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Adap i e an con ol
Pe Blasinski1,*, Aleš Rubina1, Olga Rubino á1, Š ěpán Jůza1
1B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Ve eří 331/95, 602 00
B no, Czech Republic
*E-mail: Pe .Blasinsk[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . The pape p esen s he possibili y o managemen he an pe o mance in
dependence on CO₂ concen a ion. A ma hema ical calcula ion is made om he p edic ion o
he elec ic ene gy consump ion o a a ian con ol algo i hm. The mos ad an ageous
algo i hm is p og ammed in o he ac ual an con ol sys em, and i s powe consump ion is
shown in g aph. Finally, he sa ing o he adap i e con ol is compa ed o he classical con ol
o e ime. To p og am he con ol algo i hm, he CO₂ mass balance equa ion is used. The
equa ion depends on he inpu alues, namely he numbe o CO₂ sou ces, he oom olume
and he supply ai . Due o he in ini ely a iable o an con ol, i is possible o adjus he
powe se ing depending on he expec ed de elopmen o he loga i hmic ise o CO₂
concen a ion in he oom. This p edic ion is p og ammed wi h he Visual Basic code and
p og am code can be used o he A duino con ol uni , which con ols he EC an powe wi h a
0-10 V signal. Al hough signi ican sa ings o e a sho pe iod o ime can no be expec ed, he
en ila ion sys em whe e he an uns o a signi ican pa o he yea will be subs an ial.
The e o e, he esul will be p esen ed by g aphical diag ams o di e en ways o con olling
he an pe yea o ope a ion.
1. In oduc ion
Ene gy consump ion du ing en ila ion ope a ion can be signi ican ly educed by designing e icien
HVAC sys ems wi h low an inpu . The e iciency o en ila ion sys ems is gene ally ela i ely low so
a , bu he sa ings po en ial can be inc eased by a sui able an con ol algo i hm.
The ene gy consump ion o ans can be signi ican ly educed by ollowing hese h ee s eps.
The i s s ep is o easonably dimension he ai exchange in ensi y by educing as much ai as
possible and by using e icien ai dis ibu ion. E icien ai duc s educe unnecessa y o e - en ila ion
due o he use o ai - igh duc s, espec o ai low p inciples and ai low con ol.
Pe haps he mos impo an hing is o educe he low esis ance and he e o e he an p essu e.
This is achie able h ough ae odynamic piping design (including op imum engine oom and ise
placemen o educe piping leng h), mo e gene ous dimensioning o piping elemen s, and inc eased
uni size, bu wi hou o e all o e sizing o he HVAC sys em.
I is necessa y o op imize he e iciency o he HVAC sys em (including an, d i e, mo o and
a iable speed d i e, o minimize o e all losses in ensu ing he necessa y ai low and p essu e
condi ions). O e sizing should be a oided, as he e iciency o he an may dec ease signi ican ly i
he combina ion o ai low and deli e y p essu e is no close o he combina ion achie ing he highes
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e iciency. The e iciency o he mo o and d i e can also d op signi ican ly a low loads. The e o e,
o e sizing and a iable loads a e key ac o s a ec ing sys em e iciency.
These h ee measu es a e much mo e impo an in clima es whe e he e is a need o hea o cool
han some use o na u al d i ing o ces. The a icle ocuses on he i s o hese poin s, especially on
he con ol o an ope a ion.
2. Desc ip ion o he oom model and he selec ed an ype
In he ma hema ical model, he calcula ion o en ila ion is made o he school class oom.
Dimensional cha ac e is ics a e oom wid h 21.0 m, oom leng h 13.3 m, oom heigh 3.8 m. Room
olume is 1061 m3, maximum numbe o pe sons is o y.
To in oduce a a iable a e o people in he oom, he pe cen age o people was dis ibu ed
acco ding o he dis ibu ion shown on Figu e 1.
Figu e 1. Pe cen age dis ibu ion o people in he oom
Na u al en ila ion o he oom by windows in il a ion was conside ed. Howe e , his pa o he
en ila ion componen is minimal.
A adial an is conside ed. T adi ionally, he impelle is embedded in a spi al casing ha p o ides
an ene gy e icien con e sion o he kine ic ene gy o he lowing ai in o a p essu ized ai . In
connec ion wi h he applica ion o new EC mo o s, we can obse e he expansion o adial ans wi h
“ ee impelle ”, whe e he spi al box is eplaced di ec ly by he ai -handling uni chambe . This
modi ica ion o he an-mo o se signi ican ly educes and cheape , bu a he cos o ae odynamic
p ope ies. The ai low in he spi al housing is shown on Figu e 2. [1]
Figu e 2. Ai low h ough adial an wi h spi al housing [1]
3. Compu a ional model and desc ip ion o a ian s
The compu a ional model o he oom is conside ed as an analy ical model. [2]
𝑉󰇗∙𝑘𝑒𝑑𝜏+𝑀󰇗𝑠𝑑𝜏−𝑉󰇗∙𝑘𝑖𝑑𝜏=𝑂𝑑𝑘𝑖 (1)
Whe e:
𝑉󰇗∙𝑘𝑒𝑑𝜏 is he mass o he pollu an in oduced in o he oom by he ai equi ed o en ila ion
o e ime dτ
𝑀󰇗𝑠𝑑𝜏 is he mass o he pollu an om he sou ce in he oom o e ime dτ
impelle
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𝑉󰇗∙𝑘𝑖𝑑𝜏 is he mass o he pollu an aken om he oom by he ai equi ed o en ila ion o e
ime dτ
𝑂𝑑𝑘𝑖 is he weigh gain o he pollu an in he oom ai
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖=𝑘𝑒𝑥𝑡 +(𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖−1 −𝑘𝑒𝑥𝑡)∙exp(−𝑉(𝑖−1)∙∆𝜏𝑖
𝑂)+( 𝑀𝑠𝑖
𝑉(𝑖−1))∙(1−exp(−𝑉(𝑖−1)∙∆𝜏𝑖
𝑂)) (2)
Whe e:
𝑘𝑒𝑥𝑡 is ou doo CO₂ concen a ion
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖 is maximum CO₂ concen a ion
𝑀󰇗𝑠 is he mass o he pollu an (CO₂)
𝑉(𝑖−1) is o ced en ila ion (es ima ed)
𝑂 is he olume o he oom
∆τ is calcula ion ime in e al
Desc ip ion o indi idual an con ol a ian s:
Va ian 1 - minimum an s a in e al is 5 min, he an is swi ched on a a measu ed o CO₂
concen a ion 900 ppm, ype o egula ion: on / o .
Va ian 2 - minimum an s a in e al is 30 min, he an is swi ched on a a measu ed o CO₂
concen a ion 900 ppm, ype o egula ion: on / o
Va ian 3 - minimum an s a in e al is 5 min, he an is swi ched on a a measu ed o CO₂
concen a ion 900 ppm and swi ched o only a e eaching a CO₂ concen a ion o 600 ppm, ype o
egula ion: on / o
Va ian 4 - minimum an s a in e al is 5 min, he an is swi ched on a a measu ed o CO₂
concen a ion 900 ppm and swi ched o only a e eaching a CO₂ concen a ion o 600 ppm, ype o
con ol: s epping (2 ans egula ed on / o )
Va ian 5 - minimum an s a in e al is 5 min, he an is swi ched on a a measu ed o CO₂
concen a ion 900 ppm and only swi ched o a e eaching a CO₂ concen a ion o 600 ppm, ype o
egula ion: con inuous egula ion (ai low is con olled linea ly acco ding o CO₂ concen a ion)
Va ian 6 - minimum an s a in e al is 5 min, he an is swi ched on a a measu ed o CO₂
concen a ion 900 ppm and u ns o a e eaching a CO₂ concen a ion o 600 ppm, ype o
egula ion: con inuous egula ion (ai low is con olled quad a ically - con ex acco ding o CO₂
concen a ion)
Va ian 7 - minimum an s a in e al is 5 min, he an is swi ched on a a measu ed o CO₂
concen a ion 900 ppm and swi ched o only a e eaching a CO₂ concen a ion o 600 ppm, ype o
egula ion: con inuous egula ion (ai low is con olled quad a ically - conca e acco ding o CO₂
concen a ion)
Figu e 3. G aphical dependence o an powe con ol, om le : linea , quad a ic - con ex,
quad a ic – conca e
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Figu e 3 shows he ai low dependencies on CO2 concen a ion which a e used in he calcula ion
o a ian s 5, 6 and 7. These dependencies a ec he s a -up o he an ope a ion and hey
signi ican ly in luence he an powe ou pu .
4. Resul s
The esul s a e p esen ed by using he g aphs. On igu e 4 he e is a g aph o inc easing CO₂
concen a ion he an ope a ion a ian 1.
Figu e 4. G aphical ep esen a ion o he cou se o CO₂ concen a ion educ ion, wi h he an
ope a ion a ian 1
When he concen a ion ises abo e 900 ppm, a an is igge ed (ligh blue colo ). The esul s
shown ep esen an on/o con ol a ian wi h a minimum ope a ing in e al o 5 min. The g aph
shows equen swi ching o en ila ion.
G aph on he igu e 5 ep esen s he adap a ion o he an powe o he quad a ic dependence on he
CO₂ concen a ion. The en ila o is ope a ing con inuously, bu he powe adap s o he ac ual CO₂
concen a ion.
Figu e 5. G aphical ep esen a ion o he cou se o CO₂ concen a ion educ ion, wi h he an
ope a ion a ian 7
On he igu e 6 he e a e esul s o he cumula i e CO₂ concen a ions o he an con ol a ian s
1-7.
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Figu e 6. G aphical ep esen a ion o he cou se o CO₂ concen a ion educ ion, wi h he an
ope a ion a ian 1-7
The o e all esul s o he an ope a ion pe day, mon h and yea acco ding o he model abo e a e
shown in he igu e 7.
Figu e 7. Fan ope a ing ime o ope a ing a ian s 1-7
The economic e alua ion is shown on igu e 8. The p ice o 0.17 EUR o kWh o elec ici y was
conside ed in he p epa a ion o his cha .
The powe inpu o he ans was de e mined om he cha ac e is ics o he an manu ac u e .

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Figu e 8. P ice pe yea o an ope a ion o each a ian and pe cen age sa ings compa ed o he
mos expensi e a ian
5. Conclusion
The esul s show ha he g ea es sa ings a e achie ed in a ian 6, which is he con ol o he an
acco ding o he quad a ic dependence in he con ex shape. Howe e , i should be added ha his
me hod was he only me hod o exceed he ecommended CO₂ concen a ion. This is because he an's
s a -up is e y slow in na u e and he an s a s o un a highe CO₂ concen a ions a highe powe .
The comp omise be ween pe o mance, sa ings and CO₂ concen a ion esul s om a ian 7, an
con ol acco ding o quad a ic dependence in conca e shape. In his case, he en ila o can e ec i ely
en ila e he oom and he cos o unning he an is only 13% highe han he mos economical op ion
7.
The conclusion is made o one si ua ion (occu ence o people, oom size, e c.). Gi en he na u e
o he p oblem o inc easing concen a ion and eac ion o he HVAC sys em, i can be assumed ha
e en i he an ope a ing hou s will a y, he a io be ween he di e en a ian s will also change. The
o al cos pe yea o an ope a ion conside ed in he calcula ion is no e y high. This si ua ion is due
o he ac ha only one an wi h a ela i ely low low a e pe oom is conside ed. Fo buildings such
as schools, hospi als, e c., he sa ings would be much mo e signi ican in he sum o all ans.
Re e ences
[1] DWEYER Tim: Fans o duc ed en ila ion sys ems in Icibse jou nal, online
[h ps://www.cibsejou nal.com/cpd/modules/2011-12/]
[2] SZÉKYOVÁ, Ma a. Ven ila ion and ai condi ioning. B a isla a: Jaga, 2006, 359 pp. ISBN 80-
807-6037-3.
[3] Eu opean S anda d EN 15239. Ven ila ion o buildings – Ene gy pe o mance o buildings –
Guidelines o inspec ion o en ila ion sys ems
[4] Nilsson, L.J. ‘Ai -handling ene gy e iciency and design p ac ices’, Ene gy & Buildings, Vol.
22 (1995), pp. 1–13
[5] Schild, P. G. ‘Duc less en ila ion – Re u bishing an old lis ed building in o mode n ene gy-
e icien o ices’. In Indoo Ai 2008, p oceedings. 2008, pape ID 646.
[6] Hydeman, Taylo , S ein, Kolde up & Tong. ‘Ad anced Va iable Ai Volume Sys em Design
Guide’, CEC Repo P500-03-082-A-11, Oc obe 2003.
[7] Liu, Cla idge & Deng. ‘An ai il e p essu e loss model o an ene gy calcula ion in ai
handling uni s’. In . J. o Ene gy Resea ch, Vol. 27 (2003), No. 6, Pp. 589–600
[8] de Almeida, A. T.; P. Ange s; C. U. B unne ; M. Doppelbaue . Mo o s wi h Adjus able Speed
D i es: Tes ing P o ocol and E iciency S anda d. 2009