se ings o he came a sys em based on he o ien a ion
o he pa king lo o he moni o ing ehicle (pe pendicula o inclined posi ion o he ehicles,
le , igh ). The da a con ain hese i ems:
•Vehicle iden i ie s;
•D i e iden i ie s;
•T ack iden i ie s.
Figu e 2is a diag am o he da a low be ween componen s o he pa king sys em.
The basic pilla o con ol da a is he exis ence o he polygons o pay s all a eas and e ical
a ic signs in ec o o m. The basis o c ea ing polygons is a geode ic su ey o p ojec . The esul
is hen a digi al map wi h he polygons o pa king a eas wi hin he paid pa king zone. The B no
Communica ion Cen e uses GIS so wa e om Ci y Da a So wa e, L d. (CDSw), in which i eco ds
he passpo da a o oads and hei ea u es in he ci y o B no. One o he applica ions o his GIS
so wa e is T anspo , whe e bo h ho izon al and e ical a ic signs a e eco ded.
These polygons ep esen su aces in indi idual laye s:
•Residen ial pa king a eas;
•License pla e pa king o disabled people;
•Pa king o disabled people;
•P ohibi ed a eas—en ances, g een a eas, obs acles;
•Supply (wi h au ho iza ion);
•Rese ed pa king spaces—doc o s, es au an s, shops, e c.;
•Rese ed pa king space o a con ac /s a e adminis a ion ins i u ions—cou s, police, e c.;
•Tu n pa king;
•Tu n pa king wi h ime limi a ion and au ho iza ion ( isi s);
•Fo mo o cycles;
•Closu e o esiden ial pa king–block cleaning, closing o , e c.
Symme y 2020,12, 542 9 o 22
Symme y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 22
• Pa king a ea polygons;
• The posi ion o e ical a ic signs;
• Residen ial pa king a ea bounda ies.
Ho izon al oad ma kings a e ep esen ed by polygons, and e ical ma kings a e ep esen ed
by poin s. In addi ion o he posi ion, he da a includes o he a ibu es such as iden i ica ion
codes, ypes o s all, Zones o Pa king S ages (ZPS) capaci y, ope a ing hou s, e c.
2. Dynamical spa ial da a consis o da a gene a ed by mobile in eg a ed da a collec ion using
came a eco dings o localized Global Na iga ion Sa elli e Sys ems (GNSS) echnologies. Da a
a e cap u ed on he basis o a ibu es, which a e used o s a he came a in place o igge s.
These da a a e comp ised o :
• Moni o igge s;
• Links;
• Rou es and waypoin s;
• The s ee ne wo k.
3. A ibu e da a a e used o he pa ame ic se ings o he came a sys em based on he o ien a ion
o he pa king lo o he moni o ing ehicle (pe pendicula o inclined posi ion o he ehicles,
le , igh ). The da a con ain hese i ems:
• Vehicle iden i ie s;
• D i e iden i ie s;
• T ack iden i ie s.
Figu e 2 is a diag am o he da a low be ween componen s o he pa king sys em.
Figu e 2. Scheme o da a low be ween pa king sys em componen s.
Al on l d. GIS BKOM (QGIS)
S a ical spa ial da a
•Polygons o paid pa king a eas
•Ve ical a ic signs
•Residen ial pa king a ea
bounda ies
Dynamical spa ial da a
•T igge s
•Rela ions
•Rou e poin s
•S ee ne
A ibu e da a
•Vehicle iden i ie s
•D i e iden i ie s
•T acks iden i ie s
Con ol da a
Expo (*.SHP)
Polygons
T a ic signs
Da a managemen in SW QGIS
Pa king
au oma s
SOBD
da abase
Monda a
da abase
Upda e o
con ol da a
Se e o
moni o ing
ehicle
Da a synch onisa ion
Da abase Access
Da a se e
Au oma ed
ans e o
egis a ed RP
Documen a ion
o suspec ed
o ense
Ci y
police
Upda e o
con ol da a
Figu e 2. Scheme o da a low be ween pa king sys em componen s.
Each base laye polygon has i s a ibu e able, which con ains he objec iden i ica ion, ime
alidi y, ci y a ea, zone ype, s anding ype (longi udinal, pe pendicula , oblique), paid pa king a ea
designa ion, s ee ne wo k loca ion, ope a ing ime acco ding o he e ical oad sign, pa king spaces,
edi ing his o y, e c. These polygons ep esen he en i e pa king space, which is usually a ew pa king
spaces. Figu e 3shows an exce p om a GIS T anspo sec ion designed by CDSw in he GISSe e on
he NexusDB pla o m.
The e a e sec ions o esiden ial pa king ( ully g een), o bidden a eas, g eene y, e c. ( ille —b own
g id), disabled places o a speci ic license pla e (g een g id), ese ed pa king places o doc o s,
es au an s, shops, e c. (pu ple ha ch).
Figu e 4shows a iew o he GIS T anspo sec ion wi h addi ional e ical a ic signs ( a ic sign
symbols) and a pho og aph o he pa king me e and a e ical a ic sign indica ing he pa king a ea
in he e ain ha is pa o he da a s o ed in he da abase. The e is also an example o a pho og aph
o a bo de o a pa king a ea in he e ain wi h blue lines. The e ical a ic sign is egis e ed in
he T anspo applica ion by a poin elemen , wi h he cell displayed acco ding o he c ea ed s yle
in i s ac ual o m. An impo an i em o a ic sign a ibu es is he alidi y ha uniquely links he
sign wi h he esiden pa king sys em. Sign a ibu es, like pa king me e s, con ain a link o pho o
documen a ion o he sign in he ield. Taking pho o documen a ion, an essen ial pa o he con ol
da a, is acili a ed by he mobile applica ion om CDSw company (San Diego, CA, USA), P aha, CR.
This allows you o ake pho os o a ic signs h ough sma phones and assign hem o he app op ia e
poin in he T a ic app, so he ope a o will eco d he change and can espond o he change. I a new
sign is aken, i s pho o can be assigned o a pho o-poin wi h coo dina es ound by he mobile, and
he ope a o a he PC hen assigns pho o documen a ion o poin a ibu es a e c ea ing he ag’s
da a poin .
Symme y 2020,12, 542 16 o 22
Symme y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 o 22
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figu e 9. Con .
Symme y 2020,12, 542 17 o 22
Symme y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 o 22
(e)
Figu e 9. (a) Documen a ion o suspec ed o ense (heade ). (b) Documen a ion o suspec ed o ense—
iden i ica ion o ehicle egis a ion numbe (anonymized). (c) Documen a ion o suspec ed o ense—
iden i ica ion o he pa king a ea a ic sign om he a ic sign ca alog in SOBD. (d) Documen a ion
o suspec ed iola ion— ideo sequences o ansi eco ds. (e) Documen a ion o suspec ed
iola ion—localiza ion o pa king a ea (pu ple), pa king a ea a ic signs (black do ) and ehicles
suspec ed o o ense (sho black line) om QGIS.
In he ini ial phase o ial ope a ion, he sys em showed up o 60%, in e ms o legal
en o ceabili y, un ecognizable o enses. This high pe cen age was subjec ed o e e se analysis and
was ound o be due o se e al ac o s:
- The need o calib a e he sys em;
- The illegibili y o he egis a ion pla e;
- Reduced isibili y (snow, ain, og, nigh );
- As a esul o empo a y a ic signs which a e no pa o he con ol da a ( empo a y mobile
oad signs).
The need o sys em calib a ion was igge ed by he unce ain y o he s a ing igge loca ion
esul ing om he unce ain y o ehicle posi ioning by GNSS due o he conside able obscu i y o
he ho izon in dense buildings. This esul ed in a shi in he image sequence in which no all he
necessa y objec s we e eco ded o co ec image e alua ion (e.g., missing an app op ia e e ical
a ic sign o inapp op ia e came a angle). The p oblem was sol ed by changing he posi ion o he
igge poin s in he con ol da a by adjus ing he o ien a ion o he came as on he ehicle, and
e ining he posi ion was sol ed by using an Ine ial Measu emen Uni (IMU).
In Table 1, he s a is ics documen he bene i s o sys em calib a ion by compa ing he pe cen age
o quali a i e da a imp o emen by he o ense demons abili y pa ame e . A e he calib a ion o
he sys em, he quali y o he moni o ed da a was imp o ed by 25% in e ms o demons able
o enses.
Table 1. S a is ics o e alua ion o quali a i e imp o emen in he p o abili y o he o ense.
Pe iod P o abili y o O ense
[%]
Range o he
Sample
Be o e calib a ion— om Ap . o Aug. 2019 28 13251
A e calib a ion—Oc . 2019 35 1695
Figu e 9.
(
a
) Documen a ion o suspec ed o ense (heade ). (
b
) Documen a ion o suspec ed
o ense—iden i ica ion o ehicle egis a ion numbe (anonymized). (
c
) Documen a ion o suspec ed
o ense—iden i ica ion o he pa king a ea a ic sign om he a ic sign ca alog in SOBD. (
d
)
Documen a ion o suspec ed iola ion— ideo sequences o ansi eco ds. (
e
) Documen a ion o
suspec ed iola ion—localiza ion o pa king a ea (pu ple), pa king a ea a ic signs (black do ) and
ehicles suspec ed o o ense (sho black line) om QGIS.
A he same ime, he pa king a ea is iden i ied, and in he map sec ion (Figu e 9e), he speci ic
loca ion o he s anding ehicle suspec ed o a pa king iola ion (sho black line) and he co esponding
a ic sign indica ing he pa king a ea (black do ) is ma ked.
In he ini ial phase o ial ope a ion, he sys em showed up o 60%, in e ms o legal en o ceabili y,
un ecognizable o enses. This high pe cen age was subjec ed o e e se analysis and was ound o be
due o se e al ac o s:
- The need o calib a e he sys em;
- The illegibili y o he egis a ion pla e;
- Reduced isibili y (snow, ain, og, nigh );
-
As a esul o empo a y a ic signs which a e no pa o he con ol da a ( empo a y mobile
oad signs).
The need o sys em calib a ion was igge ed by he unce ain y o he s a ing igge loca ion
esul ing om he unce ain y o ehicle posi ioning by GNSS due o he conside able obscu i y o he
ho izon in dense buildings. This esul ed in a shi in he image sequence in which no all he necessa y
objec s we e eco ded o co ec image e alua ion (e.g., missing an app op ia e e ical a ic sign o
inapp op ia e came a angle). The p oblem was sol ed by changing he posi ion o he igge poin s in
he con ol da a by adjus ing he o ien a ion o he came as on he ehicle, and e ining he posi ion
was sol ed by using an Ine ial Measu emen Uni (IMU).
In Table 1, he s a is ics documen he bene i s o sys em calib a ion by compa ing he pe cen age
o quali a i e da a imp o emen by he o ense demons abili y pa ame e . A e he calib a ion o he
sys em, he quali y o he moni o ed da a was imp o ed by 25% in e ms o demons able o enses.
Table 1. S a is ics o e alua ion o quali a i e imp o emen in he p o abili y o he o ense.
Pe iod P o abili y o O ense [%] Range o he Sample
Be o e calib a ion— om Ap . o Aug. 2019
28 13,251
A e calib a ion—Oc . 2019 35 1695
Symme y 2020,12, 542 18 o 22
Table2showsinde ail he s uc u eo hepe cen ageo heindi idualpa ame e sin hep opo ion
o da a excluded due o he non- e i iabili y o he o ense, which a e s ill subjec o imp o emen .
Table 2. S uc u e o da a disca ded by he sys em due o he non- e i iabili y o he o ense.
Reason o Non-Demons able O ense Be o e Calib a ion [%] A e Calib a ion [%]
Poo ly cap u ed e ical oad sign ( om
w ong posi ion) 2 2
Hidden ehicle egis a ion numbe 3 1
Bad ehicle pho o 3 6
Missing s ee name 18 3
W ong ype o pa king 3 2
Bad sec ion ype 3 7
W ong sec ion code 0 0
W ong ime in e al 2 1
Inco ec ly ecognized ehicle egis a ion
pla e 14 14
Missing ca alog pho o o oad sign 3 4
Hidden oad sign 2 1
Missing oad sign 11 12
Nigh sho 7 10
O he 14 19
Tempo a y a ic sign 7 4
Un eadable oad sign 2 1
Vehicle ou o sec ion 5 9
ZTP ca d holde 1 4
Duplica e o ense 0 0
Non-sendabili y o da a 0 0
The seemingly high pe cen age o inadequa e documen a ion o o ense p oceedings is due o a
la ge numbe o limi ing ac o s ega ding he legal unques ionabili y o he o ense. Failu e o comply
wi h any o hem makes he o ense ineligible.
6. Discussion
The main objec i es o his p ojec we e o p e en long- e m (in many cases unau ho ized)
pa king o ehicles in he cen e o B no ci y, hus blocking he pa king capaci y, and ensu ing a
su icien numbe o pa king spaces o B no esiden s and isi o s by inc easing he u no e o
pa king, which was accomplished by he in oduc ion o he pa king sys em.
The whole echnology is ully au oma ed; he human ac o en e s he p ocess in he ini ial phase
o se ing and modi ying he pa ame e s and hen a he end in e alua ing o enses in adminis a i e
p oceedings. The bene i o he echnology lies in he au oma ed p ocessing o a la ge numbe o
eco ds ha could no be e alua ed manually. Ano he bene i is o ee he ci y cen e om long- e m
pa ked ehicles and inc ease pa king a ailabili y.
Ou solu ion u ilizes he in eg a ion o image da a e e encing posi ion and ime by GNSS sa elli e
echnology, while u ilizing da abase esou ces and Open Sou ce GIS. The me hods o g aph heo y and
image ecogni ion we e used in algo i hmiza ion. In ela ed wo ks (Chap e 2), he me hods o he
In e ne o Things (IoT) [
5
,
22
], we e used in pa icula , while Machine Lea ning (ML) [
9
,
12
], and image
Symme y 2020,12, 542 19 o 22
p ocessing we e used [
11
,
12
], in o he con ex s han in ou solu ion. The use o a modi ied Chinese
pos man algo i hm (The Chinese Pos man P oblem) has p o ed o wo k bes o ou p ojec .
F om he pe spec i e o hose in e es ed in pa king, in o ma ion is a ailable on he websi e o in
he mobile applica ion abou he a ailabili y o pa king spaces a he place o need. The a ailabili y o
pa king in o ma ion is now a equen ly used IoT-based applica ion.
The sys em o s a ic came as is used o he e alua ion o ehicle en ances o he cen e h ough a
mechanical ba ie . Fo moni o ing ba ie - ee pa king spaces in u ban condi ions, he me hod o
mobile moni o ing has clea ly p o ed i s wo h. The use o s a ic came as equi es mul i-angle sho s,
gene a ing inc eased demands on he numbe and ins alla ion o came as, bu he success a e o image
ecogni ion is high and is up o 89% [33–35].
The illegibili y o he license pla e is due o mul iple ac o s, e.g., a di y o missing license pla e
o one scanned a an un a o able angle. The echnology has only been ope a ional o one yea and is
cons an ly being e alua ed and imp o ed. The main aim o he sys em is o o ce d i e s o espec he
pa king ules.
Th ough he calib a ion p ocess o he mobile pa king moni o ing sys em, he quali y o da a was
imp o ed om 28% o 35% in e ms o p o able o enses. We no e ha his pe cen age is made up o
excellen da a in e ms o mee ing all he necessa y condi ions o success ul en o cemen o o enses.
In [
11
], a simila imp o ed success a e om 24% o 43% is epo ed. The e o a e is e y indi idual
and depends on local condi ions.
B nˇensk
é
Komunikace company, B no, CR is he ope a o o he esiden pa king sys em, bu
he e alua ion is au oma ed and came a eco ds a e only a ailable o he municipal police. This
complica es he co ec se ing o con ol da a, as GIS ope a o s canno access he moni o ing ca
documen a ion o p i acy easons (acco ding o GDPR), and he municipal police ini ia i e is he only
esponse o co ec ing se ings.
The elec onic a ailabili y o pa king ule in o ma ion ia sma communica ion de ices, which
mos people use, con ibu es o he accep ance o he whole sys em and i s inc easing popula i y. A
simila sys em o egula ed pa king also ope a es in he capi al o he Czech Republic, P ague.
7. Conclusions
The a icle in oduced a sys em o he in ensi e use o pa king spaces. I is an au oma ed
sys em based on moni o ing he si ua ion in pa king places using a mobile came a se equipped wi h
da a s o age and means o da a ans e o he cen al da abase. The da a is e alua ed in a sui able
GIS-based so wa e acco ding o pa king ules. I is his e alua ion ha is a c i ical pa o he whole
sys em. In p ac ice, he e ha e been cases whe e a complain was sen o municipal police on pa king
ules iola ion, which was no ully jus i ied. The e o e, he u he de elopmen o he desc ibed
sys em will be aimed a imp o ing he e alua ion p ocess in o de o minimize unau ho ized cases.
De ailed in o ma ion abou he pa king sys em is e y well p esen ed on he web o in he o m o a
sma phone applica ion [36], which lis s all he possible pa king si ua ions in B no.
P io o he in oduc ion o he sys em, he pa king yield was a ound 30% compa ed o he cu en
si ua ion a e he in oduc ion o he pa king sys em.
In he ci y cen e , whe e he en ances a e egula ed by a bol sys em, he use o s a ic came as is
e ec i e, while o he con ol o pa king in he s ee ne wo k i is cheape and mo e lexible in e ms
o ideo eco ding o use a mobile came a sys em on a ehicle.
The main bene i o he echnical solu ion was he in eg a ion o image, loca ion and ime
da a acqui ed by a mo ing ehicle equipped wi h a came a sys em in combina ion wi h GNSS
na iga ion echnology.
A e he in oduc ion o a moni o ed pa king sys em, he o e all a e o iola ions o pa king
ules assessed om he eco ds o o enses in he moni o ed a eas dec eased. The s a is ics o he
municipal police show ha , in 2019, pa king was unjus i ied, on a e age, 10% o he ime, wi h a
mon hly a iabili y o 17% o 7%. Mobile da a collec ion has a numbe o dis u bances a ec ing he
Symme y 2020,12, 542 20 o 22
quali y o da a, and o he co ec e alua ion o o enses i is necessa y o ha e lawless da a. All
o mula ed esea ch goals we e ul illed and he GIS en i onmen p o ed o be usable bo h o da a
in eg a ion and o hei subsequen analysis and e icien dis ibu ion o pu pose ou pu s.
The con inua ion o he esea ch will consis o imp o ing he da a quali y in s a is ically iden i ied
p oblema ic pa ame e s, especially license pla e ecogni ion, he p oblem o changes esul ing om
empo a y a ic signs, and a ic in educed isibili y.
The in oduc ion o a egula ed pa king sys em in he cen e o B no and in he su ounding a eas
con ibu ed signi ican ly o imp o ing he a ailabili y o pa king o esiden s, subsc ibe s and isi o s.
The sys em o pa king houses and ca pa ks will be g adually ex ended in he ci y o B no, along wi h
he mode niza ion o he anspo ne wo k. The new pa king sys em o e s many ad an ages. The
goal is no o collec money pu pose ully, bu o achie e e ec i e enewal o pa king, hus allowing
mo e people o pa k and deal wi h he necessa y issues. The limi a ion makes sense whe e esiden s
ha e a p oblem wi h pa king o whe e he e is a day- o-day o e p essu e. In mos o B no, whe e a
new sys em was in oduced, egula ion is only in oduced a nigh . In he mos c i ical places ( he i s
wo zones), he e is egula ion e en du ing he day.
The Ci y o B no is wo king o make he mos o he use o in o ma ion echnology in conjunc ion
wi h sma communica ion de ices and sma applica ions o imp o e ci y li e.
Wi h he in oduc ion o he au oma ed pa king sys em in he ci y o B no as he las pa o he
SOBD sys em, one o he impo an da abases o he u u e possibili y o in elligen communica ion
be ween ehicles, sol ed in he p ojec C-ROADS Czech Republic, was c ea ed.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
P.K. p o ided suppo ma e ials and is he adminis a o o he BKOM company pa king
sys em, D.B. elabo a ed he li e a u e e iew and sys em model, J.B. w o e he in oduc o y sec ion, a chap e on
expe imen al esul s, discussion and conclusion, O.Š. conduc ed he o e all edi ing o he a icle he a p o essional
ansla ion. The oles o D.B. and J.B. a e in he p o essional consul ancy o GIS echnology in suppo o BKOM.
All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding:
This pape was elabo a ed wi h he suppo o Eu opean p ojec C-ROADS and wi h he heo e ical
coope a ion o B no Uni e si y o Technology, Speci ic Resea ch P ojec FAST-S-18-5324 and FAST-J-20-6374.
Acknowledgmen s: Thanks o all e iewe s o hei sugges i e commen s.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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