Vol.:(0123456789)
Jou nal o The mal Analysis and Calo ime y (2024) 149:10559–10575
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10973-024-13003-z
E ec o  ou ‑componen binde oncha ac e is ics o sel ‑compac ing
and ib e‑ ein o ced sel ‑compac ing mo a s
Sa ellaVenka eswa aRao1,4· Ma inT.Palou2,3,4 · Radosla No o ný3,4· Ma úšŽemlička2,4· JanaČepčianska2,4·
Pe e Czi ák2,4
Recei ed: 19 Augus 2023 / Accep ed: 19 Feb ua y 2024 / Published online: 26 Ma ch 2024
© The Au ho (s) 2024
Abs ac
The hyd a ion hea o a ou -componen binde consis ing o Po land cemen (CEM I 42.5 R), blas - u nace slag (BFS),
me akaolin (MK), and silica ume (SF) was in es iga ed using a conduc ion calo ime e and he mal analy ical me hod o
op imize he ma e ial composi ion o sel -compac ing mo a (SCM). Then, he in luence o ma e ial composi ion wi h
di e en subs i u ion le els (0, 25, 30, and 35% labelled as SCM100, SCM75, SCM70, and SCM65) on physical and
mechanical p ope ies o he mo a s wi h wo olume ic binde sand a ios o 1:1 and 1:2 (cemen : sand) was e alua ed.
Fu he mo e, wo mo a composi ions comp ising SCM75 and sand a 1:1 and 1:2 a ios we e used o p epa e ib e- ein o ced
sel -compac ing mo a s in i e combina ions (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1%) o wo ib es (polyp opylene-PPF and basal -BF) a
a cons an con en o 1.00 ol%. The p ope ies o he p epa ed samples we e in es iga ed wi h espec o he cha ac e is ics
o sel -compac ibili y and mechanical p ope ies o esh and ha dened s a es, espec i ely. The heology cha ac e is ics
exp essed by slump low, V- unnel, and T20 we e ound ollowing he EFNARC guidance. The pa ial eplacemen o cemen
by supplemen a y cemen i ious ma e ials has enhanced he pe o mances (comp essi e and lexu al s eng hs, dynamic
modulus o elas ici y) o sel -compac ing mo a s om he 7 h day h ough pozzolanic ac i i y. Fu he mo e, adding ib es
has enhanced he DME and mic os uc u e o he sel -compac ing mo a s.
Keywo ds Sel -compac ing mo a s· Supplemen a y cemen i ious ma e ials· Hyd a ion hea · Mechanical and physical
p ope ies
In oduc ion
Sel -compac ing mo a s, as ad anced building ma e i-
als, a e p incipally used in he ehabili a ion and epai o
ein o ced conc e e s uc u es [1–3]. Placing esh mo a
wi hou any ex e nal compac ion and a he same ime wi h-
ou causing seg ega ion is he main scien i ic and economic
ad an age o he de elopmen o sel -compac ing mo a s
[4]. To mee hese speci ic equi emen s, he wa e –cemen i-
ious ma e ials a io o he mo a and he ype o chemical
admix u es should be de e mined. In o he wo ds, he pas e
phase heology o epai mo a should ha e sui able p op-
e ies om he iewpoin o lowabili y and seg ega ion [4,
5]. In addi ion, he sel -compac abili y o he esul ing mo -
a s may p o ide conside able ad an ages o e con en ional
mo a such as educing cons uc ion ime and labou cos s
and enhancing he illing capaci y o highly conges ed s uc-
u al membe s. High cemen con en is needed in sel -com-
pac ing mo a s o inc ease hei lowabili y and s abili y,
* Ma in T. Palou
ma [email p o ec ed]
1 Ci il Enginee ing Depa men , Na ional Ins i u e
o Technology Wa angal, Wa angal, Telangana506004,
India
2 Ins i u e o Cons uc ion andA chi ec u e, Slo ak Academy
o Sciences, Dúb a ská Ces a 9, 84503B a isla a,
Slo akRepublic
3 Facul y o Chemical andFood Technology, Slo ak
Uni e si y o Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237B a isla a,
Slo akRepublic
4 Ma e ials Resea ch Cen e, Facul y o Chemis y, B no
Uni e si y o Technology, Pu kyňo a 118, 61200B no,
CzechRepublic
10560 S.Venka eswa a Rao e al.
and ine ille s and supplemen a y cemen i ious ma e ials
a e usually used o his pu pose [6]. An app op ia e sup-
plemen a y cemen i ious ma e ial (SCMs) can be used o
imp o e he seg ega ion esis ance o sel -compac ing
mo a s while main aining excellen lowing abili y in he
esh s a e. In ac , mos common supplemen a y cemen i-
ious ma e ials such as blas - u nace slag (BFS), me akaolin
(MK), and silica ume (SF) ha e been used o p oduce sel -
compac ing mo a and sel -compac ing conc e e wi h good
lowing abili y [5–11]. On ecen de elopmen s o conc e e
and cons uc ion ma e ials echnology, he s udy on plas e -
ing (wi h di e en ma e ials) plays a majo ole in ca e ing o
he issues o c ack epai s, damp p oo ing, and ehabili a ion
issues o he s uc u es.
Fib e- ein o ced SCM is one o he ma e ials widely used
o epai old conc e e [12]. In he ib e- ein o ced SCM,
ib es a e usually discon inuous and andomly dis ibu ed
h oughou he composi e. In he ha dened mo a , ib es
p e en he mic oc acks om de eloping in o mac oc acks.
In addi ion, hese ib es b idge and he e o e hold oge he
he exis ing mac oc acks, hus ein o cing he mo a
agains ailu e [12]. Likewise in ib e- ein o ced conc e e,
he p ope y enhancemen o ib e- ein o ced mo a can
be la gely a ibu ed o he c ack b idging o ces p o ided
by he ib es, which limi c ack opening and dis ibu e
he s esses o he nea by ma ix, hus supp essing s ain
localiza ion [13–15]. Consequen ly, he s eng h and s ain
capaci y o he composi e inc eased app eciably. Hyb id
ib e- ein o ced sel -compac ing mo a gi es he ad an age
o wo o mo e han wo ypes o ib es ha can be added
in sel -compac ing mo a . I imp o es he p ope ies o
single ib e- ein o ced sel -compac ing mo a . Hyb id
ib e- ein o ced sel -compac ing mo a is a new composi e
ma e ial p oduced by adding di e en ypes, shapes, and
dimensions o ib es in a sel -compac ing mo a .
The use o ine mine al admix u es in SCMs is ine i able
o enhance hei sel -compac ibili y cha ac e is ics and
educe sel -compac ing conc e e's ma e ial cos (SCC).
Sel -compac ing mo a (SCM) may se e as a basis o he
design o conc e e, and he p ope ies o SCMs highligh he
wo kabili y o SCC mix u es. Acco ding o Domone and Jin
[9], mo a s a e being es ed o he ollowing easons: SCC
has a lowe coa se agg ega e con en han ha o no mal
conc e e ( ypically 31–35% by olume), and he e o e,
he p ope ies o he mo a a e dominan . Assessing he
p ope ies o he mo a is an in eg al pa o many SCC mix
design p ocesses; he e o e, knowledge o he p ope ies is
use ul. The combina ion o powde ma e ials is also used o
con ol he ha dened p ope ies, such as s eng h. Tes ing
mo a is mo e con enien han es ing conc e e. S udies
on he pas e o mo a ha e shown ha he heological
p ope ies o he ma ix a e impo an o achie e he
equi ed esh p ope ies o SCC. Due o he lowe con en
o coa se agg ega e in SCC, mo a exe s mo e e ec s on
he esh p ope ies o SCC han con en ional conc e e
(CC). Mo a no only p o ides lub ica ion by w apping
coa se agg ega es, bu i also p edominan ly in luences
he esh p ope ies o SCC wi h a low yield s ess and
adequa e iscosi y so as o ensu e he equi ed illing and
passing abili y wi hou blocking and seg ega ion. Mo a
is, hus, an in eg al pa o SCC mix design. Hence,
sel -compac ing mo a (SCM) is a p econdi ion o he
success ul p oduc ion o SCC. To enhance he heological
p ope ies, he binde composi ion o he sel -compac ing
mo a s should be op imized based on he pa icle size
dis ibu ion and mainly on hyd a ion hea . Indeed, he
apidi y and quan i y o hea e ol ed could in luence he
binde pas lowabili y by o ming hyd a ion p oduc s ha
cause he se ing and ha dening o esh mo a s. The e o e,
hyd a ion hea and hyd a ion p oduc s should be de e mined
be o e he de e mina ion o he ma e ial composi ion.
Acco ding o gene al knowledge, he hyd a ion o blended
cemen con aining a ious supplemen a y cemen i ious
ma e ials [16] should be go e ned by he p inciple o OPC
hyd a ion, alkali-ac i a ion, o pozzolanic eac ions. In
ecen decade, se e al au ho s [17–21] ha e unde aken
sui able wo ks o unde s and he e ec o g ound g anula ed
blas - u nace slag, me akaolin, silica ume, and limes one
on he hyd a ion o mul icomponen cemen i ious binde s.
Sys ems comp ising Po land cemen and he addi ion
o one, wo, h ee, o ou supplemen a y cemen i ious
ma e ials wi h subs i u ion le els eaching 35% by mass o
cemen we e deeply in es iga ed. The concomi an dilu ion
(due o he eplacemen o Po land cemen by SCMs)
e ec and pozzolanic eac ions we e examined a labo a o y
condi ions. I was ound ha he p esence o supplemen a y
cemen i ious ma e ials has an impac on he dissolu ion o
C3S due o hei a ini y owa ds calcium hyd oxide. Fi s ,
PC should eac wi h wa e o elease calcium hyd oxide,
which se es o ini ia e he seconda y alkali-ac i a ed o
pozzolanic eac ions. As hyd a ion is a complex p ocess
ex ended o e ime, he mu ual in luence o alkali-ac i a ion
and he p ima y hyd a ion o PC we e obse ed.
The subs i u ion o Po land cemen clinke wi h eac i e
supplemen a y cemen i ious ma e ials and limes one is
cu en ly he p ima y le e o educing he ca bon oo p in
o cemen manu ac u e, and his is p ojec ed o be he case
o decade o come.
The main objec i e o his wo k is o s udy he s eng h
and mic os uc u e cha ac e is ics o sel -compac ing and
ib e- ein o ced sel -compac ing mo a (SCM) using ou -
componen binde s (cemen , GGBS, me akaolin, and silica
ume) wi h wo olume ic binde sand a ios o 1:1 and 1:2,
and h ee kinds o ib es.
10561
E ec o  ou ‑componen binde oncha ac e is ics o sel ‑compac ing and ib e‑ ein o ced…
Expe imen al
The s anda dized cemen –sand a io is 1:3 o mo a s,
bu in he case o sel -compac ing mo a s, his a io may
a y depending on he equi ed heological p ope ies. The
ou combina ions o binde s in SCM mixes a e lis ed in
Table2, and he mix composi ion o SCM(1:1) and SCM
(1:2) a e depic ed in Table3 and Table4, espec i ely. A e
de e mining he hyd a ion hea and sel -compac ibili y,
specimens o 4 cm × 4 cm × 16 cm size we e cas ;
comp essi e and lexu al s eng hs, dynamic modulus o
elas ici y (DME) o SCM(1:1) and SCM(1:2) mixes we e
es ed a 2, 7, and 28days. Then, en specimens o ib e-
ein o ced mo a s based on SCM75(1:1) and SCM(1:2)
wi h di e en combina ions o polyp opylene (PPF) and
basal (BF) ib es we e p epa ed. The i e combina ions o
ib es in SCM(1:1) and SCM(1:2) mixes a e designa ed as
ollows: SCM75A(0% PPF and 1% BF), SCM75B(0.25%
PPF and 0.75% BF), SCM75C(0.5% PPF and 0.5% BF),
SCM75D(0.75% PPF and 0.25% BF), and SCM75E(1%
PPF and 0% BF).
Tes ing p ocedu es
The heological cha ac e is ics o sel -compac ibili y we e
de e mined ollowing EFNARC(de ails a e epo ed in 2.1.
Tes me hods). Dynamic modulus o elas ici y (DME) was
conduc ed a 2, 7, and 28days. The hyd a ion eac ion o
he binde s and he cha ac e is ics o hyd a ion p oduc s
we e in es iga ed using a conduc ion calo ime e TAM
AIR 8–Channel calo ime e as desc ibed elsewhe e [18,
19]. A e ha , he phase changes we e examined by TGA/
DSC echnique (TGA/DSC–1, STARe so wa e 9.30, Me le
Toledo). The 50.00 (± 0.03) mg o powde ed samples was
hea ed in he open pla inum c ucibles up o 1000°C a he
hea ing a e o 10°C min–1 in N2 a mosphe e. The chemical
composi ion o used ma e ials de e mined by means o
ene gy-dispe si e X- ay luo escence (EDXRF) me hod
using SPECTRO XEPOS HE Spec ome e is epo ed in
Table1. The mic os uc u e obse a ion was ca ied ou
using he JSM-6610A (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) scanning
elec on mic oscopy (SEM) wi h a con en ional ungs en
ilamen . The comp essi e s eng h o samples was es ed
using WPM WEB Thu inge Indus iwe k Raues ein
11/2612 (up o 25 000N) a 2, 7, and 28days. Each displayed
da a ep esen s he a i hme ic mean o six expe imen al
measu emen s. Dynamic modulus o elas ici y (DME) was
conduc ed a 2, 7, and 28days using UPV me hod.
Ma e ials
The ma e ials used in his s udy we e selec ed aking in o
conside a ion hei quali y. The ollowing ma e ials we e
he e o e used:
• Cemen ype I—42.5 R wi h speci ic su ace a ea o 4341
cm2·g−1 was om Danucem ( o me CHR) Rohožník,
Slo ak epublic
• Reac i e alkaline GGBS wi h 78% o glass con en and
wi h speci ic su ace a ea o 4275 cm2·g−1 was om
Mo a ia S eel, JSc., Třinec, Czech Republic.
• Me akaolin MK Me is o K05 wi h speci ic su ace a ea
o 2586 cm2 g−1 was om České lupko é zá ody, a.s.,
• Silica ume (SF) wi h speci ic su ace a ea o 15,000
cm2·g−1 was omO a ské e ozlia iná ske zá ody, a.s.,
Slo akia.
• Th ee siliceous sands o 0/1, 1/2, and 2/4 sizes.
• STACHEMENT 2000 as a supe plas icize based on
polyca boxyla es wi h high plas icizing e ec was used
in his s udy.
• Th ee kinds o ib es (basal , ca bon, and PP) wi h
de e mined modulus o elas ici y, ensile s eng h,
diame e , and leng h we e used o p epa e ib e-
ein o ced sel -compac ing mo a .
• Tap wa e was used o bo h cas ing and cu ing o he
specimens.
Table 1 Chemical composi ion o cemen i ious ma e ials (% by mass)
Chemical elemen Cemen
(CEM I
42.5 R)
GGBS Me akaolin Silica Fume
SiO219.10 37.20 53.70 97.10
Al2O34.43 8.50 39.90 0.21
Fe2O32.60 0.24 1.15 –
CaO 63.80 38.90 0.45 0.50
MgO 2.39 10.20 0.30 0.40
TiO20.25 0.30 1.42
MnO 0.19 0.51 < 0.01
K2O 0.53 0.36 0.74
Na2O 0.41 0.46 0.07
P2O50.09 0.02 0.08
SO33.49 3.01 0.11 -
Cl−1 0.09 0.03 < 0.01
BaO 0.03 0.08 0.04
S O 0.02 0.06 0.02
Loss by igni ion 2.31 0.36 1.75
10562 S.Venka eswa a Rao e al.
Tes me hods o EFNARC
Mo a es s a e widely used o design and e alua e SCC
mixes. Assessing he p ope ies o SCM is an in eg al pa
o SCC design. EFNARC (Eu opean Fede a ion o Na ional
T ade Associa ions) is he only a ailable s anda d ha is
dedica ed o special cons uc ion chemicals and conc e e
sys ems. I desc ibes a ious es s in ol ed in mo a es s
o de e mine he op imum w/cm and op imum dosage o SP
in mo a . They a e he mini-slump cone es o measu e he
ela i e slump o he mo a and he mini-V- unnel es o
measu e he low a e o iscosi y o he mo a .
Mini‑slump cone andg adua ed glass pla e
The es appa a us o measu ing he sp ead and iscosi y o
mo a comp ises a mini- us um (slump) cone and a g adu-
a ed glass pla e. Mini-slump cone has op and bo om diam-
e e s o 7cm and 10cm, espec i ely, wi h a cone heigh
o 6cm. The g adua ed glass pla e con ains wo ci cula
g adua ions o 10cm and 20cm in diame e ma ked a he
cen e o he glass pla e, as shown in Fig.1a. Wi h his es
appa a us, bo h iscosi y and sp ead o he mo a can be
measu ed om a single es .
De e mina ion o sp ead
In his es , he unca ed cone mould is placed exac ly on
he 10cm diame e g adua ed ci cle ma ked on he glass
pla e, illed wi h mo a and li ed upwa ds. The subsequen
diame e o he mo a is measu ed in wo pe pendicula
di ec ions, and he a e age o he diame e s is epo ed as
he sp ead o he mo a .
De e mina ion o  T20
T20 is he ime measu ed om li ing he cone o he mo a
eaching a diame e o 20cm. The measu ed T20 indica es
he de o ma ion a e o iscosi y o he mo a . So, du ing
his es , T20 can be measu ed i s and a e age o he sp ead
can be measu ed subsequen ly. This p ocedu e is simila o
slump cone es conduc ed on SCC.
V‑ unnel es
The V- unnel low es o SCM is also desc ibed by
EFNARC as shown in Fig.1b. The unnel is illed comple ely
wi h mo a , and he bo om ou le is opened, allowing he
conc e e o low. The low o mo a is he elapsed ime ( )
in seconds be ween he opening o he bo om ou le and he
ime when he ligh becomes isible om he bo om, when
obse ed om he op.
P epa a ion o mo a s anda d samples
Cas ing
S anda d moulds o size 40mm × 40mm × 160mm we e
cas ed which a e used o comp essi e and lexu al es s a
he age o 2, 7, and 28days.
Cu ing
A e he comple ion o he cas ing, all he specimens we e
cu ed in ambien condi ions o 20 ± 2°C and 90% ela i e
humidi y o 24h. The specimens we e emo ed om he
mould and subme ged in clean, esh wa e un il jus p io
o es ing. The empe a u e o wa e in which he cubes we e
Fig. 1 a Mini-slump cone
appa a us, b Mini-V- unnel
appa a us
(a) Mini slump cone appa a us (b) Mini V- unnel appa a us
10563
E ec o  ou ‑componen binde oncha ac e is ics o sel ‑compac ing and ib e‑ ein o ced…
subme ged was main ained a 20 ± 2°C. The specimens we e
cu ed o 28days.
Comp essi e and lexu al s eng h es s
This es was pe o med a 2, 7, and 28days. Fo ha
pu pose, 40mm × 40mm × 160mm moulds we e used,
which we e kep in a we chambe (20 ± 2°C and RH ≥ 95%)
a e de-moulding a 24h. The specimens we e es ed
immedia ely a e ha ing been aken om he cu ing
chambe . The es was pe o med in h ee moulds o each
e e ence and es age wi h a 3000 kN hyd aulic p ess and a
loading a e o 0.6 ± 0.2MPa·s−1 (N·mm−2·s−1).
The comp essi e s eng h is gi en by Eq.(1):
in which:
c
= comp essi e s eng h (N·mm−2);
F
=
maximum load a ailu e (N), and
Ac
= c oss-sec ional a ea
o he specimen (mm2).
The lexu al s eng h is gi en by Eq.(2)
in which:
F
= lexu al s eng h (N·mm−2);
F
= maximum
load a ailu e (N),
l=
c
∕
leng h o suppo (mm),
b
=
b ead h o he specimen (mm) and
d
= dep h o he specimen
(mm).
(1)
c
=
F
Ac
(2)
F
=
3Fl
2bd
2
Dynamic elas ici y modulus
This es was based on measu ing he p opaga ion ime
o ul asonic wa e pulses h ough he gi en ma e ial.
Measu emen s we e ca ied ou using he TICO ul asonic
ins umen wi h ex e nal 150-kHz p obes ( he equency was
chosen in iew o he dimensions o he specimens). The
alue o he dynamic elas ici y modulus Eu in comp ession
and ension in N/mm2 can be ca1cula ed om he o mula:
VL
= P opaga ion eloci y o he ul asonic pulse (m/sec).
L
= Leng h o he specimen (mm).
= measu ed ime o passage o ul asonic pulse (μsec).
𝜌
= Bulk densi y o SCM mo a s (kg·m−3).
k
= a dimensionless coe icien cha ac e izing he size o
he specimens.
Resul s anddiscussion
Hyd a ion eac ion o  he ou ‑componen binde
As a e sa ile me hod, conduc ion calo ime y is used o
eco d con inuously and in eal ime he hea low o he exo-
he mic hyd a ion eac ion o cemen i ious ma e ials. Cumu-
la i e hea and o al hyd a ion hea ou pu s a e calcula ed
using measu ed hea low. Then, he da a a e used o cha -
ac e ize he kine ics and mechanism o hyd a ion eac ion
and o in es iga e he in luences o di e en ac o s, such as
(3)
E
u=𝜌.V2
L.
l
k
2.10−
6
(4)
V
L=
L
0481216202428323640444852566064687204812162024283236404448525660646872
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hea low/mW g
–1
Time/h
SCM 100
SCM 75
SCM 70
SCM 65
Exo
^
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Culmu a i e hea /j g
–1
Time/h
SCM 100
SCM 75
SCM 70
SCM 65
(a) (b)
Fig.2 Hea low and cumula ed hyd a ion hea du ing he i s 72h

10564 S.Venka eswa a Rao e al.
empe a u e, admix u es, and ineness, upon he hyd a ion
and physical p ope ies o cemen pas e, mo a s, and con-
c e es [17, 22–24]. The hea low and cumula ed hyd a ion
hea du ing he i s 72h hyd a ion o he ou -componen
binde a e shown in Fig.2a, b. Calo ime ic cu es we e
deeply discussed by di e en au ho s [23–25]. Acco ding
o he gene al knowledge, h ee main exo he mic peaks wi h
ou main s ages (dissolu ion, induc ion, accele a ion, and
decele a ion) can be obse ed a he cu es o he hyd a-
ion hea low o all samples. The ini ial peak wi hin he
i s hou co esponds o he exo he mic physical p ocesses
such as we ing and dissolu ion and chemical eac ion o
C3A wi h gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) o o m he i s e ingi e
by opochemical p ocess, causing he induc ion pe iod a e
o ming a p o ec i e laye . The i s obse ed peak a e he
induc ion pe iod is due o he hyd a ion o C3S, esul ing
in nuclea ion and c ys alliza ion o C–S–H and CH. The
in ensi y o his peak dec eases wi h dec easing con en o
cemen in he blends. The phenomenon is called he “dilu-
ion e ec ”. Also, he cumula i e hyd a ion hea dec eases
wi h cemen con en . Then, shoulde o second peak a e
he main one appea s. I is gene ally a ibu ed o he second
exo he mic eac ion ela ed o C3A ( o ma ion o e ingi e
a e deple ion o he p o ec i e laye o decomposi ion o
e ingi e in o monosul a e) [20, 21]. Bu , he second peak
becomes sha pe and mo e in ensi e wi h inc easing he sub-
s i u ion le el. The alkali-ac i a ed eac ion o SCMs wi h
a high con en o aluminium bea ing ma e ials suppo s
he o ma ion o e ingi e in he p esence o an excess o
gypsum [18]. Indeed, me akaolin o blas - u nace slag can,
a e dissolu ion, con ibu e o he o ma ion o e ingi e o
monosulpha e, as epo ed by [18, 25, 26].
TG/DTG analysis
The TG cu e (Fig.3a) shows he o e all loss o wa e physi-
cal and chemically bonds du ing hyd a ion and can se e o
cha ac e ize quan i a i ely di e en hyd a ion p oduc s. The
o al mass loss is ela ed o he subs i u ion le el and ma e-
ial composi ion. E en i he subs i u ion le el a ies om
25 o 35%, he composi ion o supplemen a y cemen i ious
ma e ials plays a p imo dial ole. Indeed, BFS, SF, and MK
ha e di e en alkali-ac i a ion capaci ies. Mo eo e , hey
a e o di e en speci ic su aces, con ibu ing o he eac ion
a e. The pozzolanic eac ion o alkali-ac i a ed eac ions
o BFS, SF, and MK we e deeply in es iga ed and b oadly
epo ed in he li e a u e [19, 20, 27, 28].
DTG cu e (Fig.2b) se es o quali a i ely cha ac e ize
he p esence o p oduc s o med du ing hyd a ion, includ-
ing ca boniza ion. The peaks ound below 100°C deno e
he p esence o humidi y o wa e physically bound. A e
72h o calo ime ic es s, he samples we e immedia ely
analysed. The p esence o a peak deno ing he p esence o
wa e physically bound has no e ec on he ype and in en-
si y o u he endo he mic peaks. The empe a u e in e -
al o 300°C cha ac e izes he p esence o C–S–H and
e ingi e, wi h he peak a a ound 110°C and C–A–S–H
a 180°C. The main cha ac e is ic o pozzolanic ac i i y
is illus a ed by a peak deno ing he p esence o calcium
hyd oxide and loca ed in 400–500°C [19, 20]. An impo -
an pa o calcium hyd oxide has been used in he alkali-
ac i a ion eac ion p o iding addi ional hyd a ed p oduc s.
The p ima y hyd a ion eac ion and pozzolanic ones we e in
de ail epo ed by nume ous au ho s [20, 21, 27–29], whe e
some TG measu emen s we e used o de e mine he deg ee
0100 200300 400500 600700 800900 1000
– 0.0011
– 0.0010
– 0.0009
– 0.0008
– 0.0007
– 0.0006
– 0.0005
– 0.0004
– 0.0003
– 0.0002
– 0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
DTG/°C
–1
Tempe a u e/°C
SCM 100
SCM 75
SCM 70
SCM 65
(b)
(a)
0100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
75
80
85
90
95
100
Mass loss/%
Tempe a u e/°C
SCM 100
SCM 75
SCM 70
SCM 65
Fig.3 TG (a) and (DTG) cu es o ou -componen binde a e 72h
10565
E ec o  ou ‑componen binde oncha ac e is ics o sel ‑compac ing and ib e‑ ein o ced…
o calcium consump ion in he alkali-ac i a ion eac ion o
cemen .
The o ma ion o addi ional hyd a ed p oduc s has caused
an inc ease in mechanical s eng h, which exceeds ha o
e e en ial mo a e en a 7days in some cases. The las
peaks obse ed a in e als 600–1000°C e eal he p esence
o di e en kinds o calcium ca bona e esul ing om
di e en deg ees o c ys alliza ion o ca bona ed p oduc s.
The con ibu ion o supplemen a y cemen i ious ma e-
ials o he o ma ion o addi ional hyd a ed p oduc s
can be p o ed by he DSC cu e (Fig.4a) wi h an exo-
he mic peak loca ed a a ound 900°C. A mo e de ailed
s udy epo ed by [18] has shown he o ma ion o wol-
las oni e and gehleni e. Indeed, wollas oni e esul s om
he he mal decomposi ion o C–S–H wi h C/S ≅ 1 when
supplemen a y calcium is in ol ed in he eac ion. Cal-
cium hyd oxide pa icipa es ac i ely in he o ma ion o
calcium–silica e–hyd a e (C–S–H) and calcium–alumin-
ium–silica e–hyd a e (C–A–S–H) h ough a pozzolanic
eac ion wi h silica ume and me akaolin. The p inciple o
he pozzolanic ac i i y o ma e ials p ima ily comp ising
silica and eac i e alumina is based on he model epo ed
in [29]. The ac i a ion occu s by sequences o conjoined
eac ions basing on des uc ion–coagula ion–conden-
sa ion–c ys alliza ion mechanism. Though he he mal
decomposi ion o gehleni e hyd a e occu s a 180°C, he
ea angemen o i s s uc u e o c ys alline one is done a
900°C wi h an exo he mic e ec (Fig.4b).
The pozzolanic eac ion is illus a ed by he DTG cu e
whe e he peak eloci y deno ing he endo he mic decom-
posi ion o calcium hyd oxide in a mo a con aining sup-
plemen a y cemen i ious ma e ials is d as ically educed
compa ed wi h ha o e e en ial mo a . The educ ion o
Ca(OH)2 peak eloci y pas es indica es i s consump ion in
he pozzolanic ac i i y. As he con en o supplemen a y
cemen i ious ma e ials inc eases (i.e. he highe addi ion
o SCMs), he highe he con en o amo phous SiO2 is
a ailable o eac wi h Ca(OH)2. This eac ion is mo e
e ec i e wi h he la ge amoun o Ca(OH)2, which comes
om he hyd a ion o C3S and C2S o p oduce C–S–H.
The hyd a ion o sel -compac ing mo a s has he
same cha ac e is ics as hyd a ion o o dina y mo a s o
cemen pas e wi h he same binde s. The main di e ence
lies in he composi ion o he binde , binde - o- ille
a io, wa e - o-binde a io, and addi i e o p epa e
sel -compac ing mo a s mee ing he equi emen s o
EFNARC guidelines [30]. In he de elopmen o he sel -
compac ing mo a , emphasis is placed on he heological
p ope ies, he pozzolanic e ec esponsible o
de eloping highe s eng h a a la e age, he compac ness
o he mic os uc u e, and he e inemen o he po e
s uc u e [30–33].
Rheological p ope ies o  ou ‑componen binde s
This s udy conside ed wo mixes (1:1 and 1:2) o sel -
compac ing mo a s (SCM) wi h ou -componen binde s
0100 200300 400 500 600700 800 900 1000
– 1.0
– 0.9
– 0.8
– 0.7
– 0.6
– 0.5
– 0.4
– 0.3
– 0.2
– 0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
Hea low/mW g
–1
Tempe a u e/°C
SCM 100
SCM 75
SCM 70
SCM 65
Exo^
800 820840 860880 900 920 940 960980 1000
– 0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Hea low/mW g–1
Tempe a u e/°C
SCM 100
SCM 75
SCM 70
SCM 65
Exo^
Fig.4 DSC cu es (a) and de ail o DSC wi hin in e al 800–1000°C (b) o ou -componen binde a e 72h
Table 2 Composi ion o ou -componen binde s
Cemen (CEM
I 42.5 R)
GGBS Me akaolin Silica Fume
SCM 100 100 – – –
SCM 75 75 5 5 15
SCM 70 70 10 10 10
SCM 65 65 15 15 5
10566 S.Venka eswa a Rao e al.
Table 3 Mix p opo ions o SCM(1:1) mixes wi h componen binde s
Mix (1:1) Cemen /kg m−3 GGBS/kg m−3 MK/kg m−3 SF/kg m−3 FA I/kg m−3 FA II/kg m−3 FA III/kg m−3 Wa e /kg m−3 w/b SP (% bwc)
SCM 100 976.56 – – – 325.52 325.52 325.52 410.2 0.42 0.45
SCM 75 732.42 48.83 48.83 146.48 325.52 325.52 325.52 410.2 0.42 0.60
SCM 70 683.59 97.66 97.66 97.66 325.52 325.52 325.52 410.2 0.42 0.60
SCM 65 634.76 146.48 146.48 48.83 325.52 325.52 325.52 410.2 0.42 0.60
Table 4 Mix p opo ions o SCM(1:2) mixes wi h componen binde s
Mix (1:2) Cemen /kg m−3 GGBS/kg m−3 MK/kg m−3 SF/kg m−3 FA I/kg m−3 FA II/kg m−3 FA III/kg m−3 Wa e /kg m−3 w/b SP (% bwc)
SCM 100 781.25 – – – 520.83 520.83 520.83 328.1 0.42 0.60
SCM 75 585.95 39.06 39.06 117.18 520.83 520.83 520.83 328.1 0.42 0.80
SCM 70 546.86 78.13 78.13 78.13 520.83 520.83 520.83 328.1 0.42 0.80
SCM 65 507.83 117.18 117.18 39.06 520.83 520.83 520.83 328.1 0.42 0.80
10567
E ec o  ou ‑componen binde oncha ac e is ics o sel ‑compac ing and ib e‑ ein o ced…
(cemen , GGBS, me akaolin, and silica ume). The mix
p opo ions a e shown in Tables3 and 4. The p ope ies o
he wo esh SCM mixes a e e alua ed using mini-slump
and mini-V, and he esul s a e epo ed in Tables5 and 6.
Tables5 and 6 epo he expe imen al esul s o he
slump low diame e s, T20, and V- unnel low imes. I is
e iden ha he diame e o slump low dec eases wi h
inc easing con en o supplemen a y cemen i ious ma e i-
als. On he con a y, T20 and V- unnel low imes inc ease
wi h inc easing subs i u ion le els, in o he wo ds, wi h
inc easing con en o supplemen a y cemen i ious ma e-
ials. Highe imes V- unnel es s mean less wo kabili y
and lowe illing abili y. As pe EFNARC guidelines, all
he SCM mixes ha e a slump low o 240–260mm and a
V- unnel ime o 7–11s. The same indings we e epo ed
by [3–10].
Table 5 F esh p ope ies o 1:1 SCM wi h biding ma e ials
Mix (1:1) Slump Flow /
mm
T20 /sec V-Funnel/sec
SCM100(1:1) 290 2.19 7.54
SCM75(1:1) 275 2.56 8.36
SCM70(1:1) 265 3.05 8.53
SCM65(1:1) 260 3.24 9.26
Table 6 F esh p ope ies o 1:2 SCM wi h binding ma e ials
Mix (1:2) Slump Flow/
mm
T20/sec V-Funnel/sec
SCM100(1:2) 285 2.28 7.86
SCM75(1:2) 265 3.53 8.57
SCM70(1:2) 258 4.35 9.82
SCM65(1:2) 245 4.82 10.04
80
70
60
50
2728 2d 7d 28d
SCM100(1:1)
SCM75(1:1)
SCM70(1:1)
SCM65(1:1)
SCM100(1:2)
SCM75(1:2)
SCM70(1:2)
SCM65(1:2)
Cu ing ime Cu ing ime
(a) (b)
Comp essi e s eng h/MPa
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
Comp essi e s eng h/MPa
40
30
20
10
0
Fig.5 Comp essi e s eng h o a SCM(1:1) and b SCM(1:2)
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2728
2d 7d 28d
SCM100(1:1)
SCM75(1:1)
SCM70(1:1)
SCM65(1:1)
SCM100(1:2)
SCM75(1:2)
SCM70(1:2)
SCM65(1:2)
Cu ing ime
Cu ing ime
(a)
(b)
Flexu al s eng h/MPa
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Flexu al s eng h/MPa
Fig.6 Flexu al s eng h o a SCM(1:1) and b SCM(1:2)
10574 S.Venka eswa a Rao e al.
ad analysing he da a ob ained by calo ime e . JČ is a Ph.D. s uden and
has con ibu ed o he manusc ip by es ablishing he g ading cu es,
de e mining he mechanical and physical p ope ies o conc e e. ŽM
is a young esea che a he Ins i u e o Cons uc ion and A chi ec u e
om he Slo ak Academy o Sciences. He con ibu ed o he
manusc ip by measu ing and analysing he da a by The mal Analysis
Me hod. PC is a PhD s uden and has con ibu ed by ealizing he
expe imen al wo ks, analysing he da a.
Funding Open access unding p o ided by The Minis y o Educa ion,
Science, Resea ch and Spo o he Slo ak Republic in coope a ion
wi h Cen e o Scien i ic and Technical In o ma ion o he Slo ak
Republic. This wo k was suppo ed by, Slo ak Resea ch and De el-
opmen Agency APVV–15–0631, APVV-19-0490, and Slo ak G an
Agency VEGA No. 2/0097/17,
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Publishe 's No e Sp inge Na u e emains neu al wi h ega d o
ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a ilia ions.