Two Extremes at the European Peripheries: Baltic and Iberian post-industrial cultures

TWO EXTREMES AT THE EUROPEAN PERIPHERIES: Baltic and Iberian post-industrial cultures Inês Moreira Instituto de História da Arte da NOVA-FCSH / Institute of Art History of NOVA/FCSH, Lisbon, Portugal Abstract `Two extremes at the European peripheries: Baltic and Iberian post-industrial cultures´ departs from a precise title and essays grasping distant and, to a certain extent, unrelated contemporary cultural conditions of two extremely diverse regions in the periphery of Europe, one facing the Baltic sea and the former USSR, the other facing the Atlantic and its former empires. Undergoing dissimilar historical and political processes, the Baltic region and the Iberian Peninsula relate to recent XXth and XXIst Century history differently: the resignification of past events, sites and stories can be extreme, whether celebrated or remembered, other times actively supressed and effaced. The spatial strategies towards the (industrial) past and the new unbound contemporary cultural practices are diverse and may not be represented in a single overarching map. This written essay aims to bring forth examples of resignification of the past and memory through new contemporary and spatial cultures by posing a set of questions: which pasts are celebrated and effaced through spatial intervention? Are new cultural projects altering historical narratives? The document sits in observations taken from fieldwork and research activity in three different sites – Tallinn, Chernobyl/Prypiat and Porto - and assumes a fragmentary and grounded position, inscribing the annotations and a posteriori conceptualization on a possible dialogue between the conditions and the contrasting cultural approaches. Keywords: architecture, contemporary culture, post-industrial cultures, european periphery, projecting memory Fieldwork mapping The conference `Notes on Europe. The dogmatic sleep´ poses wide questions on cultural and historical heterogeneity within European territories, the conflicting past and present geopolitics, along Europe´s shifting internal and external borders. These fundamental and founding questions resonate with the concerns Inês Moreira, TWO EXTREMES AT THE EUROPEAN PERIPHERIES: Baltic and Iberian post-industrial cultures 214 underlaying the fieldwork research which I have been developing in the last three years on the the resignification of former iconic industrial sites through new contemporary cultures, practices and narratives1 Under the precise title - `Two extremes at the European peripheries: Baltic and Iberian post-industrial cultures´ - lays the will and attempt to grasp distant and, to a certain extent, unrelated cultural conditions of two extremely diverse regions in the periphery of Europe, one facing the Baltic Sea and exiting the former USSR, the other one facing the Atlantic and its former empires. The dissimilar historical and geopolitical circumstances, changing boundaries, nationalities, identities, and languages in the Baltic region, contrast with the stable national borders of both former head/metropolises of the Atlantic Empires – Spain and Portugal. As in the past, the two regions relate to history and contemporary culture differently. . In the last three decades the historical, political and cultural history of the regions have changed significantly, it was the period of de-industrialization in the South and of withdrawal of the communist state from the Eastern countries/borders. Recent history has conditioned the ongoing post-industrial processes and, what matters specially to our argument, it affects different cultural readings and approaches to the remains of industry: was it the “heroic” gesture of philanthropic entrepreneurs who brought progress and modernity to rural and poor countries? Was it the imposition of a state machine run by a central management system dehumanizing workers and exhausting resources? The resignification of past sites and stories can be extreme, whether hyperbolically celebrated and rebuilt, or actively effaced, the spatial and cultural strategies deployed in each location can hardly be represented in a single overarching mapping of Europe, or in a single written text. Therefore, our aim is to bring forth examples of resignification of the past, memory and space through new contemporary and spatial cultures by posing a set of questions: which pasts 1 This paper is part of a wider Post-Doctoral Research titled: `Curating and revitalizing buildings – intervening in postindustrial spaces in Europe in the 21st century´ and includes a short passage previously published in a book on fieldwork trip to Estonia: Moreira, Ines (2019). Estonia 20162018. Porto: Circo de Ideias. NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogmatic Sleep Proceedings. Porto, October 29-31 2019 215 are celebrated and effaced through spatial intervention? are new cultural projects altering historical narratives? Relying on a selection of extreme post-industrial sites which I have visited between 2016 and 2019, the text presents observations on three sites: the first site, considered the most extreme site in Europe, is Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, Ukraine; the second site is the old Waterfront of Tallinn, in Estonia; the third site is the Eastern Riverside Slope of Porto, Portugal. To provide the complexity of the textures and contradictions within the specific cases, instead of presenting a totalizing single argument, a final sharp synthesis, or an exhaustive study with detailed comparative charters, the approaches deployed are tentative and case study based, inscribing the annotations taken during individual fieldwork observation. Extreme site 1: Chernobyl Exclusion Zone Figure 1 – Prypiat 1970. Monument celebrating the new city of Prypiat and marking the entrance to the area. Today it sits within the exclusion zone of Chernobyl, in Ukraine. Photo by the author, May 2019 Inês Moreira, TWO EXTREMES AT THE EUROPEAN PERIPHERIES: Baltic and Iberian post-industrial cultures 216 Addressing the contemporary condition of inherited techno-cultural systems in Europe and the relations between collective memory and the physical remnants pushed towards an extreme site which encapsulates the tensions, contradictions and risks inherent to post-industriality: the exclusion zone of the nuclear disaster of Chernobyl2 The exclusion zone is a post-industrial conundrum within extreme conditions where the former Eastern and Western European blocks were split. This secluded territory is today situated in the border of Ukraine and Byelorussia, in a wider scale in the triangular area of Ukraine, Byelorussia and Russia, which were together until 28 years ago as the Western area of Soviet Union. . The exclusion zone of Chernobyl encapsulates extreme tensions and meanings, initially at the time of the nuclear accident, in 1986, those political tensions between eastern and western at the time of the nuclear accident with the immediate consequence of international propagation of nuclear radiation due to the lack of political admittance and measures to restrain and evacuate population3 2 The visit to the exclusion zone of Chernobyl took place in May 2019 and was made possible within the period of international academic exchange financed by Mobility Plus 3, with University of Porto and Pavlo Technical University of Uman, in Ukraine. Therefore, the fieldwork observations regarding the site and the cultural practices at stake refer to that period. . Immediately after, the physico-chemical tension between the radiation of the “invisible enemy” and its penetration in the bodies of humans, animals, vegetation, the objects and its deadly atmospheric presence first in local settlers, then in the bodies and minds of thousands of liquidators collaborating in sealing, cleaning and stabilizing the after effects, and now in the debris, the dereliction and the remnants of the abandoned buildings. All these events occurred while the nuclear powerplant kept operating. The visible and invisible enemies, nature and technology, human and non-human continuities, recalling of past events and progressive destruction as problem-solving are embedded in the many layers of the last 33 years. 3 Chernobyl disaster, facts and events, have recently gained global popular attention through the television series produced by HBO and directed by Johan Renck. The series is a fictional reconstruction providing and insight to the events leading to the nuclear disaster, its immediate response, risks, consequences and remediation and was filmed in a decommissioned nuclear powerplant in Lithuania, Ignalina. NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogmatic Sleep Proceedings. Porto, October 29-31 2019 217 In 2019, the actual conditions on the ground are a complex material and semiotic reality, where dissimilar agents operate their actions and produce new narratives. As an “exclusion zone” Chernobyl is an extreme militarized postindustrial site, where life runs in new unforeseen tensions between recalling the accident and radiation as it remains an exclusion zone while the effects of the accident shall not be ignored, and remembering its consequences, as the trauma of its impact and consequences affects collective memory – Ukrainian and former Soviet. In a time when Ukraine undergoes a process of decommunization of its politics and national identity through the destruction of Soviet and Communist symbols such as mosaics, sculptures and other symbolic references, the exclusion zone of Chernobyl mirrors even more complex images, as it constitutes an horror set where mosaics, sculptures, inscriptions and other random objects can be mistaken for nostalgic paraphernalia. The exclusion zone of Chernobyl is wrapped inside/outside a few shielding layers which create contradictory readings and understandings, pointing the complexity at stake: it is an untouchable radioactive time-capsule which must be kept still and, as a consequence, became a new wild infested forest, a visible and invisible nature-culture. Prypiat was a “nuclear” city built to support Chernobyl power station, its names, trade logos and symbols, the sculptures and forms point to the atom, to Prometheus and to a bright nuclear future. Materially constituted of buildings, objects and elements static as in the moment of the 1986 evacuation, even though derelict, it celebrates the iconography and toponomy of a heroic nuclear soviet past. Nonetheless, the radiation keeps the nuclear city unliveable. Unlike the sites of war and collective trauma, where the perpetrators were identifiable “other”, in Chernobyl the enemy was invisible – radiation – and those responsible were not “other”, they were a malfunction and/or part of the same state. The narrative of the accident is transmitted through careful taken care memorials, and a small military museum, celebrating the heroes, the fire workers, militaries, miners and liquidators who gave their time and lives. These Inês Moreira, TWO EXTREMES AT THE EUROPEAN PERIPHERIES: Baltic and Iberian post-industrial cultures 218 memorials have a small scale and presence when compared with the vast extension of the wild woods which took over the territory and host wild fauna, all living with radiation. If in Chernobyl the enemy was the power plant, the paradox is that is still operating and generating nuclear energy. One of the monuments celebrating the communist heroic extinction of the fires and radiation created by the nuclear explosion is in front the still functioning power station. If human presence was reduced to a minimum, first with the evacuation, now working by short shifts, the techno-cultural invisible enemy has double manifest presence. The monument, in front of the same operating plant, celebrates the heroes of the past nuclear explosion, unavoidably evoking with eloquence the danger of future threats. The exclusion zone is a fenced, restricted and militarized area, where access is permitted, and highly controlled, to registered visitors. It is not a park, a public space, nor a museum, a memorial or a historical site, at best, it is all together, plus its new openness to the touristic entrance, following the military rules. The writing of memory is articulated around monuments devoted to heroes, with a memorial referring the names of civilian villages and towns evacuated since the accident. By now, collective civilian memory and subjective testimonies were left outside the zone, as the voices of its former residents published by Nobel Prize winner Svetlana Alexievich4 . 4 Individual testimonies and partial subjective stories are published in the book by Byelorussian author Svetlana Alexievich, “Voices from Chernobyl: The Oral History of a Nuclear Disaster”, 1997. NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogmatic Sleep Proceedings. Porto, October 29-31 2019 219 Extreme site 2: Old Seafront of Tallinn Figure 2 – Old seafront of Tallinn. Former military and industrial area by the Baltic Sea. Today it is a landscape promenade connecting cultural institutions occupying several recuperated buildings, in Estonia. Photo by the author, November 2016 Post-industriality is a systemic reality, and not a mere memory of the past. In Estonia, most power networks, mining operations and urban settlements that were instruments of the soviet industrialization of the Baltic States remain functional today5. Wandering through its physical territory from the period of great industrialization, between identities and remnants of soviet technology, is both an anachronic and individual experience6 The reconfiguration or dismantling of those vast spaces calls for a new relationship between society and its environment – the Soviet Union was not a protector of its natural territories. Electricity networks, fossil fuel pipelines, nuclear plants, geological sections, minerals, relevant structures, insulation materials and landscape operations are part of this context and of the new . 5 A version of the fieldwork visit to the seafront of Tallinn fieldwork visit was previously published in: Moreira, Ines (2019). Estonia 2016-2018. Porto: Circo de Ideias. 6 The visit to the Estonia and the Baltic region took place in December 2016 and was made possible with the support of Air Baltic and of The Baltic Pavillion at Venice Architecture Biennale 2016 - the fieldwork observations regarding the site refer to that period. Inês Moreira, TWO EXTREMES AT THE EUROPEAN PERIPHERIES: Baltic and Iberian post-industrial cultures 220 architectural commitments faced by Estonia, whom affirms itself as the most digital European country, the one that invests the most in information technologies and its post-industrial condition. The post-industrial imaginary of the last decades is marked by facts and fiction. Stalker, the apocalyptic science fiction film shot in the late 1970’s by director Andrei Tarkovsky, is a paradigm of the influence of science fiction on global collective imaginary. The film foresees the chaos of a strongly built, polluted and industrialized territory. The contaminated environment, invasive nature and toxic atmosphere offer context to the metaphoric dimension of the dialogue that occurs within architectures and infrastructures with strong signs of degradation. The actual industrial contamination of the locations of the film, some of which in Tallinn, near the Baltic seafront, proved fatal for a significant part of the actual filmmaker’s team. In a harsh connection between reality and fiction, much of the team would die, intoxicated by the radiation and chemical composts present on the sets. In the film, Stalker says: “The Zone wants to be respected. Otherwise it will punish”. Tallinn´s old seafront is scored with large trees and fragments of prefabricated concrete slabs, a bucolic path between city, industry and ruins. Soviet prefabrication allowed for the mass construction of facades, slabs and coverings for housing, industry, kolkhoz and public buildings. It also drove the construction of access ramps to the water used by people and boats, which today, corroded by the saltpetre and temperature variation, appear as a second nature, profoundly artificialized, where torpedoes, ships and other military pieces from the Maritime Museum are displayed. Further away, new ferries and cruises make the connection with Scandinavia. In the future, these will be substituted by the underwater train tunnel that is being planned. In the film, Tarkovsky’s character, Stalker, tells us: “The Zone is a very complicated system of traps, and they're all deadly. I don't know what's going on here in the absence of people, but the moment someone shows up, everything comes into motion. Old traps disappear, and new ones emerge. Safe spots become impassable. Now your path is easy, now it's hopelessly involved. NOTES ON EUROPE. The Dogmatic Sleep Proceedings. Porto, October 29-31 2019 221 That's the Zone. It may even seem capricious. (…) But everything that's going on here depends not on the Zone, but on us!”7 Between the Maritime Museum and the Linnahall, the abandoned soviet sports center, emerges a site of traumatic collective memory, the area of Patarei Prision. Robust walls stretch out towards the Sea, folding over a fortified bartizan and enveloped in fences of barbed wire. The vermillion of the imperial brick and the rust of the gates contrast with the grey of the sky, the sea and the concrete slabs that artificialize the seafront. The air is dry, the humidity freezes and falls while it snows. In silence, under the snow, rests the gutted enclosure, partially covered in artistic drawings and interventions. . The site resonates with the film, and back: the apocalyptic film was shot here, and the present abandonment recalls the apocalyptic fiction. Patarei Prision building encapsulates the horrors of political history: created in 1840 as a Russian Imperial fortification, it was a Russian and German military garrison, a Russian maximum-security prison, taken over by the Nazi’s in 1940 and a soviet prison for the subsequent decades. Its stories are horrifying, it was overcrowded and had rooms reserved for executions and medical experiments. It was closed one year after Estonia joined the European Union, in 2005. Today it is a place that embodies the memory of the fight for freedom, but, since August 2016 it has been closed to visitors. Its present circumstances are also tense, it is in danger and awaits heritagization. (I was not allowed in.) Celebrating the period of soviet occupation is certainly not the approach of Estonian identity politics, neither is it part of the current sentimental mood, as can be seen in the former prison of Tallinn, the Patarei. It is important to understand that the memory of the soviet past is still fresh, as independence was only achieved in 1991 and many citizens still bitterly remember these times – there is no nostalgia, although it exists some memorabilia of the time left for visitors and hipsters. It is also important to recognise that the cinematographic atmosphere of Andrei Tarkovsky was one of the imaginary guides to this territory, both in the fieldwork 7 Film: Stalker, 1979, directed by Andrei Tarkovski.