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P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 43 (2023) 160–165
2452-3216
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2023 The Au ho s. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
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Pee - e iew unde he esponsibili y o MSMF10 o ganize s.
10.1016/j.p os .2022.12.252
10.1016/j.p os .2022.12.252 2452-3216
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h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
)
Pee - e iew unde he esponsibili y o MSMF10 o ganize s.
A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com
ScienceDi ec
S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000
www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia
2452-3216 © 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Pee - e iew unde he esponsibili y o MSMF10 o ganize s.
10 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ma e ials S uc u e and Mic omechanics o F ac u e
E ec s o annealing empe a u e on mic os uc u e and mechanical
p ope ies o cold sp ayed AA7075
Jakub Judasa*, Jose Zaple ala, Lukáš Řehořeka, Ví Jana
a B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, B no, Czech Republic
Abs ac
This pape examines he so ening beha iou o cold sp ayed 7075 aluminum alloy a e iso he mal annealing. The as- ecei ed
powde was deposi ed by a high-p essu e cold sp ay de ice using hea ed ni ogen as p opellan gas. To in es iga e he e ec s o
pos -deposi ion hea ea men , he excised samples we e isoch onally annealed in he empe a u e ange o 200 o 400 °C. The
eeds ock powde and he ee-s anding coa ings we e ini ially cha ac e ized h ough a ious elec on mic oscopy echniques (SEM,
EDS, EBSD) and ele an mic os uc u al ea u es we e de e mined. Mechanical p ope ies o he as-sp ayed and hea - ea ed
samples we e e alua ed by quasi-s a ic ensile and mic oha dness es ing. I has been shown ha ex ensi e plas ic de o ma ion
du ing cold sp aying esul ed in a dense coa ing wi h ela i ely low in e nal po osi y. Specimens in an as-deposi ed s a e possessed
a high le el o s ain ha dening and exhibi ed a b i le up u e associa ed wi h in e spla c acking. When subjec ed o hea ea men ,
he cold sp ay deposi s showed a gene al end o mic oha dness educ ion and p og essi e sin e ing o he mic os uc u e wi h
inc easing annealing empe a u e. Fu he mo e, pos -mo em obse a ion e ealed a g adual ansi ion in ac u e mechanism,
mani es ed by imp o ing ma e ial duc ili y and he occu ence o ypical dimple mo phology. The aspec s esponsible o he
so ening o he cold sp ayed 7075 alloys a e discussed u he .
© 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Pee - e iew unde he esponsibili y o MSMF10 o ganize s.
Keywo ds: Cold Sp ay; 7075 aluminum alloy; iso he mal annealing; ensile es ing; elec on mic oscopy
1. In oduc ion
Cold gas dynamic sp aying (o simply Cold sp ay, CS) is a solid-s a e coa ing echnology, in which eeds ock
powde pa icles (5-100 µm) a e accele a ed on o he subs a e by an expanding gas s eam a empe a u es below he
mel ing poin o he ma e ial. The o ma ion o CS coa ings p edominan ly elies on ex ensi e plas ic de o ma ion o
mic on-sized pa icles, esul ing in he o ma ion o me allu gical bonds du ing impac h ough he adiaba ic shea
ins abili y mechanism. In con as o con en ional he mal sp aying echniques, de imen al e ec s on coa ing
* Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +420-702-498-240
E-mail add ess:[email protected]
A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com
ScienceDi ec
S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000
www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia
2452-3216 © 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Pee - e iew unde he esponsibili y o MSMF10 o ganize s.
10 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ma e ials S uc u e and Mic omechanics o F ac u e
E ec s o annealing empe a u e on mic os uc u e and mechanical
p ope ies o cold sp ayed AA7075
Jakub Judasa*, Jose Zaple ala, Lukáš Řehořeka, Ví Jana
a B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, B no, Czech Republic
Abs ac
This pape examines he so ening beha iou o cold sp ayed 7075 aluminum alloy a e iso he mal annealing. The as- ecei ed
powde was deposi ed by a high-p essu e cold sp ay de ice using hea ed ni ogen as p opellan gas. To in es iga e he e ec s o
pos -deposi ion hea ea men , he excised samples we e isoch onally annealed in he empe a u e ange o 200 o 400 °C. The
eeds ock powde and he ee-s anding coa ings we e ini ially cha ac e ized h ough a ious elec on mic oscopy echniques (SEM,
EDS, EBSD) and ele an mic os uc u al ea u es we e de e mined. Mechanical p ope ies o he as-sp ayed and hea - ea ed
samples we e e alua ed by quasi-s a ic ensile and mic oha dness es ing. I has been shown ha ex ensi e plas ic de o ma ion
du ing cold sp aying esul ed in a dense coa ing wi h ela i ely low in e nal po osi y. Specimens in an as-deposi ed s a e possessed
a high le el o s ain ha dening and exhibi ed a b i le up u e associa ed wi h in e spla c acking. When subjec ed o hea ea men ,
he cold sp ay deposi s showed a gene al end o mic oha dness educ ion and p og essi e sin e ing o he mic os uc u e wi h
inc easing annealing empe a u e. Fu he mo e, pos -mo em obse a ion e ealed a g adual ansi ion in ac u e mechanism,
mani es ed by imp o ing ma e ial duc ili y and he occu ence o ypical dimple mo phology. The aspec s esponsible o he
so ening o he cold sp ayed 7075 alloys a e discussed u he .
© 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Pee - e iew unde he esponsibili y o MSMF10 o ganize s.
Keywo ds: Cold Sp ay; 7075 aluminum alloy; iso he mal annealing; ensile es ing; elec on mic oscopy
1. In oduc ion
Cold gas dynamic sp aying (o simply Cold sp ay, CS) is a solid-s a e coa ing echnology, in which eeds ock
powde pa icles (5-100 µm) a e accele a ed on o he subs a e by an expanding gas s eam a empe a u es below he
mel ing poin o he ma e ial. The o ma ion o CS coa ings p edominan ly elies on ex ensi e plas ic de o ma ion o
mic on-sized pa icles, esul ing in he o ma ion o me allu gical bonds du ing impac h ough he adiaba ic shea
ins abili y mechanism. In con as o con en ional he mal sp aying echniques, de imen al e ec s on coa ing
* Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +420-702-498-240
E-mail add ess:[email protected]
2 Jakub Judas e al. / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000
p ope ies such as oxida ion, phase ans o ma ion, non-equilib ium mic os uc u e, o c ack o ma ion du ing apid
solidi ica ion a e educed (Ma zban ad e al. (2021)). These p ocess cha ac e is ics make CS especially sui able o
oxida ion and he mal sensi i e ma e ials (Al, Ti, and Mg alloys).
In cold sp aying, he c i e ia o success ul bonding a e me only when he powde pa icles exceed a ce ain c i ical
impac eloci y (gene ally 300-800 m/s), which is a complex unc ion o p ocess pa ame e s, nozzle shape, and
coa ing-subs a e he momechanical beha iou . The supe posi ion o la ge s ains induced du ing CS along wi h he
peening and hamme ing e ec o incoming pa icles subsequen ly leads o he ab ica ion o dense coa ings wi h
p omising mechanical, elec ical, and wea p ope ies (Gä ne e al. (2006)). Signi ican plas ic de o ma ion and
associa ed disloca ion subs uc u e con ibu e o a s ong wo k ha dening e ec du ing CS deposi ion (Yang e al.
(2018)). CS deposi s, howe e , exhibi e y low duc ili y as a consequence o hea ily wo ked mic os uc u e and
some deg ee o po osi y (Huang e al. (2017)). To o e come his sho coming, pos -deposi ion hea ea men is
equen ly employed o imp o e he plas ici y and s uc u al in eg i y o CS coa ings (Rokni e al. (2017)).
The 7xxx se ies Al alloys a e widely used in nume ous indus ies, e.g., a ia ion, au omo i e, ma ine, de ence, and
obo ics. Among hem, he 7075 p ecipi a ion-ha denable alloy is p obably he mos popula due o i s high s eng h-
o-weigh a io, a igue esis ance, and excellen machinabili y (Ma zban ad e al. (2021)). Conside ing ha CS is a
po en ial candida e o epai ing damaged pa s in he ae ospace indus y, se e al a emp s ha e been made o p oduce
aluminum alloy 7075 ia CS echnology. Rokni e al. (2015) s udied he e ec s o non-iso he mal annealing on he
so ening beha iou o cold-sp ayed 7075 and desc ibed subs uc u e changes du ing he he mal cycle. Xiong e al.
(2015) epo ed opposing e ec s o subs a e p ehea ing on bond s eng h a ia ions wi h he coa ing hickness. Mo e
ecen ly, Saba d e al. (2020) in es iga ed he in luences o powde hea ea men on coa ing densi ica ion and
e ealed an in e se ela ionship be ween deposi ion e iciency and esul ing cohesi e s eng h.
In mos o he p e iously men ioned esea ch pape s, helium was used as a p opellan gas because i s lowe
molecula weigh and highe speci ic hea a io gene ally lead o be e coa ing p ope ies (Gä ne e al. (2006)).
Howe e , o indus ial applica ions, ni ogen is usually he i s choice owing o i s lowe cos (Bobzin e al. (2021)).
The aim o he p esen wo k is o examine he annealing beha iou o he CS 7075 alloy using ni ogen as a p ocess
gas. Tensile es s, mic oha dness measu emen and mic oscopic obse a ions a e u ilized o de e mine he e ec s o
he applied hea ea men . The esul s a e hen analyzed and discussed wi h he a ailable li e a u e.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Feeds ock powde and cold sp ay p ocessing
Gas-a omized 7075 Al powde (Nanog a i, Tu key) wi h he ollowing chemical composi ion (w %): 5.57 Zn, 1.99
Mg, 1.66 Cu, 0.26 Si, 0.21 C , and Al balance was deposi ed on ec angula (50x40 mm) 6082-T6 subs a es, which
we e g i blas ed and p ehea ed p io o coa ing deposi ion. The sphe ical mo phology o he powde wi h an o e all
dis ibu ion ange o 15-48 µm is shown in Fig. 1. In his s udy, a comme cial high-p essu e 5/11 cold sp ay sys em
(Impac Inno a ions, GmbH, Ge many) was employed wi h ni ogen as he p ocess gas. The p essu e and empe a u e
o ni ogen we e main ained a 4 MPa and 550 °C, espec i ely, a he ou le o he hea e . The ab ica ion ook place
using a nozzle s ando dis ance o 30 mm, ack spacing o 1 mm, deposi ion angle o 90°, and ela i ely high scanning
speed (300 mm/s). The a ge coa ing hickness was se a 3 mm (app oxima ely 20 gun passes).
2.2. Hea ea men and mechanical p ope ies
A e sp aying, he 7075 aluminum deposi s we e emo ed om he subs a es by cu ing wi h wi e elec odes and
subsequen ly subjec ed o a pos -deposi ion hea ea men consis ing o iso he mal annealing a empe a u es o 200,
300, and 400 °C o he same exposu e ime o 3 hou s. All hea ea men s we e ca ied ou in an open-ai u nace
PP49/65 (LAC, Czech Republic), and hen he samples we e le inside he u nace o cool o oom empe a u e.
Uniaxial ensile es s on as-sp ayed and hea - ea ed coa ings we e pe o med a an ambien empe a u e unde
displacemen a e con ol o 0.5 mm/min using a uni e sal es ing de ice (Zwick/Roell Z250, Ge many) equipped
wi h a high-accu acy mul iX ens ex ensome e , and he co esponding enginee ing s ess-s ain esponse was
de e mined. The ensile samples we e machined ou o he coa ings so ha he ensile axis was pe pendicula o he
Jakub Judas e al. / P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 43 (2023) 160–165 161
A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com
ScienceDi ec
S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000
www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia
2452-3216 © 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Pee - e iew unde he esponsibili y o MSMF10 o ganize s.
10 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ma e ials S uc u e and Mic omechanics o F ac u e
E ec s o annealing empe a u e on mic os uc u e and mechanical
p ope ies o cold sp ayed AA7075
Jakub Judasa*, Jose Zaple ala, Lukáš Řehořeka, Ví Jana
a B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, B no, Czech Republic
Abs ac
This pape examines he so ening beha iou o cold sp ayed 7075 aluminum alloy a e iso he mal annealing. The as- ecei ed
powde was deposi ed by a high-p essu e cold sp ay de ice using hea ed ni ogen as p opellan gas. To in es iga e he e ec s o
pos -deposi ion hea ea men , he excised samples we e isoch onally annealed in he empe a u e ange o 200 o 400 °C. The
eeds ock powde and he ee-s anding coa ings we e ini ially cha ac e ized h ough a ious elec on mic oscopy echniques (SEM,
EDS, EBSD) and ele an mic os uc u al ea u es we e de e mined. Mechanical p ope ies o he as-sp ayed and hea - ea ed
samples we e e alua ed by quasi-s a ic ensile and mic oha dness es ing. I has been shown ha ex ensi e plas ic de o ma ion
du ing cold sp aying esul ed in a dense coa ing wi h ela i ely low in e nal po osi y. Specimens in an as-deposi ed s a e possessed
a high le el o s ain ha dening and exhibi ed a b i le up u e associa ed wi h in e spla c acking. When subjec ed o hea ea men ,
he cold sp ay deposi s showed a gene al end o mic oha dness educ ion and p og essi e sin e ing o he mic os uc u e wi h
inc easing annealing empe a u e. Fu he mo e, pos -mo em obse a ion e ealed a g adual ansi ion in ac u e mechanism,
mani es ed by imp o ing ma e ial duc ili y and he occu ence o ypical dimple mo phology. The aspec s esponsible o he
so ening o he cold sp ayed 7075 alloys a e discussed u he .
© 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Pee - e iew unde he esponsibili y o MSMF10 o ganize s.
Keywo ds: Cold Sp ay; 7075 aluminum alloy; iso he mal annealing; ensile es ing; elec on mic oscopy
1. In oduc ion
Cold gas dynamic sp aying (o simply Cold sp ay, CS) is a solid-s a e coa ing echnology, in which eeds ock
powde pa icles (5-100 µm) a e accele a ed on o he subs a e by an expanding gas s eam a empe a u es below he
mel ing poin o he ma e ial. The o ma ion o CS coa ings p edominan ly elies on ex ensi e plas ic de o ma ion o
mic on-sized pa icles, esul ing in he o ma ion o me allu gical bonds du ing impac h ough he adiaba ic shea
ins abili y mechanism. In con as o con en ional he mal sp aying echniques, de imen al e ec s on coa ing
* Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +420-702-498-240
E-mail add ess:[email protected]
A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com
ScienceDi ec
S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000
www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia
2452-3216 © 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Pee - e iew unde he esponsibili y o MSMF10 o ganize s.
10 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ma e ials S uc u e and Mic omechanics o F ac u e
E ec s o annealing empe a u e on mic os uc u e and mechanical
p ope ies o cold sp ayed AA7075
Jakub Judasa*, Jose Zaple ala, Lukáš Řehořeka, Ví Jana
a B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, B no, Czech Republic
Abs ac
This pape examines he so ening beha iou o cold sp ayed 7075 aluminum alloy a e iso he mal annealing. The as- ecei ed
powde was deposi ed by a high-p essu e cold sp ay de ice using hea ed ni ogen as p opellan gas. To in es iga e he e ec s o
pos -deposi ion hea ea men , he excised samples we e isoch onally annealed in he empe a u e ange o 200 o 400 °C. The
eeds ock powde and he ee-s anding coa ings we e ini ially cha ac e ized h ough a ious elec on mic oscopy echniques (SEM,
EDS, EBSD) and ele an mic os uc u al ea u es we e de e mined. Mechanical p ope ies o he as-sp ayed and hea - ea ed
samples we e e alua ed by quasi-s a ic ensile and mic oha dness es ing. I has been shown ha ex ensi e plas ic de o ma ion
du ing cold sp aying esul ed in a dense coa ing wi h ela i ely low in e nal po osi y. Specimens in an as-deposi ed s a e possessed
a high le el o s ain ha dening and exhibi ed a b i le up u e associa ed wi h in e spla c acking. When subjec ed o hea ea men ,
he cold sp ay deposi s showed a gene al end o mic oha dness educ ion and p og essi e sin e ing o he mic os uc u e wi h
inc easing annealing empe a u e. Fu he mo e, pos -mo em obse a ion e ealed a g adual ansi ion in ac u e mechanism,
mani es ed by imp o ing ma e ial duc ili y and he occu ence o ypical dimple mo phology. The aspec s esponsible o he
so ening o he cold sp ayed 7075 alloys a e discussed u he .
© 2023 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Pee - e iew unde he esponsibili y o MSMF10 o ganize s.
Keywo ds: Cold Sp ay; 7075 aluminum alloy; iso he mal annealing; ensile es ing; elec on mic oscopy
1. In oduc ion
Cold gas dynamic sp aying (o simply Cold sp ay, CS) is a solid-s a e coa ing echnology, in which eeds ock
powde pa icles (5-100 µm) a e accele a ed on o he subs a e by an expanding gas s eam a empe a u es below he
mel ing poin o he ma e ial. The o ma ion o CS coa ings p edominan ly elies on ex ensi e plas ic de o ma ion o
mic on-sized pa icles, esul ing in he o ma ion o me allu gical bonds du ing impac h ough he adiaba ic shea
ins abili y mechanism. In con as o con en ional he mal sp aying echniques, de imen al e ec s on coa ing
* Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +420-702-498-240
E-mail add ess:[email protected]
2 Jakub Judas e al. / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000
p ope ies such as oxida ion, phase ans o ma ion, non-equilib ium mic os uc u e, o c ack o ma ion du ing apid
solidi ica ion a e educed (Ma zban ad e al. (2021)). These p ocess cha ac e is ics make CS especially sui able o
oxida ion and he mal sensi i e ma e ials (Al, Ti, and Mg alloys).
In cold sp aying, he c i e ia o success ul bonding a e me only when he powde pa icles exceed a ce ain c i ical
impac eloci y (gene ally 300-800 m/s), which is a complex unc ion o p ocess pa ame e s, nozzle shape, and
coa ing-subs a e he momechanical beha iou . The supe posi ion o la ge s ains induced du ing CS along wi h he
peening and hamme ing e ec o incoming pa icles subsequen ly leads o he ab ica ion o dense coa ings wi h
p omising mechanical, elec ical, and wea p ope ies (Gä ne e al. (2006)). Signi ican plas ic de o ma ion and
associa ed disloca ion subs uc u e con ibu e o a s ong wo k ha dening e ec du ing CS deposi ion (Yang e al.
(2018)). CS deposi s, howe e , exhibi e y low duc ili y as a consequence o hea ily wo ked mic os uc u e and
some deg ee o po osi y (Huang e al. (2017)). To o e come his sho coming, pos -deposi ion hea ea men is
equen ly employed o imp o e he plas ici y and s uc u al in eg i y o CS coa ings (Rokni e al. (2017)).
The 7xxx se ies Al alloys a e widely used in nume ous indus ies, e.g., a ia ion, au omo i e, ma ine, de ence, and
obo ics. Among hem, he 7075 p ecipi a ion-ha denable alloy is p obably he mos popula due o i s high s eng h-
o-weigh a io, a igue esis ance, and excellen machinabili y (Ma zban ad e al. (2021)). Conside ing ha CS is a
po en ial candida e o epai ing damaged pa s in he ae ospace indus y, se e al a emp s ha e been made o p oduce
aluminum alloy 7075 ia CS echnology. Rokni e al. (2015) s udied he e ec s o non-iso he mal annealing on he
so ening beha iou o cold-sp ayed 7075 and desc ibed subs uc u e changes du ing he he mal cycle. Xiong e al.
(2015) epo ed opposing e ec s o subs a e p ehea ing on bond s eng h a ia ions wi h he coa ing hickness. Mo e
ecen ly, Saba d e al. (2020) in es iga ed he in luences o powde hea ea men on coa ing densi ica ion and
e ealed an in e se ela ionship be ween deposi ion e iciency and esul ing cohesi e s eng h.
In mos o he p e iously men ioned esea ch pape s, helium was used as a p opellan gas because i s lowe
molecula weigh and highe speci ic hea a io gene ally lead o be e coa ing p ope ies (Gä ne e al. (2006)).
Howe e , o indus ial applica ions, ni ogen is usually he i s choice owing o i s lowe cos (Bobzin e al. (2021)).
The aim o he p esen wo k is o examine he annealing beha iou o he CS 7075 alloy using ni ogen as a p ocess
gas. Tensile es s, mic oha dness measu emen and mic oscopic obse a ions a e u ilized o de e mine he e ec s o
he applied hea ea men . The esul s a e hen analyzed and discussed wi h he a ailable li e a u e.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Feeds ock powde and cold sp ay p ocessing
Gas-a omized 7075 Al powde (Nanog a i, Tu key) wi h he ollowing chemical composi ion (w %): 5.57 Zn, 1.99
Mg, 1.66 Cu, 0.26 Si, 0.21 C , and Al balance was deposi ed on ec angula (50x40 mm) 6082-T6 subs a es, which
we e g i blas ed and p ehea ed p io o coa ing deposi ion. The sphe ical mo phology o he powde wi h an o e all
dis ibu ion ange o 15-48 µm is shown in Fig. 1. In his s udy, a comme cial high-p essu e 5/11 cold sp ay sys em
(Impac Inno a ions, GmbH, Ge many) was employed wi h ni ogen as he p ocess gas. The p essu e and empe a u e
o ni ogen we e main ained a 4 MPa and 550 °C, espec i ely, a he ou le o he hea e . The ab ica ion ook place
using a nozzle s ando dis ance o 30 mm, ack spacing o 1 mm, deposi ion angle o 90°, and ela i ely high scanning
speed (300 mm/s). The a ge coa ing hickness was se a 3 mm (app oxima ely 20 gun passes).
2.2. Hea ea men and mechanical p ope ies
A e sp aying, he 7075 aluminum deposi s we e emo ed om he subs a es by cu ing wi h wi e elec odes and
subsequen ly subjec ed o a pos -deposi ion hea ea men consis ing o iso he mal annealing a empe a u es o 200,
300, and 400 °C o he same exposu e ime o 3 hou s. All hea ea men s we e ca ied ou in an open-ai u nace
PP49/65 (LAC, Czech Republic), and hen he samples we e le inside he u nace o cool o oom empe a u e.
Uniaxial ensile es s on as-sp ayed and hea - ea ed coa ings we e pe o med a an ambien empe a u e unde
displacemen a e con ol o 0.5 mm/min using a uni e sal es ing de ice (Zwick/Roell Z250, Ge many) equipped
wi h a high-accu acy mul iX ens ex ensome e , and he co esponding enginee ing s ess-s ain esponse was
de e mined. The ensile samples we e machined ou o he coa ings so ha he ensile axis was pe pendicula o he
162 Jakub Judas e al. / P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 43 (2023) 160–165
Au ho name / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000 3
sp aying di ec ion (depic ed in Fig. 2). A o al o 12 specimens ( h ee o each condi ion) we e s e ched acco ding o
he s anda d EN ISO 6892-1 and hen he mic os uc u e ob ained om hei clamping pa was examined.
Mic oha dness measu emen s we e also pe o med on he CS 7075 coa ings in bo h he as-deposi ed and he mally
ea ed condi ions using a Vicke ´s Qness Q10A mic oha dness es e (QATM, GmbH, Ge many) wi h an inden e
load o 100 g and a dwell ime o 15 s. Twel e poin s ac oss he en i e coa ing hickness we e es ed in bo h he
longi udinal plane (scanning, XY) and he ans e se plane (loading, YZ) o each sample o accoun o possible
a ia ions in mic omechanical p ope ies in hese wo di ec ions. The measu emen s o he poin s wi h ex eme alues
(maximum and minimum alues) we e disca ded, and he mean ha dness and i s s anda d de ia ion we e epo ed.
2.3 Mic os uc u e and ac og aphic cha ac e iza ion
C oss-sec ions o as-sp ayed and hea - ea ed CS deposi s we e p epa ed by a con en ional me allog aphic
echnique, i.e., mechanical g inding wi h SiC pape s up o 4000 g i size, ollowed by polishing wi h 3 µm and 1 µm
diamond pas e. The las s ep was conduc ed h ough mechano-chemical polishing wi h a non-d ying S ue s OP-S
suspension. The po osi y o all coa ings was e alua ed by image analysis using ImageJ so wa e in h ee pa allel
planes (a e age dis ance o 1 mm) o ensu e epea abili y o esul s. Elec on backsca e ed di ac ion (EBSD, Ox o d
Ins umen s) was employed in he esea ch o s udy he g ain size dis ibu ion and miso ien a ion angle. The ac u e
su aces o b oken specimens we e obse ed wi h a scanning elec on mic oscope (ULTRA PLUS, Ca l Zeiss,
Ge many) o explo e he ailu e mechanism. Ene gy-dispe si e X- ay spec oscopy (Az ec, Ox o d Ins umen s) was
used o he chemical iden i ica ion o p esen phases.
3. Resul s and discussions
3.1. Mic os uc u al analysis
SEM mic og aphs ob ained om he cen al pa o he CS 7075 coa ing and co esponding EBSD mapping
supplemen ed by band con as a e depic ed in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, espec i ely. Fo he sake o b e i y, only wo
opposing condi ions (as-buil and annealed a 400 °C/3h) we e e alua ed wi h c oss-sec ions o ien ed pe pendicula
o he scanning di ec ion. The BSE images in Fig. 3 show ex ensi e seg ega ion o dissol ed elemen s in he ma ix
as a esul o apid solidi ica ion (cooling a e be ween 104 and 107 K/s) accompanied by a solu e ejec ion (Jones
(1984)). This cha ac e is ic ea u e o he as- ecei ed powde is e ained in he mic os uc u e, al hough he ma e ial
has unde gone a signi ican he momechanical p ocess du ing he CS deposi ion. EDS in es iga ion e ealed a
s ongly supe sa u a ed solid solu ion in he o m o b igh a eas con aining, in pa icula , high concen a ions o Zn,
Cu and Mg a oms. Subsequen annealing leads o he p og essi e disin eg a ion o his ne wo k and o he g ow h o
p ecipi a es en iched in he main alloying elemen s a he g ain bounda ies.
F om he inspec ion o Fig. 4a, he coa ing mic os uc u e in he as-sp ayed s a e consis s o wo dissimila egions,
dis inguished by hei he e ogeneous g ain s uc u e. The i s one is he pa icle in e io which is cha ac e ized by
coa se g ains (1-10 µm in size) wi h a high densi y o low-angle g ain bounda ies (LAGBs, θ < 10°). These a e
o med by disloca ion walls and angles c ea ed by he sho -peening e ec o he powde pa icles du ing impac
(Rokni e . al (2015)). The second egion is he pa icle in e ace, which is ypically smalle in g ain size (0.2-1 µm)
Fig. 1. Mo phology o 7075 aluminum powde .
Fig. 2. The ske ch map o
ensile specimen o ien a ion and i s geome y.
4 Jakub Judas e al. / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000
and has a somewha lowe incidence o LAGBs. The occu ence o his UFG s uc u e a pa icle-pa icle bounda ies
is a ibu ed o he dynamic ec ys alliza ion phenomenon which is caused by he supe posi ion o se e e plas ic
de o ma ion and high empe a u e du ing he CS p ocedu e (Kim e al. (2008)). The indi idual in e aces be ween he
deposi ed pa icles a e clea ly isible in he band con as images (enclosed in he lowe igh co ne ) due o he hea ily
s essed mic os uc u e associa ed wi h he o ma ion o la ice de ec s as well as he g ain de o ma ion.
EBSD scans we e pe o med on he hea - ea ed samples o de e mine he eco e y/ ec ys alliza ion abili y o he
CS 7075 alloy. F om he examina ion o Fig. 4b, i is e iden ha he mic os uc u e in he case o high empe a u e
annealing a 400 °C exhibi s a much mo e uni o m g ain size dis ibu ion h oughou he deposi . The signal quali y
a he espec i e band con as igu e has imp o ed ema kably compa ed o he ini ial s a e, indica ing he annihila ion
o c ys al de ec s, and ep esen ing he polygoniza ion o he mic os uc u e. The esul o he miso ien a ion angle
dis ibu ion shows a sha p inc ease in he ac ion o high-angle g ain bounda ies (HAGBs, θ ≥ 10) du ing he
empe ing pe iod. The p opo ion o calcula ed HAGBs is 52.1 %, while i is only 26.5 % in he as-deposi ed s a e.
The ans o ma ion o LAGBs in o HAGBs is ealized by g ain o a ion and disloca ion ea angemen , leading o he
es o a ion o he o me unde o med s uc u e (Yang e al. (2018)). The seconda y ec ys alliza ion p ocess has
ob iously inc eased he a e age g ain size ( om abou 1.2 µm o 2.4 µm) due o he ela i ely long annealing ime.
Howe e , his alue is su p isingly s ill almos iden ical o he g ain size o he 7075 powde pa icles sp ayed in his
esea ch. This inding indica es supe io he mal g ain s abili y, which can be explained by a p onounced p ecipi a ion
o seconda y phases (see Fig. 3), which inhibi g ain bounda y mig a ion by hei pinning e ec (Liang e al. (2020)).
3.2. Mechanical p ope ies and po osi y measu emen
Tensile es s and mic oha dness measu emen s we e ca ied ou o es ablish he so ening beha iou o he CS 7075
alloy a e annealing ea men (Table 1). The as-buil coa ing sample is cha ac e ized by a b i le esponse du ing
s a ic s aining (negligible elonga ion o ailu e) which has been well documen ed o deposi s upon he CS p ocess
(Huang e al. (2015)). This can easily be explained by he nume ous de ec s p esen in he mic os uc u e and he
s ong esis ance o plas ic de o ma ion owing o g ain e inemen as well as he high le el o disloca ion ha dening
(see LAGBs in Fig. 4a). Annealing a a lowe empe a u e o 200 °C esul ed in only a sligh al e a ion o he coa ing
mic oha dness, which could no undamen ally change he co esponding s ess-s ain cu e. Zhao e al. (2004) s udied
he p ope ies o 7075 ECAP- ea ed bille s wi h UFG s uc u e (simila o CS) and ound ha alloy so ening s a ed
a empe a u es abo e 150 °C, which was associa ed wi h he onse o disloca ion polygoniza ion and eco e y.
A u he inc ease in empe a u e up o 300 °C leads o a sha p d op in he ma e ial mic oha dness by abou 20 %
as a consequence o he ec ys alliza ion phenomenon and changes in he p ecipi a ion subs uc u e. P ocessing a
such an ele a ed empe a u e p o ided su icien ene gy o he mic os uc u e o p omo e comple e ec ys alliza ion
o he CS coa ing (Souza e al. (2019)). Since AA7075 is a p ecipi a ion-ha denable alloy and he powde used is a
leas pa ially supe sa u a ed (shown in Fig. 3), i is also necessa y o conside he dele e ious e ec s o o e -ageing
du ing he mal exposu e. The loss o cohe ency s ains and he coa sening o p ecipi a es is he e o e ano he possible
mechanism con ibu ing o he so ening o he s udied CS alloy (Ma laud e al. (2010)). Hea ing he coa ing up o 400
°C ac i a es apid ec ys alliza ion due o he ex ensi e plas ic de o ma ions caused by he p e ious sho peening
Fig. 3. SEM images o he CS 7075 deposi .
Fig. 4. EBSD maps wi h he co esponding band con as : a) as-buil ; b) annealed a 400°C/3h.
Jakub Judas e al. / P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 43 (2023) 160–165 163
Au ho name / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000 3
sp aying di ec ion (depic ed in Fig. 2). A o al o 12 specimens ( h ee o each condi ion) we e s e ched acco ding o
he s anda d EN ISO 6892-1 and hen he mic os uc u e ob ained om hei clamping pa was examined.
Mic oha dness measu emen s we e also pe o med on he CS 7075 coa ings in bo h he as-deposi ed and he mally
ea ed condi ions using a Vicke ´s Qness Q10A mic oha dness es e (QATM, GmbH, Ge many) wi h an inden e
load o 100 g and a dwell ime o 15 s. Twel e poin s ac oss he en i e coa ing hickness we e es ed in bo h he
longi udinal plane (scanning, XY) and he ans e se plane (loading, YZ) o each sample o accoun o possible
a ia ions in mic omechanical p ope ies in hese wo di ec ions. The measu emen s o he poin s wi h ex eme alues
(maximum and minimum alues) we e disca ded, and he mean ha dness and i s s anda d de ia ion we e epo ed.
2.3 Mic os uc u e and ac og aphic cha ac e iza ion
C oss-sec ions o as-sp ayed and hea - ea ed CS deposi s we e p epa ed by a con en ional me allog aphic
echnique, i.e., mechanical g inding wi h SiC pape s up o 4000 g i size, ollowed by polishing wi h 3 µm and 1 µm
diamond pas e. The las s ep was conduc ed h ough mechano-chemical polishing wi h a non-d ying S ue s OP-S
suspension. The po osi y o all coa ings was e alua ed by image analysis using ImageJ so wa e in h ee pa allel
planes (a e age dis ance o 1 mm) o ensu e epea abili y o esul s. Elec on backsca e ed di ac ion (EBSD, Ox o d
Ins umen s) was employed in he esea ch o s udy he g ain size dis ibu ion and miso ien a ion angle. The ac u e
su aces o b oken specimens we e obse ed wi h a scanning elec on mic oscope (ULTRA PLUS, Ca l Zeiss,
Ge many) o explo e he ailu e mechanism. Ene gy-dispe si e X- ay spec oscopy (Az ec, Ox o d Ins umen s) was
used o he chemical iden i ica ion o p esen phases.
3. Resul s and discussions
3.1. Mic os uc u al analysis
SEM mic og aphs ob ained om he cen al pa o he CS 7075 coa ing and co esponding EBSD mapping
supplemen ed by band con as a e depic ed in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, espec i ely. Fo he sake o b e i y, only wo
opposing condi ions (as-buil and annealed a 400 °C/3h) we e e alua ed wi h c oss-sec ions o ien ed pe pendicula
o he scanning di ec ion. The BSE images in Fig. 3 show ex ensi e seg ega ion o dissol ed elemen s in he ma ix
as a esul o apid solidi ica ion (cooling a e be ween 104 and 107 K/s) accompanied by a solu e ejec ion (Jones
(1984)). This cha ac e is ic ea u e o he as- ecei ed powde is e ained in he mic os uc u e, al hough he ma e ial
has unde gone a signi ican he momechanical p ocess du ing he CS deposi ion. EDS in es iga ion e ealed a
s ongly supe sa u a ed solid solu ion in he o m o b igh a eas con aining, in pa icula , high concen a ions o Zn,
Cu and Mg a oms. Subsequen annealing leads o he p og essi e disin eg a ion o his ne wo k and o he g ow h o
p ecipi a es en iched in he main alloying elemen s a he g ain bounda ies.
F om he inspec ion o Fig. 4a, he coa ing mic os uc u e in he as-sp ayed s a e consis s o wo dissimila egions,
dis inguished by hei he e ogeneous g ain s uc u e. The i s one is he pa icle in e io which is cha ac e ized by
coa se g ains (1-10 µm in size) wi h a high densi y o low-angle g ain bounda ies (LAGBs, θ < 10°). These a e
o med by disloca ion walls and angles c ea ed by he sho -peening e ec o he powde pa icles du ing impac
(Rokni e . al (2015)). The second egion is he pa icle in e ace, which is ypically smalle in g ain size (0.2-1 µm)
Fig. 1. Mo phology o 7075 aluminum powde .
Fig. 2. The ske ch map o ensile specimen o ien a ion and i s geome y.
4 Jakub Judas e al. / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000
and has a somewha lowe incidence o LAGBs. The occu ence o his UFG s uc u e a pa icle-pa icle bounda ies
is a ibu ed o he dynamic ec ys alliza ion phenomenon which is caused by he supe posi ion o se e e plas ic
de o ma ion and high empe a u e du ing he CS p ocedu e (Kim e al. (2008)). The indi idual in e aces be ween he
deposi ed pa icles a e clea ly isible in he band con as images (enclosed in he lowe igh co ne ) due o he hea ily
s essed mic os uc u e associa ed wi h he o ma ion o la ice de ec s as well as he g ain de o ma ion.
EBSD scans we e pe o med on he hea - ea ed samples o de e mine he eco e y/ ec ys alliza ion abili y o he
CS 7075 alloy. F om he examina ion o Fig. 4b, i is e iden ha he mic os uc u e in he case o high empe a u e
annealing a 400 °C exhibi s a much mo e uni o m g ain size dis ibu ion h oughou he deposi . The signal quali y
a he espec i e band con as igu e has imp o ed ema kably compa ed o he ini ial s a e, indica ing he annihila ion
o c ys al de ec s, and ep esen ing he polygoniza ion o he mic os uc u e. The esul o he miso ien a ion angle
dis ibu ion shows a sha p inc ease in he ac ion o high-angle g ain bounda ies (HAGBs, θ ≥ 10) du ing he
empe ing pe iod. The p opo ion o calcula ed HAGBs is 52.1 %, while i is only 26.5 % in he as-deposi ed s a e.
The ans o ma ion o LAGBs in o HAGBs is ealized by g ain o a ion and disloca ion ea angemen , leading o he
es o a ion o he o me unde o med s uc u e (Yang e al. (2018)). The seconda y ec ys alliza ion p ocess has
ob iously inc eased he a e age g ain size ( om abou 1.2 µm o 2.4 µm) due o he ela i ely long annealing ime.
Howe e , his alue is su p isingly s ill almos iden ical o he g ain size o he 7075 powde pa icles sp ayed in his
esea ch. This inding indica es supe io he mal g ain s abili y, which can be explained by a p onounced p ecipi a ion
o seconda y phases (see Fig. 3), which inhibi g ain bounda y mig a ion by hei pinning e ec (Liang e al. (2020)).
3.2. Mechanical p ope ies and po osi y measu emen
Tensile es s and mic oha dness measu emen s we e ca ied ou o es ablish he so ening beha iou o he CS 7075
alloy a e annealing ea men (Table 1). The as-buil coa ing sample is cha ac e ized by a b i le esponse du ing
s a ic s aining (negligible elonga ion o ailu e) which has been well documen ed o deposi s upon he CS p ocess
(Huang e al. (2015)). This can easily be explained by he nume ous de ec s p esen in he mic os uc u e and he
s ong esis ance o plas ic de o ma ion owing o g ain e inemen as well as he high le el o disloca ion ha dening
(see LAGBs in Fig. 4a). Annealing a a lowe empe a u e o 200 °C esul ed in only a sligh al e a ion o he coa ing
mic oha dness, which could no undamen ally change he co esponding s ess-s ain cu e. Zhao e al. (2004) s udied
he p ope ies o 7075 ECAP- ea ed bille s wi h UFG s uc u e (simila o CS) and ound ha alloy so ening s a ed
a empe a u es abo e 150 °C, which was associa ed wi h he onse o disloca ion polygoniza ion and eco e y.
A u he inc ease in empe a u e up o 300 °C leads o a sha p d op in he ma e ial mic oha dness by abou 20 %
as a consequence o he ec ys alliza ion phenomenon and changes in he p ecipi a ion subs uc u e. P ocessing a
such an ele a ed empe a u e p o ided su icien ene gy o he mic os uc u e o p omo e comple e ec ys alliza ion
o he CS coa ing (Souza e al. (2019)). Since AA7075 is a p ecipi a ion-ha denable alloy and he powde used is a
leas pa ially supe sa u a ed (shown in Fig. 3), i is also necessa y o conside he dele e ious e ec s o o e -ageing
du ing he mal exposu e. The loss o cohe ency s ains and he coa sening o p ecipi a es is he e o e ano he possible
mechanism con ibu ing o he so ening o he s udied CS alloy (Ma laud e al. (2010)). Hea ing he coa ing up o 400
°C ac i a es apid ec ys alliza ion due o he ex ensi e plas ic de o ma ions caused by he p e ious sho peening
Fig. 3. SEM images o he CS 7075 deposi .
Fig. 4. EBSD maps
wi h he co esponding band con as : a) as-buil ; b) annealed a 400°C/3h.
164 Jakub Judas e al. / P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 43 (2023) 160–165
Au ho name / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000 5
s esses. The educ ion in deposi mic oha dness is al eady a he unimp essi e compa ed o annealing a 300 °C
owing o he limi ed g ain g ow h (in oduced in Fig. 4b) and he mino changes in p ecipi a e mo phology and densi y
(Zhao e al. (2004)). The weakening o he s eng hening mechanisms in coope a ion wi h he sin e ing o in e spla
de ec s signi ican ly imp o es yielding abili y and he esul ing duc ili y o he CS 7075 coa ing.
Table 1. Mechanical p ope ies and po osi y e alua ion o he CS 7075 alloy in he as-buil and annealed s a e.
Coa ing condi ion
Yield s eng h
[MPa]
Ul ima e s eng h
[MPa]
Elonga ion
[%]
Ha dness HV0.1
XY / YZ
Po osi y [%]
XY
As-buil
-
245 ± 31
< 0.1
142 ± 6 / 142 ± 9
0.6 ± 0.2
200 °C/3h
-
247 ± 2
< 0.1
129 ± 5 / 128 ± 7
0.4 ± 0.2
300 °C/3h
238 ± 6
246 ± 3
0.3 ± 0.1
100 ± 3 / 102 ± 2
0.4 ± 0.2
400 °C/3h
169 ± 2
225 ± 5
2.9 ± 0.1
91 ± 3 / 92 ± 3
0.3 ± 0.2
3.3. F ac u e mo phologies o CS coa ings
To ob ain de ailed in o ma ion on he mic omechanism o de o ma ion beha iou , he ac u e su aces o as-
sp ayed and hea - ea ed ensile samples we e analyzed by SEM in a op iew. The ac u e mo phology o specimens
s ained a e annealing a 200 °C is e y simila o he s a e a e deposi ion and is he e o e omi ed in he epo .
The SEM mic og aphs o b oken specimens a e illus a ed in Fig. 5, which e ealed wo dis inc egions. The i s one
is connec ed wi h undesi able in e spla c acking, which esul s in a b i le esponse du ing p eceding ensile loading.
In e pa icle up u e is a ypical phenomenon o CS coa ings and leads o apid p opaga ion o in e c ys alline c acks,
which could explain he insu icien duc ili y o he CS 7075 alloy (Huang e al. (2015)). The duc ile ac u e a eas
and he cha ac e is ic dimple pa e ns a e he second ea u es obse ed on he b oken su ace (ma ked wi h a ows in
Fig. 5a). This mo phology is mani es ed by he mic o- oid coalescence and i s negligible occu ence on he ac u e
su ace indica es he p ima y ole o he in e locking mechanism du ing he deposi ion p ocess (Rokni e al. (2017)).
A low- empe a u e hea ea men (T < 250°C) is gene ally no able o suppo a signi ican change in ac u e
beha iou o he CS 7075 alloy due o only sligh a ia ions in he mechanical p ope ies o he coa ing. On he
con a y, inc easing he annealing empe a u e up o 300 °C leads o a ansi ion o he ac u e mechanism om b i le
c acking o duc ile ailu e (Fig. 5b). This is also e lec ed in he smoo he ac u e su ace, which makes i mo e
di icul o di e en ia e indi idual o me sp ay spla s. Highe empe a u es igge di usion-d i en p ocesses
esul ing in con inuous ec ys alliza ion o he ma e ial and educing he numbe o in e pa icle de ec s as well.
Raising he annealing empe a u e o he highes le el o 400 °C induces a subs an ial inc ease in he p opo ion o
plas ic de o ma ion, which seems o be dominan in he opog aphy. Nume ous pa icles a he bo om o he dimples
(0,5-1 µm in size) can be obse ed a highe magni ica ion as he o igin o duc ile ailu e. EDS analysis exposed
angula p ecipi a es en iched in Mg and Cu, iden i ied as Al2CuMg phases (Woznicki e al. (2021)). Al hough he
annealing cycle causes a g adual healing o he coa ing mic os uc u e, some de ec s a e s ill ound on he b oken
su ace (a ows in Fig. 5c). This makes he specimen ail in he ini ial s age o plas ic de o ma ion and he ensile
s eng h and elonga ion a e lowe compa ed o he bulk ma e ial.
Figu e
5. F ac u e su aces o CS 7075 coa ings: a) as-sp ayed condi ion; b) annealed a 300 °C/3h; c) annealed a 400 °C/3h.
6 Jakub Judas e al. / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000
4. Conclusions
In his s udy, CS 7075 aluminum alloy was ab ica ed o in es iga e he changes in mic os uc u e and mechanical
p ope ies a e subsequen iso he mal annealing. The main conclusions can be d awn as ollows:
• The mic os uc u e o CS 7075 coa ing consis s o wo dis inc egions, which di e in g ain size dis ibu ion
and show dissimila s eng hening mechanisms, i.e., LAGBs and HAGBs a io.
• The mechanical p ope ies in he as-buil condi ion a e cha ac e ized by b i le esponse du ing he s a ic
s aining as a consequence o in e spla de ec s as well as s ong esis ance o plas ic de o ma ion.
• Pos -deposi ion hea ea men igge s he eco e y/ ec ys alliza ion o he mic os uc u e, leading o a
p og essi e dec ease in mic oha dness and po osi y and o he es o a ion o he coa ing duc ili y.
• Examina ion o he ac u e su ace e ealed a g adual ansi ion in ac u e beha iou , associa ed wi h a
signi ican amoun o low-ene gy duc ile ailu e a he highe annealing empe a u e.
Acknowledgemen s
This wo k was suppo ed by BUT p ojec no. FSI-S-20-6484. The au ho s would also like o hank Ing. Igo
Mo a čík, PhD o pe o ming he EBSD analysis and assis ing in he in e p e a ion o he esul s.
Re e ences
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Gä ne , F., S ol enho , T., Voye , J., K eye, H., Riekeh , S., Kocak, M., 2006. Mechanical p ope ies o cold-sp ayed and he mally sp ayed
coppe coa ings. Su ace and Coa ings Technology 200, 6770-6782.
Yang, K., Li, W., Yang, X., Xu, Y., 2018. Aniso opic esponse o cold sp ayed coppe deposi s. Su ace and Coa ings Technology 335, 219-227.
Huang, R., Sone, M., Ma., W., Fukanuma, H., 2015. The e ec s o hea ea men on he mechanical p ope ies o cold-sp ayed coa ings. Su ace
and Coa ings Technology 261, 278-288.
Rokni, M.R., Widene , C.A., Ozdemi , O.C., C aw o d, G.A., 2017. Mic os uc u e and mechanical p ope ies o cold sp ayed 6061 Al in As-
sp ayed and hea - ea ed condi ion. Su ace and Coa ings Technology 309, 641-650.
Rokni, M.R., Widene , C.A., Champagne, V.K., C aw o d, G.A., 2015. An in es iga ion in o mic os uc u e and mechanical p ope ies o cold
sp ayed 7075 Al deposi ion. Ma e ials Science & Enginee ing A 276, 305.315.
Xiong, Y., Zhuang, W., Zhang, M., 2015. E ec o he hickness o cold sp ayed aluminium alloy coa ing on he adhesi e bond s eng h wi h an
aluminium alloy subs a e. Su ace and Coa ings Technology 270, 259-265.
Saba d, A., McNu , P., Begg, H., Hussain, T., 2020. Cold sp ay deposi ion o solu ion hea ea ed, a i icially aged and na u ally aged Al 7075
powde . Su ace and Coa ings Technology 385, 125367.
Bobzin, K., Wie hegge , W., Hebing, J., Ge d , L., 2021. So ening Beha io o Cold-Sp ayed Aluminum-Based Coa ings AA1200 and AA7075
Du ing Annealing. J The m Sp ay Tech 30, 358-370.
Jones, H., 1984. Mic os uc u e o Rapidly Solidi ied Ma e ials. Ma e ials Science & Enginee ing 65, 145-146.
Kim, K., Wa anabe, M., Kawaki a, J., Ku oda, S., 2008. G ain e inemen in a single i anium powde pa icle impac ed a high eloci y. Sc ip a
Ma e ialia 59, 768-771.
Liang, M., Chen, L., Zhao, G., Guo, Y., 2020. E ec s o solu ion ea men on he mic os uc u e and mechanical p ope ies o na u ally aged EN
AW 2024 Al alloy shee . Jou nal o Alloys and Compounds 824, 153943.
Zhao, Y.H., Liao, X.Z., Jin, Z., Valie , R.Z., Zhu, Y.T., 2004. Mic os uc u es and mechanical p ope ies o ul a ine g ained 7075 Al alloy
p ocessed by ECAP and hei e olu ions du ing annealing. Ac a Ma e ialia 52, 4589–4599.
Souza, S.H., Padilha, A.F., Kliauga, A.M., 2019. So ening Beha io Du ing Annealing o O e aged and Cold- olled Aluminum Alloy 7075.
Ma e ials Resea ch 22, 20180666.
Ma laud, T., Deschamps, A., Bley, F., Le eb e, W., Ba oux, B., 2010. E olu ion o p ecipi a e mic os uc u es du ing he e og ession and e-
ageing hea ea men o an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. Ac a Ma e ialia 58, 4814-4826.
Woznicki, A., Madej, B.L., Wloch, G., G zyb, J., Madu a, J., Lesniak, D., 2021. Homogeniza ion o 7075 and 7049 Aluminium Alloys In ended
o Ex usion Welding. Me als 11, 338.
Jakub Judas e al. / P ocedia S uc u al In eg i y 43 (2023) 160–165 165
Au ho name / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000 5
s esses. The educ ion in deposi mic oha dness is al eady a he unimp essi e compa ed o annealing a 300 °C
owing o he limi ed g ain g ow h (in oduced in Fig. 4b) and he mino changes in p ecipi a e mo phology and densi y
(Zhao e al. (2004)). The weakening o he s eng hening mechanisms in coope a ion wi h he sin e ing o in e spla
de ec s signi ican ly imp o es yielding abili y and he esul ing duc ili y o he CS 7075 coa ing.
Table 1. Mechanical p ope ies and po osi y e alua ion o he CS 7075 alloy in he as-buil and annealed s a e.
Coa ing condi ion
Yield s eng h
[MPa]
Ul ima e s eng h
[MPa]
Elonga ion
[%]
Ha dness HV0.1
XY / YZ
Po osi y [%]
XY
As-buil
-
245 ± 31
< 0.1
142 ± 6 / 142 ± 9
0.6 ± 0.2
200 °C/3h
-
247 ± 2
< 0.1
129 ± 5 / 128 ± 7
0.4 ± 0.2
300 °C/3h
238 ± 6
246 ± 3
0.3 ± 0.1
100 ± 3 / 102 ± 2
0.4 ± 0.2
400 °C/3h
169 ± 2
225 ± 5
2.9 ± 0.1
91 ± 3 / 92 ± 3
0.3 ± 0.2
3.3. F ac u e mo phologies o CS coa ings
To ob ain de ailed in o ma ion on he mic omechanism o de o ma ion beha iou , he ac u e su aces o as-
sp ayed and hea - ea ed ensile samples we e analyzed by SEM in a op iew. The ac u e mo phology o specimens
s ained a e annealing a 200 °C is e y simila o he s a e a e deposi ion and is he e o e omi ed in he epo .
The SEM mic og aphs o b oken specimens a e illus a ed in Fig. 5, which e ealed wo dis inc egions. The i s one
is connec ed wi h undesi able in e spla c acking, which esul s in a b i le esponse du ing p eceding ensile loading.
In e pa icle up u e is a ypical phenomenon o CS coa ings and leads o apid p opaga ion o in e c ys alline c acks,
which could explain he insu icien duc ili y o he CS 7075 alloy (Huang e al. (2015)). The duc ile ac u e a eas
and he cha ac e is ic dimple pa e ns a e he second ea u es obse ed on he b oken su ace (ma ked wi h a ows in
Fig. 5a). This mo phology is mani es ed by he mic o- oid coalescence and i s negligible occu ence on he ac u e
su ace indica es he p ima y ole o he in e locking mechanism du ing he deposi ion p ocess (Rokni e al. (2017)).
A low- empe a u e hea ea men (T < 250°C) is gene ally no able o suppo a signi ican change in ac u e
beha iou o he CS 7075 alloy due o only sligh a ia ions in he mechanical p ope ies o he coa ing. On he
con a y, inc easing he annealing empe a u e up o 300 °C leads o a ansi ion o he ac u e mechanism om b i le
c acking o duc ile ailu e (Fig. 5b). This is also e lec ed in he smoo he ac u e su ace, which makes i mo e
di icul o di e en ia e indi idual o me sp ay spla s. Highe empe a u es igge di usion-d i en p ocesses
esul ing in con inuous ec ys alliza ion o he ma e ial and educing he numbe o in e pa icle de ec s as well.
Raising he annealing empe a u e o he highes le el o 400 °C induces a subs an ial inc ease in he p opo ion o
plas ic de o ma ion, which seems o be dominan in he opog aphy. Nume ous pa icles a he bo om o he dimples
(0,5-1 µm in size) can be obse ed a highe magni ica ion as he o igin o duc ile ailu e. EDS analysis exposed
angula p ecipi a es en iched in Mg and Cu, iden i ied as Al2CuMg phases (Woznicki e al. (2021)). Al hough he
annealing cycle causes a g adual healing o he coa ing mic os uc u e, some de ec s a e s ill ound on he b oken
su ace (a ows in Fig. 5c). This makes he specimen ail in he ini ial s age o plas ic de o ma ion and he ensile
s eng h and elonga ion a e lowe compa ed o he bulk ma e ial.
Figu e 5. F ac u e su aces o CS 7075 coa ings: a) as-sp ayed condi ion; b) annealed a 300 °C/3h; c) annealed a 400 °C/3h.
6 Jakub Judas e al. / S uc u al In eg i y P ocedia 00 (2022) 000–000
4. Conclusions
In his s udy, CS 7075 aluminum alloy was ab ica ed o in es iga e he changes in mic os uc u e and mechanical
p ope ies a e subsequen iso he mal annealing. The main conclusions can be d awn as ollows:
• The mic os uc u e o CS 7075 coa ing consis s o wo dis inc egions, which di e in g ain size dis ibu ion
and show dissimila s eng hening mechanisms, i.e., LAGBs and HAGBs a io.
• The mechanical p ope ies in he as-buil condi ion a e cha ac e ized by b i le esponse du ing he s a ic
s aining as a consequence o in e spla de ec s as well as s ong esis ance o plas ic de o ma ion.
• Pos -deposi ion hea ea men igge s he eco e y/ ec ys alliza ion o he mic os uc u e, leading o a
p og essi e dec ease in mic oha dness and po osi y and o he es o a ion o he coa ing duc ili y.
• Examina ion o he ac u e su ace e ealed a g adual ansi ion in ac u e beha iou , associa ed wi h a
signi ican amoun o low-ene gy duc ile ailu e a he highe annealing empe a u e.
Acknowledgemen s
This wo k was suppo ed by BUT p ojec no. FSI-S-20-6484. The au ho s would also like o hank Ing. Igo
Mo a čík, PhD o pe o ming he EBSD analysis and assis ing in he in e p e a ion o he esul s.
Re e ences
Ma zban ad, B., Razmpoosh, M.H., Toyse kani, E., Jahed, H., 2021. Role o hea balance on he mic os uc u e e olu ion o cold sp ay coa ed
AZ31B wi h AA7075. Jou nal o Magnesium and Alloys 9, 1458-1469.
Gä ne , F., S ol enho , T., Voye , J., K eye, H., Riekeh , S., Kocak, M., 2006. Mechanical p ope ies o cold-sp ayed and he mally sp ayed
coppe coa ings. Su ace and Coa ings Technology 200, 6770-6782.
Yang, K., Li, W., Yang, X., Xu, Y., 2018. Aniso opic esponse o cold sp ayed coppe deposi s. Su ace and Coa ings Technology 335, 219-227.
Huang, R., Sone, M., Ma., W., Fukanuma, H., 2015. The e ec s o hea ea men on he mechanical p ope ies o cold-sp ayed coa ings. Su ace
and Coa ings Technology 261, 278-288.
Rokni, M.R., Widene , C.A., Ozdemi , O.C., C aw o d, G.A., 2017. Mic os uc u e and mechanical p ope ies o cold sp ayed 6061 Al in As-
sp ayed and hea - ea ed condi ion. Su ace and Coa ings Technology 309, 641-650.
Rokni, M.R., Widene , C.A., Champagne, V.K., C aw o d, G.A., 2015. An in es iga ion in o mic os uc u e and mechanical p ope ies o cold
sp ayed 7075 Al deposi ion. Ma e ials Science & Enginee ing A 276, 305.315.
Xiong, Y., Zhuang, W., Zhang, M., 2015. E ec o he hickness o cold sp ayed aluminium alloy coa ing on he adhesi e bond s eng h wi h an
aluminium alloy subs a e. Su ace and Coa ings Technology 270, 259-265.
Saba d, A., McNu , P., Begg, H., Hussain, T., 2020. Cold sp ay deposi ion o solu ion hea ea ed, a i icially aged and na u ally aged Al 7075
powde . Su ace and Coa ings Technology 385, 125367.
Bobzin, K., Wie hegge , W., Hebing, J., Ge d , L., 2021. So ening Beha io o Cold-Sp ayed Aluminum-Based Coa ings AA1200 and AA7075
Du ing Annealing. J The m Sp ay Tech 30, 358-370.
Jones, H., 1984. Mic os uc u e o Rapidly Solidi ied Ma e ials. Ma e ials Science & Enginee ing 65, 145-146.
Kim, K., Wa anabe, M., Kawaki a, J., Ku oda, S., 2008. G ain e inemen in a single i anium powde pa icle impac ed a high eloci y. Sc ip a
Ma e ialia 59, 768-771.
Liang, M., Chen, L., Zhao, G., Guo, Y., 2020. E ec s o solu ion ea men on he mic os uc u e and mechanical p ope ies o na u ally aged EN
AW 2024 Al alloy shee . Jou nal o Alloys and Compounds 824, 153943.
Zhao, Y.H., Liao, X.Z., Jin, Z., Valie , R.Z., Zhu, Y.T., 2004. Mic os uc u es and mechanical p ope ies o ul a ine g ained 7075 Al alloy
p ocessed by ECAP and hei e olu ions du ing annealing. Ac a Ma e ialia 52, 4589–4599.
Souza, S.H., Padilha, A.F., Kliauga, A.M., 2019. So ening Beha io Du ing Annealing o O e aged and Cold- olled Aluminum Alloy 7075.
Ma e ials Resea ch 22, 20180666.
Ma laud, T., Deschamps, A., Bley, F., Le eb e, W., Ba oux, B., 2010. E olu ion o p ecipi a e mic os uc u es du ing he e og ession and e-
ageing hea ea men o an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. Ac a Ma e ialia 58, 4814-4826.
Woznicki, A., Madej, B.L., Wloch, G., G zyb, J., Madu a, J., Lesniak, D., 2021. Homogeniza ion o 7075 and 7049 Aluminium Alloys In ended
o Ex usion Welding. Me als 11, 338.
