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De elopmen and Changes in Cha ac e is ics o In il a ion and
Re en ion Facili ies o T anspo In as uc u e and Pa ed A ea
Su ace Run-o T ea men
M. Rozkošný*, R. No o ný, D. Be ánko á
T.G.M. Wa e Resea ch Ins i u e, p. .i., Mojmi o o nam. 16, B no
*Co esponding au ho : milos_ ozkosny@ u .cz
M. K iška
B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Žižko a 17, B no
T. Hudco á
Dekon a, a.s., Dře o ice 109, S ehelče es
DOI: 10.2478/ ans-2014-0015
ABSTRACT: The pape p esen s he esul s o wa e quali y moni o ing o oad and pa king
su ace un-o , which was done in he ci y o B no in 2008-2009 and 2013-2014. The main
esul s o he e ec i eness o e en ion and in il a ion acili y ea men o PAH, pe oleum
subs ances, chlo ides and selec ed hea y me als a e p esen ed, oo. The sys em o acili ies
was buil o a pa king place loca ed in B no-Bohunice (Masa yk Uni e si y campus).
A e en ion basin was buil nea a shopping cen e in B no. The esul s o analyses and ield
measu emen s allow o compa ing he e olu ion and changes o he il a ion media
cha ac e is ics, ea men e ec i eness and changes in pollu ion. The aim o he e alua ion
is o p o ide in o ma ion o he p ope main enance o e en ion, in il a ion and ea men
acili ies o he su ace un-o sou ce o pollu ion o wa e bodies.
KEY WORDS: T anspo in as uc u e, su ace un-o , wa e pollu ion, wa e e en ion,
in il a ion.
1 INTRODUCTION
The a icle p esen s he esul s o he esea ch aimed a moni o ing he e en ion, ea men
and in il a ion o su ace un-o om anspo in as uc u e and pa ed a eas (u ban oads
and ca pa ks) in he B no ci y a ea be ween he yea s 2008 and 2014. The conclusions
om he analysis o he cleaning e ec o selec ed acili ies o he e en ion o pollu an s
om he g oup o PAHs, pe oleum subs ances and me als (Cd, C , Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn)
a e also p esen ed. The a icle includes in o ma ion abou he changes in he in il a ion
cha ac e is ics o he moni o ed in il a ion and e en ion acili ies in he pe iod 2008 – 2014.
The elease o he numbe o pollu an s ha can a ec he elemen s o he en i onmen
and he human heal h is caused due o ca a ic (H i ed-Jacobson & Youse , 1991;
Sansalone, 1999). The o igin o pa icula pollu an s in he su ace un-o om oads
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and pa king a eas is summa ized in de ail by Lee and Tou ay (1998) and Bäcks öm e al.
(2004). A pa o he ha m ul subs ances dissol ed in wa e lows away wi h he ain wa e
and ano he pa o noxious subs ances is bound o suspended pa icles (No s öm & Jacks,
1998). In he pe iod 2005 – 2009 he moni o ing o he su ace un-o a he con ol ne wo k
o he p o iles o mo o ways and exp essways was ca ied ou wi hin wo subsequen esea ch
p ojec s o he Minis y o T anspo (Be ánko á e al., 2008; 2009 & 2010). In he i s yea s
he wo k ocused on he quan i y and quali y o he e luen wa e . An iden i ica ion
o subs ances ha a e p esen in he e luen wa e in measu able concen a ions was
pe o med, and he ables o cha ac e is ic concen a ions o he selec ed PAHs and me als
we e compiled. No only we e he moni o ing and assessmen o he occu ence o polycyclic
a oma ic hyd oca bons and oxic me als in un-o pe o med bu also hei oxic e ec
on he aqua ic en i onmen was in es iga ed. In addi ion, he possibili ies o emedial
measu es we e moni o ed, e.g. hei cap u e in il a ion s ips du ing he in il a ion.
In he pe iod o 2008 - 2009, he selec ed componen s o he anspo in as uc u e – acili ies
o su ace un-o e en ion and in il a ion as a pa o one o he men ioned esea ch p ojec s
we e moni o ed (Be ánko á e al., 2010). The esul s we e used as ma e ials o designing new
moni o ing o buil objec s and o p epa ing o design pa ame e s o newly de eloped objec s
in he esea ch p ojec TA03030400, which aims o design, implemen and by he h ee-s age
pilo plan acili y e i y a complex ea men echnology o s o mwa e un-o coming
om he anspo in as uc u e and impe ious su aces o he indus ial a eas. The moni o ing
was ocused on a se o di e en s o mwa e managemen acili ies, including e en ion ponds,
sedimen a ion anks, in il a ion u ows, e c.
The use o he il a ion en i onmen o a i icially cons uc ed we lands in combina ion
wi h a sedimen a ion a ea is desc ibed, e.g. by Bulc and Sajn Slak (2003). The Di ec i e
DWA-A 138 (2005) and he publica ion Hla ínek e al. (2007) epo addi ional equipmen
design p inciples o e en ion and in il a ion o ainwa e and su ace un-o . The s udy
A yal e al. (2006) summa izes he esul s o a longi udinal wen y-yea -long moni o ing
o he cleaning e ec o e en ion and in il a ion acili ies whe e he cleaning o su ace un-
o om oads in he il a ion en i onmen o he de ined il e ca idge was ca ied ou .
The signi icance o o ganic ma e o enhance he e ec i eness o elimina ion o me als
om su ace un-o is s a ed by A yal e al. (2006) and Seelsaen e al. (2006). The au ho s
iden i ied he bes physical-chemical p ope ies o he so p ion o me al ions (Cu, Zn, Pb)
o compos by he au ho s. Howe e , he elease o highe concen a ions o dissol ed
o ganic ca bon (DOC) was also ound a he same ime. The combina ion o sand, compos
o e en zeoli e led o he educ ion o DOC leaching and o main aining he high e iciency
o me al e en ion (75–96% e iciency o zinc; 90–93% e iciency o coppe ), while
in he case o clean sand he e iciency o zinc emo al was ound ou o be 16% and coppe
emo al 29%.
The use o chemical subs ances o main enance o oads, ca pa ks and pa king a eas
( o sal ing) has also an Impac on he change o hyd aulic cha ac e is ics o il a ion en i onmen
and mobili y o me als. The de ailed pieces o in o ma ion a e s a ed by No o ny e al. (1998)
and Bäcks öm e al. (2004). As a consequence o sal ing, bu also due o he dus un-o , he e
a e changes in g anula i y, po osi y and hus he hyd aulic conduc i i y o he il a ion a ea. Thus,
he phenomenon o colma age (clogging) occu s (Die kes e al., 2006).
2 METHODS
A ca pa k a he Masa yk Uni e si y campus in B no-Bohunice was selec ed as he i s pilo
locali y o he B no ci y a ea o assess he cleaning e ec o he in il a ion acili ies
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o pollu ed s o mwa e . The ca pa k is d ained by he sys em o he in il a ion open di ches
(dep essed a eas) wi h e en ion enches (Figu e 1). The sys em is used o delaying o en ial
ain all ou low and o p e- ea men o ainwa e allen in he ca pa k. The mo e de ailed
desc ip ion o he design o he d ainage and e en ion sys em is in oduced in he epo
o Be ánko á e al. (2010) and in he p ojec documen a ion o dJV P ojec VH (2006). Based
on he in-si u econnaissance, wo u ow a eas we e selec ed o moni o ing. The i s u ow
is loca ed in he uppe , in 2008 and 2009 less used, pa o he ca pa k ( he p o ile
Bohunice 1). The second u ow is in he lowe pa o he ca pa k, which was g adually
mo e and mo e used in connec ion wi h he ongoing comple ion o he campus p emises
and he shopping cen e ( he p o ile Bohunice 2) in 2008. Bo h pa s o he ca pa k we e ully
used o pa king du ing he pe iod 2013 – 2014. The u ow “Bohunice 1” su ace a ea was
121 m2 by in-si u measu emen and he co esponding a ea o he ca pa k heo e ically
d ained by his u ow was 592 m2. The su ace a ea o he o he u ow “Bohunice 2
is 195 m2 and he co esponding a ea o he ca pa k heo e ically d ained by his u ow
is 1,040 m2. In he d ainage sha s, in o which piping d ains o he pa icula u ows low,
collec ing sampling con aine s made o polyp opylene we e placed, whe e he seepage wa e
was apped. Polyp opylene sampling con aine s de eloped in he T. G. M. Wa e Resea ch
Ins i u e, p. .i. we e pu in o he op soil. The in ensi y o collec ing mixed wa e samples
o analyses was based on he cu en wea he condi ions. The s a ing pe iod o he ca pa k
ope a ion was moni o ed in 2008 – 2009. The ull use o he ca pa k was moni o ed in 2013 –
2014. In addi ion he samples o ainwa e and snow samples we e collec ed, in o de
o de e mine he backg ound le els o he concen a ions o he moni o ed pollu an s.
The o he moni o ed acili y, loca ed in he ci y o B no, is a e en ion basin in ended
o apping, e en ion and ea men o su ace un-o om he pa ed a eas, ca pa ks
and oo s uc u es o a shopping cen e. The olume capaci y is app ox. 500 m3, he dep h
be ween 1 and 3 m, d ained a ea app ox. 55 000 m2. The banks and he bo om o he basin
a e ein o ced wi h conc e e pe o a ed panels. The bo om was co e ed wi h a laye
o sedimen du ing bo h moni o ing pe iods (0 – 30 cm hick) and a he e we e ew places
(app ox. a ea o 0.25 m2) wi h mac ophy a ege a ion (mainly Typha sp.) Samples om
he in low piping and ou low s uc u e we e aken, on he basis o he cu en wea he
condi ions, a e ain o snow mel ing pe iods.
These physical-chemical indica o s o he wa e quali y we e measu ed in-si u
in he wa e samples: wa e empe a u e, pH, elec ical conduc i i y. The concen a ions
o he ollowing wa e quali y pa ame e s: chlo ide, pollu an s om he g oup o PAHs,
pe oleum subs ances (exp essed as C10–C40), hea y me als (Cd, C , Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) we e
de e mined wi h he use o acc edi ed me hods in labo a o y. The selec ion o he indica o s
was based on he esea ch o li e a u e (H i ed-Jacobson & Youse , 1991; Baye isches
Landesam ü Umwel , 2008 e c.) and au ho ’s own indings om moni o ing o su ace un-
o om highways and exp essways (Be ánko á e al., 2008; Be ánko á e al., 2009).
The assessmen o he deg ee o he con amina ion o ain all, snow samples, and samples
o su ace un-o and seepage wa e was pe o med wi h he use o he classi ica ion
o wa e quali y acco ding o ČSN 75 7221 (1998) and in acco dance wi h he pollu ion
s anda ds o he Go e nmen Regula ion No. 23/2011 Coll.
As men ioned in he in oduc o y pa o he a icle, he cleaning e ec depends
on he composi ion o he seepage ( il a ion) laye subs a e o in il a ion u ows
and changes in he hyd aulic p ope ies o he ma e ial. In addi ion, he use o chemical
subs ances o main enance o oads, ca pa ks and pa king a eas ( o sal ing) has an impac
on he change in hyd aulic cha ac e is ics o he il a ion en i onmen and mobili y o me als.
Fo his eason, he pa o he esea ch also deal wi h he de e mina ion o cha ac e is ics
o he il e medium (localiza ion o c oss p o iles o in il a ion u ows, de e mina ion
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o undamen al physical p ope ies o il a ion medium and ansi ion il e s, de e mina ion
o he cha ac e is ics o dependence o il a ion eloci y on ime, o he in ensi y o il a ion
depending on ime espec i ely, de e mina ion o hyd aulic conduc i i y, g anula
composi ion o he ma e ial, e c.) o he moni o ed u ows, a e one yea o he ope a ion
and in he yea 2013. The de e mina ion o he in ensi y o il a ion was ca ied ou
on he spo wi h he use o wo classic in il ome e s. The in il a ion capaci y o soil
was exp essed as he amoun o wa e soaked o a ime in e al o as he pe cola ion a e
o p og ess o e ime. The de ailed desc ip ion o he wo k me hodology is gi en in he epo
Be ánko á e al. (2010).
1 – in il a ion u ow, 2 – op humus soil, 3 – e en ion space illed by il a ion ma e ial (loamy sand
and ine g a el), 4 – d ain piping, 5 – sha wi h ou low con ol uni , 6 – ou low, 7 - eme gency
spillway, 8 – e en ion (up o 0.3 m)
Figu e 1: Scheme o In il a ion Fu ow.
(Sou ce: JV P ojek VH, s. .o., 2006; Be ánko á e al., 2010)
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In he samples o ain all he e we e only e y low (backg ound) chlo ide concen a ions
in he o de o mg/l (as well as in he samples o snow). The concen a ions o moni o ed
me als also anged om I. o II. wa e quali y class. The concen a ions o pe oleum
subs ances and PAHs we e always below he de ec ion limi . The collec ed alues a e simila
o he ones gi en o ainwa e in he publica ion Hla ínek e al. (2007).
Snow samples we e aken di ec ly a he ca pa k, namely in Janua y 2009 ( esh snow)
and in Ma ch 2009 (old, dense snow con aining he emains o he ine ma e ial
om g i ing). Snow samples we e no aken du ing he win e 2013 – 2014, because o wa m
win e wea he condi ions in he ci y o B no. Wa en and Zimme man (1994) and No o ny
e al. (1998) s a e ha he snow con amina ion by he moni o ed pollu an s inc eases
wi h i s age ( ime o deposi ion on oads and a ound). This s a emen was also con i med
by ou esul s. In he samples o esh snow, he con en s o he moni o ed me als did no
exceed alues o he I. and he II. wa e quali y class acco ding o ČSN 75 7221 (1998),
wi h he excep ion o zinc, which in one case exceeded he limi o he III. wa e quali y class.
The concen a ion o pe oleum subs ances, exp essed by he indica o C10–C40, was below
he alue 0.1 mg/l (pollu ion limi o he Go e nmen Regula ion No. 23/2011 Coll.).
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In con as , ega ding he samples o longe lying snow, he concen a ions o pe oleum
subs ances (C10–C40) we e close o 2 mg/l (i.e. an o de o magni ude abo e he limi alue),
he concen a ion o me als eached om III. wa e quali y class (Cd, Ni) o V. wa e quali y
class (Cu, Pb, Zn) o wa e quali y. The concen a ions o PAHs we e simila in all samples
( he sum o PAHs 20 o 90 ng/l, i.e. I. wa e quali y class, pollu ion limi 200 ng/l).
Table 1 shows he ange o alues o pa icula indica o s o wa e quali y
and he pollu an s de e mined in he samples o he su ace un-o and seepage wa e . Die kes
e al. (2006) published long- e m concen a ions o he ollowing subs ances in su ace un-o
om ca pa ks: Cd 1.2 μg/l; Cu 80 μg/l; Pb 137 μg/l; Zn 400 μg/l; PAH 3 500 ng/l.
When pe o ming a compa ison o hese alues wi h he da a in he Table 1,
he concen a ions de ec ed on he su ace un-o a he moni o ed loca ion a e lowe
o he bo h moni o ing pe iods. The con on a ion o u ows ou low concen a ions
o selec ed pollu an s om he pe iods 2008 – 2009 and 2013 – 2014 showed ha he ange
o alues is p ac ically simila .
Table 1: Range o alues o selec ed pollu an s in u ows ou lows in pe iods 2008 – 2009
and 2013 – 2014.
Pe iod o moni o ing
2008-09
2013-14
2008-09
2013-14
Fu ow
Bohunice 1
Bohunice 1
Bohunice 2
Bohunice 2
pH
–
7.3-8.4
8.2-8.5
6.4-8.7
8.2-8.4
EC
mS/m
36-70
43-76
24-891
58-91
Cl-
mg/l
2-118
61-81
4-1570
65-241
C10 – C40
mg/l
< 0.02-0.58
< 0.1-0.14
< 0.02-0.23
< 0.1-0.16
Σ PAH
ng/l
< 100
< 100
< 100
< 100
Cd
µg/l
< 0.1-0.57
<0.1
< 0.1-1.04
<0.1
C
µg/l
8.7-39.5
5.1-10.6
4.7-24.9
8.1-9.6
Cu
µg/l
2.7-7.5
6.1-25.9
9.7-36.5
2.4-4.8
Hg
µg/l
< 0.05-0.22
< 0.1-0.24
< 0.05-0.74
0.1-0.14
Ni
µg/l
4.9-25.1
< 2-15.3
6.5-23.7
< 2
Pb
µg/l
0.9-4.9
< 0.5-1.4
0.5-6.7
< 0.5-0.6
Zn
µg/l
6-22
19-51
23-92
11-15
(Sou ce: au ho s, T.G.M. WRI, p. .i.)
Exceeded pollu ion s anda ds o chlo ides and he V. wa e quali y class in he samples om
he pe iod Janua y o May 2009 we e associa ed wi h he win e main enance ( oad sal ing)
in he lowe pa o he ca pa k whe e sample con aine s in he p o ile Bohunice 2 we e
placed. The uppe pa o he ca pa k was only ea ed wi h ine ma e ial ( e y low
occupancy o pa king) in ha pe iod. A simila si ua ion was obse ed du ing win e 2013 –
2014, bu wi h lowe maximum alues. The alues o elec ical conduc i i y o wa e
(co ela ion coe icien 0.9917) well co ela ed wi h he alues o he concen a ions
o chlo ides. Thus, in he h ee o he men ioned cases he alues o elec ical conduc i i y
eached V. wa e quali y class, o he wise hey we e on he le els o I and II. wa e quali y
classes.
High e iciency o he elimina ion (cap u e) o cadmium, coppe , lead, zinc, pe oleum
p oduc s (indica o C10-C40) and pollu an s om he g oup o PAHs was ound in he il a ion
en i onmen o he u ows. Wi h ega d o he edox condi ions and he deg ee o sa u a ion
o he il e media, he elease o me als in o he aqua ic en i onmen was de ec ed du ing
he moni o ing. This ac was eco ded in he p esence o low concen a ions o me als
in he su ace un-o ha co esponded o he I. and II. wa e quali y classes (acco ding

VOLUME 7 TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORT SCIENCES NUMBER 4 2014
174
o ČSN 75 7221). The simila esul s, when e alua ing he e iciency o cleaning o il a ion
medium a e y low concen a ions o me als (mainly C , Cu, Pb, Zn), and in pa icula du ing
he d y pe iod a e s a ed by Shu es e al. (2001). The au ho s epo he cap u e e iciency
o Cu, C , Ni and Zn 60 o 90% in he il a ion en i onmen o a i icial we lands wi h highe
concen a ions. Bulc and Sajn Slak (2003) s a e he e iciency o e en ion o he selec ed
me als om su ace un-o om oads in he g a el il a ion media o a i icially cons uc ed
we lands. These long- e m a e age alues o e iciency: 69% o suspended solid subs ances,
97% o se leable subs ances, 90 o mo e pe cen me als (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb a Zn) we e eached
on he moni o ed acili ies. The au ho s also p o ed he binding o me als o suspended solid
subs ances and hey de e mined sedimen a ion and il a ion as he p edominan cleaning
mechanisms. The e a e also esul s a ailable o he compa ison o moni o ing o he
was ewa e ea men plan s wi h he biological phase ep esen ed by he soil (g ound) and
g a el il e s. A simila abili y o he elimina ion o he moni o ed pollu an s in he il a ion
media was con i med o hese de ices, also usable o cleaning o he su ace un-o
(as claimed by e.g. Kadlec and Wallace (2009)). Fo exmple, K öp elo á e al. (2009) epo s
he long- e m a e age alues o e iciency o 78% (Zn), 67% (Cu), 63% (Pb), 55% (C )
and 25–50% o Hg, Cd and Ni ( ound in he Czech Republic).
The esul s o he e en ion basin moni o ing a e summa ized in Table 2. In he bo h
moni o ing pe iods, he concen a ion o me als and PAH has a simila ange o alues
in he basin ou low. The concen a ions o zinc and me cu y we e ou o he I. and II. wa e
quali y class anges. The concen a ion o chlo ides in he wa e samples was di e en
due o di e en cou ses o win e s. The basin shows a high elimina ion o pe oleum
subs ances (pa ame e C10-C40), wi h one excep ion o he collec ed samples. In ha sample,
he C10-C40 alue was wo o de s o magni ude highe han in he o he samples. Based
on he cou se o sampling and u he es ing, he sou ce o such a high amoun o pe oleum
subs ances in he sample could be assigned o a su ace ilm o oil a e he elease o oil
om he sedimen .
Table 2: Range o alues o selec ed pollu an s in e en ion basin ou low.
Pa ame e
pH
EC
Cl-
Cd
C
Cu
Hg
Ni
Pb
Zn
Σ
PAH
C10-
C40
Pe iod
-
mS/m
mg/l
µg/l
µg/l
µg/l
µg/l
µg/l
µg/l
µg/l
ng/l
mg/l
2008-09
7.6
174
372
<0.1
1.6
8.2
<0.1
3.4
<0.5
58
<30
<0.1
8.2
430
1,280
<0.1
7.3
9.3
0.11
6.7
<0.5
283
<30
<0.1
2013-14
7.0
19
27
<0.1
<1
4.4
<0.1
<2
<0.5
21
<30
<0.1
8.4
83
396
0.31
8
30.9
0.13
12.5
5
291
0.18
41.1
(Sou ce: au ho s, T.G.M. WRI, p. .i.)
The abso p ion capaci y o soil is de e mined as he amoun o wa e soaked o a ime
in e al o as a cou se o abso p ion eloci y in ime. The abso p ion abili y was he e o e
in es iga ed on he su ace o soil wi h he use o wo concen ic cylinde s ha a e sligh ly
ecessed di ec ly owa ds he su ace o he in il a ion s ip o he Campus ca pa k. h was
e alua ed acco ding o he equa ions by Kosťjako , Mezence and Philip. The ela ionship
be ween he a e o in il a ion i on ime i and he ela ionship o he cumula i e alue o he
cumula i e in il a ion ii on ime i was de e mined om he ield measu emen s. The simples
way is o exp ess hese dependencies by using empi ical equa ions o Kosťjako
and Mezence . The e alua ion acco ding o Philip is compu a ionally mo e complica ed,
he de ailed p ocess is s a ed by Ku ílek e al. (2000).
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The alues ound o he wo selec ed u ows ep esen ing bo h pa s o he ca pa k we e
simila (again he a e age alues om he calcula ion by he h ee me hods) in 2009:
K3 – in il a ion a e [mm/min] – beginning o he expe imen 4; end o he expe imen 3 /
cumul. in . i [mm] – beginning 15; end 353
K6 – in il a ion a e [mm/min] – beginning 3; end 3 / cumul. in . i [mm] – beginning 15;
end 334
Du ing he esea ch wo samples we e collec ed wice ( om he lowe and uppe ca pa k)
o he de e mina ion o hyd aulic conduc i i y o he il e ma e ial. The ob ained alues
we e compa ed wi h he equi emen s o he design o he in il a ion u ows (e.g. Hla ínek
e al., 2007; JV P ojec VH, 2006; DWA-A 138, 2005) when he hyd aulic conduc i i y
o ma e ials is ecommended in he ange o 1.10-3 o 1.10-6 m/s (60 o 0.06 mm/min), while
a alues close o 1.10-6 m/s (0.06 mm/min) and lowe , he in il a ion wi h he accumula ion
o wa e (con olled e en ion) is ecommended. Hyd aulic conduc i i y o 1.10-5 m/s
(0.6 mm/min) was assumed o he moni o ed acili ies. The esul s o he es s pe o med
wi h he ma e ial o he in il a ion u ow om he ca pa k a e a one-yea ope a ion
(in de ail Be ánko á e al., 2010) show ha he pe meabili y is adequa e only a he beginning
o he expe imen un il he en i e ma e ial is ho oughly sa u a ed wi h wa e . The p ocess
o sa u a ion occu s wi hin 4-7 hou s. We can assume ha in ope a ional condi ions,
e.g. pe sis en aining, he sa u a ion o he en i e il a ion media o in il a ion u ows will
occu ( ull wa e sa u a ion capaci y when all po es a e illed wi h wa e ). Fo hese easons,
bu also because o he ac ha he u ows a e no designed o an absolu e p o ec ion,
he design and implemen a ion o simila acili ies need o allow he cons uc ion
o eme gency spillways as was done on he moni o ed u ows. Despi e hese ac s, long- e m
possibili ies o using simila equipmen o he e en ion o and cleaning o su ace un-o
ha e been p o en ab oad, as s a ed by A yal e al. (2006), and o he s.
The ollowing alues o in il a ion eloci y we e calcula ed o bo h u ows in 2013:
Bohunice-1 – 6.6 – 10.8 mm/min based on he exis ing mois u e o il a ion medium.
Bohunice-2 – 9.6 – 15.6 mm/min based on he exis ing mois u e o il a ion medium.
The in il a ion capaci y o he u ows has s ill been su icien o se e al yea s
o ope a ion, and he alues measu ed in 2013 we e simila o he alues measu ed in 2009.
4 CONCLUSION
Ou indings show ha he su ace un-o a he moni o ed a ea cu en ly con ains less
pollu ion, especially me als. As al eady men ioned, a he ime o he moni o ing, he ca pa k
was inc easingly a ec ed as he o he buildings in he a ea we e pu in o se ice. The amoun
o moni o ed pollu an s was highe in he su ace un-o in anspo in as uc u e samples
han in he ainwa e samples, which p esen s a ce ain impac o a ic on he un-o wa e
quali y (Bulc & Sajn Slak, 2003; Baye isches Landesam ü Umwel , 2008; Be ánko á e al.,
2008; e c.). The con amina ion o ou lows om he moni o ed e en ion acili ies has been
in he same ange o alues since 2008. The e en ion acili ies has been showing high
elimina ion o moni o ed pollu an s, bu as was shown in he case o C10-C40 subs ances,
an app op ia e managemen is necessa y (e.g. sedimen disposal) o p e en seconda y
con amina ion o ou low wa e . Rega ding he ac s om longe moni o ed simila acili ies
ab oad (Baye isches Landesam ü Umwel , 2008), i is possible o expec he inc ease
in e ec s by he assessed pollu an s. I has been con i med ha pollu an s a e bound
and accumula ed in insoluble subs ances which leads o hei deposi ion in e en ion
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176
and d ainage acili ies. The in il a ion cha ac e is ics o bo h u ows we e simila be ween
2008 and 2014. In u he de elopmen o he use o in il a ion u ow echnology
wi h he e en ion a ea wi h ega d o he ea men o wa e om oads and ca pa ks,
i is essen ial o ocus on he issue o hei ope a ion and main enance in win e , when mo e
snow comes. The in il a ion u ows will undoub edly be used o s o e snow om he ca
pa k. I will be necessa y o moni o he unc ion o in il a ion u ows du ing mel ing
and o p e en looding o he ca pa k. I is also i al o pay a en ion o main enance
o he su ace o e en ion a eas and in il a ion u ows, so ha he e a e sui able il a ion
media p ope ies (g ain size, hyd aulic conduc i i y and in il a ion a e) p o ided.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The s udy was suppo ed by he p ojec o he Technology Agency o he Czech Republic
TA03030400 “De elopmen o echnologies o oad and o he pa ed a eas s o mwa e uno
cleaning“.
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