THE POSSIBILITIES OF BIM QUALITY CONTROL IN THE GAME DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT
T. Vola ik 1, M. Ku uc1, R. K a och íl 1, O. Vys a ěl 1
1Ins i u e o Geodesy, FCE BUT, Ve eří 95, B no, Czech Republic - ( ola ik. , ku uc.m, icha d.k a och il,
ond ej. ys a el)@ u b .cz
Commission V, WG V/7
KEY WORDS: he i age building in o ma ion modelling (HBIM), lase scanning, quali y con ol, as-buil documen a ion,
isualiza ion.
ABSTRACT:
The quali y con ol o he BIM model o be deli e ed is one o he mos impo an s eps in he p ocess o in o ma ion modelling.
Quali y con ol can ake place on se e al le els. Fi s o all, i is a con ol o geome ic pa ame e s, especially a con ol o he ela i e
accu acy o he esul ing model wi h espec o he modelled eal objec . Ano he ype o quali y con ol can be a check o he
comple eness o he model, whe he he esul ing model con ains all he elemen s ha a e o be included in he model acco ding o
he equi emen s. MEP equipmen such as i e ex inguishe s, o example, is a subs an ial con en o BIM models. This may also be
ela ed o he equi ed le el o LOD, e.g. whe he hese elemen s a e modelled wi h he equi ed le el o de ail. Fu he mo e, he
isual p ope ies o he indi idual elemen s can be checked, o example whe he he su ace inish o he wall co esponds o eali y.
Subsequen ly, da abase and desc ip i e in o ma ion o indi idual elemen s should be checked, such as echnical pa ame e s o
a ious i ems o echnical equipmen o MEP con en .
This a icle desc ibes a ian s o he publica ion o a building in o ma ion model o he pu poses o BIM model quali y con ol. The
p ocedu e o c ea ing he inal applica ion in he game de elopmen en i onmen Un eal Engine (Epic Games) is desc ibed on he
example o a BIM model o a his o ical building om he middle o he 19 h cen u y.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 An in oduc ion o BIM quali y and i s con ol
New equi emen s o quali y con ol ha e come wi h he s a o
BIM s yle o modelling. Old adi ional CAD design needed
only g aphical con ol. Howe e , BIM s yle o modelling has
come wi h a comple ely di e en ype o wo k. The inal model
is no only abou geome y bu also abou non-geome ic
in o ma ion.
Fo a quick check o wha o expec in a BIM model we can use
Le el o De elopmen (LOD) which is used o desc ip ion in
which s a e he building is. The e a e six le els used.
Fo a u he check o wha o expec in a BIM model can be
used wo e ms om he echnical s anda d BS EN ISO 19650.
These de ine Le els o de ini ion ( o me ly known as le els o
de ail) which ha e wo componen s:
●Le el o Geome y (LOG) – g aphical con en s o
model
●Le el o In o ma ion (LOI) – non-g aphical con en s
o model
Bo h o hem a e di ided in o ca ego ies, so called le els which
desc ibe how elabo a ed he elemen s in he model a e. LOG
and LOI a e igh ly connec ed because i makes mo e sense o
ha e hem on he same le el. In he nex pic u e we can see
examples o usage o LOG wi h LOD oge he . Howe e , i is
again no necessa y o ha e hem on he same le el bu i is
be e .
Figu e 1. LOD and LOG ep esen a ion.
These le els a e impo an o he in es o because he de ines
wha le el is expec ed o be deli e ed. Fo in es o s i is e y
impo an o se an app op ia e le el which sui s hem he mos .
As i is men ioned in (B umana, 2021) he de ini ion o LOG
and LOD a e undamen al concep s in oduced in he
digi iza ion p ocess.
1.2 The p ocess o making a BIM model
Making a BIM model is qui e a complex p ocedu e and lo s o
e o s can occu on he way.
Fi s o all, a geode ic ne wo k is made. Then g ound con ol
poin s a e measu ed om geode ic poin s. Geode ic
measu emen s can be in hese days e y p ecise and quali y
con ol o geode ic measu emen is e y well known and
desc ibed.
The second ac is mass collec ion o da a. Fo his pu pose he e
a e used s a ic lase scanne s, mobile mapping de ices o
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLVI-5/W1-2022
Measu emen , Visualisa ion and P ocessing in BIM o Design and Cons uc ion Managemen II, 7–8 Feb. 2022, P ague, Czech Republic
This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/isp s-a chi es-XLVI-5-W1-2022-239-2022 | © Au ho (s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License.
239
pho og amme y. The esul is a poin cloud. Quali y con ol o
a poin cloud should be done ia con ol poin s. I is necessa y
o ha e a ep esen a i e quan um o con ol poin s which a e
spaced ou equally h oughou he whole objec . This ype o
quali y con ol is also well known and desc ibed.
The hi d pa o wo k is BIM modelling. Fi s ly, we model he
geome y o he objec . Especially o as-buil modelling o
exis ing buildings i is essen ial o make some kind o
gene alisa ion. His o ical buildings a e e en mo e di icul o
model because o no being igh -angula and o en sligh ly
damaged. Secondly, we add non-g aphical con en s o he
model.
2. RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Ban i, F., 2021 w i es abou how o use BIM echnology o
modelling o exis ing his o ical buildings and how o use
HBIM o Digi al Cul u al He i age (DCH). A pa o he pape
desc ibes he p ocess now called scan- o-BIM. A need o DCH
is explici ly s a ed in he conclusion: “The digi al accele a ion
due o he pandemic has in luenced he way we communica e
and sha e in o ma ion.“
The COVID pandemic played a signi ican ole in he c ea ion
o digi al wins o his o ical monumen s. The ocus o he
esea ch in his pape is abou mo ing wi h HBIM e en mo e,
mo e speci ically in o VR and AR. “Based on he esea ch
esul s epo ed in his s udy, i is possible o e i y ha i ual
space o e s a much s onge sense o p esence han adi ional
o ms o da a sha ing. Wi h VR and AR, use s eel close and
a e in mo e di ec con ac wi h buildings''.
Bagnolo, V. e al., 2021 p oposes an HBIM wo k low o
econs uc ion o 3D en i onmen s o his o ic buildings s a ing
om lase scanning su eying app oach.“ The inal s ep is
isualiza ion in a game engine en i onmen . “Game engines a e
used o he isualiza ion o BIM models, as o he c ea ion o
i ual ou s o o he en ichmen o he in o ma ion displayed
h ough i ual o augmen ed eali y.“ This s a emen is in ull
ag eemen wi h he la e pape om M . Ban i.
A e y good oppo uni y o game engines in HBIM a e o
i ual ou s.
Wang, J. e al., 2015 ha e de eloped a “p o o ype o eal- ime
cons uc ion quali y con ol“. I consis s o LiDAR and BIM
eal ime sys ems. “The sys em can au oma ically collec onsi e
quali y da a, pe o m compa ison be ween as-buil poin cloud
da a and an as-planned BIM model, and assess cons uc ion
quali y. Wi h his sys em, h ee bene i s can be iden i ied: sa e y,
accessibili y, e iciency.” This sys em can be used on-si e o
eal ime con ols o exis ing cons uc ions.
Ki imäki, T. & Heikkilä, R., 2015 w i es abou “p ojec quali y
con ol, which enables eal- ime moni o ing o p ojec p og ess
and quali y“. The esea ch is on examples o ailway and oad
cons uc ion p ojec s in Finland. The main esul is ha he
speed o quali y con ol was imp o ed. “3D design su aces
we e p oduced and s o ed on a cen al collabo a ion cloud
sys em. All measu emen de ices used on he si e we e
in eg a ed o he collabo a ion cloud ia in e ne connec ion“.
3. METHODOLOGY
The au ho s a e speci ically ocused on he as-buil BIM models
o his o ical buildings. C ea ion o he as-buil BIM equi es
comp ehensi e geoda a acquisi ion such as g ound con ol
poin s, poin clouds as well as image y. Consequen ly, he BIM
modelling p ocess is pe o med based on he 3D da a. As-buil
BIM is si e-speci ic, he e o e he building elemen s ha e o be
modelled based on eal si ua ions. This p ocess has o ollow
pa icula quali y measu es such as geome ic igh ness, le el o
de ail as well as co ec unc ion o he elemen in he BIM
model.
Types o e o s in he model
●Quan i a i e / quali a i e ( ela ed o he le el o
LOD - whe he i is an e o o a deg ee o
gene aliza ion).
Quan i a i e - e.g. inco ec dimensions o he elemen
(dimension o he mason y, size o he opening, heigh
o he oom, e c.), numbe o hea ing ins, numbe o
luminai es, size o he dis ibu ion box, heigh le el o
he washbasin, e c.
Quali a i e - e.g. mason y speci ica ions, plas e colo
/ ype, loo / loo co e ing ype, luminai e ype,
hea ing ype, physical p ope ies o he ma e ial,
inco ec ype o elemen ma e ial (e.g. s ai case
ma e ial, ailing ma e ial, hand ail ma e ial…).
missing elemen s - missing ca ego ies o elemen s
(e.g. elec ical swi ches, socke s,
●Topological
inco ec connec ion o adjoining s uc u es (usually i
is an inco ec echnological p ocedu e o wo k in he
gi en so wa e) - "gaps" may a ise be ween elemen s
(e.g. be ween mason y in indi idual loo s, in
connec ions o ho izon al building s uc u es o
e ical, inco ec in e connec ion o indi idual laye s
o mason y, e c.
●Deg ee o de ail
some building s uc u es, especially o his o ic
buildings, may be equipped wi h a chi ec u al
elemen s ha a e di icul o model (e.g. ounding o
he co ne o he mason y in he doo opening a ea,
s ucco on he acade in he window a ea,
ein o cemen o he mason y in he co ne s o he
building, balus ades a ound he s ai case, e c.) , in he
model, such elemen s can be ei he gene alized o
neglec ed / omi ed
in he case o modeled elemen s he e may be
di e en le els o de ail (e.g. window elemen s can be
modeled in de ail - including sash hinges, i ings,
e c., while o he elemen s such as doo s may lack
p ojec ions and he su ace s uc u e o doo ames).
●Visual
inco ec su ace p ope ies o he ma e ial, which a e
o en isible only when ende ing he model (glossy /
ma su ace o he loo mole, plas e s uc u e, pain
colo , colo shade o he cladding / ma e ial, e c.).
In he case o his o ic buildings, he e is damage o
he building due o ime ( allen plas e , pa ially
damaged / missing mason y, e c.
●Visualiza ion p oblems
Each objec is ac ually loca ed in a speci ic
en i onmen (su ounding ees, su ounding
buildings, e ain elie , hills / slopes in he
su ounding a ea, o ien a ion o he sides o he
wo ld), his is ela ed o he ype o sunligh / shading
o he objec , how ligh pene a es inside he objec
du ing he day e c. Usually, he objec is no modeled
wi h de ailed modeling o he su ounding
en i onmen , which du ing isualiza ions causes
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLVI-5/W1-2022
Measu emen , Visualisa ion and P ocessing in BIM o Design and Cons uc ion Managemen II, 7–8 Feb. 2022, P ague, Czech Republic
This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/isp s-a chi es-XLVI-5-W1-2022-239-2022 | © Au ho (s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License.
240
unna u al scenes caused, o example, by he ac ha
ligh pene a es he model h ough a window ha is
ac ually shaded by ees, e c.
The e o s na u ally occu du ing he modelling phase. The
e o s can no be a oided, he e o e a subsequen p ocess o
quali y managemen has o be ca ied ou . The au ho s sugges a
p ocess analog o a debugging p ocess wi h espec o so wa e
de elopmen . Ini ially, he modelling o wall and loo
s uc u es akes place in BIM modelling. This s age is usually
inclinable o p oduce opological e o s in he BIM model.
Acco dingly, he debugging p ocess should ake place o esol e
hese e o s be o e he nex s age o modelling. BIM modelling
so wa e like Au odesk Re i does no allow use s o mo e
eely h ough he model. Hence, he game engines a e designed
o de elop an applica ion in which he use s can in e ac wi h
he BIM model a bi a ily. Thus, he debugging p ocess and
quali y assu ance could be e icien ly ca ied ou in a game
engine en i onmen . In he ollowing sec ion he au ho s
desc ibe quali y assu ance on he example o BIM o a his o ical
building Hube cen um (Ci y o K oměříž, Czechia).
4. QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN AS-BUILT
DOCUMENTATION
Recen ly, he au ho s ha e been wo king on as-buil BIM
documen a ion o his o ical buildings o o me cowshed om
1850 known as Hube cen um (Ci y o K oměříž, Czechia).
The comp ehensi e wo k in he si e consis s o 3D lase
scanning, geode ic su ey o g ound con ol poin s, image y as
well as ideo oo age acquisi ion. A e wa ds, he BIM
modelling has been p o ided. Ne e heless, his building has
many speci ic building elemen s o be modelled wi h espec o
BIM me hodology. The e o e, he BIM model has been
implemen ed in o he applica ion called BIMQC c ea ed by he
au ho s in Un eal Engine o p o ide quali y assu ance. These
elemen s a e desc ibed below as well as po en ial e o s o ypes
desc ibed abo e.
An example o he esul ing BIM model o he desc ibed
building is shown in Figu e 2.
Figu e 2. View o esul ing BIM model.
The ollowing igu es show examples o isualiza ion o a
modelled building in he en i onmen o he Un eal Engine
(Epic Games).
The oo cons uc ion has been e u bished in he pas 10 yea s,
he e o e he e a e ca pen y elemen s o wo di e en phases
(Fig. 3).
Figu e 3. View o he oo cons uc ion.
His o ic buildings o e a numbe o a ypical building elemen s.
The Hube cen um building was designed o be simila o
Kačina Cas le in he Empi e s yle. The building con ains a
colonnade, a ex insc ip ion on he acade, a his o ical a ic,
co nices and o he design elemen s.
Figu e 4. Example - ex on he acade.
Ano he a ypical elemen is he window shown in Figu e 5. The
lowe pa o which is p o ided wi h shu e s on he ou side, bu
in eali y he window opening is only in he uppe glazed pa .
Behind he shu e s a he bo om o he window is solid
mason y, hese shu e s a e a ached o he acade only as a
design elemen .
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLVI-5/W1-2022
Measu emen , Visualisa ion and P ocessing in BIM o Design and Cons uc ion Managemen II, 7–8 Feb. 2022, P ague, Czech Republic
This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/isp s-a chi es-XLVI-5-W1-2022-239-2022 | © Au ho (s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License.
241
Figu e 5. Example o a ypical window.
The ollowing igu e shows he connec ion e o o ho izon al
and e ical building s uc u es ha a e no connec ed co ec ly.
In he co ne o he building, a space was c ea ed ha is no
illed wi h mason y. This is an example o a opological e o -
w ong connec ion o mason y.
Figu e 6. Example o e o - missing pa o mason y.
The buil -in clock (Fig. 7) is modelled as a gene al Re i amily
model consis ing o cus om clock hands as well as speci ic on
o clock dial. Howe e , he ma e ial de ini ion e o occu s as
he clock ace is modelled anspa en . The hands o he clock
seem o le i a e in he ai .
Figu e 7. Buil -in clock on acade.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The quali y assu ance p ocess was es ed on he example o he
model o he his o ical building Hube cen um in he Ci y o
K oměříž in Un eal Engine. The goal was o es ablish he
quali y assu ance p ocess o he esul ing model wi hou he
need o p o essional CAD so wa e (e.g. Au odesk Re i ).
In he case o he Hube cen um building in he Ci y o
K oměříž, he au ho s ca ied ou a comple e geode ic su ey o
he building in o de o documen he cu en s a e. The
comp ehensi e wo k in he si e consis s o 3D lase scanning,
geode ic su ey o g ound con ol poin s, image y as well as
ideo oo age acquisi ion.
Du ing he li e cycle o a building, da a managemen is
pe o med by a numbe o use s and p o essions, which do no
always ha e he same ha dwa e and so wa e equipmen as
building designe s.
A scene was c ea ed in he Un eal Engine en i onmen , he
basis o which was a model expo ed om Au odesk Re i . This
scene can be expo ed as a s andalone applica ion, making i
usable o many use s as i does no equi e speci ic so wa e.
The au ho s sugges conside ing he debugging phase o quali y
assu ance o he BIM model. The e o e, he au ho s will ocus
on de eloping he BIMQC applica ion wi h espec o he BIM
model quali y assu ance in he modelling phases.
REFERENCES
Bagnolo, V. e al., 2021. BEYOND HBIM: SERIOUS GAMES
AND PROCEDURAL MODELLING FOR HERITAGE
DISSEMINATION. The In e na ional A chi es o he
Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLVI-5/W1-2022
Measu emen , Visualisa ion and P ocessing in BIM o Design and Cons uc ion Managemen II, 7–8 Feb. 2022, P ague, Czech Republic
This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/isp s-a chi es-XLVI-5-W1-2022-239-2022 | © Au ho (s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License.
242
Sciences, XLVI-4/W4-2021, pp.55-60. A ailable a :
h ps://www.in -a ch-pho og amm- emo e-sens-spa ial-in -sci.n
e /XLVI-4-W4-2021/55/2021/.
Ban i, F., 2021. The E olu ion o In e ac i i y, Imme sion and
In e ope abili y in HBIM: Digi al Model Uses, VR and AR o
Buil Cul u al He i age. ISPRS In e na ional Jou nal o
Geo-In o ma ion, 10(10). A ailable a :
h ps://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/10/685.
B umana, R., S anga, C. & Ban i, F., 2021. Models and scales
o quali y con ol: owa d he de ini ion o speci ica ions
(GOA-LOG) o he gene a ion and e-use o HBIM objec
lib a ies in a Common Da a En i onmen . Applied Geoma ics.
A ailable a :
h ps://link.sp inge .com/10.1007/s12518-020-00351-2.
Ki imäki, T. & Heikkilä, R., 2015. In a BIM Based Real-Time
Quali y Con ol o In as uc u e Cons uc ion P ojec s.
P oceedings o he 32nd ISARC, p.1-6. A ailable a :
h p://www.iaa c.o g/publica ions/2015_p oceedings_o _ he_32
s _isa c_oulu_ inland/in a_bim_based_ eal_ ime_quali y_con
ol_o _in as uc u e_cons uc ion_p ojec s.h ml.
Uni ed-BIM Inc., 2020. 8 C ucial Mis akes in BIM
Implemen a ion and How o Tackle Them. Uni ed-BIM.
A ailable a :
h ps://www.uni ed-bim.com/8-c ucial-mis akes-in-bim-implem
en a ion-and-how- o- ackle- hem/ [Accessed Janua y 6, 2022].
Wang, J. e al., 2015. In eg a ing BIM and LiDAR o
Real-Time Cons uc ion Quali y Con ol. Jou nal o In elligen
& Robo ic Sys ems 79(3-4), pp.417-432. A ailable a :
h p://link.sp inge .com/10.1007/s10846-014-0116-8.
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLVI-5/W1-2022
Measu emen , Visualisa ion and P ocessing in BIM o Design and Cons uc ion Managemen II, 7–8 Feb. 2022, P ague, Czech Republic
This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/isp s-a chi es-XLVI-5-W1-2022-239-2022 | © Au ho (s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License.
243