Ci a ion: Izák, J.; Benˇc, M.; Kunˇcická,
L.; Opˇela, P.; Kocich, R. In luence o
Imposed S ain on Weldabili y o
Die a Alloy. Ma e ials 2024,17, 2317.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
ma17102317
Academic Edi o s: Xianjun Pei,
Haibo Yang and Yong Liu
Recei ed: 4 Ap il 2024
Re ised: 5 May 2024
Accep ed: 10 May 2024
Published: 14 May 2024
Copy igh : © 2024 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
ma e ials
A icle
In luence o Imposed S ain on Weldabili y o Die a Alloy
Jose Izák1, Ma ek Benˇc 2, Lenka Kunˇcická1,3, Pe Opˇela 2and Radim Kocich 1,2,*
1Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Technická2896,
616 00 B no, Czech Republic
2Depa men o Me allu gical Technologies, Facul y o Ma e ials Science and Technology, VŠB Technical
Uni e si y o Os a a, 17. Lis opadu 2172-15, 708 00 Os a a, Czech Republic; [email p o ec ed] (M.B.);
pe [email p o ec ed] (P.O.)
3Ins i u e o Physics o Ma e ials, Czech Academy o Science, Žižko a 22, 616 00 B no, Czech Republic
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +420-596-994-455
Abs ac :
The p esen ed wo k is ocused on he in luence o imposed s ain on he weldabili y o
Die a alloy. Two mechanisms a ec ing he mic os uc u e and hus impa ing changes in he me-
chanical p ope ies we e applied—hea ea men (ha dening and empe ing), and o a y swaging.
The p ocessed wo kpieces we e u he subjec ed o welding wi h a ious welding cu en s. In o de
o cha ac e ize he e ec s o welding on he mic os uc u e, especially in he hea -a ec ed zone, and
de e mine ma e ial s abili y unde ele a ed empe a u es, samples o uniaxial ho comp ession es -
ing a empe a u es om 600 o 900
◦
C, op ical and scanning elec on mic oscopy, and mic oha dness
es ing we e aken. The es ing e ealed ha , al hough he o a y swaged and hea - ea ed samples
ea u ed compa able mic oha dness, he s eng h o he swaged ma e ial was app oxima ely wice as
high as ha o he hea - ea ed one—speci ically 1350 MPa. Fu he mo e, i was ound ha he o a y
swaged sample exhibi ed a o able welding beha io when compa ed o he hea - ea ed one, when
he highe welding cu en was applied.
Keywo ds: o a y swaging; hea ea men ; weldabili y; ool s eel; Die a ; mic os uc u e
1. In oduc ion
The con inuous de elopmen o new ma e ials in a ious indus ies is p ima ily d i en
by he e e -inc easing demand. This end is e iden no only om he design o specialized
p ocessing me hods, such as he momechanical p ocessing (TMP) o well-known me allic
ma e ials [
1
–
4
], bu also om he de elopmen o new p epa a ion p ocesses, such as
addi i e manu ac u ing [
5
–
7
]. Combina ions o addi i e manu ac u ing and TMP ha e also
been p oposed, and hei e ec s s udied [
8
–
10
]. Also among esea ch ends is he e o
o de elop a way o p ocessing ool s eels, which would simul aneously impa a o able
s eng h p ope ies and p ese e ad an ageous weldabili y. Al hough i is also possible o
achie e an inc ease in he mechanical p ope ies o hese s eels ia alloying, his way is no
p e e ed due o issues ela ed o p ese ing equi ed weldabili y.
One o he highly a o able and widely used possibili ies o achie e he men ioned
goal is o pe o m a hea ea men . Among he implemen ed me hods, o example, is
inc easing he aus eni izing empe a u e [
11
,
12
], which, on he o he hand, ypically esul s
in an undesi ed coa sening o he aus eni ic g ains, which educes he no ch oughness
and ma e ial plas ici y (i.e., he cha ac e is ics impo an o subsequen p ocesses s eps,
such as welding/ha d- acing). The main eason behind his phenomenon is ypically he
ime a he quenching empe a u e, which does no enable he g ow h o new ( e ined)
aus eni ic g ains [
12
]. A e subsequen empe ing, he ha dness dec eases due o he
ans o ma ion o e agonal ma ensi e o empe ed ma ensi e ea u ing dec eased le els
o in e nal s ess [
13
]. Du ing empe ing, which can also be pe o med in mul iple s ages,
p ecipi a ion o ca bides o VC, C
7
C
3
, C
23
C
6
, Mo
2
C, and Mo
6
C ypes occu s simul a-
neously. This can subsequen ly con ibu e o disloca ion s eng hening, as hey p esen
Ma e ials 2024,17, 2317. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ma17102317 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ma e ials
Ma e ials 2024,17, 2317 2 o 16
obs acles o disloca ion mo emen [
14
–
16
]. Inc easing he numbe o empe ing cycles
ypically means inc easing he amoun o ca bides in he s uc u e [
13
]. F om he iewpoin
o a igue s eng h, he mos a o able esul s a e ypically achie ed a e a second empe -
ing [
17
]. Se e al esea che s ha e also s udied he esis ance o ool s eels agains ab asi e
wea a e pe o ming combina ions o c yogenic ea men and empe ing. Fo example,
Dhokey e al. [
18
] s a ed ha , wi h a highe empe ing empe a u e, he numbe o p ecipi-
a ed ca bides inc eased, and hus also inc eased he esis ance o ab asi e wea .
Ano he way o imp o e he mechanical p ope ies o me allic ma e ials is o apply
me hods o plas ic de o ma ion, possibly in combina ion wi h he momechanical p ocessing
(TMP) (e.g., [
19
–
21
]). Con a y o he abo e-men ioned way, he ma e ials (i.e., s eels)
ypically p ese e hei a o able plas ici y, which is ad an ageous no only om he
iewpoin o weldabili y [
22
,
23
]. I is a known ac ha plas ic de o ma ion ypically leads
o inc eased s eng h due o g ain size dec ease (acco ding o he Hall–Pe ch ela ion) [
24
,
25
].
The posi i e e ec s o plas ic de o ma ion on e ining he mic os uc u es and hus a ec ing
he ma e ial p ope ies ha e been s udied by many (e.g., Hla áˇc e al. [
26
], Kocich e al. [
27
],
S aumal e al. [
28
], Valie e al. [
29
], o Kunˇcickáe al. [
30
]). Up o now, nume ous
me hods o p ocessing, ha can be used o p epa e UFG (Ul a-Fine-G ained) s uc u es,
nanos uc u es, o g adien s uc u es, ha e been de eloped; hese me hods a e se e e
plas ic de o ma ion (SPD) p ocesses, o in ensi e plas ic de o ma ion (IPD) p ocesses. The
i s men ioned g oup p ima ily ea u es me hods limi ed o he p ocessing o samples
o ela i ely small olumes (e.g., he equal channel angula p essing me hod and i s
modi ica ions [
31
–
33
], high p essu e o sion [
34
,
35
], ic ion s i p ocessing [
36
], e c.) In he
case o he second g oup o me hods, he olumes o he p ocessed samples a e i ually
unlimi ed. One o he IPD p ocesses is o a y swaging (RS), which ad an ageously imposes
shea s ain inc emen s o he wo kpiece and hus enables he p ocessing o ma e ials wi h
limi ed o mabili y [
37
–
41
]. As i is a (nea ) ne shape o ming echnology, which can be
used o comme cially p oduce long p oduc s o a ious c oss-sec ional geome ies wi h no
need o u he machining, i is a p omising p ocessing me hod e en o ool s eels.
Die a alloy ep esen s one o he mos commonly used ma e ials in he indus y due
o i s excellen mechanical p ope ies (high s eng h and ha dness) and esis ance o he mal
s ess [
42
–
44
]. The mos common applica ion o Die a ool s eel is o ools ope a ing a
ele a ed empe a u es, i.e., o componen s used o o ging, olling, ex usion, e c. [
45
–
47
].
Such ools o componen s a e ypically subjec ed o wea and can exhibi ea ing. The e o e,
in o de o imp o e hei unc ional p ope ies, hey a e usually ea ed by ha d- acing. Up
o now, nume ous me hods o ha d- acing, ha can also be used o ool eno a ion, ha e
been de eloped; hese me hods a e, e.g., a c welding echnologies, o specialized ha d-
acing echnologies. The i s g oup comp ises ypical me hods du ing which he hea o
mel ing and deposi ing he weld me al is gene a ed by elec ic a c (e.g., shielded me al a c
welding [
48
–
50
], gas me al a c welding [
51
,
52
], gas ungs en a c welding [
53
,
54
], lux-co ed
a c welding [
55
], subme ged a c welding [
56
,
57
], e c.), while he second g oup o me hods
uses a concen a ed ene gy sou ce (e.g., plasma [
58
,
59
], lase [
60
,
61
], o elec on-beam
welding [
62
], e c.) One o he abo e-men ioned echnologies is gas ungs en a c welding,
which is ad an ageously u ilized due o i s high weld quali y and low dilu ion. The e o e,
i is sui able o he deposi ion o he e ogenous ma e ials. Nume ous wo ks ocused on
p epa ing he e ogenous weld o e lays o enhance he unc ional p ope ies o ex end he
li espan o a ious componen s ha e been published. The s udied ha d- aced ma e ials
ha e been, o example, based on Fe [45,57,60], Co [45,51,53], Ni [53,54,60], o W [63].
The esea ch p esen ed he ein ocuses on he in luence o he selec ed p ocessing
me hod and consequen ma e ial s eng hening on he weldabili y o Die a alloy. The
p ima y aim o his s udy is o in es iga e he e ec o selec ed welding pa ame e s on
s uc u es p epa ed by hea ea men and/o o a y swaging. Fo compa ison o he
s uc u es, mechanical p ope ies, and weldabili y, samples we e also p epa ed using a
me hod con en ionally used o enhance he s eng h and ha dness o he alloy h ough hea
ea men (ha dening and empe ing). The me hod o inc easing s eng h and ha dness
Ma e ials 2024,17, 2317 3 o 16
by ha dening and empe ing is well known. The weldabili y o ool s eels in ha dened
and empe ed condi ion has been he subjec o nume ous publica ions (e.g., [
50
,
53
,
54
]).
The majo i y o hese ocus on he eno a ion o ools o p ocessing ( o ging, ex usion,
e c.), using ma e ials based on Co, Ni, and o he alloys, as desc ibed abo e. The p ima y
inno a ion o he me hod p esen ed he ein is ha inc easing he s eng h o he ool s eel
is achie ed ia he o a y swaging me hod. As a as he au ho s’ knowledge eaches, no
such s udies discussing he e ec s o o a y swaging on he s uc u es and beha io s o
ool s eels wi h espec o hei weldabili y ha e been published. Assessing he in luence
o he p ocessing me hod and op imizing i s e ec s on he s uc u e and p ope ies is
a good incen i e o esea ch o mo e in his di ec ion. The obse a ions a e p ima y
pe o med in he hea -a ec ed zone (HAZ), whe e he e is an inc eased isk o exhibi ing
he o ma ion o b i le s uc u es and c ack o ma ion. S uc u e de elopmen o he
selec ed welding pa ame e s wi hou p ehea ing is also assessed. Deepening knowledge in
his a ea is c ucial o imp o e welding/ha d- acing p ocesses and achie e op imal esul s
o indus ial p ac ice. The e o e, de e mining he weldabili y o ma e ials wi h such
p ope ies, i.e., s eng h and mic oha dness, wi h espec o deg ada ion o HAZ, c ack
o ma ion and p opaga ion, u ili y p ope ies, e c., is a signi ican challenge.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
The expe imen al ma e ial was ool s eel known unde he ade name Die a (Böhle -
Uddeholm, Vienna, Aus ia). I s chemical composi ion is simila o ha o he AISI H13
ool s eel. The o iginal diame e o he ba was 41 mm. The chemical composi ion analysis
o he ba was conduc ed using op ical emission spec ome y (OES) Q4 Tasman (B uke -
Quan on, B emen, Ge many) and he esul s a e summa ized in Table 1. Du ing he
analyses, he alence elec ons o he a oms wi hin he samples we e exci ed by a high-
ene gy spa k discha ge in an a gon a mosphe e. The measu emen esul s we e p ocessed
using ELEMENTAL.SUITE so wa e ( e . QBS-8). Fo he chemical composi ion analysis
o each supplied ba , i e es samples wi h diame e o 41 mm and leng h o 10 mm we e
aken and he indi idual measu emen s we e hen a e aged.
Table 1. Chemical composi ion o base ma e ial Die a and TIG wi e (w .%).
C Si Mn C Mo V P S Fe
BM 0.33 0.17 0.38 4.93 2.00 0.47 0.0017 0.0005 Res .
TIG wi e 0.35 0.20 0.50 5.00 2.30 0.60 - - Res .
The base ma e ial was so annealed a a empe a u e o 850
◦
C o wo hou s and
cooled o 600
◦
C wi h a cooling a e o 10
◦
C/s and hen allowed o cool eely in ai be o e
aus eni iza ion. Then, he base ma e ial o welding was p epa ed in wo di e en ways;
he i s one was ha dening and empe ing (HT), as depic ed in Figu e 1, and he second
one was o a y swaging (RS).
Fo ha dening, he ma e ial was machined om he o iginal diame e o 41 mm o
a diame e o 17.5 mm. Ha dening consis ed o h ee s eps: hea ing, aus eni iza ion, and
quenching. Hea ing was pe o med in wo s eps, a empe a u es o 650
◦
C and 850
◦
C, in
o de o homogenize he empe a u e in he co e and su ace. Fu he , aus eni iza ion a he
empe a u e o 1025
◦
C wi h he holding ime o 3 h o ans o ma ion o ully aus eni ic
s uc u e. Then, samples we e quenched. The cooling a e was 20
◦
C/s (be ween 800
◦
C
and 500
◦
C, i.e., aking 15 s). Fu he , wo empe ing p ocesses ollowed, 570
◦
C/3 h, and
o 560 ◦C/4 h.
Ma e ials 2024,17, 2317 4 o 16
Ma e ials 2024, 17, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 16
The second echnology used o s eng hening was mu i-pass de o ma ion ia o a y
swaging. The p ehea ing empe a u e o each pass was 900 °C o 20 min. Swaging was
ca ied ou in indi idual passes educing he o iginal diame e o 41 mm o a inal swaged
diame e o 17.5 mm. The swaging a ios a e each swaging pass we e calcula ed ia
Equa ion (1):
𝜑ln𝑆
𝑆 (1)
whe e S
i
and S
n
ep esen he c oss-sec ion a eas a he inpu and ou pu o he swaging
dies, espec i ely. The o al applied swaging a io was 1.7.
Figu e 1. Ha dening and empe ing p ocess.
Fo welding, he samples we e cu o a leng h o 40 mm and hal ed in he middle o
he base ma e ial (17.5 mm). Table 2 depic s he ea men o each sample p io o welding,
i.e., quenching, empe ing (HT), and o a y swaging (RS). Table 2 also shows he welding
pa ame e s (welding cu en , ol age, and speed). A e p ocessing, isual inspec ion was
ca ied ou a i s , as documen ed in Figu e 2a–d. The samples did no exhibi any signs
o c acking, bu discolo a ion o some samples (Figu e 2a,c) could be obse ed. This could
ha e occu ed due o he lowe he mal conduc i i y compa ed o he o a y swaged sam-
ples, as seen in Figu e 2b,d.
Table 2. Sample iden i ica ion, s eng hening mechanism, and welding pa ame e s.
Sample S eng hening
Mechanism
Welding Cu en
[A]
Welding Vol age
[V]
Welding Speed
[mm/s]
No. 1 HT 50 10
0.82
No. 2 RS 1.34
No. 3 HT 70 13
1.44
No. 4 RS 1.80
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figu e 2. Welded samples: (a) No. 1 (50 A); (b) No. 2 (50 A); (c) No. 3 (70 A); (d) No. 4 (70 A).
Figu e 1. Ha dening and empe ing p ocess.
The second echnology used o s eng hening was mu i-pass de o ma ion ia o a y
swaging. The p ehea ing empe a u e o each pass was 900
◦
C o 20 min. Swaging was
ca ied ou in indi idual passes educing he o iginal diame e o 41 mm o a inal swaged
diame e o 17.5 mm. The swaging a ios a e each swaging pass we e calcula ed ia
Equa ion (1):
ϕ=lnSi
Sn(1)
whe e S
i
and S
n
ep esen he c oss-sec ion a eas a he inpu and ou pu o he swaging
dies, espec i ely. The o al applied swaging a io was 1.7.
Fo welding, he samples we e cu o a leng h o 40 mm and hal ed in he middle o
he base ma e ial (17.5 mm). Table 2depic s he ea men o each sample p io o welding,
i.e., quenching, empe ing (HT), and o a y swaging (RS). Table 2also shows he welding
pa ame e s (welding cu en , ol age, and speed). A e p ocessing, isual inspec ion
was ca ied ou a i s , as documen ed in Figu e 2a–d. The samples did no exhibi any
signs o c acking, bu discolo a ion o some samples (Figu e 2a,c) could be obse ed. This
could ha e occu ed due o he lowe he mal conduc i i y compa ed o he o a y swaged
samples, as seen in Figu e 2b,d.
Table 2. Sample iden i ica ion, s eng hening mechanism, and welding pa ame e s.
Sample S eng hening
Mechanism
Welding Cu en
[A]
Welding Vol age
[V]
Welding Speed
[mm/s]
No. 1 HT 50 10 0.82
No. 2 RS 1.34
No. 3 HT 70 13 1.44
No. 4 RS 1.80
Ma e ials 2024, 17, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 16
The second echnology used o s eng hening was mu i-pass de o ma ion ia o a y
swaging. The p ehea ing empe a u e o each pass was 900 °C o 20 min. Swaging was
ca ied ou in indi idual passes educing he o iginal diame e o 41 mm o a inal swaged
diame e o 17.5 mm. The swaging a ios a e each swaging pass we e calcula ed ia
Equa ion (1):
𝜑ln𝑆
𝑆 (1)
whe e S
i
and S
n
ep esen he c oss-sec ion a eas a he inpu and ou pu o he swaging
dies, espec i ely. The o al applied swaging a io was 1.7.
Figu e 1. Ha dening and empe ing p ocess.
Fo welding, he samples we e cu o a leng h o 40 mm and hal ed in he middle o
he base ma e ial (17.5 mm). Table 2 depic s he ea men o each sample p io o welding,
i.e., quenching, empe ing (HT), and o a y swaging (RS). Table 2 also shows he welding
pa ame e s (welding cu en , ol age, and speed). A e p ocessing, isual inspec ion was
ca ied ou a i s , as documen ed in Figu e 2a–d. The samples did no exhibi any signs
o c acking, bu discolo a ion o some samples (Figu e 2a,c) could be obse ed. This could
ha e occu ed due o he lowe he mal conduc i i y compa ed o he o a y swaged sam-
ples, as seen in Figu e 2b,d.
Table 2. Sample iden i ica ion, s eng hening mechanism, and welding pa ame e s.
Sample S eng hening
Mechanism
Welding Cu en
[A]
Welding Vol age
[V]
Welding Speed
[mm/s]
No. 1 HT 50 10
0.82
No. 2 RS 1.34
No. 3 HT 70 13
1.44
No. 4 RS 1.80
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figu e 2. Welded samples: (a) No. 1 (50 A); (b) No. 2 (50 A); (c) No. 3 (70 A); (d) No. 4 (70 A).
Figu e 2. Welded samples: (a) No. 1 (50 A); (b) No. 2 (50 A); (c) No. 3 (70 A); (d) No. 4 (70 A).
The ma e ial o expe imen s was p epa ed using he ungs en ine gas (TIG) ech-
nology employing a TTP 220 AC/DC machine (WELCO spol. s. .o., Uhe skýB od, Czech
Ma e ials 2024,17, 2317 5 o 16
Republic); he applied pola i y was DC. All he samples we e welded using a WL 20 ung-
s en elec ode wi h a diame e o 1.6 mm and g ound o an angle o 15–20
◦
. A gon gas
wi h a pu i y o 4.6 (99.996%) wi h a gas low a e o 6 L/min du ing welding was u ilized
o he expe imen . To moni o he HAZ, dilu ion a ea, and s uc u al changes, a wi e o
he same chemical composi ion as he base ma e ial was employed o welding ( o educe
he di usi i y o indi idual elemen s—p ima ily ca bon). Fo e e ence, he chemical
composi ions o he base ma e ial and TIG wi e a e p o ided in Table 1. A e welding,
samples we e cooled in silica sand.
Uniaxial ho comp ession es ing p ocedu e, which is usually conduc ed o e alu-
a e ho de o ma ion beha io o a ious ma e ials ia measu ing low s ess esponses,
was u he pe o med. The HT con en ionally manu ac u ed Die a od and he o a y
swaged Die a od we e p ocessed in o o m o comp ession es samples wi h diame e o
11 mm and leng h o 16 mm. The p epa ed samples we e subjec ed o a se ies o uniaxial
comp ession es s using a Gleeble 3800 he mal-mechanical simula o (Dynamic Sys ems,
New Yo k, NY, USA). This es ing was pe o med unde ou de o ma ion empe a u es
(speci ically 600, 700, 800, and 900
◦
C), i.e., 4 es s o con en ional, HT, and RS ma e ials
se s. The es samples we e hea ed di ec ly o he speci ic de o ma ion empe a u e wi h
a hea ing a e o 10
◦
C
·
s
−1
( ealized ia a di ec elec ic esis ance hea ing me hod) wi h
a ollowing dwell ime o 5 min. A e he p ehea ing phase, comp ession wi h a s ain
a e o 0.1 s
−1
was pe o med o he ue (loga i hmic) s ain o
−
1.1. The empe a u e
measu emen was p o ided by a pai o K- ype he mocouple wi es welded in he middle
leng h on he su ace o each sample. Tan alum oils and nickel-based g ease we e u ilized
o p o ec he an ils and impede ic ion o ces on he an ils–sample in e ace. The es ing
chambe was held unde acuum du ing he es o hinde oxida ion p ocesses.
Fu he , he samples we e subjec ed o mac oscopic obse a ion using a ZEISS Neopho
32 mic oscope (Zeiss, Jena, Ge many). The sizes o HAZ and dilu ion a ea we e p ima y
obse ed. Vilella’s eagen was used o isualiza ion o he mac os uc u e.
The mic os uc u e was obse ed by Keyence VHX-7000N digi al op ical mic oscope
(OM, Keyence Co po a ion, Osaka, Japan) and TESCAN FERA3 GM (TESCAN, B no, Czech
Republic) scanning elec on mic oscopy (SEM) equipmen a ailable a FZU, Ins i u e o
Physics o he CAS. The analysis o p ecipi a es ia scanning elec on mic oscopy–ene gy
dispe si e spec ome y (SEM-EDS) was pe o med by Focused Ion Beam/Scanning Elec-
on Mic oscope TESCAN LYRA 3 equipmen a CEITEC Nano labo a o ies. Mic os uc u e
analysis was ocused on obse ing he di e ences be ween HAZ and base ma e ial in
he indi idual samples. The samples we e mechanically g ound on SiC pape s and i-
nally polished using OPS subs ance. Ca pen e ’s e chan was used o isualiza ion o
mic os uc u e using op ical mic oscopy.
The mic oha dness was measu ed wi h he load o 200 g (HV 0.2) using a Qness Q10A
machine (Me alco Tes ing s. .o., Roz oky u P ahy, Czech Republic). The mic oha dness was
measu ed pe pendicula ly in sec ion on all ou samples h ough he weld me al (WM),
HAZ, o he base ma e ial (BM).
3. Resul s and Discussion
3.1. Ho Comp ession Tes ing
The abo e-desc ibed uniaxial comp ession es p ocedu e enabled us o ob ain expe i-
men al low s ess esponses o bo h he examined ma e ial s a es, which a e g aphically
exp essed in Figu e 3a,b o he con en ional hea - ea ed and swaged samples, espec i ely.
The es ing was conduc ed wi h ega d o ma e ial s abili y a ele a ed empe a u es and o
compa e he s ess p ope ies be ween bo h he s a es. Addi ionally, he ec ys alliza ion
empe a u e o he RS ma e ial can be seen in he g aph in Figu e 3b. The app oxima e
ec ys alliza ion empe a u e was de e mined om he s ess–s ain cu e (Figu e 3b).
The phenomenon o ec ys alliza ion can be cha ac e ized by a dec ease in de o ma ion
as s ess inc eases a his empe a u e. The e o e, he ec ys alliza ion empe a u e was
app oxima ely de e mined o be a ound 600
◦
C. Howe e , o an exac de e mina ion o

Ma e ials 2024,17, 2317 6 o 16
his alue, mo e exac es ing me hods, such as di e en ial scanning calo ime y (DSC),
would ha e o be employed. This empe a u e is no only impo an o de e mining he
empe a u e ange in which ma e ial can be used, bu also o design and cha ac e ize he
annealing e ec s occu ing du ing welding.
Ma e ials 2024, 17, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 16
(Figu e 3b). The phenomenon o ec ys alliza ion can be cha ac e ized by a dec ease in
de o ma ion as s ess inc eases a his empe a u e. The e o e, he ec ys alliza ion em-
pe a u e was app oxima ely de e mined o be a ound 600 °C. Howe e , o an exac de-
e mina ion o his alue, mo e exac es ing me hods, such as di e en ial scanning calo-
ime y (DSC), would ha e o be employed. This empe a u e is no only impo an o
de e mining he empe a u e ange in which ma e ial can be used, bu also o design and
cha ac e ize he annealing e ec s occu ing du ing welding.
Han e al. [64] and Li e al. [65] epo ed ha as-cas H13 s eel a empe a u e o 900
°C and s ain a e 0.1 s−1 exhibi ed ma e ial low s ess highe han 200 MPa. Wi h espec
o he highe es ing empe a u es (speci ically 900 and 800 °C), he e ec s o RS and HT
p ocedu es a e p ac ically negligible in e ms o he ma e ial s eng h. Howe e , a em-
pe a u es o 700 °C and lowe , he RS-modi ied Die a s uc u e s a s o exhibi a signi -
ican inc ease in low s ess. I is no iceable ha he lowe he es ing empe a u e, he
mo e p onounced he inc ease in low s ess esponse. A he empe a u e o 700 °C, he
low s ess o he o a y swaged ma e ial compa ed o he hea - ea ed ma e ial inc eased
om 435 MPa o mo e han 500 MPa, i.e., exhibi ed a di e ence o 115 MPa. Conside ing
he empe a u e o 600 °C, he low s ess esponse inc eased om abou 650 MPa o mo e
han 1300 MPa, which is an inc ease o 650 MPa.
(a) (b)
Figu e 3. Flow s ess e olu ion o : (a) HT and (b) RS Die a alloy.
3.2. Mac os uc u e E alua ion
The mac os uc u e o he examined samples can be seen in Figu e 4a–d. No c ack
indica ions we e obse ed in he mac os uc u e images o Figu e 4a,d. HAZs we e meas-
u ed om he op o he base ma e ial, as depic ed in he igu es. Highe HAZ sizes we e
obse ed in he base ma e ials subjec ed o o a y swaging (Figu e 4b,d), compa ed o he
samples subjec ed o hea ea men (Figu e 4a,c). The HAZ sizes in he indi idual sam-
ples we e: HAZ1 = 1.6 mm; HAZ2 = 2.0 mm; HAZ3 = 2.0 mm, and HAZ4 = 2.5 mm. Upon
ini ial obse a ion, i is e iden ha he hea - ea ed sample welded wi h 70 A (sample
No. 3) has compa able HAZ size as he sample p epa ed using o a y swaging and welded
wi h 50 A (sample No. 2). Howe e , his does no necessa ily mean ha he o a y swaged
samples a e in e io . I depends on o he pa ame e s, which ha e signi ican in luence on
HAZ, such as s uc u es and ela ed mic oha dness.
(a) (b)
Figu e 3. Flow s ess e olu ion o : (a) HT and (b) RS Die a alloy.
Han e al. [
64
] and Li e al. [
65
] epo ed ha as-cas H13 s eel a empe a u e o
900
◦
C and s ain a e 0.1 s
−1
exhibi ed ma e ial low s ess highe han 200 MPa. Wi h
espec o he highe es ing empe a u es (speci ically 900 and 800
◦
C), he e ec s o RS
and HT p ocedu es a e p ac ically negligible in e ms o he ma e ial s eng h. Howe e ,
a empe a u es o 700
◦
C and lowe , he RS-modi ied Die a s uc u e s a s o exhibi a
signi ican inc ease in low s ess. I is no iceable ha he lowe he es ing empe a u e, he
mo e p onounced he inc ease in low s ess esponse. A he empe a u e o 700
◦
C, he
low s ess o he o a y swaged ma e ial compa ed o he hea - ea ed ma e ial inc eased
om 435 MPa o mo e han 500 MPa, i.e., exhibi ed a di e ence o 115 MPa. Conside ing
he empe a u e o 600
◦
C, he low s ess esponse inc eased om abou 650 MPa o mo e
han 1300 MPa, which is an inc ease o 650 MPa.
3.2. Mac os uc u e E alua ion
The mac os uc u e o he examined samples can be seen in Figu e 4a–d. No c ack
indica ions we e obse ed in he mac os uc u e images o Figu e 4a,d. HAZs we e mea-
su ed om he op o he base ma e ial, as depic ed in he igu es. Highe HAZ sizes we e
obse ed in he base ma e ials subjec ed o o a y swaging (Figu e 4b,d), compa ed o he
samples subjec ed o hea ea men (Figu e 4a,c). The HAZ sizes in he indi idual samples
we e: HAZ
1
= 1.6 mm; HAZ
2
= 2.0 mm; HAZ
3
= 2.0 mm, and HAZ
4
= 2.5 mm. Upon ini ial
obse a ion, i is e iden ha he hea - ea ed sample welded wi h 70 A (sample No. 3) has
compa able HAZ size as he sample p epa ed using o a y swaging and welded wi h 50 A
(sample No. 2). Howe e , his does no necessa ily mean ha he o a y swaged samples
a e in e io . I depends on o he pa ame e s, which ha e signi ican in luence on HAZ,
such as s uc u es and ela ed mic oha dness.
Ma e ials 2024, 17, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 16
(Figu e 3b). The phenomenon o ec ys alliza ion can be cha ac e ized by a dec ease in
de o ma ion as s ess inc eases a his empe a u e. The e o e, he ec ys alliza ion em-
pe a u e was app oxima ely de e mined o be a ound 600 °C. Howe e , o an exac de-
e mina ion o his alue, mo e exac es ing me hods, such as di e en ial scanning calo-
ime y (DSC), would ha e o be employed. This empe a u e is no only impo an o
de e mining he empe a u e ange in which ma e ial can be used, bu also o design and
cha ac e ize he annealing e ec s occu ing du ing welding.
Han e al. [64] and Li e al. [65] epo ed ha as-cas H13 s eel a empe a u e o 900
°C and s ain a e 0.1 s−1 exhibi ed ma e ial low s ess highe han 200 MPa. Wi h espec
o he highe es ing empe a u es (speci ically 900 and 800 °C), he e ec s o RS and HT
p ocedu es a e p ac ically negligible in e ms o he ma e ial s eng h. Howe e , a em-
pe a u es o 700 °C and lowe , he RS-modi ied Die a s uc u e s a s o exhibi a signi -
ican inc ease in low s ess. I is no iceable ha he lowe he es ing empe a u e, he
mo e p onounced he inc ease in low s ess esponse. A he empe a u e o 700 °C, he
low s ess o he o a y swaged ma e ial compa ed o he hea - ea ed ma e ial inc eased
om 435 MPa o mo e han 500 MPa, i.e., exhibi ed a di e ence o 115 MPa. Conside ing
he empe a u e o 600 °C, he low s ess esponse inc eased om abou 650 MPa o mo e
han 1300 MPa, which is an inc ease o 650 MPa.
(a) (b)
Figu e 3. Flow s ess e olu ion o : (a) HT and (b) RS Die a alloy.
3.2. Mac os uc u e E alua ion
The mac os uc u e o he examined samples can be seen in Figu e 4a–d. No c ack
indica ions we e obse ed in he mac os uc u e images o Figu e 4a,d. HAZs we e meas-
u ed om he op o he base ma e ial, as depic ed in he igu es. Highe HAZ sizes we e
obse ed in he base ma e ials subjec ed o o a y swaging (Figu e 4b,d), compa ed o he
samples subjec ed o hea ea men (Figu e 4a,c). The HAZ sizes in he indi idual sam-
ples we e: HAZ1 = 1.6 mm; HAZ2 = 2.0 mm; HAZ3 = 2.0 mm, and HAZ4 = 2.5 mm. Upon
ini ial obse a ion, i is e iden ha he hea - ea ed sample welded wi h 70 A (sample
No. 3) has compa able HAZ size as he sample p epa ed using o a y swaging and welded
wi h 50 A (sample No. 2). Howe e , his does no necessa ily mean ha he o a y swaged
samples a e in e io . I depends on o he pa ame e s, which ha e signi ican in luence on
HAZ, such as s uc u es and ela ed mic oha dness.
(a) (b)
Figu e 4. Con .
Ma e ials 2024,17, 2317 7 o 16
Ma e ials 2024, 17, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 16
(c) (d)
Figu e 4. Mac os uc u e o sample: (a) No. 1 (50 A); (b) No. 2 (50 A); (c) No. 3 (70 A); (d) No. 4 (70
A).
Du ing welding/ha d- acing, an a ea known as he dilu ion zone a ises due o he
mel ing o he wi e and base ma e ial. Howe e , he aim is o minimize he dilu ion zone
o p e en he o ma ion o po en ially dange ous phases du ing solidi ica ion, such as
p ecipi a ion o b i le ca bides, which can educe he li espan, c ea e sh inkage oids,
inclusion, e c. Fo samples welded a 70 A, p epa ed by bo h hea ea men and o a y
swaging, he a ea o dilu ion was almos he same, i.e., sample No. 3 (47%) and sample
No. 4 (49%). The dilu ion in sample No. 1 was 18% and in sample No. 2, i was 33%. The
di e ence be ween hese samples was a he signi ican (15%).
3.3. Mic os uc u e E alua ion Using Op ical and SEM Mic oscopy
The mic os uc u es o he wo s eng hened base ma e ials, i.e., a e hea ea men
and o a y swaging, can be seen in Figu e 5a,b. The s uc u e o he hea - ea ed ma e ial
(Figu e 5a) consis s o ine so bi ic ma ensi e wi h une enly dispe sed ca bides. Ca bides
can be obse ed in Figu e 5a (on he igh ). The ca bides a e ei he dispe sed h oughou
he s uc u e in he o m o ci cula shapes wi h a size o 1 µm, o as clus e s o ine
ca bides (see b igh spo s) wi h a size o 10 µm. Ci cula ca bides a e likely ch omium-
based, while clus e ca bides a e likely molybdenum based (as documen ed u he ).
The s uc u e a e o a y swaging (Figu e 5b) exhibi ed a comple ely di e en mo -
phology compa ed o ha a e hea ea men . I is composed o ine needle-like ma en-
si e (e en ually baini e s uc u e) wi h e y inely and homogenously dispe sed ca bides
measu ing be ween 1 and 1.5 µm. A s uc u e p oduced in his manne will no only ea-
u e ad an ageous s eng h, as demons a ed by uniaxial ho comp ession es s (Figu e
3b), bu will also exhibi supe io esis ance o ab asion and adhesi e esis ance [66].
Lange e al. s a ed ha he p ima y eason o p edominan ailu e o ho o ging dies is
he wea o he ool su aces [67].
(a)
Figu e 4.
Mac os uc u e o sample: (
a
) No. 1 (50 A); (
b
) No. 2 (50 A); (
c
) No. 3 (70 A); (
d
) No. 4
(70 A).
Du ing welding/ha d- acing, an a ea known as he dilu ion zone a ises due o he
mel ing o he wi e and base ma e ial. Howe e , he aim is o minimize he dilu ion zone
o p e en he o ma ion o po en ially dange ous phases du ing solidi ica ion, such as
p ecipi a ion o b i le ca bides, which can educe he li espan, c ea e sh inkage oids,
inclusion, e c. Fo samples welded a 70 A, p epa ed by bo h hea ea men and o a y
swaging, he a ea o dilu ion was almos he same, i.e., sample No. 3 (47%) and sample
No. 4 (49%). The dilu ion in sample No. 1 was 18% and in sample No. 2, i was 33%. The
di e ence be ween hese samples was a he signi ican (15%).
3.3. Mic os uc u e E alua ion Using Op ical and SEM Mic oscopy
The mic os uc u es o he wo s eng hened base ma e ials, i.e., a e hea ea men
and o a y swaging, can be seen in Figu e 5a,b. The s uc u e o he hea - ea ed ma e ial
(Figu e 5a) consis s o ine so bi ic ma ensi e wi h une enly dispe sed ca bides. Ca bides
can be obse ed in Figu e 5a (on he igh ). The ca bides a e ei he dispe sed h oughou he
s uc u e in he o m o ci cula shapes wi h a size o 1
µ
m, o as clus e s o ine ca bides
(see b igh spo s) wi h a size o 10
µ
m. Ci cula ca bides a e likely ch omium-based, while
clus e ca bides a e likely molybdenum based (as documen ed u he ).
The s uc u e a e o a y swaging (Figu e 5b) exhibi ed a comple ely di e en mo -
phology compa ed o ha a e hea ea men . I is composed o ine needle-like ma ensi e
(e en ually baini e s uc u e) wi h e y inely and homogenously dispe sed ca bides mea-
su ing be ween 1 and 1.5
µ
m. A s uc u e p oduced in his manne will no only ea u e
ad an ageous s eng h, as demons a ed by uniaxial ho comp ession es s (Figu e 3b), bu
will also exhibi supe io esis ance o ab asion and adhesi e esis ance [
66
]. Lange e al.
s a ed ha he p ima y eason o p edominan ailu e o ho o ging dies is he wea o he
ool su aces [67].
Ma e ials 2024, 17, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 16
(c) (d)
Figu e 4. Mac os uc u e o sample: (a) No. 1 (50 A); (b) No. 2 (50 A); (c) No. 3 (70 A); (d) No. 4 (70
A).
Du ing welding/ha d- acing, an a ea known as he dilu ion zone a ises due o he
mel ing o he wi e and base ma e ial. Howe e , he aim is o minimize he dilu ion zone
o p e en he o ma ion o po en ially dange ous phases du ing solidi ica ion, such as
p ecipi a ion o b i le ca bides, which can educe he li espan, c ea e sh inkage oids,
inclusion, e c. Fo samples welded a 70 A, p epa ed by bo h hea ea men and o a y
swaging, he a ea o dilu ion was almos he same, i.e., sample No. 3 (47%) and sample
No. 4 (49%). The dilu ion in sample No. 1 was 18% and in sample No. 2, i was 33%. The
di e ence be ween hese samples was a he signi ican (15%).
3.3. Mic os uc u e E alua ion Using Op ical and SEM Mic oscopy
The mic os uc u es o he wo s eng hened base ma e ials, i.e., a e hea ea men
and o a y swaging, can be seen in Figu e 5a,b. The s uc u e o he hea - ea ed ma e ial
(Figu e 5a) consis s o ine so bi ic ma ensi e wi h une enly dispe sed ca bides. Ca bides
can be obse ed in Figu e 5a (on he igh ). The ca bides a e ei he dispe sed h oughou
he s uc u e in he o m o ci cula shapes wi h a size o 1 µm, o as clus e s o ine
ca bides (see b igh spo s) wi h a size o 10 µm. Ci cula ca bides a e likely ch omium-
based, while clus e ca bides a e likely molybdenum based (as documen ed u he ).
The s uc u e a e o a y swaging (Figu e 5b) exhibi ed a comple ely di e en mo -
phology compa ed o ha a e hea ea men . I is composed o ine needle-like ma en-
si e (e en ually baini e s uc u e) wi h e y inely and homogenously dispe sed ca bides
measu ing be ween 1 and 1.5 µm. A s uc u e p oduced in his manne will no only ea-
u e ad an ageous s eng h, as demons a ed by uniaxial ho comp ession es s (Figu e
3b), bu will also exhibi supe io esis ance o ab asion and adhesi e esis ance [66].
Lange e al. s a ed ha he p ima y eason o p edominan ailu e o ho o ging dies is
he wea o he ool su aces [67].
(a)
Figu e 5. Con .
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Ma e ials 2024, 17, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 16
(b)
Figu e 5. Mic os uc u e o base ma e ial; OM, mag. 2000× (le ) and SEM, mag. 5000× ( igh ): (a)
ha dening and empe ing; (b) o a y swaging.
Figu e 6a–d depic he esul s o mic os uc u e obse a ions om he HAZs, speci -
ically om he so-called highly o e hea ed sec ion (Figu e 7). The e is he highes isk
du ing welding/ha d- acing due o he o ma ion o coa se-g ained s uc u es, esul ing
in inc eased mic oha dness and he possibili y o ini ia ion and p opaga ion o (mi-
c o)c acks.
When compa ing he base ma e ial in Figu e 5a o he HAZ welded a 50 A (Figu e
6a), he mic os uc u e is composed o coa se pla e ma ensi e wi h a ela i ely lowe
numbe o ca bide pa icles. The s uc u e in he HAZ (Figu e 6b), a e welding a 70 A,
is cha ac e ized by needle-like ma ensi e wi h dispe sed ci cula ca bide pa icles, when
compa ed o he base ma e ial (Figu e 5a). The HAZ in Figu e 6a is cha ac e ized by
coa se ma ensi e, when compa ed o he HAZ in Figu e 6b.
When compa ing he base ma e ial p epa ed ia o a y swaging (Figu e 5b) and he
HAZ in Figu e 6c,d, i can be obse ed ha ca bides a e dissol ed in o he solid solu ion.
Fu he mo e, i can be no iced ha he s uc u e o he HAZ welded a 70 A (Figu e 6d) is
coa se (needle-like ma ensi e and o iginal aus eni ic g ain coa sening) han he s uc u e
welded a 50 A (Figu e 6c). The ca bides in Figu e 6d a e ine han in Figu e 6c due o
g adual dissolu ion in o he solid solu ion.
(a)
(b)
Figu e 5.
Mic os uc u e o base ma e ial; OM, mag. 2000
×
(le ) and SEM, mag. 5000
×
( igh ):
(a) ha dening and empe ing; (b) o a y swaging.
Figu e 6a–d depic he esul s o mic os uc u e obse a ions om he HAZs, speci -
ically om he so-called highly o e hea ed sec ion (Figu e 7). The e is he highes isk
du ing welding/ha d- acing due o he o ma ion o coa se-g ained s uc u es, esul ing in
inc eased mic oha dness and he possibili y o ini ia ion and p opaga ion o (mic o)c acks.
When compa ing he base ma e ial in Figu e 5a o he HAZ welded a 50 A (Figu e 6a),
he mic os uc u e is composed o coa se pla e ma ensi e wi h a ela i ely lowe numbe
o ca bide pa icles. The s uc u e in he HAZ (Figu e 6b), a e welding a 70 A, is
cha ac e ized by needle-like ma ensi e wi h dispe sed ci cula ca bide pa icles, when
compa ed o he base ma e ial (Figu e 5a). The HAZ in Figu e 6a is cha ac e ized by coa se
ma ensi e, when compa ed o he HAZ in Figu e 6b.
Ma e ials 2024, 17, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 16
(b)
Figu e 5. Mic os uc u e o base ma e ial; OM, mag. 2000× (le ) and SEM, mag. 5000× ( igh ): (a)
ha dening and empe ing; (b) o a y swaging.
Figu e 6a–d depic he esul s o mic os uc u e obse a ions om he HAZs, speci -
ically om he so-called highly o e hea ed sec ion (Figu e 7). The e is he highes isk
du ing welding/ha d- acing due o he o ma ion o coa se-g ained s uc u es, esul ing
in inc eased mic oha dness and he possibili y o ini ia ion and p opaga ion o (mi-
c o)c acks.
When compa ing he base ma e ial in Figu e 5a o he HAZ welded a 50 A (Figu e
6a), he mic os uc u e is composed o coa se pla e ma ensi e wi h a ela i ely lowe
numbe o ca bide pa icles. The s uc u e in he HAZ (Figu e 6b), a e welding a 70 A,
is cha ac e ized by needle-like ma ensi e wi h dispe sed ci cula ca bide pa icles, when
compa ed o he base ma e ial (Figu e 5a). The HAZ in Figu e 6a is cha ac e ized by
coa se ma ensi e, when compa ed o he HAZ in Figu e 6b.
When compa ing he base ma e ial p epa ed ia o a y swaging (Figu e 5b) and he
HAZ in Figu e 6c,d, i can be obse ed ha ca bides a e dissol ed in o he solid solu ion.
Fu he mo e, i can be no iced ha he s uc u e o he HAZ welded a 70 A (Figu e 6d) is
coa se (needle-like ma ensi e and o iginal aus eni ic g ain coa sening) han he s uc u e
welded a 50 A (Figu e 6c). The ca bides in Figu e 6d a e ine han in Figu e 6c due o
g adual dissolu ion in o he solid solu ion.
(a)
(b)
Figu e 6. Con .
Ma e ials 2024,17, 2317 9 o 16
Ma e ials 2024, 17, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 16
(c)
(d)
Figu e 6. Mic os uc u e o HAZ; OM, mag. 2000× (le ) and SEM, mag. 5000× ( igh ): (a) Sample
No. 1 (50 A); (b) Sample No. 3 (70 A); (c) Sample No. 2 (50 A); (d) Sample No. 4 (70 A).
The HAZ is composed o se e al zones, depic ed in Figu e 7, whe e he p ope ies o
he base ma e ial unde go changes depending on he empe a u e cycles du ing weld-
ing/ha d- acing.
Figu e 7. Diag am o he HAZ: (WM) weld me al; (1) usion line; (2) o e hea ed sec ion FL–T ; (3)
g ain- e ined (no malized) sec ion T –Ac
3
; (4) pa ly g ain- e ined sec ion Ac
3
–A
C1;
and (5) ec ys-
allized sec ion Ac
1
–T1.
3.4. Analysis o P ecipi a es
Samples No. 1 (HT) and No. 4 (RS) we e chosen o obse a ion o p ecipi a es. In he
base ma e ial o sample No. 1 (Figu e 8a), he e we e Mo- ich p ecipi a es. In he HAZ
(Figu e 8b), he e was pa ial dissolu ion o Mo back in o he solid solu ion and, ins ead,
he e was a highe occu ence o C - ich p ecipi a es. The chemical composi ion o he
base ma e ial (EDX om he a ea o Figu e 8a) was (in w .%): Fe 90.5, C 4.8, Mo 2.2, V
1.6, and C 0.9 (de e mining C con en using EDX is a he un eliable). The chemical
Figu e 6.
Mic os uc u e o HAZ; OM, mag. 2000
×
(le ) and SEM, mag. 5000
×
( igh ): (
a
) Sample
No. 1 (50 A); (b) Sample No. 3 (70 A); (c) Sample No. 2 (50 A); (d) Sample No. 4 (70 A).
Ma e ials 2024, 17, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 16
(c)
(d)
Figu e 6. Mic os uc u e o HAZ; OM, mag. 2000× (le ) and SEM, mag. 5000× ( igh ): (a) Sample
No. 1 (50 A); (b) Sample No. 3 (70 A); (c) Sample No. 2 (50 A); (d) Sample No. 4 (70 A).
The HAZ is composed o se e al zones, depic ed in Figu e 7, whe e he p ope ies o
he base ma e ial unde go changes depending on he empe a u e cycles du ing weld-
ing/ha d- acing.
Figu e 7. Diag am o he HAZ: (WM) weld me al; (1) usion line; (2) o e hea ed sec ion FL–T ; (3)
g ain- e ined (no malized) sec ion T –Ac
3
; (4) pa ly g ain- e ined sec ion Ac
3
–A
C1;
and (5) ec ys-
allized sec ion Ac
1
–T1.
3.4. Analysis o P ecipi a es
Samples No. 1 (HT) and No. 4 (RS) we e chosen o obse a ion o p ecipi a es. In he
base ma e ial o sample No. 1 (Figu e 8a), he e we e Mo- ich p ecipi a es. In he HAZ
(Figu e 8b), he e was pa ial dissolu ion o Mo back in o he solid solu ion and, ins ead,
he e was a highe occu ence o C - ich p ecipi a es. The chemical composi ion o he
base ma e ial (EDX om he a ea o Figu e 8a) was (in w .%): Fe 90.5, C 4.8, Mo 2.2, V
1.6, and C 0.9 (de e mining C con en using EDX is a he un eliable). The chemical
Figu e 7.
Diag am o he HAZ: (WM) weld me al; (1) usion line; (2) o e hea ed sec ion FL–T ;
(3) g ain- e ined (no malized) sec ion T –Ac
3
; (4) pa ly g ain- e ined sec ion Ac
3
–A
C1;
and (5) e-
c ys allized sec ion Ac1–T1.
When compa ing he base ma e ial p epa ed ia o a y swaging (Figu e 5b) and he
HAZ in Figu e 6c,d, i can be obse ed ha ca bides a e dissol ed in o he solid solu ion.
Fu he mo e, i can be no iced ha he s uc u e o he HAZ welded a 70 A (Figu e 6d) is
coa se (needle-like ma ensi e and o iginal aus eni ic g ain coa sening) han he s uc u e
welded a 50 A (Figu e 6c). The ca bides in Figu e 6d a e ine han in Figu e 6c due o
g adual dissolu ion in o he solid solu ion.
Ma e ials 2024,17, 2317 16 o 16
69.
Köse, C. E ec o Pos -Weld Hea T ea men on Mic os uc u e, C ys allog aphy, and Mechanical P ope ies o Lase Beam
Welded AISI 904L Supe Aus eni ic S ainless S eel. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2024,158, 108025. [C ossRe ]
70.
Han, H.G.; Wang, F.; Lu, Y.H.; Han, Y.M.; Chen, Z.Z. A S udy on As-Welded Mic os uc u e and Mechanical P ope ies o
Thick-Walled 9C 3W3Co1CuVNbBN Ma ensi ic S eel Weldmen . In . J. P ess. Vessel. Pip. 2023,206, 105077. [C ossRe ]
Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e:
The s a emen s, opinions and da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he indi idual
au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o MDPI and/o he edi o (s). MDPI and/o he edi o (s) disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o
people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods, ins uc ions o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .