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Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing
& Managemen , 2017, 2(4), 22
ISSN: 2468-4376
E-was e Managemen in Po ugal: Legisla ion, P ac ices and Recommenda ions
Célio Gonçalo Ma ques1,2,3,*, Vasco Ges osa da Sil a1
1 ICT Depa men , Poly echnic Ins i u e o Toma , PORTUGAL
2 CAPP, Uni e si y o Lisbon, PORTUGAL
3 LabTE, Uni e si y o Coimb a, PORTUGAL
*Co esponding Au ho : c[email p o ec ed]
Ci a ion: Ma ques, C.G. and da Sil a, V.G. (2017). E-was e Managemen in Po ugal: Legisla ion, P ac ices
and Recommenda ions. Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing & Managemen , 2(4), 22.
h ps://doi.o g/10.20897/jisem.201722
Published: Augus 30, 2017
ABSTRACT
The use o elec ical and elec onic de ices has g own exponen ially in he las yea s hanks o echnological
ad ances and i s wide dissemina ion. Consequen ly, he numbe o obsole e equipmen (elec onic was e o
e-was e) has also inc eased signi ican ly, becoming a majo p oblem o socie y. This pape deals wi h
elec onic was e and explains he concep and isks o he pa icula case o Po ugal. Measu es o educe
he p oblem such as legisla ion, educa ion p oduc ion R&D and social esponsibili y a e also discussed. And
inally, a su ey is p esen ed which was ca ied ou in wo Po uguese Highe Educa ion ins i u ions wi h a
iew o de e mining s uden s’ awa eness, a i udes and opinions on his ma e .
Keywo ds: ICT managemen , e-was e, Po ugal, highe educa ion, legisla ion, en i onmen , sus ainabili y
INTRODUCTION
Acco ding o he Po uguese Dec ee-Law 230/2004 o 10 Decembe 2004 (Dia y o The Republic, 2004), by
e-was e is mean “an elec ical and elec onic equipmen esidue […], including all componen s, subassemblies and
consumables which a e pa o he equipmen a he ime o disca ding” (p.7051). Elec ical and elec onic
equipmen comp ises “equipmen whose p ope unc ion depends on elec onic cu en s o elec omagne ic ields
in o de o wo k p ope ly, as well as equipmen o he gene a ion, ans e and measu e o hose cu en s and
ields […], and designed o use wi h a nominal ol age up o 1000 ol s o al e na ing cu en and 1500 ol s o
di ec cu en ” (p. 7052).
This “haza dous was e, owing o i s oxic, in ec ious, adioac i e o lammable p ope ies, poses an ac ual o
po en ial haza d o he heal h o humans, o he li ing o ganisms, o he en i onmen ” (Uni ed Na ions, 2010).
The Uni ed S a es o Ame ica ha e he la ges amoun o o al e-was e pe yea , wi h 7 million ons, China comes
in second wi h 6 million ons and Po ugal accoun s o 171 housand ons (Uni ed Na ions, 2015).
Nowadays abou 50 million ons e-was e a e gene a ed wo ldwide and acco ding o he S EP Ini ia i e, he
annual wo ld olume o end-o -li e elec onics is expec ed o jump o 65.4 million ons by 2017 (Uni ed Na ions,
2015). The inc ease in popula ion and li ing s anda ds, he p oduc ion o mo e and bes echnology and he as
obsolescence o he elec ical and elec onic equipmen ha e con ibu ed o agg a a e he p oblem. The Eu opean
Union has showed g ea conce n wi h his ma e exp essed in i s Di ec i es: 2002/95/EC da ed Janua y 27, 2003;
2002/96/EC da ed 27 Janua y 2003; 2011/65/EU da ed 8 June 2011; and 2012/19/UE da ed 4 July 2012.
I will be necessa y o implemen measu es and policies o p o ec he en i onmen and i s sus ainabili y.
Recycling should be pa o his s a egy as oday only a small po ion o elec onic was e is ecycled (Ge base &
Oli ei a, 2012) and mos o i is expo ed o unde de eloped coun ies (Uni ed Na ions, 2010). Recycling no only
Ma ques and da Sil a / E-was e Managemen in Po ugal: Legisla ion, P ac ices and Recommenda ions
2 © 2017 by Au ho /s
has la ge en i onmen al bene i s bu also inancial bene i s. Fo ins ance, a on o used cell phones (6000 phones)
yields mo e han 14,000 € in p ecious me als and p ope ecycling o 1 million cell phones can eco e 24 kg o
gold, 250 kg o sil e , mo e han 9 kg o palladium and 9 kg o coppe (Elec onics TakeBack Coali ion, 2016).
The sus ainabili y o he plane should also be equa ed in e ms o equipmen p oduc ion. Nowadays “ o
manu ac u e one compu e and moni o , i akes 530 pounds o ossil uels, 48 pounds o chemicals, and 1.5 ons
o wa e ” (Elec onics TakeBack Coali ion, 2016).
How a e he Eu opean di ec i es being ansposed in o na ional laws? How is he law being applied in each
coun y? How does he p ocess o egis a ion o elec ical and elec onic equipmen wo k in each coun y? How
does he managemen o elec onic was e wo k in each coun y? How can we minimize he impac o e-was e? To
answe o hese ques ions, a p og am has been c ea ed called EWASTEU: Legal Regula ions and Implemen a ions
on e-Was e in EU (Ma ques & Sil a, 2014). This EU- unded In ensi e P og am included pa ne s om 6 Eu opean
coun ies and Tu key. In his pape , he solu ions p esen ed by he Po uguese ep esen a ion a e desc ibed.
Following his p og am, a s udy was ca ied ou wi h 113 s uden s, whe e we ied o unde s and he knowledge
hey had abou he p oblem and hei opinion abou he solu ions p esen ed by he Po uguese ep esen a ion
(Ma ques & Sil a, 2017).
E-WASTE COMPONENTS
Acco ding o di ec i e 2012/19/EU (O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union, 2012), e-was e can be g ouped
in o 10 ca ego ies: 1. La ge household appliances (i.e. e ige a o s, washing machines, mic owa es, ai condi ione
appliances); 2. Small household appliances (i.e. oas e s, acuum cleane s, ca pe sweepe s, elec ic kni es); 3. IT
and elecommunica ions equipmen (i.e. no ebooks, elephones, p in e s, acsimile machine); 4. Consume
equipmen (i.e. ele isions se s, ideo came as, adio se s, musical ins umen s): 5. Ligh ing equipmen ; 6. Elec ical
and elec onic ools (wi h he excep ion o la ge-scale s a iona y indus ial ools); 7. Toys, leisu e and spo s
equipmen ; 8. Medical de ices (wi h he excep ion o all implan ed and in ec ed p oduc s); 9. Moni o ing and
con ol ins umen s (i.e. smoke de ec o s, he mos a s, hea ing egula o s) and; 10. Au oma ic dispense s (i.e. hose
o money, ho d inks and solid p oduc s).
These de ices a e made o a ious ma e ials as can be seen in Table 1.
Some o hese ma e ials can be ha m ul o human heal h and he en i onmen i no p ope ly handled. In
pa icula ma e ials such as halogena ed compounds, adio-ac i e subs ances and hea y me als, among o he s.
E-Was e con ains such hea y me als as A senic, Ba ium, Be yllium, Cadmium, Ch omium, Lead, Me cu y,
Nickel and Selenium whose ha m ul e ec s a e shown in Table 2.
A senic can be ound in ligh emi ing diode, ba ium in CRT moni o s and TV se s and be yllium in powe
supply boxes which con ain silicon con olled ec i ie s and X- ay lenses. Cadmium, in u n, can be ound in
echa geable NiCd-ba e ies, p in e inks and one s and pho ocopying-machines, ch omium in da a apes and
loppy-disks and CRT moni o s, ba e ies and p in ed wi ing boa ds. Me cu y can be ound in luo escen lamps
ha p o ide backligh ing in LCDs, in some alkaline ba e ies and me cu y we ed swi ches, nickel in echa geable
NiCd-ba e ies o NiMH-ba e ies and selenium in olde pho ocopying-machines (EMPA, 2012).
Apa om hese ha m ul ma e ials some p ecious ma e ials can be ound such as gold, sil e and pla inum.
Acco ding o UN ela ed sou ces, abou 320 ons o gold and 7.5 housand ons o sil e a e used e e y yea in he
p oduc ion o elec onic equipmen such as compu e s, able s and cell phones (Agência FAPESP, 2012).
Table 1. Ma e ial composi ion o WEEE (Wilkinson e al, 2001)
Ma e ial
Amoun
Me als
60.6%
Plas ics
20.6%
Glass
5.4%
P in ed ci cui boa ds
3.1%
Wood & plywood
2.6%
Rubbe
0.9%
Conc e e & ce amics
2.0%
O he s
4.6%
Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing & Managemen , 2(4), 22
© 2017 by Au ho /s 3
E-WASTE IN PORTUGAL
In Po ugal EU di ec i es 2002/96/EC and 2002/95/EC conce ning was e elec ical and elec onic equipmen
ha e been ansposed by Dec ee 230/2004 da ed Decembe 10, 2004, which eplaced Dec ee 20/2002, da ed 20
Janua y 2002. Mo e ecen ly, Dec ee-Law 67/2014 o 7 May ansposed in o na ional law Di ec i e 2012/19/EU
o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council o 4 July 2012, e oking he p e ious dec ee-law.
This Law comp ising 49 a icles and 9 annexes se s o h ha he main ope a o s in he p ocess a e: he
p oduce s, he egis e en i y, he in eg a ed was e managemen en i y and he consume s.
The egis e is manda o y o hose in ol ed wi h elec ical and elec onic equipmen wi hin he na ional
e i o y and he ANREEE (Na ional Associa ion o he Regis a ion o EEE) is esponsible o assu ing,
o ganizing and main aining he manda o y egis e o p oduce s o elec ical and elec onic equipmen (Dec ee-
law 230/2004 o 10 Decembe , al e ed by Dec ee-law 132/2010 o 17 Decembe ) and ba e ies and accumula o s
(Dec ee-law 6/2009 o 6 Janua y).
In Po ugal, he e a e wo en i ies in ol ed in e-was e managemen : Amb3E and ERP Po ugal. Amb3E is a
non-p o i associa ion ha aims a o ganizing and managing an in eg a ed sys em o manage elec onic was e. The
ERP Po ugal belongs o he Eu opean Recycling Pla o m (ERP) c ea ed in Decembe 2002. The licenses we e
awa ded in Ap il 2006 by join o de s o he Minis y o Economy and Inno a ion and he Minis y o
En i onmen and Te i o ial Planning (353/2006 and 354/2006).
Cu en ly Amb3E has 60 associa ed en e p ises, o which 57 a e ounde s, and mo e han 1.300 pa icipa ing
i ms, and 86 collec ion poin s a ound he coun y (Amb3E, 2015). Among he main Amb3E ini ia i es o p omo e
e-was e ecycling a e Pon o Elec ão, Escola Elec ão and Qua el Elec ão.
The pu pose o Pon o Elec ão (Figu e 1) is he collec ion o end-o -li e elec ical o elec onic appliances in
o de o ensu e ha hey a e p ope ly ecycled. Cu en ly he e a e 349 in Po ugal.
Escola Elec ão is a pa ne ship be ween Amb3E, he Minis y o Educa ion and Science and he Po uguese
En i onmen Agency o aise s uden , eache , s a and pa en al awa eness o he impo ance o ecycling was e
in gene al and end-o -li e elec ical and elec onic equipmen in pa icula . The campaign Qua el Elec ão ook
place in 2011 and aimed o suppo he Po uguese Fi e Co po a ions by aising awa eness o e-was e ela ed
en i onmen al issues.
Table 2. Hea y me al- ela ed diseases (EMPA, 2012)
Hea y Me al
Diseases and heal h p oblems
A senic
Ch onic exposu e o a senic can dec ease ne e conduc ion eloci y and cause a ious skin diseases as
well as lung cance .
Ba ium
Sho - e m exposu e o ba ium can lead o b ain swelling, muscle weakness, damage o he hea , li e
and spleen.
Be yllium
Be yllium exposu e can cause lung cance and a o m o skin disease ha is cha ac e ised by poo
wound healing and wa -like bumps.
Cadmium
Acu e exposu e o cadmium umes causes lu-like symp oms o weakness, e e , headache, chills,
swea ing and muscula pain. The p ima y heal h isks o long e m exposu e a e lung cance and kidney
damage.
Ch omium
Mos ch omium compounds a e i i a ing o eyes, skin and mucous memb anes.
Lead
Sho - e m exposu e o high le els o lead can cause omi ing, dia hoea, con ulsions, coma o e en
dea h.
Me cu y
Me cu y can cause b ain and li e damage i inges ed o inhaled.
Nickel
Ch onic exposu e can cause cance .
Selenium
Exposu e o high concen a ions o selenium compounds cause selenosis.
Ma ques and da Sil a / E-was e Managemen in Po ugal: Legisla ion, P ac ices and Recommenda ions
4 © 2017 by Au ho /s
The ERP ounde s a e Elec olux, P oc e & Gamble, Hewle Packa d and Sony. ERP Po ugal has 33 logis ic
ope a o s, 25 p i a e e-was e managemen ope a o s, 7 ea men /disposal cen es and almos 500 pa icipa ing
en e p ises (ERP Po ugal, 2015).
The main ini ia i e de eloped by ERP Po ugal is Ge ação Deposi ão. In Po ugal, he e a e almos wo
housands o hese collec ion poin s (Figu e 2). This p ojec is a pa ne ship be ween he Eco-Schools P og am
and he Associação Bandei a Azul (Blue Flag Associa ion) ha is o in o m and educa e child en and young people,
and by ex ension gene al popula ion, on he impo ance o ecycling and app op ia e disposal o elec ical and
elec onic was e including ba e ies and accumula o s.
In 2015, 16.254 ons ha e been eco e ed in Po ugal by ERP (ERP Po ugal, 2015).
Amb3E in u n has collec ed abou 36.845 ons in Po ugal in 2015. This includes abou 320 ons eco e ed in
he Azo es and abou 428 ons in Madei a (Amb3E, 2015).
A he end o 2015, 1758 manu ac u e s, e aile s own b and and impo e s o elec onic and elec ical
equipmen we e egis e ed in Po ugal, which ep esen s an inc ease o 4.6 pe cen compa ed o 2014 (ANREE,
2016). In e ms o numbe o de ices he e was a dec ease o 8.3 pe cen (Table 3).
In e ms o equipmen weigh he e was an inc ease o 6.9 pe cen (Table 4).
The pe capi a collec ion a e in Po ugal was 4.4 kg in 2010 - an amoun sligh ly highe han he 4kg pe capi a
es ablished by he Eu opean Di ec i e. In 2011, ha a e inc eased o 5.3 kg pe capi a bu in 2012 dec eased o
3.8 kg (Eu os a , 2016).
PROPOSALS FOR REDUCING E-WASTE IN PORTUGAL
As he goals se by he i s di ec i es we e no eached, a new di ec i e was equi ed. In 2012, he Eu opean
Pa liamen and he Council adop ed di ec i e 2012/19/EU. In wha comes o he Po uguese legisla ion his
di ec i e was ansposed by Dec ee-Law 67/2014 da ed 7 May 2014.
The legisla ion al eady makes p oduce s accoun able bu , in wha comes o buye s, incen i es o e u ning he
old equipmen when pu chasing a new one should be c ea ed.
Figu e 1. Pon o Elec ão a Viei a de Lei ia G oup o Schools
Figu e 2. Deposi ão a he elemen a y school o Cabanas de Ta i a
Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing & Managemen , 2(4), 22
© 2017 by Au ho /s 5
We conside ha an e-Was e Educa ion P og amme should also be c ea ed o os e s he inclusion o his opic
in school cu icula, s a ing as ea ly as elemen a y school. Child en can easily unde s and ha ecycling, no only
egula was e bu also elec onic appliances, is ex emely impo an and u n i in o a ou ine.
The p oduc ion and consump ion o 100% ecycled p oduc s, also known by g een p oduc s, should be
encou aged, o ins ance h ough iscal bene i s.
In addi ion, he p oduce ’s esponsibili y should be ex ended so as o ende hem esponsible o inding
e ec i e ways o euse and ecycle he componen s o elec ical and elec onic goods o was e managemen
companies and use hem in new p oduc s.
In o de o ensu e da a p i acy and secu i y, a mechanism should be implemen ed in which he was e
managemen companies would be esponsible o emo ing o des oying all da a.
To unde s and s uden s’ awa eness, a i udes and opinions abou he solu ions p oposed hey we e asked o
eedback ia a su ey which will be desc ibed in he ollowing chap e .
A HIGHER EDUCATION-BASED STUDY
In o de o de e mine he le el o awa eness o Po uguese s uden s abou e-was e, hei a i udes owa ds his
ma e and measu es o be implemen ed o educe he p oblem, we ca ied ou a s udy a he Poly echnic o Toma
(IPT) and he Poly echnic o Cas elo B anco (IPCB), he wo ins i u ions ha ha e ep esen ed Po ugal in he
EWASTEU p ojec : Legal Regula ions and Implemen a ions on e-Was e in EU.
This s udy included a su ey consis ing o 19 ques ions alida ed by expe s in he ield. The su ey was
designed and dis ibu ed ia he Su eyMonkey so wa e.
Due o limi a ions in he basic e sion, ques ions ha e been di ided in o wo g oups. The i s g oup is iden i ied
om 1 o 9 (pa I) and he second om 1b o 9b (pa II). Ques ions 1, 2, 3, and 4 o Pa I a e in ended o
cha ac e ize he sample. Ques ions 5 and 6 o Pa I and ques ions 3b, 4b, 5b and 6b o Pa II ela e o s uden
awa eness. Ques ion 9 o Pa I and ques ions 1b, 2b and 9b o Pa II ela e o e-was e solu ions. Ques ions 7 and
8 o Pa I conce n he esponden s’ opinion abou e-was e ela ed ma e s. The emaining ques ions (7b and 8b
o Pa II) a e in ended o de e mine he esponden s’ a i ude owa ds e-was e.
Cha ac e isa ion o Pa icipan s
The in i a ion o pa icipa e in he s udy was add essed o all s uden s en olled in bo h HE ins i u ions (IPT
and IPCB) and 137 s uden s answe ed o he su ey. The a e age age o pa icipan s was app oxima ely 27 yea s
Table 3. Va ia ion o uni s by legal ca ego y in po ugal 2014-2015 (ANREE, 2016)
Compa ison 2015/2014
2015
2014
 Uni s
Ca . 1. La ge Household Appliances
2 910 880
2 573 614
13.1%
Ca . 2. Small Household Appliances
7 941 308
7 663 632
3.6%
Ca . 3. I.T. Equipmen
14 705529
21 546 447
-31.7%
Ca . 4. Consume Equipmen
3 942 853
5 864 906
-32.8%
Ca . 5. Ligh ning Equipmen
21 099 188
18 916 809
11.5%
Ca . 6. E.E. Tools
1 263 896
1 279 652
-1.2%
Ca . 7. Toys, Leisu e and Spo s Eq.
3 399 793
2 922 694
16.3%
Ca . 8. Medical De ices
676 893
559 640
21.0%
Ca . 9. Moni o ing and Con ol
1 056 906
894 614
18.1%
Ca . 10. Au oma ic Dispense s
489 584
466 145
5.0%
To al
57 486 830
62 688 153
-8.3%
Table 4. Va ia ion o weigh s ( on) by legal ca ego y in Po ugal 2014-015 (ANREE, 2016)
Compa ison 2015/2014
2015
2014
 Weigh s
Ca . 1. La ge Household Appliances
84 058.38
75 381.24
11.50%
Ca . 2. Small Household Appliances
11 576.20
10 599.15
9.20%
Ca . 3. I.T. Equipmen
12 397.47
12 985.24
-4.50%
Ca . 4. Consume Equipmen
7 480.11
8 663.57
-13.70%
Ca . 5. Ligh ning Equipmen
6 435.58
5 838.29
10.20%
Ca . 6. E.E. Tools
5 060.28
5 154.42
-1.80%
Ca . 7. Toys, Leisu e and Spo s Eq.
1 192.25
1 248.33
-4.50%
Ca . 8. Medical De ices
803.58
629.09
27.70%
Ca . 9. Moni o ing and Con ol
774.62
835.99
-7.30%
Ca . 10. Au oma ic Dispense s
625.60
609.03
2.70%
To al
130404.07
121944.35
6.9%

Ma ques and da Sil a / E-was e Managemen in Po ugal: Legisla ion, P ac ices and Recommenda ions
6 © 2017 by Au ho /s
old and we e mos ly ull- ime s uden s (86%). Wi h ega d o gende , 59,9% o pa icipan s a e males and 40,1%
emales
P esen a ion and Analysis o Resul s
S uden awa eness
Abou 40% o pa icipan s epo ed knowing abou he e m e-was e, 19% had hea d aguely abou i , whils a
mino i y o 6,6% had ne e e en hea d he e m. Jus 35% o pa icipan s knew wha i was and ha i equi ed
speci ic ca e in handling i (Table 5).
Mos pa icipan s claim o be awa e o he consequences o e-was e on na u al esou ces and public heal h
(66.6%), al hough a hi d o s uden s do no know he di ec impac o e-was e (Table 6).
Only 5.1% o pa icipan s knew he law on e-was e cu en ly ac i e in Po ugal. I should be men ioned,
howe e , ha 20.4% o pa icipan s had hea d abou i , wi hou knowing i ’s exac con en (Table 7).
Abou wo hi ds o pa icipan s had no knowledge ha in buying elec onic equipmen hey a e paying an
ecological ax o deal wi h elec ic and elec onic esidue (Table 8).
The majo i y o pa icipan s (81%) had no knowledge o which na ional en i ies wo k wi h managemen o e-
was e (Table 9).
The same can be seen abou he knowledge ha all manu ac u e s o elec ic and elec onic equipmen a e
equi ed o egis e wi h a na ional en i y – ANREE (Na ional Associa ion o he Regis e ing o Elec onic and
Elec ic Equipmen ), amoun ing o 81.8% (Table 10).
Table 5. Knowledge abou e-was e
Do you know wha is e-was e?
%
No. I is he i s ime I ead he e m elec onic was e.
9
6.6
I' e hea d abou bu do no know exac ly wha i is.
26
19.0
Jus know ha consis s o elec onic ma e ials, compu e s, and mobile phones.
54
39.4
I know wha i is and I y o be ca e ul in he disposal o his ype o ma e ial.
48
35.0
Table 6. Knowledge o he consequences o e-was e
Do you know he consequences o e-was e in e ms o na u al esou ces, en i onmen al
and public heal h?
%
Yes
91
66.6
No
46
33.4
Table 7. Knowledge o he law on e-was e
Do you know wha law cu en ly egula es elec onic was e in Po ugal? (adap ed om he
Eu opean Di ec i e 2012/19/EU)
%
No
102
74.5
I know i pa ially. I ha e hea d o i , bu do no know clea ly i ’s con en .
28
20.4
Yes, I know i . I know wha i egula es and wha esponsibili ies i a ibu es o he indus y,
consume s, e aile s and he go e nmen .
7 5.1
Table 8. Knowledge o he eco- ax o he ea men o e-was e
Did you know ha in buying elec ic and elec onic equipmen you a e paying an eco- ax
o he ea men o elec ic and elec onic esidue?
%
Yes
48
35.0
No
89
65.0
Table 9. Knowledge o he na ional en i ies which manage and dispose o e-was e
Do you know wha na ional en i ies manage and dispose o e-was e?
%
Yes
26
19.0
No
111
81.0
Table 10. Knowledge o he equi emen o egis e elec ic and elec onic equipmen s in ANREE
Did you know ha all manu ac u e s and dis ibu ing e aile s a e legally equi ed o
egis e in a na ional en i y – ANREE (Na ional Associa ion o he Regis e ing o
Elec onic and Elec ic Equipmen )
%
Yes
25
18.2
No
112
81.8
Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing & Managemen , 2(4), 22
© 2017 by Au ho /s 7
S uden s’ a i ude owa ds e-was e
We could e i y ha o e 30% o pa icipan s did no know whe e hey could dispose sa ely o elec onic was e
in hei place o esidence. 35% no e he special con aine s nea supe ma ke s and comme cial cen e s, 17.5% he
g een ecycling bins, 8.8% elec ic and elec onic equipmen s o es, 6.6% common ga bage (land ills), 0.7% i e
s a ion as well as school (Table 11).
The esponses ega ding wha he pa icipan s do when hei equipmen each he end o hei li ecycle cause
some conce n. The mos common selec ion was “Kep i in my home due o a lack o a p ope disposal a ea”,
sa e he idge, he washing machine and dishwashe , whe e he mos common op ion was “deli e ed i in he
s o e and bough a new one”, which has o do wi h hei size. The op ion “Th ew i away o common was e” was
also one o he mos common op ions in all equipmen ’s, as can be seen by Table 12.
Opinion abou e-was e ela ed ma e s
Mos pa icipan s (51.5%) conside s ha he esponsibili y o ea ing e-was e should be o he local au ho i ies.
Likewise, ano he 25.5% a ibu es ha esponsibili y o e aile s and manu ac u e s, whils 23.4% epo s i o he
Cen al Go e nmen (Table 13).
Table 11. Places o dispose o e-was e
Please s a e he places whe e you can dispose sa ely o e-was e
%
Doesn’ know any app op ia e places
42
30.7
Con aine s nea shopping malls and supe ma ke s
48
35.0
G een ecycling bins
24
17.5
EEE s o es
12
8.8
Common Was e
9
6.6
Fi e S a ion
1
0.7
Schools
1
0.7
Table 12. Des ina ion o end o li ecycle EEE
Wha did you do wi h
you equipmen a
he end o i s li ecyle?
Deli e ed i in an
elec onic was e
ecollec ion si e
Deli e ed i
o he s o e
and bough
a new one
Sold i o
o he
consume s
and en i ies
Th ew i
away o
common
was e
Kep i a
home o lack
o a p ope
disposal a ea
Desk op compu e
(18.0%)
9
(6.0%)
3
(14.0%)
7
(16.0%)
8
(46.0%)
23
50
Lap op/ne book/ able
(3.2%)
2
(9.7%)
6
(24.2%)
15
(11.3%)
7
(51.6%)
32
62
Moni o
(16.3%)
8
(10.2%)
5
(8.2%)
4
(20.4%)
10
(44.9%)
22
49
Cellphone
(5.6%)
5
(18.9%)
17
(18.9%)
17
(11.1%)
10
(45.6%)
41
90
P in e
(18.4%)
9
(10.2%)
5
(12.2%)
6
(20.4%)
10
(38.8%)
19
49
Pen-d i e/Ex e nal
Ha d D i e
(11.8%)
6
(2.0%)
1
(11.8%)
6
(27.5%)
14
(47.1%)
24
51
Modem
(12.5%)
5
(17.5%)
7
(7.5%)
3
(30.0%)
12
(32.5%)
13
40
Tele ision
(19.2%)
10
(13.5%)
7
(15.4%)
8
(25.0%)
13
(26.9%)
14
52
S e eo/Sound Sys em
(7.7%)
2
(11.5%)
3
(15.4%)
4
(30.8%)
8
(34.6%)
9
26
DVD playe
(12.5%)
3
(12.5%)
3
(20.8%)
5
(25.0%)
6
(29.2%)
7
24
F idge
(9.1%)
4
(29.5%)
13
(18.2%)
8
(25.0%)
11
(18.2%)
8
44
Washing
Machine/Dishwashe
(8.9%)
4
(35.6%)
16
(13.3%)
6
(24.4%)
11
(17.8%)
8
45
Ma ques and da Sil a / E-was e Managemen in Po ugal: Legisla ion, P ac ices and Recommenda ions
8 © 2017 by Au ho /s
The majo i y o pa icipan s hinks ha he issue o e-was e should be deba ed in he educa ion sys em, and
abou a hal conside s i should be app oached on all le els (Table 14).
E-was e solu ions
Mo e han 60% o pa icipan s a e willing o pay an ex a 10% o he alue o he equipmen i i is 100%
ecyclable (Table 15).
Pa icipan s asked abou con ibu ing wi h a ax ( he example gi en was 2% o he o al alue) o esea ch on
ways o make p oduc s 100% ecyclable go a simila esponse a e o he o me (Table 16).
The majo i y o esponden s (89.1%) is willing o gi e hei o me equipmen in buying a new one (Table 17).
O he 12 esponden s ha answe ed nega i ely, 10 no ed ha hey would do i i he old equipmen was alued
mone a ily. 2 esponden s s a e ha hey would ne e do i : one no es sen imen al alue, he o he he possibili y
o use pieces in o he equipmen ’s.
We asked esponden s o p omo e solu ions and ideas ha could con ibu e o minimize he nega i e impac s
o e-was e. The con ibu ions can be g ouped in 4 ca ego ies:
- Mo e ecollec ion poin s;
- Mo e in o ma ion and campaigns on he issue;
- Changes in he equipmen p oduc ion (shi o mo e ecologically sus ainable ma e ials, wi h g ea e
du abili y);
- G ea e e-use o equipmen .
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PORTUGAL
The speed o echnological ad ances has con ibu ed o he apid obsolescence o elec ical and elec onic
de ices ende ing hem obsole e and ine ec i e. These de ices a e ans o med in o e-was e and he as majo i y
a e h own ou in egula ash, hus cons i u ing a se ious haza d o public heal h and he en i onmen . Po ugal
Table 13. Responsibili y o ea men and disposal o e-was e
Who should ha e mo e esponsibili y o ea men and disposal o e-was e?
%
Cen al Go e nmen - c ea ing en i ies o p ope ea men o e-was e.
32
23.4
Local au ho i ies - municipali ies mus collec elec onic was e in homes o collec ion poin s, o
he ea men and disposal o his ma e ial.
70 51.1
T ade and indus y - manu ac u e s and ade s should be equi ed o ecei e some o he was e
hey p oduce and sell.
35 25.5
Table 14. Deba ing he heme o e-was e
Should e-was e be deba ed in he educa ion sys em? I so, please no e in which le els.
%
No, he issue should no be deba ed in schools
4
2.9
P ima y School
29
21.2
Seconda y Educa ion
34
24.8
Highe Educa ion
8
5.8
All
62
45.3
Table 15. Willing ullness o con ibu e o 100% ecyclable p oduc s
Would you be willing o pay an ex a 10% on he alue o he equipmen i i was 100%
ecyclable?
%
Yes
83
60.6
No
54
39.4
Table 16. Willing ulness o pay an R&D ax
Would you be willing o pay a small ax (2% o he alue o he p oduc , o example) o
de elop me hods o make he p oduc s 100% ecyclable?
%
Yes
85
62.0
No
52
38.0
Table 17. Willing ulness o pa icipan s o gi e hei o me equipmen when buying a new one
Would you be willing o gi e you o me equipmen in buying a new one?
%
Yes
122
89.1
No
12
10.9
Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing & Managemen , 2(4), 22
© 2017 by Au ho /s 9
has ansposed he Eu opean di ec i es in o i s na ional legisla ion in o de o con ol e-was e g ow h and educe
i s impac ; howe e , in 2014 he collec ion a e was only 5.7 kg/capi a, while in coun ies like No way and Sweden
he alue is highe han 10kg (14.9 kg and 13.6 kg espec i ely). The e o e, i is necessa y o implemen o he
measu es o con ol his p oblem which include he es ablishmen o an e-was e Educa ion P og am, ex ended
social esponsibili y, ex ended p oduce esponsibili y, suppo o R&D in he ield o ecycling and incen i es o
he p oduc ion and consump ion o ecycled p oduc s.
The s udy e ealed ha s uden s om bo h ins i u ions a e ela i ely well in o med abou e-was e ela ed issues.
The majo i y conside s ha i is he municipali ies’ esponsibili y o de ise solu ions o mi iga e he e ec s o e-
was e and ha he opic should be included in he school cu icula a all educa ion le els. The majo i y is willing
o pay mo e o de ices and R&D i ha cos has a posi i e impac on he en i onmen . On he o he hand, he e
is a huge lack o awa eness abou e-was e legisla ion and he eco- ax and mos o esponden s do no know ha
egis a ion wi h he ANREEE is manda o y o all indus ies and businesses in ol ed wi h elec ical and elec onic
appliances. We we e a he su p ised ha pa icipan s do no eplace hei elec ical and elec onic de ices e y
o en, and ha mos o hem s ill use egula ash o dispose o hei old de ices. Mo e collec ion poin s, g ea e
in o ma ion/awa eness, changes in he equipmen p oduc ion and g ea e e-use o equipmen we e he mos
equen sugges ions made by esponden s o help sol e e-was e ela ed p oblems.
These p oposals can be c ucial o Po ugal because since 2016, each membe o Eu opean Union has been
obliged o collec 45% o he equipmen ha is no longe use ul in he equi alen o he one placed on he ma ke
h ee yea s ea lie . A a e ha will inc ease o 65% by 2019 (Dia y o The Republic, 2014).
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