a Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed]me. u b .cz
E alua ion o S eadiness and D op Size Dis ibu ion in Sp ays Gene a ed
by Di e en Twin-Fluid A omize s
Ma ouš Za emba1,a, Ma ek Mlk ik1 Milan Malý1, Jan Jedelský1 and Mi osla Jícha1
1B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, Depa men o he he modynamics and
en i onmen al enginee ing, Technická 2896/2, 616 69 B no, Czech Republic
Abs ac . Twin- luid a omize s unde wen a signi ican de elopmen du ing he las ew decades. They a e
common in many indus ial applica ions such as uel sp aying, mel a omiza ion and ood p ocessing. This
pape is ocused on he e alua ion o ou di e en win- luid a omize s. The aim is o compa e he quali y o
sp ays gene a ed by a ious a omize s wi h simila dimensions and in he same ope a ing egimes. A phase-
Dopple anemome y (PDA) and pa icle image elocime y (PIV) we e used o measu e sp ay cha ac e is ics
such as eloci y and size o he d ople s. Measu ed da a we e used o compa e d ople size dis ibu ion and o
e alua e s eadiness o he sp ay. Visualisa ions we e made o suppo measu ed da a and o cla i y he
p inciples o p ima y a omiza ion and i s in luence on he sp ay.
1 In oduc ion
Twin- luid a omize s a e one o he mos uni e sal
a omize s in indus y. They a e designed o a ious
applica ions, o example: a omiza ion o highly iscous
and was e uels, a omiza ion o mel s, ood p ocessing
indus y, powde d ying and o he s. Due o he a ious
ields o usage many di e en designs o win- luid
a omize s we e de eloped. Gene ally, hese a omize s can
be di ided in o wo ca ego ies: a omize s wi h in e nal o
ex e nal mixing o phases. The ex e nal mixing a omize
ope a es on he p inciple o gene a ing ela i ely high
eloci y di e ence be ween gas and liquid. The eloci y
di e ence helps o disin eg a e liquid [1]. A omize s wi h
in e nal mixing a e cha ac e ized by he in e nal mixing
chambe whe e usually wo phases a e mixed. Two-phase
low is c ea ed inside he a omize and i is pushed
downs eam h ough he a omize and disin eg a es a e
passing he exi o i ice. Liquid is sha e ed by he apidly
expanding gas [2-4]. This pape is ocused on ou
di e en win- luid a omize s designed o sp aying o
ligh hea ing oil.
A omize s we e examined mos ly on he basis o
inpu pa ame e s such as ope a ing p essu e, gas o liquid
a io (GLR), dimensions o he nozzle, liquid physical
p ope ies and ambien condi ions and i s in luence on he
esul ing sp ay quali y [3-5]. Majo i y o s udies which
deal wi h win luid a omize s a e ocused di ec ly on one
ype o a omize . Howe e , a compa ison o mo e
di e en designs o win- luid a omize s has no been
su icien ly desc ibed ye . Compa ison can only be made
unde
he assump ion o using he same me hodology, he same
liquids and he same ope a ing condi ions.
We assume an applica ion o a omize s o uel sp aying
o combus ion p ocesses. One o he mos impo an
pa ame e s o hese sp ays is d ople size dis ibu ion.
The size o d ople s in he sp ay is o en desc ibed using
he Sau e mean diame e [2]. Ano he impo an aspec
o he sp ay quali y is he s eadiness [6]. Uns eadiness has
a nega i e impac on he noise le el o he combus ion. I
aises he load o he combus ion chambe and i causes
p oblems in he bu ne s a ing sequence [7]. Wo ke s
Edwa ds and Ma x [8] ha e published a me hod designed
o e e escen sp ays o e alua ing he s eadiness o
he sp ay using inhomogeneous Poisson s a is ics and
ime dependen poin measu emen s in sp ays. Se e al
wo ke s used his me hod a e wa ds o sp ay
examina ion, o ins ance: [7-11]. Mos ly o e alua ion
o he in luence o ope a ional condi ions, physical
p ope ies o he a omized liquid and dimensions o he
a omize on he sp ay uns eadiness. The aim o his pape
is o use hese cha ac e is ics o sp ays and compa e ou
di e en win- luid a omize unde he same ope a ing
condi ions and wi h he same me hodology.
2 Ma e ials and me hods
All p esen ed da a was acqui ed by cold es ing o win
luid a omize s in he Sp ay labo a o y a he Ene gy
depa men , Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, B no
Uni e si y o Technology.
DOI: 10.1051/
C
Owned by he au ho s, published by EDP Sciences, 2015
/
021
201epjcon
EPJ Web o Con e ences ,
021
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92
2
(2015)
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A icle a ailable a h p://www.epj-con e ences.o g o h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1051/epjcon /20159202118
2.1 Tes bench
Examined a omize s we e ope a ed on a es bench
equipped wi h uel and ai supplies. Ligh hea ing oil was
used as an a omizing uel. Densi y o he oil is
874 kg·m-3 and dynamic iscosi y is 0.0185 kg·m-1·s-1 a
20 °C. Oil was pushed om a p essu e uel ank h ough
a il e , egula ion al e and mass low me e in o an
a omize . Comp essed ai was used as a omizing gas. I
was aken om he cen al p essu ized line. Ai was
pushed h ough a il e and egula ion al e in o he
a omize . De ailed desc ip ion o he es bench can be
ound in [12].
2.2 Phase-Dopple Analyse
Figu e 1 Schema ic layou o he PDA sys em, op iew.
A 2D ib e based phase-Dopple anemome e (PDA) by
Dan ec Dynamics was used o measu ing he d ople
eloci y (in adial and axial di ec ion ela i e o he axis
o he sp ay) and d ople size. The sys em measu es ime
esol ed da a which enables us o make hei empo al
analysis. Measu emen s we e pe o med in axial dis ance
o 100 mm om he exi o i ice o an a omize in one
adial p o ile. Schema ic layou can be seen in igu e 1.
This pa icula dis ance was chosen due o he ac ha in
his dis ance ully de eloped sp ay is expec ed [5]. This
means ha we assume inished a omiza ion p ocesses:
p ima y and seconda y a omiza ion. De ailed desc ip ion
o he measu ing sys em can be ound in [12].
2.3 Pa icle Image Velocime y
Figu e 2 Schema ic layou o he PIV sys em, op iew.
A PIV sys em was used o isualize he eme ging wo
phase low in he egion nea o he exi o i ice o he
a omize . Sp ay images we e cap u ed by a CCD PIV
came a (TSI PIVCAM 13-8) wi h a ached Nikon 60 mm
lens. The examina ion a ea o in e es is o dimensions 41
× 50 mm which gi es esolu ion o 40 μm/pixel. A se ies
o images was cap u ed and a cha ac e is ic image o
sp ay pa e n is displayed in igu e 4. De ailed desc ip ion
o he PIV sys em can be ound in [13].
2.4 A omize s
Fou di e en win- luid a omize s we e examined in his
pape . They we e ope a ed a low p essu e 0.07 MPa and
h ee egimes o GLR om 2.5% o 10%. The ope a ing
condi ions can be ound in able 1.
The p inciple o how ai o liquid is injec ed in o he
mixing chambe will be desc ibed in he ollowing
pa ag aphs.
Table 1. Ope a ing condi ion a he p essu e o 0.07 MPa.
A omi
ze
GLR
(%)
Mass low a e
(kg/hou )
LHO Ai
CFT
2.5 4.30 0.11
5 3.04 0.15
10 1.88 0.19
OUIG
2.5 4.08 0.10
5 2.65 0.13
10 1.70 0.17
OUIL
2.5 3.75 0.09
5 2.65 0.13
10 1.72 0.18
Y
2.5 3.49 0.09
5 2.54 0.13
10 1.68 0.17
2.4.1 CFT a omize
This ype o a omize was de eloped in he Sp ay
labo a o y a he Ene gy depa men , Facul y o
Mechanical Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology
as a p o o ype o a new design o win- luid a omize .
The o iginal design was based on he indings by wo ke s
Chin [14], Fe ei a [15], Tamaki [16]. The liquid is
injec ed in o he mixing chambe pe pendicula ly o he
main axis o he a omize . Two liquid s eams poin ed
agains each o he in e ac wi h he ai s eam which is
pushed h ough ou holes. These holes a e il ed unde a
pa icula angle in angen ial and adial di ec ion.
Swi ling mo ion o he ai imp o es mixing o he liquid
and ai . The wo-phase low is pushed downs eam o he
exi o i ice and i expands in o ambien ai a e wa ds. A
schema ic layou can be ound in igu e 3d.
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2.4.2 Ou side-in gas e e escen a omize
A s anda d ou side-in gas e e escen a omize
(OUIG) was examined. This a omize wo ks on a
p inciple o injec ing p essu ized ai in o a liquid s eam
h ough a se o ae a o holes. A schema ic layou o he
a omize is p esen ed in igu e 3b. Inside he a omize is a
mixing chambe whe e uel is mixed wi h ai . Ideally
small bubbles o ai a e c ea ed inside he liquid s eam,
so called bubbly low [14]. This egime is ypical o
alues lowe han 5% o GLR [3, 5]. Highe alues lead
o change o in e nal low pa e n om bubbly low o an
annula low. This pa e n is cha ac e ized by he liquid
mass concen a ed on he walls o he a omize and ai
co e in he cen e o he low. A wo phase low is hen
pushed downs eam o he exi o i ice and i is
disin eg a ed when i passes h ough he exi o i ice [17].
The cha ac e o he wo phase low depends mainly on
he GLR and on he dimensions o he mixing chambe
[3, 5, 18]. The e o e di e ences be ween examined
ope a ing egimes a e expec ed.
2.4.3 Ou side-in liquid e e escen a omize
The design o his a omize co esponds o he design o
he p e iously desc ibed s anda d OUIG a omize . The
only di e ence is ha uel and ai po en ies a e
swi ched as i can be seen in igu e 3c. The liquid is
injec ed in o gas s eam in o mixing chambe h ough a
se o ae a o holes.
2.4.4 Y-Je a omize
As he name sugges s, his a omize wo ks on he basis o
injec ing uel in o he ai s eam unde a pa icula angle,
see igu e 3a. Acco ding o [19-21] he in e nal low
egime depends on liquid and gas mass lows, and GLR
and dimensions o he mixing chambe . The a omiza ion
p ocess is di ided in o h ee phases acco ding o [21].
Fi s ly, when he liquid s eam eaches he ai je inside
he mixing chambe , i is pa ially dis up ed. This mode is
called di ec collision. Secondly, he mix u e lows along
he mixing chambe and annula liquid ilm is o med.
The dis o ed ai s eam is s aigh ened up in he axial
di ec ion, and some d ops a e gene a ed by he shea ing
ai low. The in e nal low inside he mixing chambe has
annula cha ac e o mos egimes. Thi dly, he mix u e
eaches he exi o i ice and liquid ilm is disin eg a ed
in o ligamen s and hen in o d ops by he expanding ai
co e. Acco ding o [21], he d ople size dis ibu ion
depends on he liquid ilm hickness inside he mixing
chambe which is in luenced by he gas and liquid
momen um a io.
2.5 S eadiness o he sp ay – measu emen me hod
Acco ding o he heo e ical amewo k p esen ed by
wo ke s Edwa ds and Ma x [8] i is possible o e alua e
s eadiness o he sp ay using ime-based mul ipoin
s a is ics o sp ays. S eady sp ay is de ined as he sp ay
whose in e pa icle a i al ime dis ibu ion obeys
inhomogeneous Poisson s a is ic. Consequen ly, uns eady
sp ay is de ined as sp ay whose in e pa icle a i al ime
dis ibu ion does no obey inhomogeneous Poisson
s a is ics. De ailed desc ip ion o he me hod is p esen ed
in [22]. The le el o uns eadiness is exp essed wi h alue
 which ep esen s uns eadiness o he sp ay. This alue
was calcula ed using ime esol ed da a om PDA
sys em.
2. In eg al Sau e mean diame e
As i was men ioned, examined a omize s we e o iginally
designed o sp aying o highly iscous liquid uels.
Rega ding applica ions in combus ion p ocesses i is
impo an o know a d ople size dis ibu ion o he whole
sp ay. The mos common pa ame e which desc ibes he
d ople size dis ibu ion in sp ays is Sau e mean diame e
(D32). This alue de e mines d ople dis ibu ion in one
pa icula poin in he sp ay. Fo he desc ip ion o he
whole sp ay using one speci ic alue wo ke s Jedelský e
al. [5], deduc ed an in e gal Sau e mean diame e (ID32)
which desc ibes global sp ay quali y wi h only one
numbe . De ailed desc ip ion o he alue o ID32 can be
ound in [5].
3 Resul s and discussion
Images o examined sp ays a e p esen ed in igu e 4.
A di ec impac o he ope a ing egime on he sp ay
Fi Schema ic la
y
ou o he PIV s
y
s em.
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6
gu e 3
de elopmen in nea -a omize a ea can be seen. A he
lowes alue o GLR (2.5%) i is shown ha all a omize s
p oduce la ge s uc u es – ligamen s. The eme ging wo
phase low is ela i ely na ow and dense o all
a omize s. Compa ing be ween a omize s i can be s a ed
ha he Y-Je a omize p oduces he longes ligamen s
which lead o la ge d ople s. This is in ag eemen wi h
p e ious wo ks [19, 21]. Also he alue o ID32 in igu e
5 p o es his s a emen . Acco ding o [21] he amoun o
uel inside he mixing chambe in luences he hickness
o he annula liquid shee which has a di ec impac on
he diame e o ligamen s and consequen ly on he d op
size dis ibu ion.
The CFT a omize pe o ms simila ly.
A dis up ed liquid s eam can be seen o GLR = 2.5%.
The majo i y o he mass is concen a ed in he cen e o
he sp ay. The ligamen s a e p esen ed e en in he bo om
o he igu e which poin s o he un inished b eakup
p ocess. As expec ed, he CFT a omize has he second
highes alue o ID32 in his egime. In con as , he
OUIG and OUIL a omize s p oduce ela i ely well
disin eg a ed sp ay e en in he egion nea he exi o i ice
o he a omize s. E en hough, hey ha e he same
diame e o he exi o i ice as he CFT. I should be no ed
ha hese a omize s ope a e in he same ope a ing
egime, mo eo e wi h simila liquid mass lows
acco ding o able 1. Fo ha eason we assume ha he
mixing p ocess has a di ec impac on he sp ay
pe o mance especially in he low GLR egimes. The
di e en sp ay pa e ns in luence he alue o ID32. The
smalles d ople s a e p oduced by he OUIG a omize in
his pa icula egime, see igu e 5. This co esponds o
he p e ious wo ks on he e e escen a omize whe e i
was p o ed ha a low GLR egimes, du ing which he
a omize ope a es a bubbly in e nal low, he a omize is
able o pe o m small d ople dis ibu ion hanks o he
speci ic b eakup p ocess [3, 4].
When we inspec ed images om egimes o GLR =
5% we obse ed ha sp ay is mo e dispe sed. Signi ican
di e ence o he sp ay pa e n can be seen o he Y-Je
a omize which again p oduces a na ow sp ay wi h la ge
ligamen s. In compa ison wi h p e ious egime, he
ligamen s a e smalle . This co esponds o he alue o
ID32 as can be seen in igu e 5. The d op o ID32 alue
is p esen o all a omize s as was expec ed. The amoun
o a omizing ai was inc eased as well as he po en ial
ene gy a ailable o he a omiza ion. The a omizing ai
educes he hickness o liquid s uc u es and inc eases i s
eloci y.
The di e ence o he alue o he ID32 om 5% o
10% o GLR is conside ably lowe han di e ence om
2.5% o 5%. When we inspec a classic e e escen
a omize (OUIG) he ID32 di e ence be ween 2.5% and
5% is caused by he change o he in e nal low pa e n.
F om bubbly o slug o annula [1, 23, 24]. Which also
means he e is a change in he b eakup mechanism [25].
The change om 5% o 10% means ha he in e nal low
pa e ns migh emain he same. Bu he amoun o he ai
mass low is inc eased. Thus, only ai mass low is
esponsible o he change o ID32 alue. The in e nal
wo-phase low pa e ns in CFT and OUIL a omize s
we e no examined p ope ly be o e. So i can be only
assumed ha he abo e men ioned p inciple ela ed o he
OUIG a omize is p esen also in he o he wo a omize s.
Figu e 4 Typical images o he sp ay pa e ns in a ea
nea o he a omize .
Regimes a GLR = 10% a e cha ac e ized by well
dispe sed sp ay in whole image. E en he Y-Je a omize
p oduces ela i ely well dispe sed sp ay bu compa ed o
he o he a omize s, ligamen s and o he liquid s uc u es
a e s ill p esen . As i was men ioned in [21] he Y-Je
a omize wo ks on he p inciple o he annula liquid
shee disin eg a ion. The liquid is accele a ed inside he
mixing chambe by he high speed lowing ai . The i s
p essu e d op o he liquid is a e en e ing he mixing
chambe , see igu e 3. The second p essu e d op comes
a e mix u e passes h ough he exi o i ice. The
con e sion o an ini ial po en ial ene gy o he kine ic
ene gy is hus di ided in o wo s eps. This leads o he
lowe p essu e d op a he exi o he a omize . Tha is
why, liquid s uc u es and ligamen s a e s ill p esen in
he egimes o GLR = 10%. Again, he alue o ID32 is
he highes o his a omize in con as o he o he h ee
a omize s.
The e alua ion o he s eadiness o examined sp ays show
demons able dependency on he ope a ing egime o all
a omize s. Bu no simple end was obse ed.
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Figu e 5 ID32 and  ela ionship a ying GLR alue o
each a omize .
The CFT a omize p oduces he mos uns able sp ay a
he highes GLR alue. Wi h dec easing GLR o 5% he
s eadiness o he sp ay inc eases and wi h u he
dec ease in GLR, sp ay s eadiness dec eases. Thus we
can obse e local minimum o he sp ay uns eadiness a
5% GLR.
The alue o  o a omize s OUIG and OUIL
inc eases as he GLR dec eases as expec ed [9]. Fo
OUIG a omize pe iodical pulsa ions we e obse ed as
can be seen in igu e 6 which suppo s he esul s om
alues o . In his igu e sepa a ed clouds o do s can be
obse ed. Each cloud ep esen s one pulse o liquid.
I was de ec ed as se e al d ople s wi h eloci y a ying
om abou 2 m/s o 16 m/s. The pe iod o he pulsa ing
egime is app oxima ely 110 ms. This beha iou migh be
a ibu ed o he in e nal low pa e n. As i was
men ioned in [7, 8, 9], e e escen sp ays a e inhe en ly
uns able and in e nal wo-phase low pa e ns migh lead
o he highly uns eady beha iou o he sp ay. Fo
ins ance, he slug low is one o he mos uns able
pa e ns. The obse ed pulsa ing egime is a special case.
Fo o he a omize s simila beha iou no ye been
obse ed.
The Y-Je a omize pe o ms di e en ly. The mos
uns able egime is o GLR = 5%. Then he alue o 
dec eases o bo h GLRs; 2.5% and 10%. No pulsa ing
egime was obse ed as i was men ioned o he OUIG
a omize . Acco ding o igu e 4 o Y-Je a omize , we
migh assume ha sp ay o 2.5% is a special case whe e
he eme ging liquid looks like dis u bed liquid s eam
which p oduces la ge liquid s uc u es. Thus he Poisson
s a is ic migh no be a p ope ool o e alua ion o he
sp ay s abili y. Mo eo e , he da a a e o his pa icula
egime was nea ly hal o he da a a e o he o he h ee
a omize s (da a a e o he OUIL a omize was a ound
1 kHz and o he Y-Je a omize i was 470 Hz). When
we inspec he mos uns able sp ay (Y-Je a omize a 5%
o GLR) we can obse e ha he d ople axial eloci y
has bimodal dis ibu ion.
Figu e 6 Time dependency o d ople s axial eloci y o
OUIG a omize a 2.5% o GLR in he cen e o he
sp ay.
Figu e 7 Time dependency o d ople s axial eloci y o
Y-Je a omize a 5% o GLR in he cen e o he sp ay.
This end migh be explained as andom pulsa ing
egime. Majo i y o d ople s a e p esen ed in low eloci y
ield (up o 5 m/s) and he es o measu ed d ople s in he
highe eloci y ield ( om 6 o 11 m/s). This bimodal
dis ibu ion shows ha he e migh be wo di e en
mechanisms how d ople s a e o med. E en hough he
OUIG a omize has pe iodical pulsa ing egime Y-Je
a omize is mo e uns able due o he bimodal eloci y
dis ibu ion.
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4 Conclusions
The aim o his pape was o e alua e he quali y o he
sp ay conside ing he size o d ople s and s eadiness.
These wo ac o s a e impo an o se e al easons
especially o he applica ions in indus ial p ocesses.
Gene ally, i can be s a ed ha he Y-Je a omize
p oduces he la ges d ople s in all egimes. One
assump ion o his is ha liquid in Y-Je a omize
expe iences wo p essu e d ops and hus he inal
p essu e d op is no as high as o o he a omize s which
esul s in la ge d ops. Mo eo e , he s abili y o he
Y-Je a omize s is poo which suppo s esul s o he
ID32 alue. Unusual beha iou can be seen o GLR =
2.5% which was a ibu ed o he unusual sp ay pa e n
and low da a a e.
A omize s OUIG and OUIL pe o m simila ly.
Thei s abili y inc eases wi h he alue o GLR and he
alue o ID32 inc eases as alue o GLR dec eases as
expec ed. The main di e ence be ween hese a omize s is
in he s abili y. The OUIG is mo e uns eady a egime o
GLR = 2.5% whe e pe iodical pulsa ing sp ay was
obse ed. Regimes o 5% and 10% GLR a e mo e s able
o he OUIL a omize . I should be poin ed ou ha hese
wo a omize s ha e he same dimensions bu he ai and
liquid po s a e in e sely connec ed. The newly
de eloped CFT a omize beha es in a simila way as he
OUIL and OUIG a omize o he ID32 alues. The main
di e ence can be ound in s abili y. The local minimum
is o GLR = 5% whe eas he maximum alue o  is o
10% o GLR.
P esen ed esul s show ha o he classic
cons uc ion o e e escen a omize s (OUIG and OUIL)
expec ed beha iou was ound. The o he wo a omize s
pe o m di e en ly. This migh be a ibu ed o he ac
ha hey ope a e wi h di e en liquid b eakup
mechanisms. The b eakup mechanism was examined
be o e only o he OUIG and Y-Je a omize bu CFT
and OUIL a omize s a e s ill in de elopmen . The
s abili y o he Y-Je and CFT a omize s has no been
examined be o e as well. Thus compa ison wi h p e ious
esul s is no possible. Deepe knowledge o he mixing
and b eakup p ocesses should be ob ained in o de o be
able o explain such a complex p ocess as i is in he case
o hese a omize s.
Acknowledgemen s
Au ho s acknowledge inancial suppo om p ojec No.
P101/11/1264 unded by he Czech Science Founda ion
and NETME Cen e, egional R&D cen e buil wi h he
inancial suppo om he Ope a ional P og amme
“Resea ch and De elopmen o Inno a ions” wi hin he
p ojec “NETME Cen e (New Technologies o
Mechanical Enginee ing)”, Reg. No.
CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0002 and, in he ollow-up
sus ainabili y s age, suppo ed h ough NETME
CENTRE PLUS (LO1202) by inancial means om he
Minis y o Educa ion, You h and Spo s unde he
“Na ional Sus ainabili y P og amme I”.
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