Using BIM model o Fi e Eme gency E acua ion
Plan
Adam S ančík1,∗, Roman Macháček2 , and Jiří Ho ák1
1B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ins i u e o Compu e Aided Enginee ing and Compu e Science, 602
00 B no, Ve e i 331/95, Czech Republic
2Czech Technical Uni e si y in P ague, Depa men o S eel and Timbe S uc u es, 16636 P ague 6,
Czech Republic
Abs ac . Is i possible o use building in o ma ion modelling (BIM) o
c ea e a i e eme gency e acua ion plan in he na ional condi ion o he
Czech Republic? This a icle ocuses on he ad an ages and possibili ies o
using BIM o i e p o ec ion.
1 In oduc ion
When he e is a i e, e e y second coun s. Fi e and smoke sp ead e y as . To a oid
unnecessa y loss o human li e, i is impo an o ha e a well- hough ou i e e acua ion plan.
Bu ha is no he only equi emen . Fo be e o ien a ion wi hin a bu ning building, a loo
plan wi h ma ked escape ou es ha e e yone is amilia wi h is c ea ed. This plan is he
g aphic pa o a i e e acua ion plan. Fo a i e e acua ion plan o be e ec i e, i mus be
kep up o da e h oughou he se ice li e o he building. This is wha building in o ma ion
modelling (BIM) can do o i e eme gency e acua ion plans.
2 P epa a ion o BIM model
Cu en ly he e a e no speci ica ions o BIM in he Czech Republic. This has esul ed in
he e being a big di e ence in he quali y o a ious models. These models a e equen ly
c ea ed o in es o s o u u e use, o example o acili y managemen ; howe e he
in es o s o en do no know hemsel es wha o expec and see no hing mo e in he BI model
han a 3D iew o he inal s a e o he objec . Those wi h mo e expe ience know ha hey
should ocus mo e on he in o ma ion aspec o he model. The basic elemen s (in Au odesk
Re i © BIM so wa e hese elemen s a e called ‘ amilies’) o hese models can some imes
be ound in se e al wo ld languages, om common languages such as English, Ge man and
F ench o Chinese, which is ha de o ansla e. Un o una ely, his linguis ic di e si y
appea s no only in non- epo ed pa ame e s, bu also in epo ed pa ame e s. The model
designe s hemsel es a e usually amilia wi h he model, howe e he e a e si ua ions whe e
∗ Co esponding au ho : s ancik[email p o ec ed].cz
© The Au ho s, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License 4.0 (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).
MATEC Web o Con e ences 146, 01012 (2018) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /201814601012
Building De ec s 2017
he c ea o s e isi he model a e a pe iod o ime and a e unsu e wha speci ic i ems we e
in ended o . Linguis ic consis ency should, he e o e, be one o he basic ea u es o a model.
The language o he whole p ojec should be clea ly de ined a he beginning o a p ojec . In
he case o BIM, his should a leas be he case o he epo ed pa ame e s.
3 Coope a ion
Many p o essions – and people who a e o ced o communica e wi h each o he – en e he
li ecycle o a building. To acili a e communica ion, BIM sha ing in o ma ion using a single
building in o ma ion model, as shown in Figu e 1 on he le . In he Figu e 1 on he igh , one
pe son has been added. This pe son is o en no spoken abou wi hin he BI model, bu his
pe son is an inhe en pa o e e y building, whe he i is a amily home o he alles building
in he wo ld. Tha pe son is he designe o he building’s i e sa e y solu ion – he i e
enginee . I is he i e enginee who ensu es he sa e y o he people using he p oposed
building. The designe o a building’s i e sa e y solu ion is in ol ed in se e al s ages o he
building’s li ecycle:
1. Planning – he c ea ion o a i e sa e y solu ion (PBR), including he design o escape
ou es and he calcula ion o e acua ion ime;
2. Implemen a ion – he c ea ion o necessa y epo s and he loca ion o i e sa e y
equipmen (PBZ);
3. Building ope a ion (con ol) – PBZ e ision and con ol, and possible u u e use o da a
o escue uni s in case o a i e in he building.
Fig. 1. The p o essions in ol ed in he li ecycle o a building.
4 Pa ame e iza ion
The in o ma ion BIM p o ides is much mo e aluable han he ac ual 3D in e p e a ion o
objec s in he model. The 3D iew can enable us o know ha he e is an ex inguishe in he
building, howe e his 3D iew can also be enhanced by he addi ion o an in o ma ion olde
ha p o ides he localiza ion, exac ype, manu ac u e , p ice, i e class, ype o dispense ,
empe a u e ange, i e capabili ies and amoun o ex inguishing media, as well as a pic u e
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he c ea o s e isi he model a e a pe iod o ime and a e unsu e wha speci ic i ems we e
in ended o . Linguis ic consis ency should, he e o e, be one o he basic ea u es o a model.
The language o he whole p ojec should be clea ly de ined a he beginning o a p ojec . In
he case o BIM, his should a leas be he case o he epo ed pa ame e s.
3 Coope a ion
Many p o essions – and people who a e o ced o communica e wi h each o he – en e he
li ecycle o a building. To acili a e communica ion, BIM sha ing in o ma ion using a single
building in o ma ion model, as shown in Figu e 1 on he le . In he Figu e 1 on he igh , one
pe son has been added. This pe son is o en no spoken abou wi hin he BI model, bu his
pe son is an inhe en pa o e e y building, whe he i is a amily home o he alles building
in he wo ld. Tha pe son is he designe o he building’s i e sa e y solu ion – he i e
enginee . I is he i e enginee who ensu es he sa e y o he people using he p oposed
building. The designe o a building’s i e sa e y solu ion is in ol ed in se e al s ages o he
building’s li ecycle:
1. Planning – he c ea ion o a i e sa e y solu ion (PBR), including he design o escape
ou es and he calcula ion o e acua ion ime;
2. Implemen a ion – he c ea ion o necessa y epo s and he loca ion o i e sa e y
equipmen (PBZ);
3. Building ope a ion (con ol) – PBZ e ision and con ol, and possible u u e use o da a
o escue uni s in case o a i e in he building.
Fig. 1. The p o essions in ol ed in he li ecycle o a building.
4 Pa ame e iza ion
The in o ma ion BIM p o ides is much mo e aluable han he ac ual 3D in e p e a ion o
objec s in he model. The 3D iew can enable us o know ha he e is an ex inguishe in he
building, howe e his 3D iew can also be enhanced by he addi ion o an in o ma ion olde
ha p o ides he localiza ion, exac ype, manu ac u e , p ice, i e class, ype o dispense ,
empe a u e ange, i e capabili ies and amoun o ex inguishing media, as well as a pic u e
o he de ice and, las bu no leas , all he in o ma ion ha is gene ally s a ed on he label o
a i e ex inguishe , such as he yea o p oduc ion, and he inspec ion and e ision da es. Each
bi o in o ma ion is unde s ood as a pa ame e o he elemen o ‘ amily’. The numbe o
elemen pa ame e s is unlimi ed. All in o ma ion is epo able and can be used no only in
p ojec documen a ion o cons uc ion, bu also in he managemen o he building. How
de ailed he in o ma ion is depends on he equi emen s o he in es o and he au ho s o he
model. Pa ame e s can be u he so ed in o g oups o be e cla i y. Pa ame e s can be
nume ic, in eg al o o he YES/NO ype, among o he op ions. Mos o he pa ame e s we
c ea e and use a e ex -based. O he han using hem o epo ing, i is also possible o use
hese pa ame e s o c ea e a g aphic display o a i e plan.
5 Families
As men ioned ea lie , he model consis s o basic elemen s called ‘ amilies’. The model
c ea ed in he BIM Re i © ool no mally consis s o all h ee amily ypes: sys em-based,
model-based and embedded. C ea ing amilies is one o he ad anced con ols o he abo e-
men ioned so wa e. In he beginning, he goal was o p ocess he signs used o c ea e he i e
e acua ion plans o a building and hen use hem o c ea e hese plans. Example o some o
hese signs a e shown in Figu e 2. The ollowing basic ules a e used in he o ma ion o
amilies:
- I is a combina ion o 2D symbol and 3D objec .
- The inse ion poin is loca ed a he one edge o he symbol.
- The amily is ‘cleaned up’ and all unnecessa y i ems, such as unused ma e ials, lines and
ha ches, a e emo ed as hey a ec he esul ing ile size.
Fig. 2. Example o one o signs used o e acua ion i e plans.
6 E acua ion i e plans
A icle 33 o Dec ee No. 246/2001 Coll. on i e p e en ion s a es wha mus be included in a
gi en i e e acua ion plan. A i e e acua ion plan consis s o bo h ex and g aphics, o which
we a e obliga ed by he ollowing poin o he abo e-men ioned dec ee: “ ) g aphical
ep esen a ion o he di ec ion o escape ou es on indi idual loo s” [1]. The g aphical
po ion o an e acua ion plan is p epa ed in he o m o a loo plan on which he indi idual
loo s o he building a e plo ed ou , as well as escape ou es and di ec ions, i e
ex inguishe s, i e hyd an s, i e ala ms, he i e assembly poin and he sa e y ins uc ions in
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case o a i e o acciden . The g aphical map o he i e e acua ion plan mus also include he
posi ion in which he obse e is cu en ly loca ed. When s uc u al changes a e made o a
building, i e e acua ion plans can become ou da ed, and his can ha e a al consequences.
This p oblem could be sol ed by ha ing a main ained BI model as he basis o p ocessing
he g aphical pa o a building’s i e e acua ion plan i sel . On he g aphical po ion o a i e
e acua ion plan, apa om he loo plan, which can be upda ed, he e a e pa s o he plan
ha do no need o be changed and a e, hus, alid o all u u e plans. These s ill- alid
elemen s include he ins uc ions in he e en o a i e, he ins uc ions in he e en o an
acciden and he explana ion o wha he signs in he i e e acua ion plan mean. This is done
by means o legends, which a e copied on o he d awings o he e acua ion plans o each
indi idual loo .
7 C ea ing he g aphical po ion o he i e e acua ion plan
The ac ual c ea ion o he g aphical po ion o he i e e acua ion plan is pa ly dependen on
he da a used by he a chi ec o ci il enginee . Wi h a ew adjus men s, we can accomplish
an ex emely clea layou o an e acua ion plan in a sho space o ime, while main aining
he maximum in o ma ion necessa y o he sa e e acua ion o building occupan s. These
adjus men s include: se ing a single solid ha ch line o walls, lea ing only he numbe s and
names o ooms, u ning o he de ailed display o he illings o openings such as windows
and doo s, and lea ing only emp y openings and a numbe o o he modi ica ions. To
comple e he g aphical po ion o he i e e acua ion plan, i is necessa y o ill in he g ound
plan wi h he abo e-men ioned legend. Addi ionally, a sign wi h he exac loca ion o he i e
e acua ion plan mus be added o he plan.
Fig. 3. Pa o he e acua ion plan be o e (le side) and a e ( igh side) edi ing he g ound plan o
he building.
8 Add-on applica ion and plug-in o BIM so wa e
Almos all asks designe s o i e sa e y solu ions unde ake when designing p ojec
documen a ion can be p og ammed in o de o educe he ime he wo k akes, especially
when i comes o epea p ocesses. In his case, he e a e a ew simple commands ha , in
hei en i e y, make up a complex code. BIM so wa e Re i © p o ides a ich and powe ul
.NET API ha can be used o au oma e epe i i e asks, and ex end he co e unc ionali y o
Re i in simula ion, concep ual design, cons uc ion and building managemen , and much
mo e. I is possible o p og am Re i ’s .NET API wi h any .NET complian language,
including VB.NET, C# and C++/CLI. The So wa e De elopmen Toolki (SDK) p o ides
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MATEC Web o Con e ences 146, 01012 (2018) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /201814601012
Building De ec s 2017
case o a i e o acciden . The g aphical map o he i e e acua ion plan mus also include he
posi ion in which he obse e is cu en ly loca ed. When s uc u al changes a e made o a
building, i e e acua ion plans can become ou da ed, and his can ha e a al consequences.
This p oblem could be sol ed by ha ing a main ained BI model as he basis o p ocessing
he g aphical pa o a building’s i e e acua ion plan i sel . On he g aphical po ion o a i e
e acua ion plan, apa om he loo plan, which can be upda ed, he e a e pa s o he plan
ha do no need o be changed and a e, hus, alid o all u u e plans. These s ill- alid
elemen s include he ins uc ions in he e en o a i e, he ins uc ions in he e en o an
acciden and he explana ion o wha he signs in he i e e acua ion plan mean. This is done
by means o legends, which a e copied on o he d awings o he e acua ion plans o each
indi idual loo .
7 C ea ing he g aphical po ion o he i e e acua ion plan
The ac ual c ea ion o he g aphical po ion o he i e e acua ion plan is pa ly dependen on
he da a used by he a chi ec o ci il enginee . Wi h a ew adjus men s, we can accomplish
an ex emely clea layou o an e acua ion plan in a sho space o ime, while main aining
he maximum in o ma ion necessa y o he sa e e acua ion o building occupan s. These
adjus men s include: se ing a single solid ha ch line o walls, lea ing only he numbe s and
names o ooms, u ning o he de ailed display o he illings o openings such as windows
and doo s, and lea ing only emp y openings and a numbe o o he modi ica ions. To
comple e he g aphical po ion o he i e e acua ion plan, i is necessa y o ill in he g ound
plan wi h he abo e-men ioned legend. Addi ionally, a sign wi h he exac loca ion o he i e
e acua ion plan mus be added o he plan.
Fig. 3. Pa o he e acua ion plan be o e (le side) and a e ( igh side) edi ing he g ound plan o
he building.
8 Add-on applica ion and plug-in o BIM so wa e
Almos all asks designe s o i e sa e y solu ions unde ake when designing p ojec
documen a ion can be p og ammed in o de o educe he ime he wo k akes, especially
when i comes o epea p ocesses. In his case, he e a e a ew simple commands ha , in
hei en i e y, make up a complex code. BIM so wa e Re i © p o ides a ich and powe ul
.NET API ha can be used o au oma e epe i i e asks, and ex end he co e unc ionali y o
Re i in simula ion, concep ual design, cons uc ion and building managemen , and much
mo e. I is possible o p og am Re i ’s .NET API wi h any .NET complian language,
including VB.NET, C# and C++/CLI. The So wa e De elopmen Toolki (SDK) p o ides
ex ensi e .NET code samples and documen a ion o assis he beginning s ages o
de elopmen wi h Re i ’s API [2]. In addi ion, an applica ion ha would sa e i e sa e y
solu ion designe s a lo o wo k, and in he bes cases managed o gene a e ‘d awings’ o he
i e e acua ion plan by i sel , is in he de elopmen s ages.
9 In o ma ion model and isual p og amming
Fo hose who a e in e es ed in c ea ing hei own ools, bu a e limi ed by he p og amming
language, he s anda d BIM pa ame e s o he so wa e can be ex ended by an add-on o
isual p og amming ha uses an algo i hmic g aphics edi o en i onmen . The add-on has
been de eloped as an open sou ce p ojec , allowing de elope s and use s o ac i ely
pa icipa e in i s de elopmen and con inual imp o emen . The main di e ence be ween code
w i ing and isual p og amming is ha isual p og amming uses he associa ed nodes o
pe o m he gi en ope a ion.
Fig. 4. A sc ip assigning he co ec alues using he logic unc ion.
The e is an unlimi ed numbe o possible uses o isual p og amming. Designe s o i e
sa e y solu ions can be assis ed wi h seemingly easy s eps, as well as complica ed ones, such
as calcula ing he leng h o an escape ou e o he numbe o e acua ed people.
Fig. 5. Coun ing alues om mul iple consequen ial segmen s.
In his case, he designe would ollow se e al s eps. The i s s ep o a designe using
he ool is o c ea e a new p ojec ha is joined o he building model ha is linked o he
o iginal ile. This ensu es ha he changes made in he o iginal ile will ake e ec in he new
p ojec as well. The nex s ep is o selec he unc ion o indi idual ooms in he building.
This au oma ically assigns alues in o de o help calcula e he numbe o building occupan s.
Subsequen ly, each oom is assigned o a i e compa men , whe e o he alues can be added
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o calcula ion and he pe sons in he indi idual ooms belonging o i can be added up.
Finally, a ne wo k o escape ou es, which ep esen s he s eams o exi ing people owa ds
he open a ea, is o med in he model. A e de ining he escape ou es, he inal s ep is o un
a sc ip c ea ed using he isual p og amming plug-in. This sc ip will un a numbe o
algo i hms ha p ima ily assign he numbe o people om he i e sec o s, ollowing which
he numbe o e acua ed pe sons is assigned o he i s segmen o he escape ou e. In case
o he collision o mul iple segmen s in one place, he sc ip will decide on a g ea e alue o
e acua ed pe sons. The algo i hm is epea ed se e al imes be o e adding up he people in all
o he segmen s. The sc ip p oceeds analogically when calcula ing he leng h o he escape
ou e and he e acua ion ime. Calcula ed alues; such as he leng h o he escape ou e, he
numbe o e acuees and he e acua ion ime; can hen be epo ed in a simple way and
p o ide a comp ehensi e o e iew in o de o assess he equi emen s. Using his da a, i he
epo is unsui able; o example, an escape doo is oo na ow, o an escape ou e is oo long;
he objec can easily be edi ed and he calcula ion ecommenced.
10 Conclusion
When he e is a i e, e e y second coun s. I is i al ha i e e acua ion plans a e kep up o
da e. Thanks o BIM models and hei subsequen use, we a e able o pass on in o ma ion
quickly and wi h minimal loss. The e is a highe equi emen o i e sa e y solu ion designe s
o also ha e knowledge o in o ma ion echnology, bu hose who a e luen in p og amming
languages o a e able o use isual p og amming will sa e a lo o ime on asks ha ake up
ens o minu es o an o dina y designe ’s ime. In cases wi h a well wo king code, he e o
a e ha could a ise om he need o epea he p ocess se e al imes du ing he c ea ion o
he plan can also be minimized.
Acknowledgemen : This pape has been wo ked ou unde he p ojec No. FAST-J-17-4590 and unde
he p ojec No. FAST-S-17-4275
Re e ences
1. Ac No. 246/2001 Coll., On de e mina ion o condi ions o i e sa e y and execu ion o
s a e i e su eillance (Fi e P e en ion Regula ion) (Collec ion o Laws, P ague, 2001).
A ailable on h ps://www.zakonyp olidi.cz/cs/2001-246
2. Au odesk De elope Ne wo k. A ailable on
h p://usa.au odesk.com/adsk/se le /index?si eID=123112&id=2484975
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MATEC Web o Con e ences 146, 01012 (2018) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /201814601012
Building De ec s 2017