IOP Con e ence Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing
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The e ec o hyd ophobiza ion on he p ope ies o
mo a mix u es
To ci e his a icle: V No ak and J Zach 2018 IOP Con . Se .: Ma e . Sci. Eng. 385 012040
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IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 385 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/385/1/012040
The e ec o hyd ophobiza ion on he p ope ies o mo a
mix u es
V No ak and J Zach
B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Ins i u e o Technology o
Building Ma e ials and Componen s, Ve e i 331/95, 602 00 B no, Czech Republic
Abs ac . One o he possible me hods o educe deg ada ion e ec s due o he in luence o
mois u e on building s uc u es and ma e ials is he use o hyd ophobic agen s -
hyd ophobiza ion. The a icle deals wi h he in luence o he hyd ophobic p epa a ions use on
he change o mo a mix u es p ope ies, whe e no only he impac on capilla y abso p ion,
bu also o he key p ope ies which can be in luenced by he applica ion o he hyd ophobic
agen , a e moni o ed. By ealizing a wide ange o measu emen s, op imal concen a ions we e
de e mined o achie e p ope ies compa able wi h he ehabili a ion ma e ials wi hou nega i e
e ec on o he key p ope ies o mo a mix u es, when is mainly a signi ican educ ion o he
capilla y abso p ion ac o o mo a mix u es only a iny changing he he mal conduc i i y
ac o o he mo a mix u es and wi hou p o ed changing he o he moni o ed p ope ies.
1. In oduc ion
One o he main ac o s ha can signi ican ly educe he du abili y o he building is he in luence
e ec o mois u e [1]. In pa icula , his is a liquid o m o mois u e, which is p ima ily ge ing in
cons uc ion due o a di ec exposu e o he cons uc ion o he mois u e. In his case, he mois u e in
he cons uc ion sp eads h ough he capilla y sys em o ma e ials - capilla y abso p ion [2-3]. The
mos e ec i e p o ec ion agains his exposu e o mois u e is o p e en con ac o mois u e in he
liquid o m wi h he cons uc ion o he use o special ma e ials o his pu pose - wa e p oo ing. In
case o ailu e o hese p o ec ion me hods, ei he due o inapp op ia e design and use o he building,
unp o essional applica ion o mechanical damage o wa e p oo ing, o educe he impac o mois u e
deg ada ion i is possible o use educing capilla y abso p ion o building ma e ials. One o he
possible measu es is he hyd ophobiza ion o building ma e ials and mo a mix u es om which he
s uc u es a e made [4-5].
2. Tes ed ma e ials
Fo he expe imen al pa , ou basic mo a mix u es we e chosen - mason y mo a s and plas e s.
This is a basic mason y mo a o all mason y wo ks, ough coa ing plas e and mason y mo a
applicable o mason y and coa ing plas e ing. A de ailed desc ip ion is gi en in able 1.
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Cons uma 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 385 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/385/1/012040
Table 1. O e iew and desc ip ion o he es ed mo a mix u es [6].
Desc ip ion
Applica ion
Baumi
MM 50
Indus ially manu ac u ed d y mo a
mix u e o manual and machine
p ocessing.
Mason y mo a o all ypes o common
mason y elemen s, o suppo ing walls,
pa i ions and chimney bodies.
Baumi
Manu 4
Indus ially manu ac u ed d y plas e
mix u e o manual p ocessing in he
ex e io and in e io .
Rough coa ing plas e o manual plas e ing,
usable bo h in ex e io and in e io .
Baumi
DuoDu
Indus ially manu ac u ed d y mix u e
sui able as mason y mo a as a
uni e sal plas e o manual p ocessing.
Mason y mo a o all ypes o common
mason y elemen s, o suppo ing walls and
pa i ions. Coa ing plas e o manual
plas e ing, usable bo h in ex e io and in e io .
The selec ed mix u es we e mixed wi h wa e acco ding o he manu ac u e 's ecommenda ions
and he indi idual consis encies we e moni o ed by spill on a jogging able acco ding o Eu opean
s anda d
EN 1015-3 Tes ing me hods o mason y mo a s. Tes specimens we e p epa ed om indi idual
mix u es, esp. om he pu e e e ence mix u e and subsequen ly wi h he addi ion o a hyd ophobic
agen . The hyd ophobic agen was dosed o a o al olume o mix u e in an amoun o 0.2 %, 0.6 %
and 1.0 %. I was a silicone emulsion hyd ophobic agen wi h a ecommended dosage o 0.5 o 0.8 %
o he inished mo a mix u e olume. Silicone based hyd ophobic agen s wo k on p inciple o
changing he physical-chemical p ope ies o he ma e ial, in pa icula in a subs an ial inc ease o he
we ing angle, which signi ican ly educes he abso p ion o mois u e in he liquid o m in o he
ma e ial.
3. Tes ing me hodology
Tes specimens we e p oduced om indi idual mo a mix u es, namely 40 mm x 40 mm x 160 mm
beam o he densi y in esh and ma u ed s a e and he capilla y wa e abso p ion de e mining. Slabs
300 mm x 300 mm x 50 mm we e also p oduced o de e mine he he mal conduc i i y ac o and
ci cula samples o de e mine he di usion esis ance ac o .
3.1. Bulk densi y
The densi y in he esh s a e was de e mined on 40 mm x 40 mm x 160 mm beams. By weighing he
iple o ms du ing p oduc ion o he es specimens [7]. The densi y in he ma u ed s a e was
de e mined a e 7 and 28 days o aging.
3.2. Adhesion
The e ec o he hyd ophobic agen on he adhesion bo h on he e e ence su ace - conc e e and
ce amic mason y blocks was es ed in he ecipes. In case o adhesion o he conc e e su ace, he
indi idual mix u es we e applied in a uni o m 10 mm hick laye o p e-mois ened conc e e slabs. In
he case o adhesion o ce amic mason y i ings, he indi idual mix u es we e also applied a a
hickness o 10 mm in wid h o he ce amic wall i ings. In bo h cases, a e 28 days o sample
ma u a ion, s eel a ge s wi h a diame e o 50 mm by using wo-componen Sikadu glue we e glued
on he specimens. A e cu ing, he a ge s we e cu wi h he angle g inde in acco dance wi h he
ele an s anda d, always h ough he es ed mix u e o he subbase, and subsequen ly he adhesion by
he DYNA Z 16 de ice was de e mined [8].
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IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 385 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/385/1/012040
3.3. Capilla y abso p ion
De e mina ion o capilla y abso p ion was pe o med on he beams made o his pu pose. All o he
longe su aces mus i s be p o ided wi h a wa e p oo ing coa ing so ha wa e could hen low
h ough only he lowe squa e su ace. A e he wa e p oo ing coa was ma u ed, he beams we e
b oken ans e sely in o wo hal es. Each beam was weighed and wi h b oken side down was pu in o
a plas ic con aine on a g id. The beams we e wa e ed up o a heigh o 5 o 10 mm om he bo om
su ace. A speci ied imes, he weigh gain o he es specimens was moni o ed as a esul o wa e
abso p ion. A e he las weighing, each beam was longi udinally b oken by a hamme and a s eel
chisel. On he ac u e a ea o he sample was measu ed he heigh o he wa e ising [9].
3.4. Di usion esis ance
The p inciple o de e mining he di usion esis ance o mix u es consis s o accu a ely moni o ing he
amoun o mois u e passing h ough by he ma e ial de ined su ace and he hickness o he ma e ial
a ixed bounda y en i onmen al condi ions. P io o he s a o es ing, indi idual specimens we e
co e ed wi h silicone h oughou hei heigh o ensu e a de ined a ea. The specimens hus p epa ed
we e ixed by silicone on special es ing essels illed wi h d ied silica gel. The essels we e placed in
clima e chambe wi h a de ined en i onmen o +23 °C and 80 % ela i e humidi y. App oxima ely
e e y 12 hou s, he essels wi h es specimens we e weighed and he di usion esis ance ac o was
de e mined om he weigh gain due o mois u e passing h ough he silica gel [10].
3.5. The mal conduc i i y
The he mal conduc i i y ac o was de e mined on pla es 300 mm x 300 mm x 50 mm by a s a iona y
pla e me hod on a Holome ix Lambda 2300 de ice based on a s a iona y pla e me hod. P io o he
measu emen , he la ness o he su ace o each slab was checked and he slab was g ounded i
necessa y. The de e mina ion o he he mal conduc i i y ac o was pe o med in a s eady s a e a an
a e age empe a u e o +10 °C and a empe a u e g adien o 10 K. The measu emen was always
made on h ee es specimens (on each specimen was ealized he de e mina ion o he he mal
conduc i i y ac o in o al a 5 consecu i e in e als) which we e d ied a a empe a u e o +75 °C o a
cons an weigh . The inal esul p esen ed is he a i hme ic mean o hese h ee measu emen s [11-12].
4. In luence o he hyd ophobic agen on he p ope ies o mo a mix u es
Fo mo a mix u es, he e ec o he hyd ophobic agen on he densi y was moni o ed bo h in he
esh s a e and a he ma u a ion pe iod a e 7 and 28 days ( able 2).
F om e e ed alues, i appea s ha by adding he hyd ophobic agen o he mo a mix u es, in
almos all o he specimens is densi y in he esh s a e and du ing ma u a ion educed. The e was no
dependence be ween he size o he hyd ophobic agen addi ion o he mix u e and i s densi y. In
gene al, he addi ion o he hyd ophobic agen o he mix u es does no ha e a signi ican e ec on he
densi y.
Table 2. Summa y o e iew o densi ies o hyd ophobic mo a mix u es.
Addi ion o
hyd ophobic agen [%]
Baumi
Manu 4
Baumi
DuoDu
Baumi
MM 50
Densi y esh s a e
ρ [kg/m3]
0.0
1947
1950
2051
0.2
1878
1953
1653
0.6
1911
1924
1859
1.0
1855
1979
1784
Densi y 7 days
ρ [kg/m3]
0.0
1721
1694
1854
0.2
1631
1720
1748
0.6
1656
1705
1643
1.0
1638
1654
1594
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Cons uma 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 385 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/385/1/012040
Densi y 28 days
ρ [kg/m3]
0.0
1749
1724
1824
0.2
1575
1696
1711
0,6
1642
1688
1592
1.0
1620
1601
1581
A e 28 days o ma u a ion, he hyd ophobic agen e ec on he p ope ies o he mo a mix u es
was moni o ed ( able 3). Capilla y abso p ion, adhesion, di usion p ope ies and he mal insula ing
p ope ies we e moni o ed.
Table 3. Summa y o e iew o adhesions o hyd ophobic mo a mix u es.
Addi ion o
hyd ophobic agen [%]
Baumi
Manu 4
Baumi
DuoDu
Baumi
MM 50
Adhesion s eng h on conc e e
[MPa]
0.0
0.12
0.10
0.54
0.2
0.14
0.11
0.10
0.6
0.11
0.21
0.54
1.0
0.13
0.11
0.34
Adhesion s eng h on b ick
[MPa]
0.0
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.2
0.06
0.03
0.12
0.6
0.07
0.07
0.05
1.0
0.03
0.05
0.12
F om he esul ing alues, no e ec o he hyd ophobic agen on adhesion o mix u es o conc e e
o ce amic su aces is appa en .
Table 4. Summa y o e iew o changes in p ope ies o mo a mix u es.
Addi ion o
hyd ophobic agen
[%]
Capilla y
abso p ion
C [kg/m2]
The mal
conduc i i y ac o
λ [W/(m.K)]
Di usion
esis ance ac o
µ [-]
Baumi Manu 4
0.0
18.25
0.4651
4.26
0.2
17.30
0.5251
4.06
0.6
12.30
0.4313
4.49
1.0
2.85
0.4060
4.75
Baumi DuoDu
0.0
17.95
0.4668
3.81
0.2
16.05
0.5455
3.75
0.6
14.00
0.4895
4.10
1.0
2.55
0.4635
4.04
Baumi MM 50
0.0
14.45
0.6227
4.60
0.2
14.20
0.6759
4.95
0.6
5.75
0.6165
4.54
1.0
1.50
0.5340
4.41
F om he alues o he capilla y abso p ions lis ed in able 4 he posi i e e ec o he hyd ophobic
agen addi ion o he mo a mix u es clea ly e iden . The e was an indi ec p opo ionali y be ween
he inc easing dose o he hyd ophobic agen and he capilla y abso p ion coe icien s; he e o e, he
capilla y abso p ion coe icien s a e educed by inc easing he hyd ophobic agen dosage in all es
mix u es.
Wi h Manu 4, DuoDu and MM 50 mo a mix u es, he same e ec o he addi ion o he
hyd ophobic agen on he he mal insula ion p ope ies is e iden . Adding a small amoun , namely
0.2 % will inc ease he he mal conduc i i y ac o . On he con a y, wi h inc easing amoun s o added
hyd ophobic agen in plas e mix u es, he ac o o he mal conduc i i y dec eases, a a concen a ion
o 1.0 % will be eached lowe alues han o plas e mix u es wi hou he use o a hyd ophobic agen .

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Cons uma 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 385 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/385/1/012040
No dependence o he di usion esis ance ac o due o he addi ion o he hyd ophobic agen o he
mix u e has been p o ed o he es ed mo a mix u es. The addi ion o he hyd ophobic agen has
always had a di e en e ec on he di usion esis ance ac o .
5. Conclusion
The esul s o he p e ious chap e clea ly con i m he posi i e e ec o he hyd ophobic agen on
mo a mix u es. This is mainly a signi ican educ ion o he capilla y abso p ion ac o o mo a
mix u es, when simila p ope ies o capilla y abso p ion as achie ed by ehabili a ion mix u es we e
achie ed by adding 1.0% hyd ophobic agen o he Baumi Manu 4, Baumi DuoDu and
Baumi MM 50 es ed mo a mix u es. The addi ion o hyd ophobic agen in an amoun o 1.0 % also
seems op imal in e ms o he change in he mal insula ion p ope ies, when by he addi ion is sligh ly
educed he he mal conduc i i y ac o o he mo a mix u es. The e ec o he hyd ophobic agen
has no been p o ed o he o he moni o ed p ope ies, which is also posi i e, especially in e ms o
adhesion, which did no show a signi ican dec ease wi h he addi ion o 1.0% hyd ophobic agen .
In case i is desi ed o achie e capilla y abso p ion alues o mo a mix u es compa able o
ehabili a ion plas e alues, wi hou e ec on changes in o he p ope ies o mo a mix u es, he
op imal dosing o he hyd ophobic agen was p o ed o be 1.0%.
Acknowledgemen s
This pape has been wo ked ou unde he p ojec No. LO1408 "AdMaS UP - Ad anced Ma e ials,
S uc u es and Technologies", suppo ed by Minis y o Educa ion, You h and Spo s unde he
„Na ional Sus ainabili y P og amme I".
Re e ences
[1] Annila P J, Hellemaa M, Pakkala TA, Lahdensi u J, Suonke o J and Pen i M 2017 Case
S udies in Cons uc ion Ma e ials (Ams e dam: Else ie ) p 103-108
[2] Zhao J and Meissene F 2017 Ene gy P ocedia (Ams e dam: Else ie ) p 261-266
[3] Hall Ch, Ho W D, Viles H A and Eklund J A 2010 P oceedings o The Royal Socie y A
(London: Royal Socie y Open Science) p 194-211
[4] CSN 73 0600: 2000 Wa e p oo ing o buildings - Basic p o isions
[5] CSN 73 0610: 2000 Wa e p oo ing o buildings - The ehabili a ion o damp mason y and
addi ional p o ec ion o buildings agains g ound mois u e and agains a mosphe ic wa e –
Basic p o ision
[6] Baumi h ps://www.baumi .cz/p oduk y (online)
[7] EN 1015-6: 1998 Me hods o es o mo a o mason y - Pa 6: De e mina ion o bulk
densi y o esh mo a
[8] EN 1015-12: 2016 Me hods o es o mo a o mason y - Pa 12: De e mina ion o
adhesi e s eng h o ha dened ende ing and plas e ing mo a s on subs a es
[9] EN 1015-18: 2002 Me hods o es o mo a o mason y - Pa 18: De e mina ion o wa e
abso p ion coe icien due o capilla i y ac ion o
ha dened mo a
[10] EN 1015-19: 1998 Me hods o es o mo a o mason y - Pa 19: De e mina ion o wa e
apou pe meabili y o ha dened ende ing and plas e ing mo a s
[11] EN 12667: 2001 The mal pe o mance o building ma e ials and p oduc s - De e mina ion o
he mal esis ance by means o gua ded ho pla e and hea low me e me hods - P oduc s o
high and medium he mal esis ance
[12] CSN 72 7012-1: 1994 De e mina ion o S eady S a e The mal Conduc i i y o Ma e ials. Ho
Pla e Me hods