Di iš P., Pořízka J., Vespalco á M., Ma ějíček A., Kaplan J. 2015. Elemen al
composi ion o ui s om di e en Black elde (Sambucus nig a L.) cul i-
a s g own in he Czech Republic. J. Elem., 20(3): 549-557. DOI: 10.5601/
jelem.2015.20.1.758
Jou nal o Elemen ology ISSN 1644-2296
O iginal pape s
ElEmEn al composi ion o ui s
om di E En Black EldE
(SambucuS nig a l.) cul i a s g own
in hE czEch EpuBlic*
pa el di iš1, Ja omí Pořízka1, milena espalco á1,
Aleš Ma ějíček2, Jiří Kaplan2
1depa men o ood chemis y and Bio echnology
B no uni e si y o echnology, acul y o chemis y
2 esea ch and B eeding ins i u e o pomology, holo ousy l d.
abs ac
Black elde is a deciduous sh ub widely used in medicine, pha macy and ood indus y.
This s udy p esen s a compa ison o he elemen al composi ion o ui s (be ies) om he Black
elde (Sambucus nig a L.) cul i a s Albida, Boha ka, Dana, Heidegg13, Mammu and Sambo,
g own in he Czech Republic and ha es ed in wo seasons (2011 and 2013). The ui s we e
collec ed a ull ma u i y om an expe imen al o cha d a he Resea ch and B eeding Ins i u e
o Pomology, Holo ousy L d. The aw ma e ial was decomposed using ho ni ic acid and he
de e mina ion o he elemen al con en (Ca, K, P, Zn. Cu, Mn, Na, Mg) was pe o med by induc-
i ely coupled a omic emission spec ome y in acco dance wi h a alid ISO s anda d.
Concen a ion o all he analyzed elemen s in he a ious Sambucus nig a cul i a s was di -
e en , and he di e ences we e s a is ically signi ican (p < 0.05). All he in es iga ed cul i a s
we e a good sou ce o majo and ace elemen s. The concen a ion o he analyzed elemen s in
Sambucus nig a dec eased in he ollowing o de K > Ca > P > Mg > Na > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu. The
esul s demons a ed ha Sambucus nig a ui s can be used as unc ional ood in p e en ion and
ea men o diseases associa ed wi h de iciency o elemen s in he human die . On a e age, 100 g
o Sambucus nig a ui s can co e abou 20% o he ecommended die a y allowance o main ele-
men s o women and men. In e ms o he con en o indi idual elemen s, he cul i a s Albida and
Sambo ha e p o en o be mos p omising. The chemical composi ion o Sambucus nig a a ied wi h
he yea o ha es , bu he a ia ion in he elemen al con en did no exceed 20% in mos cases.
keywo ds: Sambucus nig a, elde be y, ui , majo and mino me als, spec ome y.
assoc. p o . Pa el Di iš, PhD, Depa men o Food Chemis y and Bio echnology, B no Uni e -
si y o Technology, Pu kyňo a 118, 612 00 B no, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
* This wo k was suppo ed by p ojec NP MZe CR 206553/2011-17253 and in as uc u e o he
p ojec s CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0116 and CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0012 was used du ing his wo k.
550
in oduc ion
Black elde (Sambucus nig a L.) is one o he neglec ed c ops in he
Czech Republic, bu wi h g ea po en ial o use. F om a o al o app oxima-
ely 25 species o he genus Sambucus na u ally widesp ead o in oduced in
all egions a ound he wo ld, only Sambucus nig a bea ing edible ui which
has a na u al ange o occu ence co e ing he Czech Republic.
Sambucus nig a is a all, ee-like sh ub, na i e o Eu ope, Asia and
No h A ica, and na u alized in he USA. In he USA, i is known as Sam-
bucus nig a L. ssp. canadiensis (Cha lebois e al. 2010). The sh ub blooms
du ing he ea ly summe wi h small, whi e lowe s c ea ing la , compound
umbels ha de elop in o shiny, pu plish-black be ies by la e summe and
ea ly all (a kinson, a kinson 2002, Cha lebois e al. 2010). Elde lowe s
and ui s ha e been known o cen u ies o hei healing p ope ies. Elde
lowe s and be ies a e ich in bene icial ing edien s such as la onoids, poly-
phenolic compounds, di e en o ganic acids, an hocyanins o asco bic acid,
which help o p e en o ea cance , ca dio ascula diseases o neu odege-
ne a i e diso de s (Ma, Wu 2012, Ca e o e al. 2013, FolMe e al. 2014).
Elde lowe s a e used mainly o p epa a ion o ex ac s ich in la onoids
and phenolic compounds (Ch is ensen e al. 2008); o he han ha , elde
be ies a e also widely used in ood indus y o p oduce elde be y jam,
yoghu , juice o wine (kaaCk, aus ed 1998, kaaCk e al. 2008, Cha lebois e
al. 2010, sChMi ze e al. 2010). Owing o he high con en o an hocyanins,
elde be y juice is also used as a na u al ood colou ing agen (zaF illa e al.
1998, hubbe Mann e al. 2006).
Whe eas he composi ion o elde be ies in e ms o o ganic ma e is
e y well desc ibed by many au ho s (Jakobek e al. 2007, M a iniC, Fo i iC
2007, lee, Finn 2007, oChMian e al. 2009, ebe iC e al. 2009), he e is a
sho age o s udies dealing wi h he elemen al composi ion o elde be ies,
al hough some o he me als hey con ain play an impo an ole in he hu-
man body. The e o e, his s udy’s aim has been o in es iga e he elemen al
composi ion o Black elde (Sambucus nig a L.) be ies om six di e en
Sambucus nig a cul i a s g own in he Czech Republic.
ma E ial and mE hods
Fo he calib a ion o an ICP-OES ins umen , ce i ied solu ions o he
a ge me als (1 g dm-3, As asol, Analy ika, Czech Republic) we e used. Ni ic
acid (Analpu e, Analy ika) se ed o diges ion o Sambucus nig a samples.
All wa e used in his s udy was ul apu e wa e p epa ed in an ELGA s a-
ion (Veolia Wa e sys ems L d., UK). Quali y con ol ma e ial (QCM) ME-
TRANAL No. 3 con aining di e en me als in s awbe y lea es ma ix
551
(Analy ika) was used o e i y he p ope unc ion o he ICP-OES ins u-
men .
All he analyzes we e pe o med on an ICP-OES (Ul ima 2, Ho iba Jobin
Y on, F ance) equipped wi h a Mainha d- ype nebulise and a cyclonic sp ay
chambe . Be o e he analyses, he ICP–OES ope a ing condi ions we e op i-
mised by measu ing he a io o he in ensi ies o he magnesium 280 and
285 nm spec al lines and by measu ing he a io o signal and backg ound
(SBR). The op imal wa eleng hs we e chosen om he in e na ional s an-
da d ČSN EN ISO 11885 in o de o achie e su icien sensi i i y and he
leas in e e ence. The op imal condi ions o he ICP–OES analysis we e:
pe is al ic pump o a ion 20 pm, nebulise p essu e 0.29 MPa and gene a o
powe 1200 W. The chosen wa eleng h and he esul s om he analyses on
QCM a e summa ized in Table 1. Fo sample weighing, an analy ical balan-
ce AND HA-202M (A&D Company, Japan) was used. Samples we e shaken
in a GFL 3006 shake (Gesselscha ü Labo a o echnik mbH, Ge many)
and hea ed on a Ge ha d hea ing pla e (Ge ha d Bonn, Ge many).
All o he Sambucus nig a cul i a s we e g own in he Czech Republic,
a he Resea ch and B eeding Ins i u e o Pomology Holo ousy L d.
(50°22′29′′ N, 15°34′38′′ E, 321 m al .), in an expe imen al o cha d es a-
blished in au umn 2008. The soil in he expe imen al o cha d is hea y loamy
clay soil wi h he minimum hickness o 60-80 cm. The bed ock consis s o
clay s one. The a e age annual empe a u e in he locali y is 8.14°C. The
a e age annual ain all is 655 mm and he a e age ain all du ing he plan
g owing pe iod is 379 mm. No pes icides we e used du ing he cul i a ion.
The Sambucus nig a be ies we e ha es ed a ull ma u i y, a he end o
Augus 2011 and 2013, and s o ed a −18°C p io o he analyses, which
Table 1
An o e iew o he wa eleng hs used o sample analyses on an ICP-OES and esul s om
he analysis o quali y con ol ma e ial Me anal 3 (a i hme ic mean ± s anda d de ia ion)
Elemen
ICP-OES
wa elengh
(nm)
QCM
ce i ied alue
(mg kg-1)
QCM
Real alue
(mg kg-1)
Reco e y
(%)
Zn 206.191 27.1 ± 1.8 24.4 ± 1.6 90
Mn 257.610 187 ± 18 174 ± 21 93
Fe 259.940 912 ± 90 866 ± 55 95
Mg 285.213 4210 ± 420 4294 ± 379 102
Cu 324.750 8.68 ± 0.76 8.33 ± 0.69 96
P213.618 n.a. * *
Ca 422.673 n.a. * *
Na 588.900 n.a. * *
K766.490 21200 ± 2100 22472 ± 1932 106
n.a. – no a ailable
552
we e pe o med as soon as possible. The analyzed cul i a s o Sambucus
nig a we e: Albida, Boha ka, Dana, Heidegg13, Mammu and Sambo. Basic
cha ac e isa ion o he cul i a s is gi en in Table 2.
App oxima ely one g am o Sambucus nig a be ies was weighed ou
on an analy ical balance and each sample was ans e ed o a 0.05 dm-3
E lenmaye lask. A o al amoun o 0.02 dm-3 o ni ic acid was added o
each sample and he samples we e shaken o e nigh . A e shaking, he
E lenmaye lasks wi h he samples we e ans e ed on a hea ing pla e and
hea ed o 60 min un il comple e decomposi ion o he samples. A e cooling
down, he samples we e ans e ed in o 0.1 dm-3 olume ic lasks and illed
up wi h deionised wa e . Each o he Sambucus nig a cul i a was decompo-
sed and analyzed h ee imes. The same p ocedu e was applied o p epa e
quali y con ol ma e ial samples.
All concen a ions we e exp essed as means and he s anda d de ia ion.
The concen a ions in mg kg-1 we e calcula ed om he equa ion 1:
cm = cs V / m,
whe e cm is he concen a ion o a gi en elemen in mg kg-1, cs – he concen-
a ion o his elemen in he analyzed solu ion (mg dm-3), V – he olume o
he analyzed solu ion (dm3) and m – he weigh o he sample used o he
analysis (kg). The da a we e u he analyzed wi h he XLS a and Mic oso
Excel so wa e. Tes ing o he signi icance o mean e ec s and in e ac ions
on all a iables was accomplsihed using Ano a analysis o a iance and he
Tukey’s es . S a is ical signi icance was se a P = 0.05.
Esul s and discussion
The esul s om he analyses o Sambucus nig a cul i a s ha es ed in
2011 a e summa ized in Table 3. The con en o all he elemen s, excep cop-
Table 2
Cha ac e iza ion o Sambucus nig a cul i a s examina ed in his s udy
Cul i a s F ui mass*
(g)
D y mass
(%)
Reducing
suga s
(%)
Ti a able
acidi y**
(g kg-1)
Albida 22.2 16.1 5.2 27.2
Boha ka 38.5 14.3 4.9 25.7
Dana 39.6 13.6 5.2 22.8
Heidegg 13 39.6 15.3 3.0 32.7
Mammu 39.3 14.5 5.4 30.4
Sambo 39.4 14.6 2.8 44.0
*– in uc escences mass, ** – exp essed as ci ic acid – all alues a e exp essed as an a e age
553
pe , a ied be ween he cul i a s, and he di e ences we e s a is ically sig-
ni ican (p < 0.05). All o he analyzed cul i a s had high concen a ions o
po assium, calcium, magnesium and phospho us. The highes con en o
hese elemen s was ound in he cul i a Sambo. The concen a ion o sodi-
um in Heidegg13 was app oxima ely 7 imes highe (146 mg kg-1) han he
amoun o sodium in he o he i e cul i a s. The cul i a Mammu con-
ained he highes concen a ion o i on (29.8 mg kg-1). The highes concen-
a ions o zinc (11.3 mg kg-1) and manganese (9.5 mg kg-1) we e ound in c .
Albida. In compa ison wi h he o he analyzed elemen s, he concen a ion o
coppe in all Sambucus nig a cul i a s was low, 1.9 mg kg-1 on a e age.
The esul s om he analyses o Sambucus nig a be ies ha es ed in
2013 a e summa ized in Table 4. Simila ly o he da a ob ained om he
Table 3
Mine al con en in Sambucus nig a cul i a s ha es ed in 2011 (mg kg-1 esh weigh )
Elemen Cul i a
Albida Boha ka Dana Heidegg13 Mammu Sambo
Ca 1008±32bc 1080±64b885±12c906±20c938±15c1528±30a
K4979±68b4461±211c4397±50c4673±114bc 4924±50b5494±62a
Na 53±1b18.8±0.8d34±1c146±5a20±1d19.0±0.9d
P872±23b735±21c823±17b818±31bc 1077±5a1131±36a
Mg 575±13b448±11c419±1d408±6d572±5b739±6a
Mn 9.5±0.4a5.9±0.5b4.7±0.3bc 3.6±0.4c3.9±0.4c3.8±0.4c
Fe 17.6±0.4bc 19±1b17.7±0.6bc 14±0,6d29.8±0.4a16.1±0.4cd
Zn 11.3±0.5a5.1±0.4d6.6±0.4bc 5.4±0.3cd 6.4±0.4bcd 7.1±0.4b
Cu 1.81±0.22a1.9±0.3a1.7±0.4a1.8±0.4a2.0±0.5a1.9±0.4a
Values in he same ow wi h di e en le e s a e signi ican ly di e en a p < 0.05.
Table 4
Mine al con en in Sambucus nig a cul i a s ha es ed in 2013 (mg kg-1 esh weigh )
Elemen Cul i a
Albida Boha ka Dana Heidegg13 Mammu Sambo
Ca 977±23ab 885±25b944±45ab 585±38c574±28c1009±33a
K3165±34cd 2953±7d3199±101c3863±8b4201±53a4221±86a
Na 35±3a13.0±0.4c18.3±0.6b13.7±0.3c13.4±0.4c13.1±0.5c
P1230±19b997±16d1085±16c983±17d1337±21a1234±12b
Mg 636±3a403±5d426±2c396±5d526±2b533±1b
Mn 8.1±0,4a6.3±0.4b6,2±0.4b4,7±0.4c5.4±0.4bc 6.7±0.4b
Fe 21±2c16.5±0.5d84.7±0.6a46.6±0.8b12.4±0.4e44.3±0.7b
Zn 3.3±0.4a3.4 ±0.4a2.86±0.22b1.9±0.3c2.0±0.4c1.9±0.4c
Cu 1.9±0.4a1.8± 0.5a2.4±0.4b1.9±0.4a2.9±0.4b1.7±0.3a
Values in he same ow wi h di e en le e s a e signi ican ly di e en a p < 0.05.

554
2011 season samples, he elemen al concen a ions we e signi ican ly di -
e en (p < 0.05) be ween he cul i a s. The highes concen a ions o po as-
sium (4221 mg kg-1) and calcium (1009 mg kg-1) we e ound in Sambo cul i-
a and he highes concen a ion o phospho ous was de ec ed in Mammu
(1337 mg kg-1). F ui s o c . Albida con ained he highes concen a ion o
magnesium (575 mg kg-1), sodium (53 mg kg-1) and manganese (9.5 mg kg-1),
while ui s o c . Dana con ained he highes concen a ion o i on (84.7 mg kg-1).
Concen a ions o coppe we e compa able in all he cul i a s, 2 mg kg-1 on
a e age. A highe concen a ion o zinc was ound in Albida and Boha ka
(3.4 mg kg-1).
Compa ing be ies om he di e en cul i a s o Sambucus nig a
ha es ed in 2011 and 2013, i was ound ha he a e age con en o zinc,
magnesium, calcium, sodium and po assium was highe in he 2011 season.
The be ies o Sambucus nig a cul i a s ha es ed in 2013 had highe a e-
age concen a ions o manganese, i on, phospho us and coppe han
ha es ed in 2011. The clima ic condi ions o he ha es yea s a e summa-
ized in Figu e 1. The a e age mon hly empe a u e and p ecipi a ion we e
compa able in bo h ha es yea s. The a e age mon hly du a ion o sunshi-
ne, howe e , was highe in 2011. The highe a e age mon hly du a ion o
sunshine in 2011 p obably suppo ed he pho osyn he ic p ocesses in Sambu-
cus nig a, which could ha e a ec ed he con en o some elemen s in Sambu-
cus nig a ui s (a kinson e al. 2006).
In he p esen li e a u e, he e is sca ci y o in o ma ion on he elemen-
al composi ion o Sambucus nig a. This s udy has shown ha Sambucus
nig a is an impo an sou ce o mac o- and mic oelemen s, especially magne-
Fig. 1. Tempe a u e (°C), p ecipi a ion (mm) and sunshine (h) du ing he cul i a ion
o Sambucus nig a (da a om he Czech Hyd ome o ological Ins i u e)
555
sium, phospho ous, manganese, i on and coppe . Magnesium, i on, phospho-
ous and manganese a e needed in human nu i ion o heal hy ee h, no -
mal blood clo ing, p ope ne ous sys em unc ioning, ene gy me abolism
and o ma ion o haemoglobin (lukaski 2004, P en iCe e al. 2006, akeda e
al. 2012), while coppe is p esen in a la ge a ie y o enzymes wi h many
unc ions, and is impo an o p ope b ain unc ion (sCheibe e al. 2014,
sie Pinska e al. 2014). On a e age, 100 g o Sambucus nig a ui s can co e
10% ecommended die a y allowance o women and men (RDA) o po as-
sium and calcium, 0.2% RDA o sodium, 15% RDA o phospho ous and ma-
gnesium, 30% RDA o manganese, 20% RDA o i on, 2% RDA o zinc and
25% RDA o coppe . Chi igiu e al. (2012) analyzed coppe , zinc and i on in
Sambucus ebulus L. The concen a ion o i on and zinc in Sambucus ebulus
was signi ican ly highe han in Sambucus nig a cul i a s analyzed in his
s udy; howe e , he concen a ion o coppe was compa able in bo h elde be -
y species. kolodzieJ e al. (2012) ound a highe concen a ion o po assium,
calcium and magnesium in Sambucus nig a compa ed o Sambucus nig a
cul i a s in es iga ed in his s udy, while he concen a ions o i on, manga-
nese, coppe and zinc we e compa able o he a e age concen a ions o hose
elemen s in Sambucus nig a cul i a s de e mined in his s udy. Signi ican ly
lowe concen a ions o calcium and phospho ous in Sambucus nig a compa-
ed o his s udy we e published by Cha lebois e al. (2010).
conclusion
This s udy e ealed ha Black elde ui s, in addi ion o being a good
sou ce o o ganic compounds, can also supply consume s wi h majo and
ace elemen s. Consump ion o 100 g o Black elde ui s co e s abou
0.2–30% o he ecommended die a y allowance o calcium, po assium,
sodium, phospho ous, magnesium, manganese, i on, zinc and coppe o wo-
men and men. The highes concen a ion o hese elemen s was ound in he
cul i a s Albida and Sambo. The elemen al composi ion o Black elde ui s
can di e wi h he yea o ha es ; howe e , he obse ed de ia ion in he
mine al composi ion was usually less han 20%. The esul s o his esea ch
can c ea e addi ional c i e ia o selec ion o sui able cul i a s g own by a -
me s o p ocessing by he ood indus y as well as o local p oduc ion and
home p ocessing.
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