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PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN FOR STRATEGIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND MOBILE COMMAND CENTRE
Jan Fabián*
B no Uni e si y o Technology
10 Technická, 616 00 B no, Czech Republic, x abia09@ u b .cz
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-4761-0821
Tomáš Bina
Uni e si y o De ence
65 Kounico a, 662 10 B no, Czech Republic, omas.bina @unob.cz
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-4426-2857
Pa el Ša l
B no Uni e si y o Technology
10 Technická, 616 00 B no, Czech Republic, xs[email p o ec ed]
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-4430-3551
A icle his o y: Recei ed 25 Sep embe 2022, Recei ed in e ised o m 21 Oc obe 2022, Accep ed 21 Oc obe
2022, A ailable online 21 Oc obe 2022
Highligh
This pape ocuses on he design o pho o ol aics sys ems o ene gy sel -su iciency o s a egic in as uc u e
as well as mobile applica ions (e.g., command cen es, i s esponde s, e ugee camps).
Abs ac
Wi h bo h he ecological and economical aspec o ossil uels as a sou ce o ene gy, he demand o enewable
sou ces is ising. This pape aims o analyse wo scena ios, which would bene i om he use o a pho o ol aic
sys em. In he i s scena io, a s a egically impo an wa ehouse is analysed, and a pho o ol aic sys em
is designed and simula ed. In he second scena io, wo designs o pho o ol aic sys ems ha could be used
in mobile applica ions by i s esponde s, mili a y command cen es, o du ing na u al disas e s a e p oposed.
The esul s o he simula ions a e discussed and may se e as a basis o eal-li e sys em design and applica ion.
Keywo ds
enewable ene gy; pho o ol aics design; mobile PV applica ions; ene gy sel -su iciency.
In oduc ion
Wi h he con inuous de elopmen o enewable ene gy sou ces and he pu sui o clean ene gy, sou ces like
pho o ol aics, small wind u bines e c., ha e ound g ea use in small-scale and s and-alone applica ions [1].
Based on his, he limi a ion o ossil uels as a sou ce o ene gy in emo e a eas, and he g owing p ice o ossil
uels ( ied o he economic c isis, he wa in Uk aine e c.), designs o he eplacemen o ossil uel sou ces
by enewable ene gy sou ces a e no only needed bu also desi ed in many ields and applica ions [2]. Ranging
om ci il sec o o mili a y and i s esponde s’ applica ions, pho o ol aic sys ems can p esen a eliable sou ce
o ene gy no only o s a egically o o he wise impo an acili ies (wa ehouses, hospi als, e c.) bu also
o mobile applica ions, such as command cen es, e ugee camps o he uni s o in eg a ed escue sys em
o hei ope a ions in emo e a eas o disas e elie ope a ions [3]. Mobile pho o ol aic sys ems could p esen
a eliable sou ce o enewable ene gy in such ope a ions and may also b ing down he cos o such ope a ions
o he in eg a ed escue sys em. This pape aims o analyse wo p oposed scena ios ha would bene i om
he use o pho o ol aic sys ems and o design and simula e hose sys ems. Fo he use o pho o ol aics
o impo an in as uc u e, he sys ems a e mainly designed o inc ease ene gy sel -su iciency and can consis
o mul iple sou ces (i.e., pho o ol aics and wind u bines). In mobile applica ions, he main goal is o he sys em
o be easily anspo able, modula , scalable, and no equi e specialized pe sonnel o ope a e i . Cu en ly,
a ious e sions o mobile pho o ol aic and hyb id sys ems o use in s and-alone, emo e applica ions as well
as o mili a y applica ions exis . Such examples can be he Al ons Mobile Ene gy Con aine [4], Ene gy Powe
Rack [5], and Mul icon con aine [6]o a ious p o o ypes o hyb id sys ems o mobile applica ions [7] and o he
sys ems aimed a mic o-g ids o he use in applica ions such as e ugee camps [8,9].
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Me hods
In o de o app op ia ely e alua e he possible bene i s and he nega i es o he use o pho o ol aics
as a sus ainable sou ce o ene gy o impo an applica ions a wo-s ep me hodological app oach – Analysis,
Design & Simula ion - was c ea ed. In he i s s ep, we ocused mainly on analysing he chosen scena ios.
To design a sys em o impo an in as uc u e, a cen al a my wa ehouse was chosen based on i s na ional
and in e na ional s a egical impo ance ( om he iewpoin o NATO o ces). On isi s o his wa ehouse,
we in es iga ed he in e nal p ocesses, he ma e ial s o ed he e and he in as uc u e o he a my base.
A heo e ical p oposal o au oma ed design o his wa ehouse was also conside ed. Fo he second scena io
(mobile command cen e), we discussed he impo ance o mobile command cen es o as esponse in he case
o na u al disas e s such as o nadoes o loods. Wi h he in eg a ed escue sys em needing a s able base
o ope a ion as well as a command cen e, we ocused especially on ea u es such as mobili y, modula i y
o he equipmen and being ene gy sel -su icien [10]. A hypo he ical si ua ion based on his o ical loods
in he own o Bohumin was used o his scena io. The second s ep consis ed o c ea ing a 3D model and a design
o a p ac ically applicable PV sys em o each scena io (Figu e 1, Figu e 2).
Fo he simula ion o p oposed solu ions and hei u he op imiza ion, PV*Sol so wa e was used. Apa om
he calcula ions, his sys em was also used o he c ea ion o 3D models o he scena ios, which enabled
us o accoun o ex e nal in luences on he PV sys ems (e.g., shading). Based on he compu ed da a, bo h
sys ems we e e alua ed and op imized o be e e iciency. Simula ions o bo h scena ios we e also un
wi h he implemen a ion o a backup gene a o in o he sys em.
Figu e 1. Wa ehouse PV sys em isualisa ion. Sou ce: Au ho .
Figu e 2. Mobile command cen e PV sys em isualisa ion. Sou ce: Au ho .
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Au oma ed wa ehouse scena io
The p oposed au oma ed design o a wa ehouse o 4 500 m2 used o his scena io conside s six au oma ed
g ound ehicles (AGV) and a human s a o i e employees. This means ha he e is no educ ion in ene gy
consump ion due o sa e y s anda ds needed o he human s a , howe e , he le el o au oma iza ion p omises
inc eased e iciency in elec ic ene gy usage. Based on he analysis o he in e nal p ocesses, case s udy on ene gy
consump ion in au oma ed wa ehouses [11], o he s udies [12,13], and educa ed guess, he yea ly ene gy
consump ion o he acili y o be used in he design o he PV sys em was se as 415 000 kWh. Bo h
he au oma iza ion and he impo ance o he acili y o he Czech A med Fo ces encou age he design
o a solu ion o si ua ions such as blackou s, which would also aim o inc ease he ene gy sel -su iciency
o he acili y. To gua an ee ene gy sel -su iciency o impo an in as uc u e e en du ing blackou s, a p ac ical
solu ion used by GoodWe company was conside ed o he design (Figu e 3) [14]. This solu ion uses egula ed
gene a o s ha a e connec ed o he PV sys em, and a e s a ed in he case o g id ailu e, hus simula ing g id
pa ame e s ( ol age, FQ) needed o he ope a ion o he in e e s. They a e also used o supply elec ici y in o
he sys em when he PV sys em is no ope a ional (nigh , wea he condi ions).
Figu e 3. Backup gene a o scheme. Sou ce: [14].
Figu e 4. Schema ic diag am o he p oposed sys em. Sou ce: Au ho
As he wa ehouse building by i sel is no sui able o PV sys em ins alla ion, he oo s o su ounding buildings
we e chosen o he ins alla ion o he sola panels. Al hough he one inclined and six la oo s o e ideal
moun ing su aces, he SW (ca 220°) o ien a ion educes ene gy yield in he ea ly mo nings and c ea es sligh ly
sub-op imal condi ions o he sys em wi h ene gy being gene a ed up o he la e a e noon when
he consump ion is lowe . This shows us he impo ance o ba e ies in he PV sys em as he a ailable ene gy
s o age g ea ly inc eases he o e all e iciency o he sys em.
The p oposed PV sys em consis s o 820 sola panels in o al, wi h an ins alled powe o 492 kWp. CanadianSola
HiKu7 CS7L-600 [15] panels we e chosen o his sys em based on hei 600 W peak ou pu powe and e iciency
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o 21.2%. To con e he DC ou pu o an AC ou pu , i e cen al in e e s a e used. These a e GoodWe MT
GW80KBF-MT [16] in e e s wi h a nominal ou pu o 80 kW. These in e e s a e able o wo k wi h e y low
s a ing ol ages (200 V) and can wo k up o 150% o he nominal inpu ol age. F om he wide ange
o gene a o s used by he Czech A med Fo ces, a h ee-phase, 60 kW 230/400V, diesel gene a o ČSAD-60-3-400
was used. Based on cu en ends in s o age echnologies, Li hium-i on-phospha e ba e ies made by Sonnen
GmbH company we e chosen.
To ensu e enough capaci y, a o al o 540.6 kWh o ba e y capaci y was used in he design. Fo he ba e ies o
be able o be cha ged also by he g id o backup gene a o , hey a e connec ed in AC coupling. Al hough his
ype o connec ion in oduces some losses o ene gy in o he sys em, i is ou weighed by he abili y o be cha ged
by sou ces o he han sola powe . A schema ic diag am o he p oposed sys em can be seen in Figu e 4.
Mobile command cen e scena io
The main goal o his scena io was o design and simula e a mobile pho o ol aic sys em ha would be able
o p o ide elec ic ene gy o a command cen e in a c isis, such as loods o o he na u al disas e s. I was
impo an o he p oposed design o emain as mobile as possible and o supply enough ene gy. This was
achie ed wi h wo designs, a ully o -g id pho o ol aic sys em and an o -g id PV sys em wi h a backup
gene a o . An in e al o 6 mon hs (Ap il - Sep embe ) was used o hese simula ions. This was due o he lesse
p obabili y o he need o mobile command cen es du ing he es o he yea . Due o he lowe a ailabili y
o sola powe du ing win e , comple ely sel -su icien sys em would no be op ional. Wi h ega ds o mobili y,
he design o a sys em wi h a backup gene a o would also be p io i ised be o e o he o ms o hyb id sys ems.
In he case o na u al disas e s o o he si ua ions, a command cen e p esen s a s a egically impo an pa
in he coo dina ion o escue eams and o he o ces. The design o his scena io was p oposed wi h no only
mili a y applica ions in mind, bu also he possibili ies i p esen s o he in eg a ed escue sys em, who could
u ilize his sys em o assis ance du ing na u al disas e s o in e ugee camps [3,8,9]. Command cen es should
ep esen eal con ol, communica ion, and coo dina ion cen es. To ul il hei asks, condi ions ha a e
as sui able as possible o he planning and o ganiza ion o ac i i ies need o be c ea ed. The o ganiza ional
s uc u e o he s a mus also ensu e and enable he issuing o asks and coope a ion wi h he s a e secu i y
o ces in ope a ion. Fo his, a cons an and eliable supply o elec ical powe mus be ensu ed [10]. Simila
designs a e also he goal o NATO ini ia i e o educe ene gy consump ion o deployable camps [17].
Fo he design, op imiza ion and simula ion o he p oposed PV sys em, a model o a command cen e using
a s anda d a my en was de ised. Simila designs a e also he goal o NATO ini ia i e o educe ene gy
consump ion o deployable camps. A lis o elec ical appliances o he needs o he command cen e was
c ea ed o simula e he load using PV*Sol da abase. The a e age o al consump ion o he mobile command
cen e pe day was calcula ed as 55.73 kWh.
Table 1. Command cen e elec ici y consump ion pe day. Sou ce: Au ho .
Appliance
kWh/day
Elec ic ke le
0.56
T ansmi e s + cha ge s
10.98
Ligh s
1.10
No ebooks
36.43
P in e
5.23
P ojec o
1.43
To al
55.73
In o al wo designs we e c ea ed o his scena io – wi h and wi hou a backup gene a o . The solu ions we e
designed wi h he aspec o mobili y in mind. Thus, a solu ion using mobile aile s ca ying he echnology was
used. A isualisa ion o a possible aile design can be seen in Figu e 5.
The i s p oposed sys em consis s o one-phase in e e s (GoodWe GW5048D-ES), AXITEC Li-ion ba e ies
wi h a o al capaci y o 60.4 kWh and 18 pcs. o CanadianSola HiKu7 CS7L-600 [15] 600 Wp sola panels. This is
coupled wi h an a my s anda d 4 kW/ 230 V gene a o ha is ope a ing when he ene gy p oduced om he sun
is no enough o p o ide o he command cen e. Visualisa ion o his design can be seen in Figu e 6.
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Figu e 5. Visualisa ion o a mobile PV sys em aile . Sou ce: Au ho .
Figu e 6. Visualisa ion o a PV sys em wi h a backup gene a o . Sou ce: Au ho .
The main goal o he second design was o achie e ull sel -su iciency o he command cen e wi hou he use
o a gene a o . To achie e his, a o al o 48 pcs. o PV panels needed o be used, along wi h a hi d in e e ,
and 16 ba e ies wi h a o al capaci y o 161 kWh. Due o he lack o a gene a o p o iding g id pa ame e s, o -
g id in e e s (F onius Simo 8) we e used. This design elimina es he eliabili y o he command cen e on ossil
uels, howe e , he space o he ins alla ion o such a sys em and he ini ial in es men is much highe .
The isualisa ion o he second p oposed design can be seen in Figu e 7.
Figu e 7. Visualisa ion o a ully pho o ol aic sys em. Sou ce: Au ho .
Resul s and discussion
Al hough he o ien a ion and he il o PV panels ha e a signi ican e ec on hei e iciency and elec ici y
p oduc ion h oughou he day [18], i may be easie some imes o moun he panels in less a ou able
o ien a ions (i.e. oo op-moun ed sys ems). Such sys ems hen should be op imized h ough he echnology
used, ba e y capaci y o consump ion egula ion, which may also assis in be e sola ene gy u iliza ion [19].

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The main ad an age o using simula ion so wa e is he amoun o da a ha can be used o e alua e he bene i s
o he p oposed designs be o ehand. Based on he da a om he simula ions, he designs can be amended
and op imized wi hou any addi ional wo k. This also enables us o e alua e a ious condi ions, such
as he simula ion o a blackou in he win e mon hs. In mobile sys ems, we can use simpli ied calcula ion ools
when placing he PV panels o ensu e maximal e iciency based on he geog aphical place and ime o yea .
No able di e ences in he u iliza ion o sola ene gy in di e en geog aphical loca ions can be obse ed in [20].
Au oma ed wa ehouse scena io
E en hough he used so wa e lacks some simula ion unc ions o a p ecise PV sys em wi h gene a o
simula ion, he c ea ed 3D design o a g id- ied sys em enabled us o accoun o losses and o he in luences
on he sys em. The simula ion was un as an on-g id sys em o simula e no mal ope a ions and hen as an o -
g id sys em o simula e powe g id ailu e and ge da a abou he backup gene a o usage in h ee days pe iod
wi h he lowes sola i adia ion (21s -24 h Decembe ) and he highes sola i adia ion (22nd-25 h June).
The esul s o he simula ion can be seen in Figu e 8 below. Two pa ame e s impo an o he design o a PV
sys em a e Own Powe Consump ion and Sola F ac ion. The p oposed PV sys em gene a es app oxima ely 531
MWh/yea . The Own Powe Consump ion pa ame e ells us ha 58.4 % o i is used o powe he acili y
and cha ge ba e ies, while he es is sen o he g id. On he o he hand, he Sola F ac ion pa ame e is ela ed
o he consump ion and, in ou case, ells us ha 72.7 % o he elec ic ene gy consump ion was supplied
by he PV sys em. The use o PV ene gy h oughou he yea is shown in Figu e 9, whe e he gene a ed ene gy
su plus, especially in May-Sep embe , can be obse ed. This su plus occu s due o he amoun o gene a ed
ene gy in days wi h lowe consump ion, as well as be e i adia ion condi ions in he summe mon hs in he
Czech Republic. As his su plus o ene gy can be ed in o he public g id and sold, i con ibu es o a as e e u n
on he ini ial in es men . We can also obse e signi ican d op in he amoun o gene a ed powe as he
condi ions du ing la e au umn and win e a e no sa is ac o y o PV sys ems. This, coupled wi h addi ional powe
consump ion (e.g., hea ing), may in some si ua ions p o e he need o hyb id sys ems u ilizing wind u bines, o
be ully sel -su icien . O he me hods o compensa ion o lowe p oduc ion and highe consump ion, apa om
he dis ibu ion g id, may be consump ion egula ions wi h he use o wea he (and sola ene gy a ailabili y)
o ecas s [19].
Figu e 8.Simula ion esul s (PV*Sol). Sou ce: Au ho .
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Figu e 9. G aph o he use o PV ene gy in he wa ehouse (PV*Sol). Sou ce: Au ho .
The use o backup gene a o s, compa ed o sola ene gy, in simula ed powe g id ailu e on he days wi h
he lowes i adia ion is shown in Figu e 10. We can obse e a high u iliza ion o he backup gene a o o co e
he wa ehouse consump ion, especially due o insu icien sunligh and sho days. Howe e , we can also see
ha he sys em is capable o co e ing pa o he consump ion wi h pho o ol aic ene gy e en a a ela i ely small
in ensi y o i adia ion a ound 270 W/m2. On he o he hand, ela i ely low u iliza ion o he backup gene a o
is needed du ing days wi h high i adia ion. In Figu e 11, we can see a simula ion o he sys em du ing June.
Wi h i adia ion o a ound 850 W/m2, i is appa en ha he gene a o is used only o upkeep he minimal s a e
o cha ge (SOC) o he ba e ies and ha he sys em is capable o supplying he wa ehouse wi h enough powe
o ensu e i s ope a ion.
Figu e 10. Use o backup gene a o du ing low-i adia ion days (PV*Sol). Sou ce: Au ho .
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Figu e 11. Use o backup gene a o du ing high-i adia ion days (PV*Sol). Sou ce: Au ho .
Mobile command cen e scena io
As men ioned be o e, an in e al o 6 mon hs was used (Ap il – Sep embe ) o he simula ion o he design
o mobile command cen e. Fi s ly, he simula ion o he design wi h a backup gene a o was un. Based
on he esul s o his simula ion, he sys em was op imised and hen we designed and simula ed he PV-only
sys em.
As we can obse e om he esul s o he simula ion below, he o al consump ion o he command cen e o e
ou in e al would be 10 MWh. F om his consump ion, 68.3% would be co e ed using sola ene gy wi h he es
would be co e ed by he backup gene a o . This would mean es ima ed consump ion o 2 235 L o uel,
o on a e age, 12.5 L / day.
Figu e 12. PV sys em wi h backup gene a o simula ion esul s (PV*Sol). Sou ce: Au ho .
Fu he op imiza ion o his sys em would equi e addi ional ba e ies and a ade-o be ween hei longe
li espan and se pa ame e s o maximal discha ge o he ba e ies, as he possibili y o e ec i ely use mo e
o hei s o ed ene gy ( he simula ed se ing was max 80% SOD) would equi e less gene a o usage. Co ec
spacing be ween he cons uc ion, panel o ien a ion and hei il would also ha e o be adhe ed o du ing he
sys em ins alla ion as his could c ea e losses in powe p oduc ion due o shading. The ully pho o ol aic solu ion
o he mobile command cen e design (Figu e 13) had o be scaled o accoun o he need o supply enough
Appliances
Consump ion
10 078
kWh/Yea
Consump ion wi h Load Shedding
10 078
kWh/Yea
S andby Consump ion (In e e )
3
kWh/Yea
Cable Losses
0
kWh/Yea
To al Consump ion
10 081
kWh/Yea
co e ed by PV powe
4 029
kWh/Yea
co e ed by ba e y
4 623
kWh/Yea
co e ed by auxilia y gene a o
1 430
kWh/Yea
Sola F ac ion
69.0
%
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powe e en in incon enien condi ions. The simula ion o he design showed us ha he sys em would be a ound
32% e icien should he se up be used o he whole du a ion o he 6-mon h in e al. On he o he hand, i also
p o ed ha he sys em would be capable o ene gy sel -su iciency e en in sus ained ad e se condi ions (PV*Sol
calcula ed 4.7 days o au onomy).
Figu e 13. S and- alone PV sys em design simula ion esul (PV*Sol). Sou ce: Au ho .
Impac
The p esen ed pape deals wi h he design o pho o ol aic sys ems as enewable ene gy sou ces and hei use
in speci ic applica ions o subs i u e ossil uel ene gy sou ces (pa ially o ully). The p esen ed designs a e based
on p ac ical scena ios and lay he basis o u u e applica ions and de elopmen . The main impac
is en i onmen al, as we aimed o inc ease ene gy sel -su iciency in bo h p esen ed scena ios. No only do hese
designs educe he dependabili y on ossil uel use, bu hey also enable u he de elopmen
in he p oblema ics, especially ega ding mobile applica ions. Ano he en i onmen al impac is he educ ion
o emissions due o using enewable ene gy sou ces. Based on he PV*Sol simula ions, he u iliza ion
o he pho o ol aic sys em o s a egic wa ehouse would a oid gene a ing app ox. 245 o CO2 emissions pe
yea . The mobile pho o ol aic sys ems would a oid gene a ing app ox. 17 kg (backup gene a o design) and 22
kg o CO2 emissions pe day o ope a ion. This would suppo he ini ia i es o enewable ene gy sou ces
and declining end o CO2 emissions in Eu ope [21]. Al hough ene gy and esou ces a e equi ed o manu ac u e
he echnology o PV sys ems, hei ope a ion p oduces his ene gy back (wi hou emissions) mul iple imes
o e he li e cycle o he PV sys em [22,23]. The mobile applica ions ha e also he impac o lesse , o ully
elimina ed noise pollu ion as opposed o egula use o gene a o s as a sou ce o powe . Lowe dependabili y
on ossil uels and ene gy sel -su iciency also has an economic impac on bo h p esen ed scena ios.
Fo he designs used o c i ical in as uc u e, he o e all cos o ene gy o he gene al ope a ions
o he acili ies is g ea ly educed, especially in imes o c isis, such as economic c isis o he cu en ene gy
ma ke c isis. Fo mobile applica ions, pho o ol aic sys ems p omise a educ ion in he cos o ossil uels ha
would be o he wise necessa y o ene gy p oduc ion. Exac economic impac would a y mainly wi h
geog aphical loca ion o he ins alled sys em. As he a ailabili y o sola ene gy and i s e ec i e usage educes
wi h he dis ance om he equa o , coun ies close o he equa o would see la ge ene gy ou pu om
he same sys em han e.g. No dic coun ies [20]. Thus, he geog aphic loca ion should be aken in o
PV Sys em
PV Gene a o Ou pu
28.80
kWp
Spec. Annual Yield
1 079.07
kWh/kWp
Pe o mance Ra io (PR)
87.98
%
Yield Reduc ion due o Shading
5.3
%/Yea
Maximum possible PV Ene gy
31 116
kWh/Yea
Usable PV Ene gy
11 502
kWh/Yea
Co e age o Consump ion
5 122
kWh/Yea
Ba e y Cha ge
6 380
kWh/Yea
Appliances
Consump ion
10 078
kWh/Yea
Consump ion wi h Load Shedding
10 078
kWh/Yea
S andby Consump ion (In e e )
39
kWh/Yea
Cable Losses
0
kWh/Yea
To al Consump ion
10 117
kWh/Yea
co e ed by PV powe
5 122
kWh/Yea
co e ed by ba e y
4 994
kWh/Yea
Sola F ac ion
100.0
%