h ps://doi.o g/10.14311/APP.2024.47.0133
Ac a Poly echnica CTU P oceedings 47:133–136, 2024 ©2024 The Au ho (s). Licensed unde a CC-BY 4.0 licence
Published by he Czech Technical Uni e si y in P ague
PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS USING MIXED
CEMENTS
Pe Špe ling∗, Rudol Hela
B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Ins i u e o Technology o Building Ma e ials and
Componen s, Ve eří 331/95, 602 00 B no, Czech Republic
∗co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . This pape discusses he possibili y o assessing he k- alue o powe plan ly ash using
du abili y. Comp essi e s eng hs, ac i i y indices, p essu e wa e seepage dep h and ca bona ion
dep h we e de e mined o cemen mo a s wi h 10, 20 and 30 % cemen eplacemen by ly ash o ages
o 7, 28 and 60 days. The k- alues o each cemen subs i u e we e de e mined o each age using he
ela ionship be ween wa e /cemen a io and comp essi e s eng h. Using he esul s o he dep h o
p essu ized wa e seepage and dep h o ca bona ion, he de e mined k- alues we e assessed and k- alues
ha a e sa e o use o powe plan ly ash in agg essi e XC and XD en i onmen s we e de e mined.
Keywo ds: K- alue, ac i i y index, ly ash, conc e e admix u es.
1. In oduc ion
The use o ac i e admix u es in conc e e, such as ly
ash, inely g ound g anula ed blas u nace slag, is
nowadays desi able mainly due o he educ ion o
he use o Po land clinke , he p oduc ion o which
p oduces la ge amoun s o
CO2
, which subsequen ly
escapes in o he a mosphe e [1].
Fly ash has an e ec on bo h he p ope ies o esh
conc e e and ha dened conc e e. The ini ial s eng hs
o conc e e wi h ly ash a e lowe han hose o he
e e ence conc e e. The s eng hs o his conc e e
each he s eng hs o he e e ence conc e e only a
la e ages (a ound 90days) [
2
]. In e ms o du a-
bili y, ly ash has a sligh ly nega i e e ec on os
esis ance and ly ash has a posi i e e ec when ag-
g essi e subs ances pene a e and co ode he s eel
ein o cemen [3].
The use o ac i e admix u es in conc e e in he
Czech Republic is add essed by he so-called k- alue
concep . The Eu opean s anda d EN206+A2 men-
ions his concep , bu his s anda d does no p o ide
any possibili y o de e mine he k- alue o ac i e
admix u es and he concep i sel is desc ibed in a
e y gene al way [4].
The e ec o ac i e admix u es on he p ope ies
o conc e e depends on he na u e o he indi idual
ma e ials, he age o he conc e e, he ex e nal con-
di ions, e c. To ake all hese in luences in o accoun
when designing conc e e, he k- alue concep uses
he ela ionship be ween he wa e /cemen a io and
he comp essi e s eng h. I he condi ion o equal
comp essi e s eng h is sa is ied, hen ela ion (1) is
alid [5]:
w0=
c+k·p.(1)
Whe e
w0
is he wa e /cemen a io o conc e e
wi hou admix u e,
is he wa e con en o conc e e
wi h admix u e in
kg m−3
,
c
is he cemen con en o
conc e e wi h admix u e in
kg m−3
,
p
is he admix u e
con en in kg m−3and kis he k- alue.
The p ocedu e o de e mining he k- alue is gi en
in CEN/TR16639. Howe e , his documen is no
used in he Czech Republic. In his me hodology,
conc e es wi h di e en wa e /cemen a ios wi hou
and wi h ac i e admix u e a e mixed. The k- alue is
de e mined om a compa ison o he dependence o
he comp essi e s eng h on he wa e /cemen a io.
The esul is no a single k- alue o a gi en ac i e
admix u e, bu a se o k- alues dependen on he
wa e /cemen a io [
6
]. Howe e , his me hod does
no ake in o accoun he e ec o he ac i e admix u e
on he du abili y o he conc e e.
2. Me hodology
CEM I 42.5 R Mok á cemen and high empe a u e
Opa o ice ly ash we e used in he expe imen al wo k.
Cemen mo a s we e mixed wi h 0, 10, 20 and 30%
cemen eplacemen wi h Opa o ice ly ash. A con-
s an wa e /cemen a io o 0.5 was used in he cemen
mo a s and he amoun o cemen used was he same
as in EN196-1: Me hods o es ing cemen – Pa 1:
De e mina ion o s eng h. The agg ega e was com-
posed o h ee ac ions so ha i s g ain size cu e
co esponded as closely as possible o ha o s anda d-
ised sand acco ding o EN 196-1. The cemen mo a s
we e es ed a ages 7, 28 and 60 days o comp es-
si e s eng h acco ding o EN196-1, de e mina ion
o he dep h o ca bona ion acco ding o EN13295:
P oduc s and sys ems o he p o ec ion and epai o
conc e e s uc u es – Tes me hods – De e mina ion
o esis ance o ca bona ion and esis ance o p essu e
wa e seepage acco ding o EN12390-8: Tes ing o
ha dened conc e e – Pa 8: Dep h o p essu e wa e
seepage.
133
Pe Špe ling, Rudol Hela Ac a Poly echnica CTU P oceedings
Recipes [m−3] REF A10 A20 A30
Cemen 511 460 409 358
Wa e 254 254 254 254
Ash 51 102 153
Sand 0.1–0.6 443 443 443 443
Sand 0.6–1.2 517 517 517 517
Sand 1–4 572 572 572 572
Table 1. Recipes o cemen mo a s.
Using he de e mined comp essi e s eng hs, a
k- alue was de e mined based on he ela ionship
be ween he wa e /cemen a io and comp essi e
s eng h. The ela ionship be ween wa e /cemen
a io and comp essi e s eng h is desc ibed by o -
mula (2) [7].
c=K·(1
/c
−a)(2)
whe e
c
is he comp essi e s eng h in MPa,
K
je
coe icien dependen on he e e ence cemen in MPa,
c
is he amoun o cemen in he conc e e in
kg m−3
,
is amoun o wa e in he conc e e in
kg m−3
and
a
is he coe icien depends on he age o he conc e e.
Ve i ica ion o he k- alue by du abili y was ca ied
ou using he equi emen s o he “Concep o Equi a-
len Conc e e Pe o mance”. In his concep , limi ing
alues o he change in d (as a% di e ence om he
e e ence conc e e, which leads o he ejec ion o he
use o Type II admix u e wi h a 90 % p obabili y) a e
gi en in e ms o he du abili y aspec o he conc e e.
The change in d p ope ies o cemen mo a wi h ly
ash shall no exceed he limi o 30 % de e io a ion.
3. Resul s
This sec ion p esen s he esul o he expe imen al
pa . In ollowing igu es a e shown esul s o comp es-
si e s eng h, ac i i y index, dep h o ca bona ion,
p essu e wa e leakage and k- alue o cemen mo a s
wi h ly ash.
In Figu e 1 we can see he esul s o comp essi e
s eng h which a e highes o e e ence mo a s a
wi h inc easing amoun o ly ashe we e lowe .
Figu e 1. Comp essi e s eng h o cemen mo a s.
Ac i i y indices a e co esponding wi h comp essi e
s eng hs o cemen mo a s. Highes ac i i y index
Figu e 2. Ac i i y index.
is o mo a wi h 10% o ly ash a e 28days and
o mo a wi h 20 % o ly ash a e 60days.
Figu e 3 shows he dep h o p essu e wa e leakage.
The highes dep h o p essu e wa e leakage is o mo -
a s A20 and A30 a e 7days. This alue dec eases
wi h inc easing age o cemen mo a s.
Figu e 3. Dep h o p essu e wa e leakage.
In Figu e 4 a e shown esul o dep h o ca bona ion.
As dep h o p essu e wa e leakage is he highes dep h
o ca bona ion o cemen mo a s A20 and A30 a e
7days.
Figu e 4. Dep h o ca bona ion.
Figu e 5. k- alue o powe plan ash.
134
ol. 47/2024 P oduc ion o conc e e pa emen s using mixed cemen s
Age [days] Dep h o p essu e wa e leakage [mm] Di e ence [mm] Change d[%]
REF A10 A20 A30 A10 A20 A30 A10 A20 A30
720 18.5 30 28 -1 10 8.5 -5.1 51.3 43.6
28 13 14 15 18 1.5 2 5 12.0 16.0 40.0
60 12 12 8.5 9 0 -4 -3.5 0.0 -29.2 -29.2
Table 2. Du abili y aspec o p essu e wa e leakage.
Age [days] Dep h o ca bona ion [mm] Di e ence [mm] Change d[%]
REF A10 A20 A30 A10 A20 A30 A10 A20 A30
71.2 2.4 5.6 7.4 1.2 4.4 6.2 100.0 366.7 516.7
28 1 1.3 2.3 3.1 0.3 1.3 2.1 30.0 130.0 210.0
60 1.1 1 1 1.8 -0.1 -0.1 0.7 -9.1 -9.1 63.6
Table 3. Du abili y aspec o p essu e wa e leakage.
K- alues in Figu e 5 we e de e mined using using
he ela ionship be ween comp essi e s eng h and wa-
e /cemen a io o cemen mo a s. The cou se o he
k- alue co esponds o he cou se o he comp essi e
s eng hs.
3.1. K- alue assessmen using du abili y
Acco ding o CEN/TR16639 aspec s o du abili y can
be assessed by he ollowing du abili y es s [6]:
•Ca bona ion esis ance,
•Resis ance o chlo ide pene a ion,
•Resis ance o eezing and hawing,
•Resis ance o he e ec s o seawa e ,
•Sulpha e esis ance.
Acco ding o he Czech supplemen a y s anda d
ČSNP732404 Conc e e – Speci ica ion, p ope ies,
p oduc ion and compliance Supplemen a y in o ma-
ion, he k- alue o ly ash canno be used o ex-
posu e classes XF2-XF4. Fo his eason, he os
esis ance es s we e omi ed and ins ead he dep h
o p essu e wa e pene a ion was de e mined [8].
Fo each ype o agg essi e en i onmen , limi s o
change a e se om which he conc e e mus no de i-
a e om he e e ence conc e e. CEN/TR 16639 gi es
he limi alues o he change in d as he pe cen age
di e ence om he e e ence conc e e ha leads o
he ejec ion o he use o a TypeII admix u e wi h
a 90% p obabili y, in e ms o he du abili y aspec .
The change in d p ope ies o he es ed conc e e wi h
admix u e shall no exceed 30 % [
6
]. Du abili y assess-
men using p essu e wa e leakage is shown in Table 2
and du abili y assessmen using ca bona ion dep h is
shown in Table 3.
4. Discussion
In Figu e 2, we can see ha he ac i i y indices a e
lowes a 7days o age, as expec ed, and inc ease
wi h inc easing age. This co esponds o he slowe
a e o pozzolanic eac ion o ly ash compa ed o he
hyd a ion o cemen . The slowe pozzolanic eac ion
o ly ash also co esponds o he highe dep h o
p essu e wa e seepage and ca bona ion.
In Figu e 3 we can see ha he dep h o p essu e
wa e pene a ion a 7 days o age is signi ican ly wo se
(by almos 50%) han he e e ence mo a , especially
o he o mula ions wi h 20 and 30% ly ash. A he
age o 28days his di e ence dec eases signi ican ly,
o 12% o he ecipe wi h 10% ly ash, 16 % o he
ecipe wi h 20 % ly ash and 40 % o he ecipe wi h
30% ly ash. A he age o 60days, he pene a ion
dep hs o he ly ash o mula ions a e al eady equal o
o lowe han he pene a ion dep h o he e e ence
mo a wa e p essu e.
As we can see in Figu e 4, a an age o 7days, he
dep h o ca bona ion is signi ican ly highe o mo -
a s wi h ly ash (up o hund eds o pe cen ) and he
dep h o ca bona ion o hese mo a s dec eases wi h
inc easing age. Howe e , in he case o o mula ion
A30 wi h 30 % ly ash, he e is a signi ican inc ease in
he dep h o ca bona ion e en a 60 days o age. The
K- alues de e mined using he ela ionship be ween
comp essi e s eng h and wa e /cemen a io o ce-
men mo a s a 7days o age a e 0.43–0.57. Al eady
hese k- alues a e highe han he ecommended alue
in EN206+A2, which is equal o 0.4 o ly ash wi h
CEM I cemen [4].
To e i y he du abili y aspec , he dep h o p essu e
wa e seepage and he dep h o ca bona ion we e
de e mined. In he case o p essu e wa e pene a ion
dep h, cemen mo a A10 wi h 10 % ly ash mee s
he du abili y condi ion a all ages, o mula ion A20
only a ages 28 and 60 days and o mula ion A30 only
a age 60days. Fo he dep h o ca bona ion, he
du abili y aspec is me only o o mula ion A10 a
ages 28 and 60days and o o mula ion A20 a age
60days.
135
Pe Špe ling, Rudol Hela Ac a Poly echnica CTU P oceedings
5. Conclusion
The aim o his pape was o e i y he possibili y o
de e mining he k- alue o powe plan ly ash in he
eplacemen o 10, 20 and 30 % Po land cemen using
he aspec o du abili y.
The comp essi e s eng hs ob ained we e used o
de e mine he ac i i y indices, which we e lowes a
7days o age and highes a 60days o age. Mo a
A10 a 28 days o age achie ed a highe ac i i y index
han 100 % and mo a A20 a 60 days o age achie ed
an ac i i y index o 100%.
Fo he dep h o ca bona ion and he dep h o seep-
age by p essu e wa e , he wa e o ms we e simila . In
he case o p essu e wa e seepage dep h, he seepage
dep hs a 60 days age we e equal o o lowe han he
p essu e wa e seepage dep h.
The K- alues de e mined om he ela ionship be-
ween wa e /cemen a io and comp essi e s eng h
we e highes o mo a wi h 10% cemen eplacemen
wi h ly ash a 28days o age. A he age o 60days
o mo a wi h 20 % cemen eplacemen wi h ly ash.
In he case o p essu e wa e seepage dep h, mo a
A10 is sui able al eady a 7days o age, mo a A20
a 28 days o age and mo a A30 up o 60days o age.
The du abili y aspec o he dep h o ca bona ion was
only sa is ied o mo a A10 a ages 28 and 60days
and o mo a A20 a age 60 days.
On he basis o he es esul s ob ained and he
assessmen o he du abili y aspec , i can be said ha
o eplacemen s and ages ha sa is y he du abili y
aspec s, he alues se o exposu e classes XC and XD
can be sa ely used. Howe e , i should be aken in o
accoun ha he equi emen s o EN206+A2 o he
exposu e classes a e gi en o conc e e. I is he e o e
ad isable o e i y he k- alues on conc e e exposed
o hese agg essi e en i onmen s.
Acknowledgemen s
The pape was w i en in he amewo k o he p ojec
FAST-J-23-8236. Possibili ies o assessmen o he k- alue
o ac i e admix u es wi h espec o du abili y.
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