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P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 23 (2019) 9–14
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2019 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
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Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he ICMSMF o ganize s
10.1016/j.p os .2020.01.055
10.1016/j.p os .2020.01.055 2452-3216
© 2019 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
)
Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he ICMSMF o ganize s
A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com
ScienceDi ec
S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000
www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia
2452-3216 © 2019 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he IC MSMF o ganize s.
9 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ma e ials S uc u e and Mic omechanics o F ac u e
Change in he Senso y P ope ies o Alkali Ac i a ed Slag Mo a s
Mi osla Lunaka*, I o Kusaka
aDepa men o Physics, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ve e i 331/95, 60200 B no, Czech Republic
Abs ac
Alkali ac i a ed slag mo a s can be cha ac e ized by sho e se ing ime and di e en s eng hs. Con en ional cemen i ious
ma e ials a e ha de o measu e by elec ical es me hods. I is being esea ched i he dopan a oms in he o m o powde imp o e
he mechanical p ope ies. This a icle desc ibes how he es slag mo a s wi h addi ion o ca bon powde COND 986 by elec ical
impedance spec oscopy measu emen me hods and hei ex ensions in he o m o using ZNC ec o ne wo k analyze wi h a
coaxial p obe om Speag. Impedance spec a o samples we e ob ained in he 40 Hz o 1 MHz. Declines o impedance by adding
mo e ca bon we e expec ed and con i med. Elec ical conduc i i y and pe mi i i y we e measu ed by ec o analyze o he
100 MHz o 3 GHz. The pe mi i i y was a ied om 4 o 20, depending on he addi ion o ca bon.
© 2019 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he IC MSMF o ganize s.
Keywo ds: non-des uc i e es ing; slag mo a s wi h addi ion o ca bon; elec ical impedance spec oscopy;
1. In oduc ion
Aluminosilica e p oduc ion o non-clinke binde s is one possible sui able u iliza ion o was e subs ances.
Al e na i e binde s based on alkali ac i a ed slag we e used in conc e e p oduc ion since he second hal o he 20 h
cen u y, especially in Eas e n Eu ope, Scandina ia and China.
Va ious kinds o slag can be used, e.g. blas o s eel u nace slag, slag om cas ing o non- e ous me als and o he
slags wi h high con en o amo phous phase. These slags ha e la en hyd aulic p ope ies, which can be ac i a ed wi h
*Mi osla Lunak. Tel.: +420732210031.
E-mail add ess: lunak.m@ ce. u b .cz
A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com
ScienceDi ec
S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000
www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia
2452-3216 © 2019 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he IC MSMF o ganize s.
9 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ma e ials S uc u e and Mic omechanics o F ac u e
Change in he Senso y P ope ies o Alkali Ac i a ed Slag Mo a s
Mi osla Lunaka*, I o Kusaka
aDepa men o Physics, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ve e i 331/95, 60200 B no, Czech Republic
Abs ac
Alkali ac i a ed slag mo a s can be cha ac e ized by sho e se ing ime and di e en s eng hs. Con en ional cemen i ious
ma e ials a e ha de o measu e by elec ical es me hods. I is being esea ched i he dopan a oms in he o m o powde imp o e
he mechanical p ope ies. This a icle desc ibes how he es slag mo a s wi h addi ion o ca bon powde COND 986 by elec ical
impedance spec oscopy measu emen me hods and hei ex ensions in he o m o using ZNC ec o ne wo k analyze wi h a
coaxial p obe om Speag. Impedance spec a o samples we e ob ained in he 40 Hz o 1 MHz. Declines o impedance by adding
mo e ca bon we e expec ed and con i med. Elec ical conduc i i y and pe mi i i y we e measu ed by ec o analyze o he
100 MHz o 3 GHz. The pe mi i i y was a ied om 4 o 20, depending on he addi ion o ca bon.
© 2019 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he IC MSMF o ganize s.
Keywo ds: non-des uc i e es ing; slag mo a s wi h addi ion o ca bon; elec ical impedance spec oscopy;
1. In oduc ion
Aluminosilica e p oduc ion o non-clinke binde s is one possible sui able u iliza ion o was e subs ances.
Al e na i e binde s based on alkali ac i a ed slag we e used in conc e e p oduc ion since he second hal o he 20 h
cen u y, especially in Eas e n Eu ope, Scandina ia and China.
Va ious kinds o slag can be used, e.g. blas o s eel u nace slag, slag om cas ing o non- e ous me als and o he
slags wi h high con en o amo phous phase. These slags ha e la en hyd aulic p ope ies, which can be ac i a ed wi h
*Mi osla Lunak. Tel.: +420732210031.
E-mail add ess: lunak.m@ ce. u b .cz
10 Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 23 (2019) 9–14
2 Au ho name / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000
a sui able ac i a o . As ac i a o s a e used mos ly silica es, hyd oxides and ca bona es o a sodium o o po assium
(Fe nández-Jiménez e al. 1999).
The e a e good esul s in he chemical indus y wi h mixing ca bon powde in o many ma e ials. Ca bon p o ides
i ming and g ea e du abili y o ma e ials. This pape p esen s he basic elec ical p ope ies o labo a o y p epa ed
alkali-ac i a ed composi e ma e ials based on slag wi h he addi ion o di e en amoun s o mic onized na u al
g aphi e (Cabeza e al. 2002, Ficke e al. 2013, Pazde a e al. 2010).
Impedance spec oscopy (IS) is a non-des uc i e es ing (NDT) me hod anking in he elec ical enginee ing
measu ing me hod g oup. I ou pu s da a p o iding in o ma ion on ma e ial elec ic and dielec ic p ope ies.
Mic oscopically inhomogeneous ma e ials a e equen ly used in he building indus y. Un o una ely, he impedance
spec oscopy esul s and hei cha ac e iza ion on he basis o his me hod a e no unambiguous (Kusak e al. 2014).
Admix u e o ca bon powde should gi e di e en elec ic p ope ies by using al e na ing elec ic ield han ob ious
cemen based pas e. A he Depa men o Physics, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, he
IS-based measu emen s ha e been implemen ed using ollowing ins umen a ion: Agilen 33220A gene a o , Agilen
54645A double-channel oscilloscope, HP 82350 PCI HP-IB In e ace ca d, and a PC. To ope a e he abo e men ioned
ins umen s and o p ocess he IS da a acqui ed, a so wa e called IS alpha has been p epa ed by he i s au ho o his
pape (Men lik 2006, Lunak e al. 2014).
In o de o pe o m impedance analysis was necessa y o place he samples be ween b ass elec odes. The samples
we e es ed o he equency spec a om 40 Hz o 1 MHz. Moni o ed a iables we e: loss ac o an δ ( ), he eal
and imagina y componen o impedance Z ( ).
Second mos impo an measu emen was ealized by using he Vec o ne wo k analyze ZNC, made by Rohde &
Schwa z Company. By using coaxial p obe o Speag Company and by using Vec o ne wo k analyze , we can measu e
loss ac o , dielec ic pe mi i i y and conduc ance, wi h e y high speed, o equency ange 100 MHz ÷ 3 GHz
(Kusak e al. 2013, Macdonald 1987).
2. Measu ed Specimens
Alkali-ac i a ed inely g ound g anula ed blas u nace slag was chosen as a binde . Ac i a ion was ca ied ou by
wa e -glass solu ion, Susil MP 2,0. As ille we e used bo h es no m-sand (0÷4 mm) and ca bon powde Cond 896.
T i on X-100 was used o ea he g aphi e su ace and de oaming agen Lukosan S was added o minimize he gas
con en . The composi ions o each mix u e a e summa ized in Table 1.
Table 1. Recipes o mix u es o specimens.
Componen s / COND
Re
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
slag [g] 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450
Susil [g]
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
sand [g]
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
COND 8 96 [g] 0 4.5 9 13.5 18 22.5 27 31.5 36 40.5 45
0.5 % T i on X 100 [ml]
0
30
30
30
30
60
60
90
90
120
120
1 % Lukosan S [ml]
0
5
5
5
5
10
10
15
15
20
20
wa e [ml] 185 150 155 160 165 135 140 110 115 85 90
Mixing me hod: Wa e -glass Susil and T i on ea ed g aphi e powde we e pu oge he wi h a pa o wa e (abou
100 ml) and s i ed in a mixe o 1 min. Then he slag, sand, he es o he wa e and Lukosan S was added and s i ed
o ano he 1 min. A e demoulding, he samples we e s o ed in wa e o 28 days and hen 7 days in s anda d
labo a o y condi ions o he mois u e s abiliza ion.
Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 23 (2019) 9–14 11
Au ho name / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3
The specimens we e p oduced wi h dimensions o 40×40×160 mm. The indi idual esul s a e compa ed wi h a
e e ence sample.
3. Expe imen al esul s
In e es ing esul s we e ound o all measu ed samples in he spec um o loss ac o . The spec a show pola
dielec ic p ope ies a i s shape. The sample which does no con ain ca bon admix u e has only one pola iza ion
maximum o equency 600 Hz and an δ = 9. The sample con ained only alkali-ac i a ed slag, sand, wa e glass and
wa e .
And as ca bon powde was added, pola iza ion losses ell below 5. Ano he addi ion o ca bon powde signi ican ly
dec eased he pola iza ion losses in he egion o 500 Hz again, bu he cu e in he 104÷106 Hz inc eased. The p esence
o ca bon powde , i s dec eased elec ical esis ance o he ma e ial, bu ca bon also added pa icles o c ea ing
dipole elemen s o he sample. Pa icles a e well-pola izable ac oss he en i e equency spec um.
Fig. 1 Dielec ic loss ac o e sus equency dependence. Fig. 2 Dielec ic loss ac o e sus equency dependence.
Measu ed by Vec o ne wo k analyze .
Fo 4 % COND in he mix u e he e was obse ed again an inc ease o pola iza ion loss in he low equencies, he
maximum is shi ed o 100 Hz, while in he 600 Hz he e is an in lec ion poin a which he alue o an del a is lowe
han p e iously p esen ed a an in e al 600 Hz o 200 kHz. The alues o dissipa ion ac o o ange 40 Hz o 600 Hz
a e in he ange 1.5 o 4 and each pola iza ion maxima he e.
By using a loga i hmic scale, Fig. 1, o an δ we ge much mo e anspa en iew o a eas o low alues o an
del a. These peaks, howe e , "jump" wi h addi ion o wa e and ca bon a 5 % o he mix u e, and 9 % COND o he
mix u e. I maxima g ow o low equencies and by adding ca bon powde oo, his indica es he in luence o he
mixing wa e o he pola iza ion losses in selec ed low equencies.
F om 600 Hz o 200 kHz, he alues o an del a dec eased wi h inc easing con en o ca bon powde o a alue o
an δ = 0.1. Simul aneously wa e con en was educed, con en o T i on inc eased. The amoun o pa icles capable
o pola iza ion dec eased o he equency o 1 kHz o 100 kHz. Fo high equency bands, he le els o alues o
dissipa ion ac o a e compa able, eaching he alues a ound 0.5.
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
2
5
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
0-B
1-A
2-A
3-A
4-A
5-A
6-B
7-B
8-B
9-B
10-A
/Hz
an

/ -
0.1
0.2
0.3
50 100 200 500 1000 2000
10-A
6-B
1-A
/ M Hz
an

/ -
12 Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 23 (2019) 9–14
4 Au ho name / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000
Low alues o dissipa ion ac o we e measu ed using he ec o analyze . They anged om 0.01 o 0.4, again
depending on he concen a ion o ca bon powde (Fig. 2). The cu es di e no only by he le el bu also by he
shape, bu insigni ican ly. Measu ing by ec o analyze by Speag p obe a e designed o gaseous and liquid
en i onmen s, and measu emen s on solids depend g ea ly on he su ace la ness o he ma e ial, on he closes
possible o a ach o he su ace o he sample.
Fig. 3 Spec a o eal pa o pe mi i i y, measu ed by Vec o
ne wo k analyze .
Fig. 4 Spec a o elec ic capaci y o used samples.
The measu emen by using ec o analyze showed ela i ely low alues o he eal componen o pe mi i i y o
ma e ial (Fig. 3) o he equency ange 100 MHz o 3 GHz. Acqui ing alues o 5 o 22 abou he i s h ee o i e
alues o he lowes equency was measu ed signi ican ly lowe han he maximum alue. This disc epancy is
a ibu ed o signi ican e o de e mina ion o he i s alues o lowes equencies; i is ad isable no o ake hese
alues as ele an . The h eshold o he measu abili y by ec o analyze was in ended o de e mine. The p esen ed
measu emen is pe haps he i s diagnosis o he building ma e ials in he wo ld, using his op equipmen .
Pe mi i i y in he a ea o highe equency o he inco po a ion o ca bon powde is inc easing apidly o
concen a ion o 5 % and highe . Wi h inc easing o equency he alues o pe mi i i y dec ease.
Elec ic capaci y o low used equency ange 40 Hz up o 1 MHz show in Fig. 4 simila end. Lowes alues o
capaci y we e measu ed o ma e ial wi h no con ibu ion o ca bon powde . Fo whole equency spec a we can see
bigge alues o elec ic capaci y nea 0.5 nF, hen he capaci y apidly dec eases o 10-11 F o 1 kHz. Then he
capaci y dec eases slowly. Ca bon powde wi h bigge concen a ion o nex specimens c ea ed mo e dipole elemen s,
which c ea ed mo e cha ge by applica ion o ou side elec ic al e na ing ield. The dec ease o elec ic capaci y wi h
highe equencies is smalle wi h high con en o ca bon powde . Bu o lowes equencies is no he di e ence so
g ea .
Imagina y pa o impedance e sus eal pa s o impedance (Fig. 5) dependences o all samples ha e dec easing
end o inc easing o weigh o ca bon powde a mo a s. Righ edge o spec a belongs o low equency o elec ic
ield. Spec a we e ob ained using old me hod (gene a o , oscilloscope, pc), so he lowes equency is 40 Hz, he
bigges equency is 1 MHz. Impedance pa s dependence c ea e semi a cs, li le dep essed below x axis. Fo samples
0, 1, 2 he e is dec easing o x and y alues. Fo specimens 3, 4, 5, 6 we can obse e bigge alues o op o he a c
han o samples wi h smalle numbe s. Specimens 7, 8, 9, 10 ha e smalle weigh o wa e and bigge weigh o
ca bon powde . Specimens 8, 9 ha e mo e egula semi a c han p e ious specimens ha e.
5
10
15
20
25
10 100 1000
10-A
9-B
8-B
7-B
6-B
5-A
4-A
3-A
2-A
1-A
0-B
/ M Hz

,
/ -
10
-11
10
-10
10
-9
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
4-A
0-B
1-A
2-A
3-A
5-A
6-B
7-B
8-B
9-A
10-A
/Hz
C/F
Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 23 (2019) 9–14 13
Au ho name / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000 5
Fig. 5 Imagina y pa s and eal pa s o impedance o all samples.
4. Summa y
The addi ion o ca bon powde in o alkali-ac i a ed slag mo a s has changed elec ical p ope ies o he samples.
Ca bon pa icles cause highe conduc i i y o ma e ial, also inc eases he elec ical capaci y o he sample. Obse ing
he e ec o admix u e o ca bon on he ha dness and ab asion esis ance o he samples was he subjec o his a icle.
Ca bon addi i es help o imp o e he elec omagne ic shielding o cons uc ion by using was e p oduc s om he
p oduc ion o ca bon p oduc s.
The measu abili y o samples using he ec o analyze was con i med. This me hod does no equi e specially
ea ed samples, only he smoo hness o he con ac su ace a ea is necessa y.
Acknowledgemen s
This pape has been wo ked ou unde he p ojec GAČR No. 16-02261S and p ojec LO1408 "AdMaS UP -
Ad anced Ma e ials, S uc u es and Technologies", suppo ed by Minis y o Educa ion, You h and Spo s unde he
„Na ional Sus ainabili y P og amme I".
Re e ences
Fe nández-Jiménez, A., Palomo, J.G., Pue as, F., 1999, Alkali-ac i a ed slag mo a s: Mechanical s eng h beha io . Cemen and Conc e e
Resea ch 29, 1313-1321.
Kusak, I., Lunak, M., 2014. Compa ison o Impedance Spec a o Conc e e Reco ded wi h U ilizing Ca bon T ansi ion Pas e. Ad anced Ma e ials
Resea ch 897, 131-134.
Men lik, V., 2006. Dielek ické p ky a sys émy. BEN – echnická li e a u a. P aha, (in Czech).
Lunak, M., Kusak, I., Chobola, Z., 2014. Dielec ic P ope ies o Conc e e Specimens a e Hea S ess. Applied Mechanics and Ma e ials 446-447,
1389-1394.
0
0.5x10
6
1.0x10
6
1.5x10
6
01x10
6
2x10
6
3x10
6
0-B
1-A
2-A
3-A
4-a
5-A
6-B
7-B
8-B
9-B
10-A
Re Z / 
Im Z /


14 Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 23 (2019) 9–14
6 Au ho name / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000
Cabeza, M., Me ino, P., Mi anda, A., No oa, X.R., Sanchez, I., 2002. Impedance spec oscopy s udy o ha dened Po land cemen pas e. Cemen
and Conc e e Resea ch 32, 881-891.
Ficke , T., Topola , L., Kusak, I., 2013. Is componen ial s eng h analysis o conc e e possible? Magazine o conc e e esea ch 65, 1480-1485.
Pazde a, L., Topola , L., Bilek, V., Smu ny, J., Kusak, I., Lunak, M., 2010. Measu ing o Conc e e P ope ies du ing Ha dening. ESA 2010. 1. CZ,
311-318.
Kusak, I., Lunak, M., Schaue , P., 2013. T acing o Conc e e Hyd a ion by Means o Impedance Spec oscopy (New Tool o Building Elemen s
Tes ing). Applied Mechanics and Ma e ials 248, 370-378.
Macdonald, J., R., 1987. Impedance spec oscopy, emphasizing solid ma e ials and sys ems. Canada 1987.