Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es
in ophioli e complexes
om a mine alogical pe spec i e
Júlia Fa é de Pablo
Aques a esi doc o al es à subjec a a la llicència Reconeixemen - NoCome cial 4.0. Espanya de
C ea i e Commons.
Es a esis doc o al es á suje a a la licencia Reconocimien o - NoCome cial 4.0. España de
C ea i e Commons.
This doc o al hesis is licensed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial 4.0.
Spain License.
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e
complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
Júlia Fa é de Pablo 2021
Genesis and e olu ion o
ch omi i es in ophioli e
complexes om a
mine alogical pe spec i e
Ph.D. Thesis
Júlia Fa é de Pablo
July 2021
Genesis and e olu ion o
ch omi i es in ophioli e
complexes om a
mine alogical pe spec i e
Ph.D. Thesis
Júlia Fa é de Pablo
2021
Genesis and e olu ion o
ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes
om a mine alogical pe spec i e
Tesi doc o al p esen ada pe
Júlia Fa é de Pablo
La Doc o anda Els Di ec o s
Júlia Fa é de Pablo Joaquín A. P oenza José Ma ía González
Jiménez
Memò ia p esen ada com a compendi d’a icles pe op a al í ol de doc o a pe la
Uni e si a de Ba celona amb Menció In e nacional
Tesi eali zada dins el P og ama de Doc o a de Ciències de la Te a de la Uni e si a de
Ba celona, so a la di ección del D . Joaquín A. P oenza de la Uni e si a de Ba celona i
el D . José Ma ía González Jiménez de la Uni e si a de G anada
Ba celona, juliol 2021

This wo k has been ca ied ou in he Depa amen de Mine alogia, Pe ologia i
Geologia Aplicada om he Facul a de Ciències de la Te a o he Uni e si a de
Ba celona. Júlia Fa é de Pablo bene i ed om he Fo mación de Pe sonal In es igado
(FPI) p e-doc o al g an by he Spanish Minis e io de Economía y Compe i i idad
(MINECO), wi h e e ence BES-2016-076887. This hesis was pe o med wi hin
he ame o he Spanish P ojec CGL2015-65824 Diaman e, ci cón y o os mine als
“exó icos” en c omi i as o iolí icas y ocas asociadas, implicaciones pa a la
geodinámica man élicas (DIACRO), g an ed by he MINECO o Joaquín A. P oenza
and de eloped by he in e a ional esea ch g oup Ca ibbean Li hosphe e (CALOR;
h p://ca ibbeanli hos.ub.edu/). The sho s ay a he Luleå Uni e si y o Technology
(Sweden) was unded by he FPI2016 bo sa de ia ges om he FPI g an .
“All pa ings o eshadow he g ea inal one.”
 Cha les Dickens, Bleak House
“Knowing you own igno ance is he i s s ep o enligh enmen .”
 Pa ick Ro h uss, The Wise Man’s Fea
“No all hose who wande a e los .”
 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship o he Ring
A la me a amília, la Fiona i els amics
que són com amília
Acknowledgemen s/Ag aïmen s/Ag adecimien os
Al lla g d’aques s anys de esi he ingu el plae i l’opo uni a de c eua -me i
eballa amb o un segui de pe sones que d’una mane a o una al a han e possible
aques a e apa. A a que sóc al inal d’aques ia ge ull dedica unes pa aules a o es
elles, a isc de deixa -me algú.
Pe comença , i com no pod ia se d’una al a mane a, g àcies als meus di ec o s
de esi. G acias a i, Joa, po da me la opo unidad y la con ianza de abaja en es e
p oyec o. G acias ambién po ene siemp e una son isa y unas palab as de ánimo,
po la paciencia y comp ensión, así como po u capacidad de saca lo mejo de las
pe sonas que e odean. Me quedo con odo lo que he ap endido abajando con igo,
pe o ambién con las ho as de campo i iendo expe iencias ex emas y no an ex emas
(¡lo que pasa en República Dominicana, se queda en República Dominicana!). G acias
ambién a José Ma ía po es a siemp e ahí, siemp e lis o pa a una ideo-llamada,
siemp e el p ime o en esponde a cualquie duda que u ie a, el p ime o en ene las
co ecciones lis as en iempo éco d. G acias po enseña me la modalidad de sal o
de ampolín en piscinas medio llenas, a pe de el miedo a en en a me al mundo
y de ende mis esul ados. Y me es imposible habla de mis di ec o es de esis sin
menciona a An onio Ga cía Casco, a quien p ác icamen e conside o mi e ce di ec o
en las somb as. G acias a i po las ho as de discusiones en G anada y po descub i me,
jun o a Belén, las mejo es is as de la Alhamb a desde el Sac omon e.
Aques a esi no es pod ia ha e eali za sense el supo del Depa amen de
Mine alogia, Pe ologia i Geologia Aplicada de la Uni e si a de Ba celona. Vull
ag ai especialmen en Joan Ca les Melga ejo, l’Àngels Canals, la C is ina Villano a
de Bena en , en Ma c Campeny, en Sal ado Galí, l’Espe ança Taule , en Josep Roqué
i la C is ina Domènech, amb qui d’una mane a o al a he col·labo a du an aques
emps i de qui he pogu ap end e immensamen . També g àcies a en Lisa d To ó. Amb
u a comença la me a imme sió a República Dominicana du an el g au, així com el
meu p ime con ac e amb les ho es i ho es de p epa ació de mos es. Són mol es les
expe iències que hem compa i i men i ia si digués que no elaciono immedia amen
o a aques a expe iència amb el eu nom! G àcies als meus companys doc o ands, amb
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
14
p ecipi a ing o hopy oxene and ch omi e. Fu he in il a ion o new ba ches o
liquid could mix wi h he esidual liquids o yield seconda y ch omi e-sa u a ed mel
ha would p ecipi a e u he ch omi e o o m ch omi i e eins. The abundance o
PGM (mainly magma ic lau i e) is in e p e ed o esul om he “collec o ” e ec
o ch omi e du ing he ch omi i e o ma ion, which was enhanced due o he small
olume o ch omi i es o med.
The Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es a e also in e p e ed as o med in he
li hosphe ic man le om a o e-a c egion o a subduc ion zone, du ing subduc ion
ini ia ion. Howe e , hese ch omi i es display unusually high pla inum-g oup elemen s
(PGE) con en s (up o 6540 ppm o al PGE) and hyd o he mal PGE mine aliza ions. The
s udy o hese ch omi i es sugges s ha hyd o he mal luids in il a ed he ch omi i es
du ing se pen iniza ion o he ocks, esul ing in he in si u al e a ion o magma ic
PGM in he ch omi i es and he p ecipi a ion o hyd o he mal P - ich mine aliza ion in
u a o i e- and ch omian clinochlo e- illed ac u es wi hin he he mal ange o 350–
150 ºC. The e o e, he PGE bulk geochemis y and mine alogy o hese ch omi i es
was la gely impac ed by pos -magma ic p ocesses.
No unusual ul ahigh-p essu e o supe - educing mine als we e iden i ied in he
ch omi i es om o e-a c egions. Howe e , mic odiamonds we e ound o he i s
ime in si u in ophioli ic high-Al ch omi i es om Tehui zingo se pen ini e (Mexico),
which is in e p e ed as an ophioli ic man le sec ion o med in a back-a c geodynamic
se ing. These ch omi i es unde wen me amo phism and se pen iniza ion as pos -
magma ic p ocesses. Mic ome ic diamonds (up o 8 µm) we e loca ed wi hin healed
ac u es c osscu ing he ch omi e g ains. These diamonds we e associa ed wi h
amo phous C bea ing O-species and wi h a low-p essu e and low- empe a u e mine al
assemblage. Mo eo e , he modynamic calcula ions show ha he ch omi e om he
healed ac u es ec ys allized a 670–510 ºC. Consequen ly, he diamonds a e in e ed
o be me as able and o m om C unde sa u a ed CO2–H2O–CH4 luids in il a ing he
ch omi i e du ing se pen iniza ion p ocesses. The c ys alliza ion o hyd ous mine als
caused he ca bon sa u a ion o he luid, consequen ly p ecipi a ing C phases. The
diamond o med due o he supe - educing condi ions achie ed wi hin he sealed
inclusions. The e o e, e en hough diamonds a e epo ed in Tehui zingo ch omi i es,
no ul ahigh-p essu e condi ions indica ing deep ecycling o o igin we e in ol ed in

ABSTRACT
15
he genesis o he ch omi i es. The o ma ion o mic odiamonds in (ul a) educed low-
p essu e and low- empe a u e en i onmen s du ing se pen iniza ion o ch omi i e and
ul ama ic hos ocks challenges he idea ha diamond in ophioli ic ocks cons i u es
an unequi ocal indica o o ul ahigh-p essu e condi ions.
Finally, ch omi i es om he no he n and cen al pa o he Loma Ca ibe
pe ido i ic bel (Dominican Republic) we e s udied as an example o ch omi i es hos ed
in an ophioli e wi h geochemical inge p in s o deep-sea ed plume ac i i y. These
ch omi i es display unusually high-C , TiO2-, Fe2O3-, and PGE- ich composi ions,
which a e dis inc i ely di e en om o he ophioli ic ch omi i es. Ins ead, he analyzed
ch omi e g ains exhibi majo and ace elemen composi ions ha o e lap he ield o
koma ii ic ch omi e. Mo eo e , he composi ion o pa en al mel s o he no he n and
cen al ch omi i es is simila o plume de i ed p oduc s o he Dominican Republic.
The e o e, I in e ed ha hese ch omi i es o med in he li hosphe ic man le om
pa en al mel s de i ed om an en iched pe ido i e sou ce in luenced by he Ca ibbean
man le plume. No ul ahigh-p essu e o supe - educing mine als, ei he esul ing om
pos -magma ic p ocesses o ca ied om he deep man le by he plume, we e ound in
hese ch omi i es.
Al oge he , my esul s show how he o ma ion o ch omi i es wi hin he ophioli ic
man le om hese di e en geodynamic se ings can s ill be concep ualized wi hin he
amewo k o models no necessa ily in ol ing deep man le (i.e., ul ahigh-p essu e).
De ailed mine alogical s udies demons a e ha some o he “exo ic” mine als
encoun e ed in ophioli ic ch omi i es a e no co-gene ic wi h magma ic ch omi i e
o ma ion bu a esul o pos -magma ic p ocesses. The e o e, i is impo an o
di e en ia e ea u es esul ing om p ocesses in luencing he magma ic mine alogical
assemblage and geochemical signa u e o he ch omi i e om hose esul ing om he
al e a ion p ocesses. Only hen i will be possible o econs uc he gene ic s o y and
e olu ion o he ch omi i es.
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
16
RESUMEN
17
En la úl ima década los modelos adicionales de o mación de c omi i as
o iolí icas han sido cues ionados debido al hallazgo de un g upo de mine ales inusuales
asociados a las c omi i as. Es os mine ales “exó icos” incluyen algunos ípicamen e
conside ados indicado es de condiciones de ul a-al a p esión y súpe educ o as
(i.e., diaman e, moisani a, e c.). Basándose en es os hallazgos, algunos au o es han
p opues o nue os modelos gené icos pa a las c omi i as o iolí icas que asumen su
o mación y/o e olución en el man o p o undo (>410 km), dando luga a un in enso
deba e muy ac i o a día de hoy. Es a esis doc o al con ibuye a es e deba e a pa i del
es udio de cua o ejemplos de c omi i as o iolí icas pe enecien es a dis in os con ex os
geodinámicos (an e-a co, as-a co y man o de sup a-subducción que ha in e ac uado
con una pluma man élica) con el obje i o de iden i ica mine ales “exó icos” en las
c omi i as y e alua su o igen y su posible signi icado en el ma gen de la his o ia
e olu i a de es as ocas.
Los dos ejemplos es udiados de c omi i as icas en C o madas en con ex os de
an e-a co incluyen las enas de c omi i a de la o ioli a de Habana-Ma anzas (Cuba)
y los pods de c omi i a de Loma Las Cabi mas, en la pe ido i a de Loma Ca ibe
(República Dominicana). Las enas de c omi i a de Habana-Ma anzas se ca ac e izan
po sus abundan es inclusiones de mine ales del g upo del pla ino (MGP) y po es a
sis emá icamen e asociadas a las o opi oxeni as de la sección man élica de la o ioli a.
La composición y mo ología de la c omi a mues an que es a asociación es debida al
o igen coe áneo de la c omi i a y la o opi oxeni a: ambas ocas se o ma on a pa i
de undidos andesí icos icos en Si y Mg con a inidad boniní ica que se o igina on en
Resumen
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
18
un man o de zona de an e-a co en un a co in a-oceánico. Los undidos se in il a on
a a és de la ha zbu gi a p e-exis en e median e lujo po oso, disol iendo el oli ino
y p ecipi ando o opi oxeno y c omi a. Nue as in il aciones de undido in e ac ua on
con el líquido esidual de es a eacción, dando luga a un undido secunda io sa u ado en
c omi a a pa i del cual p ecipi ó más c omi a. La abundancia de MGP (p incipalmen e
lau i a magmá ica) se in e p e a como el esul ado del e ec o “colec o ” de la c omi a
du an e la o mación de la c omi i a, la e iciencia del cual se io maximizada debido al
pequeño olumen de c omi a o mada.
Las c omi i as de Loma Las Cabi mas ambién se in e p e an como o madas en
el man o li os é ico de una egión de an e-a co du an e el inicio de subducción. Sin
emba go, es as c omi i as ienen con enidos de elemen os de g upo del pla ino (EGP)
muy ele ados (has a 6540 ppm EGP o al) y mine alizaciones hid o e males de EGP. El
es udio de es as c omi i as sugie e que luidos hid o e males in il a on las c omi i as
du an e la se pen inización de las ocas, dando luga a la al e ación in si u de los MGP
magmá icos en las c omi i as y a la p ecipi ación de mine alizaciones hid o e males
icas en P den o de ac u as ellenas de u a o i a y clinoclo o c ómico, en el ango
é mico 350–150 ºC. Po lo an o, la mine alogía de EGP y la geoquímica de oca o al
de EGP de es as c omi i as es á a ec ada en g an pa e po p ocesos pos -magmá icos.
No se iden i ica on mine ales inusuales de ul a-al a p esión y súpe educ o es
en las c omi i as de las egiones de an e-a co. Sin emba go, se encon a on
mic odiaman es in si u po p ime a ez en las c omi i as o iolí icas icas en Al de la
se pen ini a de Tehui zingo (México), la cual se in e p e a como una sección man élica
o iolí ica o mada en un con ex o de as-a co. Las c omi i as de Tehui zingo han
expe imen ado p ocesos pos -magmá icos de me amo ismo y se pen inización. Los
diaman es mic omé icos (de has a 8 µm) se encon a on den o de ac u as selladas
que c uzan los g anos de c omi a. Es os diaman es ocu en jun o a C amo o, que a su
ez con iene especies de O, y jun o a una asociación mine al de baja p esión y baja
empe a u a. Además, cálculos e modinámicos indican que la c omi a de las ac u as
selladas ec is alizó a 670–510 ºC. En consecuencia, se deduce que los diaman es
son me aes ables, o mados a pa i de luidos CO2–H2O–CH4 subsa u ados en C
que in il a on la c omi i a du an e p ocesos de se pen inización. La c is alización de
mine ales hid a ados p o ocó la sa u ación de ca bono en el luido, dando luga a la
RESUMEN
19
p ecipi ación de ases de C. El diaman e se o mó debido a las condiciones súpe -
educ o as alcanzadas den o de las inclusiones selladas. Po lo an o, aunque se
desc iben diaman es en las c omi i as de Tehui zingo, no exis e egis o de condiciones
de ul a-al a p esión ligadas a la génesis de las c omi i as que pudie an se indicado as
de un o igen o eciclaje p o undo. La o mación de mic odiaman es en ambien es
(ul a) educidos de baja p esión y baja empe a u a du an e la se pen inización de las
c omi i as y sus ocas ul amá icas encajan es desa ía la idea que el diaman e en ocas
o iolí icas cons i uye un indicado inequí oco de condiciones de ul a-al a p esión.
Po úl imo, las c omi i as del no e y cen o del cin u ón pe ido í ico de Loma
Ca ibe (República Dominicana) se es udia on como ejemplo de c omi i as encajadas
en una o ioli a con e idencias geoquímicas de ac i idad de pluma man élica. Es as
c omi i as mues an una composición inusual ica en C , TiO2, Fe2O3 y EGP que es
cla amen e dis in a de o as c omi i as o iolí icas. En cambio, los g anos de c omi a
analizados exhiben composiciones de elemen os mayo es y azas que coinciden con
los campos composicionales de la c omi a koma ií ica. Además, la composición de los
undidos pa en ales de las c omi i as del no e y cen o de Loma Ca ibe es simila a los
p oduc os de i ados de pluma que se encuen an en República Dominicana. Po lo an o,
concluyo que es as c omi i as se o ma on en el man o li os é ico a pa i de undidos
pa en ales de i ados de un man o pe ido í ico en iquecido que ue in luenciado po
la pluma man élica ca ibeña. No se han encon ado mine ales de ul a-al a p esión
ni súpe - educ o es en las c omi i as que pudie an se de i ados de p ocesos pos -
magmá icos o anspo ados po la pluma man élica desde el man o p o undo.
En conjun o, mis esul ados mues an como la o mación de las c omi i as
del man o o iolí ico de los dis in os con ex os geodinámicos es udiados se puede
con ex ualiza en el ma co de modelos que no implican el man o p o undo (i.e.,
ul a-al a p esión). Es udios mine alógicos de de alle demues an que algunos es os
mine ales “exó icos” encon ados en las c omi i as o iolí icas no son co-gené icos con
la o mación magmá ica de la c omi i a sino el esul ado de p ocesos pos -magmá icos.
Po lo an o, es impo an e di e encia las ca ac e ís icas esul an es de p ocesos que
de e minan la asociación mine alógica p ima ia y la i ma geoquímica magmá ica de
las c omi i as de aquellas ca ac e ís icas que esul an de los p ocesos de al e ación.
Solo así se á posible econs ui la his o ia gené ica y e olu i a de las c omi i as.

Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
20
INTRODUCTION
21
1
Ch omi i es a e ocks chie ly consis ing o (C , Al)- ich spinel (he ea e
‘ch omi e’) ha a e usually ound associa ed wi h ma ic-ul ama ic ocks, such as
in laye ed in usions (s a i o m ch omi i e; e.g., Jackson and Thaye , 1972; Mondal
and Ma hez, 2007; La ypo e al., 2017), ano hosi ic complexes (e.g., Rollinson e
al., 2010), U al-Alaskan ype complexes (e.g., Ga u i e al., 2003; Han e al., 2021),
and he man le sec ion o ophioli es (e.g., Thaye , 1974; Leblanc and Nicolas, 1992;
González-Jiménez e al., 2014a, b; A ai and Miu a, 2016; A ai, 2021). Those om he
man le sec ion o ophioli es a e collec i ely g ouped in he li e a u e as “podi o m”,
owing hei pod-like mo phology (Thaye , 1963), o ophioli ic (Leblanc and Nicolas,
1992). In addi ion o he pod-like shape, he ch omi e bodies in ophioli es may exhibi
mo phologies including eins, bands, schlie en o condui -like (Cassa d e al., 1981)
ha a e equen ly closely associa ed wi h duni e. The duni e o med by me asoma ic
eac ion be ween mig a ing basal ic mel s and deple ed pe ido i es (ha zbu gi es)
om mid-ocean idge o , mo e commonly, sup a-subduc ion zone se ings (González-
Jiménez e al., 2014a; A ai and Miu a, 2016). The o ma ion o ophioli ic ch omi i es
has been ma e o deba e o o e he pas ou decades, gi ing place o con on ed
ideas ega ding he mechanism o ch omi e c ys alliza ion and geodynamic se ing. The
mechanism o c ys alliza ion o ch omi e can be g ouped in o h ee b oad ca ego ies:
(1) ac ional c ys alliza ion o basal ic mel s in magma chambe s o condui s in he
uppe man le o nea he c us –man le bounda y (Dickey, 1975; G eenbaum, 1977;
Lago e al., 1982; Leblanc and Ceulenee , 1992; Leblanc and Nicolas, 1992). Va ian s
o his model include changing he composi ion o he mel by an ex e nal p ocess such
1. In oduc ion
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
22
as mel – ock eac ion (Zhou e al., 1994; Edwa ds e al., 2000) o assimila ion o p e-
exis ing ma ic ocks (Béda d and Hébe , 1998; P oenza e al., 1999a; A ai e al., 2004;
Bo iso a e al., 2012; González-Jiménez e al., 2013). (2) Mixing o mingling o mel s
wi hin duni e channels (A ai and Yu imo o, 1994; Zhou e al., 1994, 2001; A ai and
Abe, 1995; A ai, 1997; P oenza e al., 1999a; Ge illa e al., 2005; González-Jiménez
e al., 2011a; Shi e al., 2012), and, las ly, (3) he sepa a ion o ola ile- ich luid
phases om small ac ions o e ol ing hyd ous-silica e mel s (Ge illa e al., 2002;
González-Jiménez e al., 2011b) wi h an impo an ole o oxygen ugaci y (Melche
e al., 1997; P oenza e al., 1999a).
F om a composi ional poin o iew, ophioli ic ch omi i es a e classi ied as high-
C [C # = C /(C +Al), a omic a io >0.6] and high-Al (C # <0.6). High-C ch omi i es
a e usually deple ed in TiO2 (<0.25 w .%; Leblanc and Nicolas, 1992) and en iched in
pla inum-g oup elemen s (PGE: Os, I , Ru, Rh, P , Pd) ela i e o high-Al ch omi i es,
which a e gene ally en iched in TiO2 (up o 0.5 w .%) bu deple ed in PGE (e.g.,
P oenza e al., 1999a; González-Jiménez e al., 2014b). Typically, ch omi e om
high-C ch omi i es exhibi a geochemical signa u e simila o hose in equilib ium
wi h bonini ic la as (A ai, 1992; Pagé and Ba nes, 2009), and hence a e in e p e ed as
o med om mel s wi h bonini ic a ini y in o e-a c egions in sup a-subduc ion zones
du ing ea ly in a-oceanic a c de elopmen (Figu e 1). In con as , high-Al ch omi i es
p ecipi a e om basal ic mel s wi h a ini y akin o mid-ocean idge basal s (MORB)
o back-a c basin basal s (BABB), sugges ing abyssal o back-a c se ings o o ma ion
(Figu e 1) (Zhou e al., 1994; G aham e al., 1996; Melche e al., 1997; P oenza
e al., 1999a; González-Jiménez e al., 2011a). Some au ho s classi y he ophioli ic
ch omi i es in o a hi d g oup on he basis o hei in e media e C # (Uysal e al., 2016,
2018; Liu e al., 2019). In his case, high-C ch omi i es co espond o composi ions
wi h highe C # alues (>0.7), high-Al ch omi i es display lowe C # alues (<0.5),
and in e media e-C ch omi i es comp ise he C # composi ions o e lapping he ange
0.5–0.7. In e media e-C ch omi i es a e o en ound associa ed wi h high-C a ie ies
and a e epo ed o o m as he esul o p og essi ely ac iona ing a c-mel s (Uysal
e al., 2016). In summa y, adi ional models o he genesis o ophioli ic ch omi i es
sugges hei c ys alliza ion a shallow dep hs in he uppe man le (<50 km), in
sp eading oceanic li hosphe e, a ela i ely high oxygen ugaci y (wi hin ±2 log uni s
INTRODUCTION
23
1
o he ayali e-magne i e-qua z bu e ; F os and McCammon, 2008), and wi h no
deep p ocesses o deep ma e ials di ec ly in ol ed. Acco ding o hese models, he
ch omi i es gene ally o m in he sup a-subduc ion man le om a o e-a c se ing o in
he li hosphe ic man le om a back-a c basin o a mid-ocean idge se ing (Figu e 1).
Figu e 1 Pla e ec onic ske ch depic ing di e en ec onic se ings whe e
ophioli ic ch omi i es could o m acco ding o adi ional gene ic models.
In he pas decades, de ailed s udies o se e al ophioli ic ch omi i es wo ldwide
allowed he disco e y o an unp eceden ed sui e o mine als associa ed wi h ch omi i es,
including hose conside ed indica o s o ul ahigh-p essu e (e.g., diamond, coesi e,
s isho i e, TiO2-II) and/o supe - educing condi ions (e.g., moissani e, ni ides, na i e
elemen s, alloys) (Figu e 2). These indings we e ini ially dis ega ded by he scien i ic
communi y, especially in he case o diamond, because hey came om hea y mine al
concen a es p ocessed in indus ial plan s om ch omi i e bulks samples up o 1 on
in weigh (Bai e al., 1993; Robinson e al., 2004; Yang e al., 2015), which en ails a
high isk o con amina ion du ing sample p ocessing. Howe e , he desc ip ion o in
si u diamonds in ch omi i es and hei hos ing pe ido i es (Yang e al., 2007; Das e
al., 2017) eassu ed pa o he scien i ic communi y, al hough he deba e ega ding he
possible an h opogenic o igin o e en hese diamonds s ill emains open (Li aso e
al., 2019a, b, 2020). This con o e sy illus a es he necessi y o mo e accu a e s udies
in o de o demons a e he na u al o igin o some o hese inclusions obse ed in si u.
Depa ing om he na u al o igin o diamonds and he abo e ci ed unusual mine als
in he ch omi i es, se e al au ho s in e p e ed hei p esence as an e idence o a mo e
complex e olu iona y his o y o ophioli ic ch omi i es, and p oposed new models
o hei genesis and e olu ion ha in ol ed ul ahigh-p essu e and supe - educing
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
30
o igin o diamonds in ophioli ic ch omi i es: REPLY. Geology 47, e477–e478.
Man le plume in e ac ing wi h sup a-subduc ion ophioli e. As al eady
men ioned, some ecen models abou he genesis o ophioli ic ch omi i es
in ol e deep man le plumes (i.e., Yang e al., 2014, 2015). In o de o unde s and
he e ec o man le plumes in he o ma ion o ophioli ic ch omi i es, I choose
a e y pa icula case o ch omi i es hos ed in an ophioli e egis e ing plume
ac i i y. These ch omi i es a e loca ed in he no he n and cen al pa s o
Loma Ca ibe pe ido i e, in he Dominican Republic, loca ed NW ela i e o
Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es (Figu e 3). Man le plume ac i i y is egis e ed in
he Dominican Republic by olcanic uni s ela ed o he Ca ibbean La ge Igneous
P o ince. As a o emen ioned, some o hese uni s a e ec onically bounding he
Loma Ca ibe pe ido i e (Sie e Cabezas Fo ma ion and Dua e Complex; e.g.,
Lewis e al., 1991; Lapie e e al., 1997; Lewis e al., 2002; Escude -Vi ue e
e al., 2007). Mo eo e , he ela ion o he Loma Ca ibe pe ido i e wi h man le
plume ac i i y is also eco ded in some gabb o and dole i e dykes in uding
he pe ido i e: he pe ido i es composi ion eco ds con inued pa ial mel ing
o di e en man le sou ces in a mid-ocean idge se ing and du ing subsequen
subduc ion ini ia ion (Ma chesi e al., 2016); howe e , he gabb o and dole i e
dykes in uding he pe ido i e display a BABB geochemical signa u e in luenced
by he plume sou ce o he Ca ibbean La ge Igneous P o ince (Escude -Vi ue e
e al., 2008, 2010). The ch omi i es om he no he n and cen al pa s o
Loma Ca ibe pe ido i e also display an unusual geochemical signa u e which
is clea ly di e en han ha obse ed o Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es and
o he ophioli ic ch omi i es. The de ailed s udy and cha ac e iza ion o hese
ch omi i es will help o de e mine hei o igin and possible man le plume
in luences. The esul s and conclusions o his case s udy co espond o A icle 5
(A5) om he Appendices, wi h comple e e e ence:
Fa é-de-Pablo, J., P oenza, J.A., González-Jiménez, J.M., Aiglspe ge , T.,
Ga cia-Casco, A., Escude -Vi ue e, J., Colás, V., Longo, F., 2020. Ophioli e
hos ed ch omi i e o med by sup a-subduc ion zone pe ido i e – plume
in e ac ion. Geoscience F on ie s 11, 2083–2102.

INTRODUCTION
31
1
1.2. Me hodology
The di e en ch omi i es we e s udied in e ms o hei bulk geochemis y and
mine al chemis y (majo , mino and ace elemen s) using elec on mic op obe
analyses (EMPA) and lase abla ion induc i ely-coupled mass spec ome y (LA-ICP-
MS). Pe og aphic s udies, wi h special ocus on he iden i ica ion and cha ac e iza ion
o he solid mine al inclusions in he ch omi i es, we e also pe o med by means o
op ical mic oscopy, ield-emission scanning elec on mic oscopy (FE-SEM), mic o-
Raman, and he combina ion o ocused ion beam (FIB) echnique, ansmi ed elec on
mic oscopy (TEM), and elec on ene gy loss spec oscopy (EELS). The inclusions in
ch omi e om he ch omi i es we e s udied bo h in si u and om mine al concen a es
p epa ed h ough he combina ion o se e al echniques (sie ing, hyd osepa a ion, and
magne ic sepa a ion) in o de o inc ease he popula ion o mine als being s udied and
ensu e a be e ep esen a ion.
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
32
RESULTS
33
2
He ea e , he main esul s ob ained om he di e en case s udies a e summa ized
and p esen ed in subchap e s and inally compa ed.
2.1. High-C ch omi i es o med in he o e-a c se ing
The s udied ch omi i es om Ha ana-Ma anzas ophioli e (Figu e 3) occu as
small eins o cen ime ic hickness wi hin o hopy oxeni e bands up o 1.5 m wide,
which in u n a e sys ema ically hos ed in highly se pen inized ha zbu gi es.
The ha zbu gi es consis o pa ially se pen inized oli ine (65–75 ol.%),
o hopy oxene (25–35 ol.%), clinopy oxene (<2 ol.%), and accesso y ch omi e
(<1 ol.%). The oli ine occu s as pa ially se pen inized g ains (<2 mm in size) ha
cons i u e he ma ix o he ock, and show ypical man le composi ion: 90.7–91.1
Fo [100 x Mg/(Mg + Fe2+), a omic a io], 0.42–0.44 w .% NiO, and 0.12–0.16 w .%
MnO. The o hopy oxene po phy oclas s (up o 5 mm in size) a e ounded and exhibi
plas ic de o ma ion ypical o man le ec oni es de o med a high empe a u e. They a e
locally eplaced by oli ine in embaymen s along hei bounda ies. Thei composi ion
co esponds o ens a i e (En87.17–89.52Fe8.17–10.16Wo0.99–4.00), wi h 0.91 Mg# [Mg/(Mg
+ Fe2+), a omic a io], 2.4–2.6 w .% Al2O3, 0.7–0.8 w .% C 2O3, and 0.01–0.04 w .%
TiO2. The accesso y ch omi e occu s as anhed al g ains be ween 10 µm and 1 mm in
size. Thei magma ic co es a e high-Al in composi ion (C # = 0.39–0.50), wi h 0.65–
0.71 Mg# alues, and 27–39 w .% Al2O3, 2.71–6.39 w .% Fe2O3, and 0.02–0.07 w .%
TiO2 con en s (Figu e 4). Howe e , hey a e locally pa ially o comple ely al e ed o
e ian ch omi e and magne i e plus clinochlo e.
2. Resul s
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
34
The o hopy oxeni e bands mainly consis o o hopy oxene (80–90 ol.%) and
oli ine (<18 ol.%), wi h mino clinopy oxene (<3 ol.%) and accesso y ch omi e
(<2 ol.%). Gene ally, hey display equig anula ex u e wi h o hopy oxene g ains
up o 5 mm in size and oli ine and clinopy oxene g ains a ound 0.5 mm in size.
The composi ion o he o hopy oxene is sligh ly less magnesian han ha om he
ha zbu gi e (Mg# = 0.89–0.90), bu s ill co esponds o ens a i e in composi ion
(En89.69–90.03Fe9.97–10.31Wo1.12–3.14). The oli ine also shows lowe Fo alues (89.1–89.9)
bu simila NiO and MnO con en s (0.43–0.50 w .% and 0.11–0.18 w .%, espec i ely)
o he oli ine om he ha zbu gi e. The accesso y ch omi e occu s as subhed al o
euhed al g ains, less han 0.2 mm in size, ha a e hos ed bo h in he o hopy oxene and
oli ine g ains. Thei composi ion is clea ly di e en om accesso y ch omi e om he
ha zbu gi e: hey a e high-C (C # = 0.62–0.69) wi h lowe Mg# alues (0.39–0.52),
lowe Al2O3 con en s (14–16 w .%), and highe Fe2O3 and TiO2 con en s (6.52–9.67
w .% and 0.16–0.23 w .%, espec i ely) (Figu e 4).
Ch omi i e eins wi hin he o hopy oxeni e bands show massi e ex u es (>80
ol.% ch omi e), which end o be dissemina ed (20–80 ol.% ch omi e) a he con ac
wi h he o hopy oxeni e. The ch omi e g ains a e euhed al o subhed al, and show a
size dis ibu ion wi h bigge g ains (<0.5 mm) a he cen e o he eins and smalle ones
(down o 50 µm) owa ds he con ac wi h hei hos . The ch omi e g ains composi ion
is simila o ha o he accesso y ch omi e om he o hopy oxeni e bands. They a e
high-C (C # = 0.72–0.74), wi h 0.53–0.67 Mg# alues, and 11.67–13.62 w .% Al2O3,
4.17–8.84 w .% Fe2O3, and 0.17–0.26 w .% TiO2 con en s (Figu e 4). This composi ion
is qui e homogeneous wi hin single ch omi e g ains, wi h no de ec able al e a ion ims,
bu i is also homogeneous ac oss he eins, wi h no chemical a ia ions owa ds he
con ac wi h he hos o hopy oxeni e.
The ch omi e g ains om he ch omi i es hos abundan silica e and PGM
inclusions. The silica e inclusions consis o low-p essu e mine als like phlogopi e,
oli ine, and o hophy oxene ha , in mos cases, ha e been al e ed o se pen ine and
bas i e. Rega ding he PGM, hey a e especially abundan in he samples. They occu as
single o polyphasic inclusions wi h sizes anging om 5 o 25 µm wi hin he ch omi e
g ains. They gene ally consis o euhed al o subhed al lau i es which may con ain
acicula o ien ed I exsolu ions along c ys allog aphic planes and/o nanome ic
RESULTS
35
2
Figu e 4 Composi ion o magma ic p ima y ch omi e om he ch omi i es and hos ocks o he
di e en s udy cases in e ms o (a) C # [C /(C + Al), a omic a io] s. Mg# [Mg/(Mg + Fe2+),
a omic a io], (b) C –Al–Fe3+ (a.p. .u.), (c) Al2O3 s. C 2O3 in w .%, and (d) TiO2 s. C 2O3 in
w .%. Da a o ch omi e o di e en ec onic se ings and con ex s compiled om Dick and Bullen
(1984), Ishii e al. (1992), Bona ia e al. (1993), Kamene sky e al. (2001), P oenza e al. (2007),
and González-Jiménez e al. (2015).

Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
36
mine al inclusions o Cu-Fe sul ides and P -Fe and I alloys. Some lau i e g ains e en
exhibi sligh ly co oded su aces wi h ugged ex u es. The composi ion o he lau i es
is (Ru0.64-0.78Os0.16-0.19I 0.06-0.12Fe0.01-0.02Rh0.00-0.02)Ʃ=0.94-1.06S1.94-2.06, which classi ies
hem as Os- ich lau i es, and hey e en show con en s o Ni (0.13–0.44 w .%), Cu (up
o 0.09 w .%), and Co (0.01–0.11 w .%) ha , oge he wi h he amoun o Fe, sugges
con amina ion o he analyses by nanome ic Ni-Fe-Cu sul u inclusions. Some lau i e
c ys als show oscilla o y zoning e idenced by al e na ing laye s o Os- and Ru- ich
lau i e o nanome e o mic ome e hickness. Locally, he lau i e g ains a e associa ed
o unde ined I -Rh-P (-Cu-Co-Ni) alloys. These alloys occu as o e g ow hs on he
su ace o he lau i e, and may show a wide ange o mo phologies and ex u es
(e.g., clus e ed i egula g ains, nanome ic dend i ic agg ega es, ibe s wi h adial
dis ibu ion).
2.2. High-C ch omi i es o med in he o e-a c se ing exhibi ing low-
empe a u e PGE mine aliza ion
Ch omi i es om Loma Las Cabi mas hill (Dominican Republic) a e loca ed in
he Loma Ca ibe pe ido i e (Figu e 3). The s udied bodies we e loca ed along he Los
Ma inicos s eam, and consis o lensoid o ebodies and pods o a ound 3 m long and
1 m in hickness hos ed by highly se pen inized pe ido i es which a e gene ally shea ed
owa ds he con ac wi h he ch omi i e. The pods a e massi e in ex u e and locally
exhibi ound silica e clo s esembling an i-nodula ex u e consis ing o a silica e
ma ix o o hopy oxene, clinopy oxene, and oli ine al e ed o seconda y mine als
displaying whi e o pale g een and pale pu ple colo s. The ch omi i es a e also c oss-
cu by eins up o 2 mm wide, illed wi h ch omian ga ne and chlo i e, exhibi ing g een
colo s, and abundan pull-apa ac u es, which a e common in ophioli ic ch omi i es
as a esul om he de o ma ion o a igid body o ch omi i e enclosed by duc ile
pe ido i e. The ch omi e g ains a e euhed al o subhed al, up o 3 mm ac oss, bu end
o be smalle and mo e angula a ound he eins c oss-cu ing he ch omi i es. The
ch omi e g ains a e homogeneous and no al e a ion o po ous ex u es a e obse ed.
Howe e , mos o he mine al inclusions exhibi al e a ion. These inclusions consis
o se pen ine, edeni e and PGM. The composi ion o he ch omi e is high-C (C #
= 0.81–0.83), co esponding o C 2O3 con en s be ween 59.31 and 62.60 w .% and
RESULTS
37
2
Al2O3 con en s anging om 8.36 o 9.52 w .%. The Mg# alues a e also high and a y
sligh ly om 0.60 o 0.73. They exhibi a sys ema ically low TiO2 con en (a e age
alue 0.20 w .%), and FeO and Fe2O3 alues o 9.88–14.30 w .% and 1.44–4.98 w .%,
espec i ely (Figu e 4).
The ga ne g ains om he eins a e subhed al o euhed al and 25–150 µm in
size. The composi ion o he ga ne co esponds o u a o i e wi h mino and adi e
and g ossula con en s in solid solu ion (U 75-83G s4-14Ad 5-19), and no chemical
a ia ions a e obse ed wi hin single g ains. Thei Fe con en is low, and cha ge
balance conside a ions (see P oenza e al., 1999b) sugges ha all i on is i alen .
The e ahed al si es a e silica de icien , and analy ical o als ange be ween 96 and 99
w .%, hus sugges ing he p esence o hyd oxyl g oups in he s uc u e o he analyzed
ga ne s (Melche e al., 1997). Chlo i e lakes occupy he in e s i ial space be ween he
u a o i e g ains and he cen al su u e in some eins. Howe e , hey a e also loca ed
illing eins wi hou being associa ed wi h u a o i e and illing he in e s i ial space
be ween ch omi e g ains. In hese cases, agg ega es o an unde e mined oxidized
Fe-O mine al phase a e locally obse ed wi hin he chlo i e. The chlo i es ha e he
a e age o mula (Mg5C 0.50Al0.29Fe2+0.10)Ʃ=5.89(Si3.34Al0.66)4O10(OH)4, co esponding
o ch omian clinochlo e wi h 31.13–37.96 w .% SiO2 (a . = 34.60 w .%), 5.02–12.19
w .% Al2O3 (a . = 8.35 w .%), 28.71–40.33 w .% MgO (a . = 34.75 w .%), 2.36–
11.45 w .% C 2O3 (a . = 6.52 w .%), and 0.40–4.69 w .% FeO (a . = 1.29 w .%).
The u a o i e- and ch omian clinochlo e- illed eins also con ain some ch omi e
g ains. These g ains occu as anhed al and angula inclusions in he co e o along he
concen ic g ow h bands o he la ge u a o i e g ains, and as angula agmen s up o
1 mm size wi h sligh ly co oded ou lines loca ed along he wide eins. In e es ingly,
hese ch omi e agmen s display he same composi ion as he ch omi e om he
ch omi i e.
The ch omi i es om Loma Las Cabi mas ha e up o 6540 ppb bulk- ock o al
PGE, which is dis inc ly highe han he a e age alues om ophioli ic ch omi i es
wo ldwide (<1000 ppb o al PGE; Leblanc, 1991; O’D iscoll and González-Jiménez,
2016). The chond i e-no malized PGE pa e s exhibi a nega i e slope de ined by an
en ichmen in IPGE (Os, I , and Ru) ela i e o PPGE (Rh, P , and Pd), as ypically
obse ed in ophioli ic ch omi i es, and a e y sligh posi i e P anomaly wi h espec
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
38
o Rh and Pd. The bulk- ock PGE geochemis y is e lec ed in he PGE mine alogy
obse ed in he ch omi i es, wi h a p edominance o IPGE mine als. Acco ding o
hei ex u al posi ion, ex u e and composi ion, he PGM om he ch omi i es can be
di ided in h ee g oups. The i s g oup comp ises euhed al g ains (5–10 µm in size)
o lau i e (RuS2)-e lichmani e (OsS2), ound in ch omi e co es o ming single-phase o
polyphase inclusions wi h py oxene and/o I -alloys. Thei composi ion anges om
close o ideal lau i e o Os- ich lau i e [(Ru0.53-0.86Os0.05-0.36I 0.03-0.09Fe0.00-0.02Rh0.01-0.04)
Ʃ=0.96-1.01S1.99-2.04], wi h 4.99–33.03 w .% Os, 26.02–49.91 w .% Ru, and mino amoun s
o I and Fe. The second g oup o PGM consis s o pa ially desul u ized lau i e g ains
(wi h lowe S and highe Fe: 8.56–28.38 w .%, and 0.51–8.79 w .%, espec i ely)
and Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds (wi h simila Ru–Os p opo ions han lau i e and mino
amoun s o P , Ni and Rh) ound pa ially shielded in ch omi e g ains bu associa ed
wi h small eins o u a o i e and ch omium clinochlo e. These PGM a e subhed al o
euhed al g ains wi h sizes be ween 5 and 10 µm, and exhibi ugged and highly po ous
su aces. The Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds a e o en spa ially associa ed wi h I g ains,
which occu bo h as agg ega es o nanopa icles o illing hei po osi y. The hi d
g oup o PGM includes anhed al P -Fe-Ni- ich g ains sys ema ically loca ed in he
ac u es illed by u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e. They seem o be accumula ions
o nanopa icles ha gi e place o elonga ed g ains be ween 1 and 10 µm in size. These
PGM a e highly po ous and a e sys ema ically su ounded by u a o i e o ch omian
clinochlo e. Composi ionally, hey a e he e ogeneous P -Fe-Ni compounds, wi h P
as hei main componen (up o 83.93 w .%) and mino amoun s o I , Cu, Rh and S.
Ve y sca ce unde e mined Ni sul ides (48.97–66.13 w .% Ni, 25.93–32.60 w .% S,
0.81–0.87 w .% Fe, 0.29–0.64 w .% P , 0.10–5.56 w .% Ru, 0–2.41 w .% Os, 0.41–
0.66 w .% I , 0.01–0.04 w .% Cu) a e also ound wi hin some ac u es associa ed wi h
u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e.
2.3. High-Al ch omi i es om a high-p essu e me amo phic complex o
back-a c ophioli e
The ch omi i es co esponding o he case s udy o his geological se ing a e
hose om he se pen ini es o Tehui zingo. Ch omi i es om Tehui zingo se pen ini e
(Puebla S a e, Mexico) (Figu e 3) a e small pods a ew ens o me e s long and
RESULTS
39
2
<2 m hick ha we e mos ly mined in he 1950s and 1960s (P oenza e al., 2004). Thei
hos ing ul ama ic body is in e p e ed as a comple ely se pen inized ha zbu gi e (up
o 500 m hick and 8 km long) o he man le sec ion o he “Xayaca lán dismembe ed
ophioli e”, which was o med in a back-a c geodynamic se ing (O ega-Gu ié ez
e al., 1999; P oenza e al., 2004). The ch omi i es a e also highly se pen inized,
wi h ex u es ha a e p edominan ly massi e, locally g ading om densely o hinly
dissemina ed, and e en banded, wi h al e na ing ch omi e- ich and se pen ine- ich
laye s. Howe e , he shea ing and aul ing o he ch omi i es locally obli e a ed hese
ex u es and ga e place o myloni ic, ca aclas ic, and b eccia ed ex u es. I has been
in e ed ha he al e a ion o he ch omi i es ook place du ing he low-p essu e and
low- empe a u e e og ade al e a ion his o y o he complex (P oenza e al., 2004).
The selec ed samples o his case s udy co espond o massi e ch omi i e
ch omi i es. The ch omi i es consis o coa se subhed al o anhed al g ains, up o
1.2 mm ac oss, which exhibi al e a ion ims o e ian ch omi e, po ous ex u e and
in ense ac u ing, all esul ing om he al e a ion and mechanical dis up ion o he
ch omi i es. The ac u es and in e s i ial spaces be ween ch omi e g ains a e illed
wi h chlo i e and se pen ine, wi h no p ima y mine als. Depending on he in ensi y o
he al e a ion, he p ima y composi ion o he ch omi e can be comple ely obli e a ed.
Howe e , in mos cases, unal e ed magma ic g ain co es a e p ese ed. In hese g ains,
i is possible o de e mine he o iginal magma ic composi ion o he ch omi e, which
is high-Al (C # = 0.59–0.61) wi h high Mg# alues (0.55–0.57) and low Fe3+/(Fe3+
+ Fe2+) a io (0.07–0.09). Some magma ic co es a e su ounded by seconda y Fe2+-
ich po ous ch omi e wi h abundan se pen ine and chlo i e inclusions. The co e- o-
im al e a ion is cha ac e ized by a dec ease in Al and Mg con en s coupled wi h an
inc ease in Fe2+, C and, o a lesse ex en , Fe3+ owa ds he im [C # = 0.75–0.90;
Mg# = 0.25–0.32; Fe3+/(Fe3+ + Fe2+) = 0.19–0.29]. Locally, some ch omi e co es may
p esen healed ac u es con aining linea a ays o inclusions. Simila o he Fe2+-
ich po ous ch omi e om he ims, C and Fe2+ con en s in hese healed ac u es
inc ease sligh ly, while Al and Mg con en s dec ease ela i e o he ch omi e co e
[C # = 0.61–0.65; Mg# = 0.54–0.52; Fe3+/(Fe3+ + Fe2+) = 0.05–0.13]. Howe e ,
con a y o he po ous ch omi e, he a ia ion in Fe3+ con en s wi hin healed ac u es
is meaningless. The modynamic modeling was done by means o Pe ple_X so wa e
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
46
Figu e 6 Classi ica ion o he di e en ypes o pla inum-g oup mine als (PGM) om
he ch omi i es om he s udy cases o his hesis: (a) Os – Ru – I and (b) Fe+Ni+Cu –
S+As – Ru+Os+I e na y diag ams o lau i e, i a si e, and Ru–Os–Fe compounds, and
(c) Os+I +Ru – P +(Rh+Pd) – Fe+Ni and (d) P – Fe – Ni e na y diag ams o P -Fe-Ni,
I -Fe-Ni, and Os-I alloys.

RESULTS
47
2
ch omi i e case s udies om he Dominican Republic con ain P - ich mine als wi h
simila composi ions. Howe e , he P - ich mine als om he no he n and cen al
pa s o Loma Ca ibe pe ido i e occu in a iably wi hin he ch omi e g ains, o en
associa ed wi h lau i e, whe eas in Loma Las Cabi mas hey sys ema ically occu
wi hin ac u es and a e associa ed wi h seconda y mine als. Ch omi i es om Cuba
also con ain P -Fe alloys, bu only occu as nano-inclusions wi hin lau i e c ys als.
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
48
DISCUSSION
49
3
3. Discussion
3.1. Ch omi i es om o e-a c se ings
In o de o e alua e he o igin and genesis o he ch omi i e eins om Ha ana-
Ma anzas ophioli e (Cuba), i is impo an o be e de ine he pe ogenesis o he
associa ed o hopy oxeni e o inally es ablish hei ela ion wi h he ch omi i e eins.
A i s app oach is o analyze he mo phology and composi ion o he ch omi e om
he ch omi i e–o hopy oxeni e pai and he ha zbu gi e hos ock. The mo phology
o he g ain is di ec ly ela ed o he gene ic p ocess o he ocks (i.e., cumula i e o
eplaci e o igin; Ma sumo o and A ai, 2001), whe eas he chemis y o ch omi e i sel
is a powe ul ool o un a el deg ees o pa ial mel ing and me asoma ism in he man le,
he na u e o pa en al mel s, and o disc imina e among ec onic se ings o o ma ion
(e.g., Dick and Bullen, 1984; A ai, 1992; Kamene sky e al., 2001; Pagé and Ba nes,
2009). The e o e, he i egula o e micula mo phology and he high-Al composi ion
o he accesso y ch omi e om he ha zbu gi e, oge he wi h he composi ion o i s
oli ine, sugges s ha hese ocks a e esidual pe ido i es esul ing om mel ex ac ion
in a slow o ul a-slow sp eading mid-ocean idge se ing o a back-a c basin (e.g.,
Helleb and e al., 2001; Hi auchi e al., 2008). In con as , accesso y ch omi e om
he o hopy oxeni e bands shows mo phology cha ac e is ic o a cumula i e o igin
and composi ions ypical o ch omi e p ecipi a ed om basal ic mel s wi h bonini ic
a ini y (Figu e 4). This migh indica e ha he o hopy oxeni es o med om magmas
wi h bonini ic a ini y in a o e-a c se ing, p obably du ing subduc ion ini ia ion
s ages o a nascen in a-oceanic a c (Pagé e al., 2008; Wha am and S e n, 2011). The
o hopy oxeni e bodies ep esen a eac ion p oduc be ween he upwa d mig a ing
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
50
mel and he hos pe ido i e in he uppe man le (e.g., Ga ido e al., 2007; Bo ghini
e al., 2016). The o hopy oxeni e p obably o med om a ela i ely Si- ich Mg- ich
andesi e mel (bonini ic-like) ha mig a ed h ough he p e-exis ing man le ha zbu gi e
and ha became Si-en iched by eac i e dissolu ion o man le py oxene (e.g., Be yl e
al., 2006; G an e al., 2016; Wang e al., 2016).
Ch omi e om he ch omi i e eins exhibi chemis y akin o ch omi e p ecipi a ed
om basal ic mel s o bonini ic a ini y (Figu e 4). Mo eo e , he composi ion o he
mel s in equilib ium wi h his ch omi e, calcula ed using he app oach o Kamenes ky
e al. (2001) and modi ied by Zacca ini e al. (2011), and he empi ical o mula ion
p oposed by Mau el (1984), yields Al2O3 con en s o 12.29–12.43 w .%, TiO2 con en s
o 0.33–0.37 w .% and 0.96 FeO/MgO a io. This composi ion o e laps hose o
basal ic magmas wi h bonini ic a ini y, which a e Ti-poo (<0.5 w .% TiO2) wi h 0.7–
1.4 FeO/MgO a ios (>0.8 w .% MgO) and 10.60–14.4 w .% Al2O3 con en s (Hicky
and F ey, 1982; Le Bas, 2000). Basal ic mel akin o bonini es ha e ela i ely high
SiO2 con en s and a e no mally sa u a ed in o hopy oxene (Fallon and Danyushe sky,
2000, and e e ences he ein). The e o e, i is conside ed ha he ch omi i e eins
om Ha ana-Ma anzas ophioli e o med om low-Ti high-Mg andesi ic mel s
wi h bonini ic a ini y ha o igina ed in he o e-a c o an in a-oceanic island a c.
This in e p e a ion is in acco dance wi h models o o ma ion o high-C ophioli ic
ch omi i es by mel – ock eac ion p ocesses (e.g., Zhou and Robinson, 1997; Melche
e al., 1997; P oenza e al., 1999a; González-Jiménez e al., 2014b and e e ences
he ein). The sys ema ic occu ence o he ch omi i e eins wi hin o hopy oxeni e and
he lack o ch omi i e composi ional a ia ions owa ds hei con ac a e in e p e ed as
e idence o he con empo aneous o ma ion o he wo ypes o ock. I is in e ed ha
Mg- ich andesi ic mel (s) wi h bonini ic a ini y in il a ed he p e-exis ing ha zbu gi e
by po ous low, dissol ing oli ine while p ecipi a ing o hopy oxene and ch omi e
(Kelemen e al., 1992, 1995; Wang e al., 2016). Fu he in il a ion o new ba ches o
liquid could mix wi h esidual liquids o yield seconda y ch omi e-sa u a ed mel ha
would p ecipi a e u he ch omi e o o m he ch omi i e eins (I ine, 1977).
The composi ion and abundance o he PGM in he ch omi i e eins is in
acco dance wi h ha expec ed om high-C ch omi i es o med a e S-unde sa u a ed
bonini ic magmas (P icha d e al., 2008). The main PGM inclusion is lau i e, whose
DISCUSSION
51
3
mo phology sugges s p ecipi a ion om he magma be o e and/o du ing he o ma ion
o he ch omi e (González-Jiménez e al., 2009, 2014a and e e ences he ein). The
Ru–Os con en s in he lau i e g ains a e s ongly in luenced by he sul u ugaci y ( S2)
and empe a u e o he sys em whe e hey c ys allize (e.g., B enan and And ews, 2001;
And ews and B enan, 2002): he solubili y o Os in lau i e inc eases wi h dec easing
empe a u e and/o inc easing S2 (e.g., González-Jiménez e al., 2009 and e e ences
he ein). The e o e, he Ru–Os a ia ions om he oscilla o y zoning o some lau i e
c ys als sugges ha he PGM c ys allized wi hin a sys em domina ed by sho - e m
a ia ions o S2 and/o empe a u e. This is in ag eemen wi h he p oposed model o
he ch omi i e eins o ma ion, in which a ia ions o he physicochemical p ope ies
o he pa en al mel would be a na u al consequence o he mel – ock eac ions.
The ugged ex u es obse ed in some lau i e g ains loca ed in he al e a ion ims o
ch omi e a e in e p e ed as he esul o in si u al e a ion o he magma ic mine als due
o se pen iniza ion p ocesses.
The abno mally high abundance o lau i e inclusions in he ch omi i e eins is due
o he “collec o ” e ec o ch omi e du ing i s c ys alliza ion om he man le mel s.
Acco ding o expe imen al esul s, his e ec can be ela ed wi h local educ ion o
oxygen ugaci y ( O2) a he edges o g owing ch omi e c ys als, which may igge
sa u a ion o he mos e ac o y and easily oxidized PGE (Os, I , Ru) om he mel
(Ge illa e al., 2005; Ballhaus e al., 2006; Finnigan e al., 2008; González-Jiménez
e al., 2014a). The e iciency o his “collec ion” e ec is maximized when he magma
c ys allizing he PGM is in con ac wi h small olumes o ch omi e (Augé e al., 2005).
This may be he eason o he ex emely high PGM con en obse ed in he small and
hin ch omi i e eins om Ha ana-Ma anzas ophioli e.
3.2. Ch omi i es om o e-a c se ings exhibi ing low- empe a u e
hyd o he mal PGE mine aliza ions
The ch omi e composi ion o Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es (Dominican
Republic) and hei IPGE-en ichmen a e also cha ac e is ic o ypical high-C
ch omi i es hos ed in he man le sec ion o ophioli es. These ch omi i es a e commonly
in e p e ed as o med by mel s wi h bonini ic a ini y in he o e-a c egions o sup a-

Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
52
subduc ion zones du ing subduc ion ini ia ion (e.g., Zhou e al., 1994; Ahmed and
A ai, 2002; Miu a e al., 2012). In he case o Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es, his is
con i med by hei ch omi e composi ion, simila o ch omi e p ecipi a ed om basal ic
magmas o bonini ic a ini y, combined wi h he p esence o hyd a ed inclusions
(edeni e) in he ch omi i es sugges ing high H2O con en s in he pa en al mel s, which
is cha ac e is ic o bonini ic mel s.
Howe e , he mos s iking ea u e o he Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es is he
complex and wide ange o PGE mine aliza ions hey con ain, some o which a e
associa ed wi h he u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e illing he ch omi i es ac u es.
Bo h he u a o i e and he ch omian clinochlo e o med due o hyd o he mal eac ions
a ec ing he ch omi i es: hyd o he mal luids in il a ed he ch omi i es h ough
ac u es and ex ac ed C , Al and Mg necessa y o he o ma ion o u a o i e and
ch omian clinochlo e om he ch omi e, ei he by pa ial dissolu ion o du ing he
eplacemen o ch omi e by e ian ch omi e (Melche e al., 1997; P oenza e al.,
1999b). The Ca om he u a o i e could come om he al e a ion o clinopy oxene
and o hopy oxene om he silica e clo s loca ed wi hin he ch omi i es. Acco ding
o geo he mome ic cons ain s based on he composi ion o he u a o i e (Ganguly,
1976; Melche e al., 1997) and he ch omian clinochlo e (empi ic geo he mome e s:
Ca helineau and Nie a, 1985; K anidio is and MacLean, 1987; Ca helineau, 1988; Zang
and Fy e, 1995), hese mine als p ecipi a ed om a hyd o he mal luid ha e ol ed
om ~350 ºC (c ys alliza ion o u a o i e) o ~150 ºC and below (c ys alliza ion
o ch omian clinochlo e) du ing low- empe a u e hyd o he mal se pen iniza ion
p ocesses a ec ing he ch omi i es.
The magma ic PGM in he ch omi i e samples a e mainly euhed al lau i e c ys als
ha a e comple ely enclosed in he ch omi e g ains, wi hou being associa ed wi h
ac u es o eins. Howe e , he hyd o he mal luids locally dissol ed ch omi e
h ough ac u es, eaching and al e ing some o he magma ic PGM. The esul o
his al e a ion a e he Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds, which a e in e p e ed o de i e
om p og essi e in si u desul u iza ion o he p e-exis ing lau i e (S ockman and
Hla a, 1984; Ga u i and Zacca ini, 1997; P oenza e al., 2007; G ieco e al., 2020)
du ing ela i e low- empe a u e (350–500 ºC) al e a ion p ocesses in low O2 and S2
en i onmen s (e.g., Zacca ini e al., 2005; González-Jiménez e al., 2010). In con as ,
DISCUSSION
53
3
he P -Fe-Ni- ich g ains, sys ema ically embedded in u a o i e o ch omian clinochlo e
in he ac u es and eins and he in e s i ial space be ween ch omi e, exhibi i egula
shapes and oughish in e nal s uc u e, which may sugges ha hey o med ia he
accumula ion o nanopa icles di ec ly p ecipi a ed om he hyd o he mal luid. I is
in e ed ha du ing he se pen iniza ion o Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es, P and
base me als (mainly Fe) om he ch omi i es and hos ocks could ha e been eleased
and concen a ed in o he hyd o he mal luids (e.g., Thalhamme e al., 1990; P icha d
e al., 1994; Ga u i and Zacca ini, 1997; P icha d e al., 2008) and hen e-p ecipi a ed
in he ac u es o he ch omi i es. The mino amoun s o P in he Ru-Os-Fe-(I )
compounds sugges ha he same luids om which he P -Fe-Ni- ich p ecipi a ed
we e esponsible o he al e a ion o lau i e and o ma ion o he compounds.
The se pen iniza ion o ophioli ic ch omi i es is a p ocess ha may begin a 300–
400 ºC and a low O2 and S2 condi ions, and is associa ed wi h al e ing hyd o he mal
luids which, in he case o Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es, p ecipi a ed u a o i e
and ch omian clinochlo e. Acco ding o expe imen al s udies, a hese condi ions
he emobiliza ion o P is mo e likely o ake place by bisul ide ion (HS-) ligands,
and i s solubili y is highly sensi i e o changes in luid empe a u e, pH, O2, and he
concen a ion o ligands (e.g., Moun ain and Wood, 1988; Gammons e al., 1992). In
o de o unde s and how he P -Fe-Ni- ich mine aliza ions om he ch omi i es o med,
he modynamic calcula ions and diag ams we e pe o med (using SPANA so wa e;
Puigdomènech, 2020), which allowed seeing he in luence o hese pa ame e s on
P mobili y and deposi ion du ing hyd o he mal al e a ion o he ch omi i es. Since
he P -Fe-Ni- ich mine aliza ions a e sys ema ically associa ed wi h u a o i e and
ch omian clinochlo e, he he modynamic calcula ions we e pe o med a 300 ºC and
200 ºC, co esponding o hei c ys alliza ion empe a u e ange. The O2, pH and
sul u concen a ion we e chosen o e lec he e y educing en i onmen s and neu al
o sligh ly acidic condi ions expec ed o se pen iniza ion p ocesses, and he S-poo
hyd o he mal luids in ol ed (Bach e al., 2006; F os e al., 2013). The diag ams
and calcula ions showed ha P is mo e easily mobilized as aqueous HS- complexes
[P (HS)+, P (HS)2(aq)] a highe S concen a ions, which can be achie ed by he
desul u iza ion o magma ic sul ides in he ch omi i es. Howe e , he Ni and Fe in he
sys em also compe e o he S, being Ni he s onges compe i o as i equi es lowe
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
54
S concen a ions o o m Ni sul ides. Fo his eason, P is mo e likely o be soluble
a lowe Ni concen a ions. The diag ams also show ha na i e Fe, Ni and P can
o m om he S-poo hyd o he mal luids a 300 ºC and low O2 (log O2 < -45). Wi h
dec easing empe a u e (200 ºC), Ni sul ides would p ecipi a e and emo e S om
he hyd o he mal luid. The d op in S concen a ion p omo es u he p ecipi a ion
o na i e P and he s abiliza ion o Fe as magne i e, explaining he p esence o Fe-
oxides associa ed wi h ch omian clinochlo e. The na i e Fe, Ni and P nanopa icles
p ecipi a ing in his ange o empe a u e could ul ima ely o m he e ogeneous nugge -
like g ains h ough p ocesses simila o he o ma ion o mesoc ys als (i.e., c ys alline
ma e ials composed o accumula ed nanoc ys als in c ys allog aphic egis e and o de
o e a mac oscopic size egime ha o med h ough non-classical pa icle media ed
c ys alliza ion; S u m and Cöl en 2016), gi ing place o he mine aliza ions obse ed
in he samples.
I is wo h no icing ha , in his case, he educed condi ions in e ed o he
hyd o he mal al e a ion o he ch omi i es did no gi e place o some o he unusual
supe - educing mine als desc ibed in o he ophioli ic ch omi i es (i.e., diamonds,
moissani e).
3.3. Ch omi i es om me amo phosed back-a c ophioli es
The mic os uc u es and chemical ends desc ibed in he ch omi e g ains
om Tehui zingo ch omi i es a e ypical o magma ic ch omi e al e ed by hyd ous
me amo phism (Ge illa e al., 2012; Colás e al., 2014, 2018). The al e a ion occu s
as a wo-s age p ocess de eloped du ing e og ade me amo phic e olu ion coe al
wi h luid in il a ion (Ge illa e al., 2012). In he i s s age, educing luids in il a e
he ch omi i e bodies and eac wi h p ima y ch omi e wi h ma ix oli ine o p oduce
chlo i e and C - and Fe2+- ich esidual ch omi e by loss o Al2O3 and MgO o he
chlo i e. The dissolu ion–p ecipi a ion eac ion akes place p og essi ely on cooling
a ~700 ºC o ~450 ºC unde wa e -sa u a ed and educing condi ions, and in ol es
con inuous ch omi e mass loss esul ing in he de elopmen o po ous ex u e. The
second s age o he al e a ion mainly consis s o he o ma ion o homogeneous
ch omi e wi h e ian ch omi e composi ion by he addi ion o magne i e o he
DISCUSSION
55
3
po ous e ous ch omi e du ing a la e oxidizing hyd o he mal e en . The e o e, he
ch omi e composi ional changes obse ed in he healed ac u es and hei calcula ed
empe a u e o o ma ion (670–510 ºC) co espond o he i s s ages o hyd a ion
o ch omi e unde highly educing condi ions, p e ious o he o ma ion o po ous
ch omi e a e en lowe empe a u es. The sligh inc ease in Fe3+ con en s in he
ch omi e ims wi h espec o he co es migh be due o he in il a ion o la e oxidizing
luids du ing he second s age ch omi e al e a ion a lowe empe a u es ( empe a u es
o o ma ion o he ims: 410–340 ºC). All he calcula ed empe a u es o e og ade
ch omi e o e lap he empe a u e o e og ession o high-p essu e blocks associa ed
wi h Tehui zingo se pen ini e.
Mos o he mine al inclusions wi hin he healed ac u es a e ypical o ela i ely
low- empe a u e and low-p essu e en i onmen s. The diamonds a e he only mine als
ha a e ypically conside ed ul ahigh-p essu e indica o s. Howe e , conside ing he
lack o o he ul ahigh-p essu e occu ences in he ch omi i es and he sys ema ical
occu ence o he diamonds in he healed ac u es, i is in e ed ha hey o med
me as ably in he same ange o empe a u e as he ch omi e om he healed
ac u es. Mo eo e , he diamonds a e en eloped by amo phous C wi h O-bea ing
species, which sugges s ha in il a ing C-O-H- ich luids om hos se pen ini es
we e in ol ed in he ans o ma ion o p ima y ch omi e o seconda y ch omi e
along opening ac u es. The e o e, i is p oposed ha diamonds in he Tehui zingo
se pen ini es g ew a shallow dep hs du ing se pen iniza ion, in he s abili y ield o
g aphi e, om C-O-H luids by a simila mechanism p oposed by Simako (2018). A
hese condi ions, educing luids in il a ed he ch omi i e and igge ed modi ica ion
o i s composi ions in he CO2-H2O-CH4 sys em (Simako , 2010). Reduced species,
like CH4 and H2, a e epo ed om ul ama ic ocks ha unde wen se pen iniza ion
upon seawa e and/o me amo phic luid in il a ion (Kelley e al., 2005). Hyd a ion
eac ions du ing e og ade me amo phism/se pen iniza ion imply ha H2O is in ol ed
in he c ys alliza ion o hyd ous phases (e.g., se pen ine, chlo i e), hus causing C-O-H
luids ha we e ini ially unde sa u a ed in C o a ain sa u a ion in C and, consequen ly,
p ecipi a e C phases (e.g., F ezzo i e al., 2014). Me as able diamond could o m om
hese luids a supe - educing condi ions achie ed in he inclusions. These obse a ions
con i m he heo e ical and expe imen al models o diamond o ma ion by al e a ion
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
62
On he o he hand, he PGE en ichmen and wide ange o PGM composi ions
obse ed in Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es, including he unusual associa ion o P -
Fe-Ni- ich PGM wi h u a o i e, esul ed om pos -magma ic al e a ion p ocesses
a ec ing he ch omi i es and no by magma ic p ocesses, as obse ed in o he ophioli ic
ch omi i es wo ldwide. The al e a ion was caused by hyd o he mal luids du ing he
se pen iniza ion o he ch omi i es. These hyd o he mal luids ex ac ed C , Al, Mg,
and Ca om he des abiliza ion o ch omi e, clinopy oxene, and o hopy oxene, and
p ecipi a ed u a o i e (a empe a u es a ound 350 ºC) and ch omian clinochlo e
(a ound 150 ºC and below) in he ac u es o he ch omi i es. The hyd o he mal
luids also eached some magma ic lau i es wi hin he ch omi e and caused hei
desul u iza ion and he emobiliza ion o PGE. This esul ed in he in si u o ma ion
o Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds a e he lau i es, and he p ecipi a ion o P -Fe-Ni- ich
g ains oge he wi h he hyd o he mal silica es wi hin he ac u es. The modynamic
calcula ions and diag ams p edic ha P , Fe and Ni can be anspo ed as aqueous
complexes in he luid and p ecipi a ed as na i e P , Fe and Ni nanopa icles a
300–200 ºC unde e y educing condi ions (log O2 < -45) and neu al pH alues in
S-poo sys ems, which co espond o se pen iniza ion condi ions. In hese se ings,
he p ecipi a ion o na i e P can be enhanced by he o ma ion o Ni-sul ides, due
o he esul ing emo al o S om he sys em. The p ecipi a ed na i e P , Fe and
Ni nanopa icles would hen agg ega e o o m he anhed al P -Fe-Ni- ich g ains
obse ed in he ac u es by p ocesses simila o he o ma ion o mesoc ys als. This
pos -magma ic al e a ion domina ed by educed S-poo hyd o he mal luids p omo ed
signi ican PGE en ichmen , bu no he o ma ion o unusual supe - educing mine als
desc ibed in o he ophioli ic ch omi i es.
4.2. Conclusions ega ding s udied ch omi i es om me amo phosed
back-a c ophioli e in Mexico
High-Al ch omi i es om Tehui zingo se pen ini e (Puebla S a e, Mexico) we e
signi ican ly a ec ed by me amo phism and se pen iniza ion. These pos -magma ic
p ocesses a e egis e ed in he mine alogy o he ch omi i es and hei hos ocks,
and in he ex u es and mine al chemis y o he ch omi e g ains o he ch omi i es,
which exhibi chemically dis inc ims and healed ac u es. Mic odiamonds we e

CONCLUSIONS
63
4
iden i ied as inclusions wi hin ch omi e g ains om Tehui zingo ch omi i es. They
a e sys ema ically loca ed along he healed ac u es, associa ed wi h amo phous C
wi h O-bea ing species and a mine al assemblage ypical o low- empe a u e and
low-p essu e en i onmen s (e.g., clinochlo e, se pen ine, qua z). No e idence o he
diamonds g ow h a ul ahigh-p essu e condi ions has been ound in he ch omi i es
o hei ul ama ic hos ing ocks. Con e sely, due o hei mine al associa ions and
ex u al posi ion, he diamonds we e in e ed o be me as able while o med in he
same empe a u e ange han he ch omi e om he healed ac u es (670–510 ºC).
They we e deposi ed by supe - educing CO2-H2O-CH4 luids ha in il a ed he
ch omi e du ing he se pen iniza ion o he ch omi i es and hei ul ama ic hos ocks.
The e o e, he p esence o diamond in hese ch omi i es is solely a ibu ed o pos -
magma ic p ocesses supe imposed o he ch omi i es, and does no indica e ul ahigh-
p essu e condi ions ela ed o hei genesis. This means ha he inding o diamonds
in he ch omi i es and hei associa ed ul ama ic ocks is no a su icien e idence o
ul ahigh-p essu e condi ions unless addi ional e idence is p o ided. In ligh o hese
esul s, I would sugges o o he diamond-bea ing ch omi i es o be e isi ed in o de
o conside his po en ial al e na i e o igin o he so-called ophioli ic diamonds.
4.3. Conclusions ega ding s udied ch omi i es wi h man le plume
in luence
The s udy o ch omi i es om he no he n and cen al pa o he Loma Ca ibe
pe ido i e (Dominican Republic) helps o de e mine he in luence o a man le plume
on he o ma ion o he ophioli ic ch omi i es. As obse ed in his case s udy, he
ch omi i es exhibi an unusual geochemical signa u e cha ac e ized by he en ichmen
in C 2O3, TiO2, Fe2O3 and o al PGE (wi h a consis en posi i e P anomaly). This
composi ion is he esul o he in e ac ion o a man le plume wi h a sup a-subduc ion
man le in a back-a c basin se ing. The pa en al mel s o he ch omi i es, chemically
in luenced by his in e ac ion, in il a ed he li hosphe ic man le in a back-a c se ing
h ough p e-exis ing duni e pa hways and, due o mixing o di e en basal ic mel s
(di e en SiO2 con en s), hey became sa u a ed in ch omi e and ul ima ely ga e place
o he p ecipi a ion o he ch omi i es. The e o e, he o ma ion o hese ch omi i es
is also concep ualized in he amewo k o adi ional models o ophioli ic ch omi i e
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
64
o ma ion. The in luence o he man le plume is di ec ly linked o he o ma ion o he
ch omi i es. Howe e , ega dless o hei man le plume a ini y, no ul ahigh-p essu e
o supe - educing mine al phases ha could indica e a deep o igin o he ch omi i es
and anspo by he plume, as sugges ed by some o he ecen gene ic models, ha e
been ound in hese samples.
In e es ingly, ch omi i es om he no he n and cen al pa o Loma Ca ibe
pe ido i e o med in a di e en geodynamic se ing han Loma Las Cabi mas
ch omi i es, which explains hei di e en geochemical signa u e. I is wo h no icing
ha he PGE-en ichmen and P anomaly om he no he n-cen al ch omi i es is a
consequence o he geochemical composi ion o hei pa en al mel s, and hence a esul
o he magma ic p ocesses in ol ed in hei o ma ion. Con e sely, he en ichmen and
dis ibu ion o PGE in Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es is he esul o pos -magma ic
supe imposed p ocesses.
4.4. Gene al conclusions
F om he di e en case s udies discussed in his Ph.D. hesis, I conclude ha he
anomalies desc ibed in each ch omi i e deposi a e ei he linked o magma ic p ocesses
ela ed o hei genesis, o o pos -magma ic al e a ion p ocesses supe imposed o he
al eady o med ch omi i es. In all cases, he di e en ia ion be ween ea u es esul ing
om magma ic p ocesses and hose esul ing om pos -magma ic p ocesses was
possible hanks o de ailed ex u al and mine alogical s udies, and his di e en ia ion was
c i ical o unde s and and con ex ualize he o ma ion and e olu ion o he ch omi i es.
The bes example o his is he occu ence o mic odiamonds in Tehui zingo ch omi i es.
Thei p esence alone could be conside ed e idence ha he ocks unde wen ul ahigh-
p essu e me amo phic condi ions, o ha he ch omi e g ains o med nea he man le
ansi ion zone and en apped he diamonds o ming he e, as p oposed by some au ho s.
Howe e , a close look a he mine alogical assemblage o he diamonds and a he
ex u e o he diamond-hos ing ch omi e allowed he in e p e a ion o hese diamonds
as me as ably o med du ing se pen iniza ion p ocesses. I is also wo h men ioning
he PGE-en ichmen obse ed in some ch omi i es, which can esul bo h om he
ch omi i e o ma ion a e pa en al mel s om a speci ic man le sou ce (no he n
CONCLUSIONS
65
4
and cen al ch omi i es om Loma Ca ibe pe ido i e), and om pos -magma ic
hyd o he mal p ocesses al e ing he al eady o med ch omi i es (Loma Las Cabi mas
ch omi i es). In his case, jus desc ibing he en ichmen is no enough o de e mine
he o igin o he ch omi i e; i has o be linked wi h mine alogical obse a ions in he
samples.
To conclude, and o answe he ques ions se ou in he in oduc ion o his
hesis, some o he unusual ea u es and/o “exo ic” mine als desc ibed in ophioli ic
ch omi i es may no be ela ed o he ch omi i e o ma ion p ocesses, as i was di ec ly
assumed by some p e ious gene ic models. They migh be a consequence o pos -
magma ic p ocesses in he ch omi i e. The e o e, hei p esence alone should no
jus i y comple ely e oking adi ional models o ophioli ic ch omi i es o ma ion.
The anomalies in he ch omi i es mus be con ex ualized in o de o link hem wi h he
genesis o he ch omi i es o wi h hei pos -magma ic e olu ion. In my opinion, he
as pace a which science is subjec ed nowadays, and he necessi y o use newe and
as e echniques o publish inno a i e esul s, can lead o unde es ima e he need o
de ailed mine alogical and pe ological s udies in o de o con ex ualize he indings,
which may con ibu e o inaccu a e in e p e a ions.
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
66
REFERENCES
67
Re e ences
A onso, J.C., Zlo nik, S., Fe nandez, M., 2008. The e ec s o composi ional
and heological s a i ica ions on small-scale con ec ion unde he oceans:
implica ions o he hickness o oceanic li hosphe e and sea loo la ening.
Geophysical Resea ch Le e s 35, L20308.
Ahmed, A., A ai, S., 2002. Unexpec edly high-PGE ch omi i e om he deepe
man le sec ion o he no he n Oman ophioli e and i s ec onic implica ions.
Con ibu ions o Mine alogy and Pe ology 143, 263–278.
Amossé, J., Dable, P., Allibe , M., 2000. The mochemical beha io o P , I , Rh and
Ru s. O2 and S2 in a basal ic mel . Implica ions o he di e en ia ion and
p ecipi a ion o hese elemen s. Mine alogy and Pe ology 68, 9–62.
And ews, D.R.A., B enan, J.M., 2002. Phase-equilib ium cons ain s on he magma ic
o igin o lau i e + Ru-Os-I alloy. The Canadian Mine alogis 40, 1705–1716.
Anenbu g, M., Ma ogenes, J.A., 2016. Expe imen al obse a ion on noble me al
nanonugge s and Fe-Ti oxides, and he anspo o pla inum g oup elemen s in
silica e mel s. Geochimica e Cosmochimica Ac a 192, 258–278.
A ai, S., 1992. Pe ology o pe ido i es as a ool o insigh in o man le p ocesses: a
e iew. Jou nal o Mine alogy, Pe ology and Economic Geology 87, 351–363.
(in Japanese wi h English abs ac )
A ai, S., 1997. Con ol o wall- ock composi ion on he o ma ion o podi o m
ch omi i es as a esul o magma/pe ido i e in e ac ion. Resou ce Geology 47,
177–187.
A ai, S., 2010. Possible ecycled o igin o ul ahigh-p essu e ch omi i es in ophioli es.
Jou nal o Mine alogical and Pe ological Sciences 105, 280–285.
A ai, S., 2013. Con e sion o low-p essu e ch omi i es o ul ahigh-p essu e ch omi i es
by deep ecycling: a good in e ence. Ea h and Plane a y Science Le e s 379,

Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
68
81–87.
A ai, S. 2021. Gene ic link be ween podi o m ch omi i es in he man le and s a i o m
ch omi i es in he c us : a hypo hesis. Mine als 11, 209.
A ai, S., Abe, N., 1995. Reac ion o o hopy oxene in pe ido i e xenoli hs wi h alkali
basal mel and i s implica ion o genesis o alpine- ype ch omi i e. Ame ican
Mine alogis 80, 1041–1047.
A ai, S., Miu a, M., 2016. Fo ma ion and modi ica ion o ch omi i es in he man le.
Li hos 264, 277–295.
A ai, S., Yu imo o, H., 1994. Podi o m ch omi i es om he Ta i-Misaka ul ama ic
complex, sou hwes e n Japan, as a mel man le in e ac ion p oduc s. Economic
Geology 89, 1279–1288.
A ai, S., Uesugi, J., Ahmed, A.H., 2004. Uppe c us al podi o m ch omi i e om
he no he n Oman ophioli e as he s a ig aphically shallowes ch omi i e in
ophioli e and i s implica ions o C concen a ion. Con ibu ions o Mine alogy
and Pe ology 147, 145–154.
Augé, T., Genna, A., Legend e, O., 2005. P ima y pla inum mine aliza ion in he
Nizhny Tagil and Kachkana ul ama ic complexes, U als, Russia: a gene ic
model o PGE concen a ion in ch omi e- ich zones. Economic Geology 100,
707–732.
Bach, W., Paulick, H., Ga ido, C.J., Ilde onse, B., Meu e , W.P., Humph is, S.E., 2006.
Un a eling he sequence o se pen iniza ion eac ions: pe og aphy, mine al
chemis y, and pe ophysics o se pen ini es om MAR 15 N (ODP Leg 209,
Si e 1274). Geophysical Resea ch Le e s 33, L13306.
Bai, W.J., Zhou, M.F., Robinson, P.T., 1993. Possibly diamond-bea ing man le
pe ido i es and podi o m ch omi i es in he Luobusa and Donqiao ophioli es,
Tibe . Canadian Jou nal o Ea h Science 30, 1650–1659.
Ballhaus, C., 1998. O igin o podi o m ch omi e deposi s by magma mingling. Ea h
and Plane a y Science Le e s 156, 185–193.
Ballhaus, C., Bock a h, C., Wohlgemu h-Uebe wasse , C., Lau enz, V., Be nd , J.,
2006. F ac iona ion o noble me als by physical p ocesses. Con ibu ions o
Mine alogy and Pe ology 152, 667–684.
Ballhaus, C., Fonseca, R.O.C., B agagni, A., 2018. Reply o Commen on “Ul a-high
p essu e and ul a- educed mine als in ophioli es may o m by ligh ning s ikes”
by G i in e al., 2018: No e idence o ansi ion zone me amo phism in he
Luobusa ophioli e. Geochemical Pe spec i e Le e s 7, 3–4.
Ballhaus, C., Helmy, H.M., Fonseca, R.O.C., Wi h, R., Sch eibe , A., Jöns, N., 2021.
Ul a- educed phases in ophioli es canno come om Ea h's man le. Ame ican
REFERENCES
69
Mine alogis . In p ess.
Béda d, J.H., Hébe , R., 1998. Fo ma ion o ch omi i es by assimila ion o c us al
py oxeni es and gab os in o pe ido i ic in usions: No h A m Moun ain massi ,
Bay o Islands ophioli e, New oundland, Canada. Jou nal o Geophysical
Resea ch 103, 5165–5184.
Be ly, T.J., He mann, J., A culus, R.J., Lapie e, H., 2006. Sup a-subduc ion zone
py oxeni es om San Jo ge and San a Isabel (Solomon Islands). Jou nal o
Pe ology 47, 1531–1555.
Bona ia, F.F., Diella, V., Fe a io, A., 1993. P ecamb ian podi o m ch omi i es om
Ken icha Hill, sou he n E hiopia. Economic Geology 88, 198–202.
Bo ghini, G., Rampone, E., Zane i, A., Class, C., Cip iani, A., Ho mann, A.W.,
Golds ein, S., 2016. Py oxeni e laye s in he No he n Apennines uppe man le
(I aly) - gene a ion by py oxeni e mel ing and mel in il a ion. Jou nal o
Pe ology 57, 625–653.
Bo iso a, A.Y., Ceulenee , G., Kamene sky, V.S., A ai, S., Béjina, F., Abily, B.,
Bindeman, I.N., Pol é, M., De Pa se al, P., Aigouy, T., Pok o ski, G.S., 2012.
A new iew on he pe ogenesis o he Oman Ophioli e ch omi i es om
mic oanalyses o ch omi e-hos ed inclusions. Jou nal o Pe ology 53, 2411–
2440.
B aun, M.G., Kelemen, P.B., 2002. Duni e dis ibu ion in he Oman Ophioli e:
implica ions o mel lux h ough po ous duni e condui s. G-cubed, 8603.
B enan, J.M., And ews, D., 2001. High- empe a u e s abili y o lau i e and Ru-Os-I
alloy and hei ole in PGE ac iona ion in ma ic magmas. Canadian Mine alogis
39, 341–360.
Campbell, I.H., 2001. Iden i ica ion o ancien man le plumes. In: E ns R.E., Buchan
K.L. (eds.), Man le plumes: hei iden i ica ion h ough ime. GSA Special
Pape s 352, 5–21.
Campbell, I.H., G i i hs, R.W., 1990. Implica ions o man le plume s uc u e o he
e olu ion o lood basal s. Ea h and Plane a y Science Le e s 99, 79–93.
Cassa d, D., Nicolas, A., Rabino i ch, M., Mou e, J., Leblanc, M., P inzho e , A.,
1983. S uc u al classi ica ion o ch omi e pods in sou he n New Caledonia.
Economic Geology 76, 805–831.
Ca helineau, M., 1988. Ca ion si e occupancy in chlo i es and illi es as a unc ion o
empe a u e. Clay Mine als 23, 471–485.
Ca helineau, M., Nie a, D., 1985. A chlo i e solid solu ion geo he mome e : The
Los Azu es (Mexico) geo he mal sys em. Con ibu ions o Mine alogy and
Pe ology 91, 235–244.
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
70
Colás, V., González-Jiménez, J.M., G i in, W.L., Fanlo, I., Ge illa, F., O’Reilly,
S.Y., Pea son, N.J., Ke es edjian, T., P oenza, J.A., 2014. Finge p in s o
me amo phism in ch omi e: New insigh s om mino and ace elemen s.
Chemical Geology 389, 137–152.
Colás, V., González-Jiménez, J.M., Camp ubí, A., P oenza, J.A., G i in, W.L., Fanlo,
I., O’Reilly, S.Y., Ge illa, F., González-Pa ida, E., 2018. A eapp aisal o
he me amo phic his o y o he Tehui zingo ch omi i e, Puebla S a e, Mexico.
In e na ional Geology Re iew 61, 1706–1727.
Co ell, E., Walke , D., 2006. Cons ain s on co e o ma ion om P pa i ioning in
ma ic silica e liquids a high empe a u es. Geochimica e Cosmochimica Ac a
70, 1565–1580.
Das, S., Basu, A.R., Mukhe jee, B.K., 2017. In si u pe ido i e diamond in Indus
ophioli e sou ced om hyd oca bon luids in he man le ansi ion zone. Geology
45, 755–758.
Dick, H.J., Bullen, T., 1984. Ch omian spinel as a pe ogene ic indica o in abyssal
and alpine- ype pe ido i es and spa ially associa ed la as. Con ibu ions o
Mine alogy and Pe ology 86, 54–76.
Dickey, J.S., 1975. A hypo hesis o o igin o podi o m ch omi e deposi s. Geochimica
e Cosmochimica Ac a 39, 1061–1074.
Edwa ds, S.J., Pea ce, J.A., F eeman, J., 2000. New insigh s conce ning he in luence
o wa e du ing he o ma ion o podi o m ch omi e. In: Dilek Y., Moo es E.M.,
El hon D., Nicolas A. (eds.), Ophioli es and oceanic c us : new insigh s om
ield s udies and he ocean d illing p og am: Boulde , Colo ado. Geological
Socie y o Ame ica Special Pape 349, p. 139–147.
Escude -Vi ue e, J., Pé ez-Es aún, A., Con e as, F., Joube , M., Weis, D., Ull ich,
T.D., Spadea, P., 2007. Plume man le sou ce he e ogenei y h ough ime:
insigh s om he Dua e Complex, Hispaniola, no heas e n Ca ibbean. Jou nal
o Geophysical Resea ch 112, B04203.
Escude -Vi ue e, J., Joube , M., U ien, P., F iedman, R., Weis, D., Ull ich, T., Pé ez-
Es aún, A., 2008. Ca ibbean island-a c i ing and back-a c basin de elopmen
in he La e C e aceous: geochemical, iso opic and geoch onological e idence
om Cen al Hispaniola. Li hos 104, 378–404.
Escude -Vi ue e, J., Pé ez-Es aún, A., Weis, D., F iedman, R., 2010. Geochemical
cha ac e is ics o he Río Ve de complex, cen al Hispaniola: implica ions o
he paleo ec onic econs uc ion o he lowe c e aceous Ca ibbean island-a c.
Li hos 114, 168–185.
Escude -Vi ue e, J., Pé ez-Es aún, A., Joube , M., Weis, D., 2011. The Pelona-Pico
REFERENCES
71
Dua e basal s o ma ion, cen al Hispaniola: an on-land sec ion o la e c e aceous
olcanism ela ed o he Ca ibbean la ge igneous p o ince. Geologica Ac a 9,
307–328.
Falloon, T.J., Danyushe sky, L.V., 2000. Mel ing o e ac o y man le a 1.5–2
and 2.5GPa unde anhyd ous condi ion and H2O unde sa u a ed condi ions:
implica ions o he pe ogenesis o high-Ca bonini es and he in luence o
subduc ion componen s on man le mel ing. Jou nal o Pe ology 41, 257–283.
Fa é-de-Pablo, J., Pujol-Solà, N., To es-He e a, H., Aiglspe ge , T., González-
Jiménez, J.M., Llanes-Cas o, A.I., Ga cia-Casco, A., P oenza, J.A., 2020a.
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-
g oup mine als om he Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e, Cuba. Bole ín de la
Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, A110620.
Fa é-de-Pablo, J., P oenza, J.A., González-Jiménez, J.M., Aiglspe ge , T., Ga cia-
Casco, A., Escude -Vi ue e, J., Colás, V., Longo, F., 2020b. Ophioli e hos ed
ch omi i e o med by sup a-subduc ion zone pe ido i e – plume in e ac ion.
Geoscience F on ie s 11, 2083–2102.
Finnigan, C.S., B enan, J.M., Mungall, J.E., McDonough, W.F., 2008. Expe imen s
and models bea ing on he ole o ch omi e as a collec o o pla inum g oup
mine als by local educ ion. Jou nal o Pe ology 49, 1647–1665.
F ezzo i, M.L., Huizenga, J.M., Compagnoni, R., Sel e s one, J., 2014. Diamond
o ma ion by ca bon sa u a ion in C-O-H luids du ing cold subduc ion o
oceanic li hosphe e. Geochimica e Cosmochimica Ac a 143, 68–86.
F os , D.J., McCammon, C., 2008. The edox s a e o Ea h’s man le. Annual Re iew
o Ea h and Plane a y Sciences 36, 389–420.
F os , B., E ans, K.A., Swapp, S.M., Bea d, J.S., Mo he sole, F.E., 2013. The p ocess
o se pen iniza ion in duni e om New Caledonia. Li hos 178, 24–39.
Galaz, G.E., Keppie, J.D., Lee, J.K.W., O ega-Ri e a, A., 2013. A high-p essu e
olded klippe a Tehui zingo on he wes e n ma gin o an ex usion zone, Aca lán
Complex, sou he n México. Gondwana Resea ch 23, 641–660.
Gale, A., Dal on, C.A., Langmui , C.H., Su, Y., Schilling, J.G., 2013. The mean
composi ion o ocean idge basal s. G-cubed 14, 489–518.
Gammons, C.H., Bloom, M.S., Yu, Y., 1992. Expe imen al in es iga ion o he
hyd o he mal geochemis y o pla inum and palladium: I. Solubili y o pla inum
and palladium sulphide mine als in NaCl/H2SO4 solu ions a 300 ºC. Geochimica
e Cosmochimica Ac a 56, 3881–3894.
Ganguly, J., 1976. The ene ge ics o na u al ga ne solid solu ions: II. Mixing o he
calcium silica e end-membe s. Con ibu ions o Mine alogy and Pe ology 55,
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
78
Ma ogenes, J.A., O’Neill, H.S C., 1999. The ela i e e ec s o p essu e, empe a u e,
and oxygen ugaci y on he solubili y o sul ide in ma ic magmas. Geochimica e
Cosmochimica Ac a 63, 1173–1180.
McGowan, N.M., G i in, W.L., González-Jiménez, J.M., Belouso a, E.A., A onso,
J., Shi, R., McCammon, C.A., Pea son, N.J., O’Reilly, S.Y., 2015. Tibe an
ch omi i es: exca a ing he slab g a eya d. Geology 43, 179–182.
Méda , E., Schmid , M.W., Walle, M., Kelle , N.S., Gün he , D., 2015. Pla inum
pa i ioning be ween me al and silica e mel s: co e o ma ion, la e enee and
he nanonugge s issue. Geochimica e Cosmochimica Ac a 162, 183–201.
Melche , F., G um, W., Simon, G., Thalhamme , T.V., S ump l, E.F., 1997. Pe ogenesis
o he ophioli ic gian ch omi e deposi s o Kempi sai, Kazakhs an: a s udy o
solid and luid inclusions in ch omi e. Jou nal o Pe ology 38, 1419–1458.
Miu a, M., A ai, S., Ahmed, A.H., Mizukami, M., Okuno, M., Yamamo o, S., 2012.
Podi o m ch omi i e classi ica ion e isi ed: a compa ison o disco dan and
conco dan ch omi i e pods om Wadi Hil i, no he n Oman ophioli e. Jou nal
o Asian Ea h Science 59, 52–61.
Moghadam, H.S., Khed , M.Z., A ai, S., S e n, R.J., Gho bani, G., Tamu a, A., O ley,
C.J., 2015. A c- ela ed ha zbu gi e-duni e-ch omi i e complexes in he man le
sec ion o he Sabze a ophioli e, I an: a model o o ma ion o podi o m
ch omi i es. Gondwana Resea ch 27, 575–593.
Mondal, S.K., Ma hez, E.A., 2007. O igin o he UG2 ch omi i e laye , Bush eld
Complex. Jou nal o Pe ology 48, 495–510.
Mo esi, L., Be s, P.G., Mille , M.S., Cayley, R.A., 2014. Dynamics o con inen al
acc e ion. Na u e 508, 245–248.
Moun ain, B.W., Wood, S.A., 1988. Chemical con ols on he solubili y, anspo and
deposi ion o pla inum and palladium in hyd o he mal solu ions: a he modynamic
app oach. Economic Geology 83, 492–511.
Moussallam, Y., Longp é, M.A., McCammon, C., Gomez-Ulla, A., Rose-Koga, E.F.,
Scaille , B., Pe e s, N., Genna o, E., Pa is, R., Oppenheime , C., 2019. Man le
plumes a e oxidised. Ea h and Plane a y Science Le e s 527, 115798.
O’D iscoll, B., González-Jiménez, J.M., 2016. Pe ogenesis o he pla inum-g oup
mine als. Re iews in Mine alogy and Geochemis y 81, 4889–5578.
O’Reilly, S.Y., G i in, W.L., 2012. Man le me asoma ism. In: Ha lo , D.E., Aus heim,
H. (eds.), Me asoma ism and he Chemical T ans o ma ion o Rock, Lec u e
No es in Ea h Sys em Sciences. Sp inge -Ve lag Be lin, Heidelbe g, p. 467–528.
O ega-Gu ié ez, F., Elías-He e a, M., Reyes-Salas, M., Macías-Romo, C., López,
R., 1999. La e O do ician–Ea ly Silu ian con inen al collisional o ogeny in

REFERENCES
79
sou he n Mexico and i s bea ing on Gondwana Lau en ia connec ions. Geology
27, 719–722.
Pagé, P., Ba nes, S.J., 2009. Using ace elemen s in ch omi es o cons ain he o igin
o podi o m ch omi i es in he The o d Mines ophioli e, Quebec, Canada.
Economic Geology 104, 997–1018.
Pagé, P., Béda d, J. H., Sch oe e , J. M., T emblay, A., 2008. Man le pe ology and
mine alogy o he The o d Mines Ophioli e Complex. Li hos 100, 255–292.
Pindell, J.L., Ma esch, W.V., Ma ens, U., S anek, K., 2012. The G ea e An illean
A c: ea ly C e aceous o igin and p oposed ela ionship o Cen al Ame ican
subduc ion mélanges: implica ions o models o Ca ibbean e olu ion.
In e na ional Geology Re iew 54, 131–143.
P icha d, H.M., Nea y, C.R., Po s, P.J., 1986. Pla inum g oup mine als in he
She land ophioli e. In: Gallaghe M.P., Ixe R.A., Nea y C.R., P icha d H.M.
(eds.), Me allogeny o Basic and Ul abasic Rocks. Ins i u ion o Mining and
Me allu gy, London, U.K, p. 395–414.
P icha d, H.M., Ixe , R.A., Lo d, R.A., Mayna d, J., Williams, N., 1994. Assemblages
o pla inum-g oup mine als and sul ides in silica e li hologies and ch omi e- ich
ocks wi hin he She land ophioli e. The Canadian Mine alogis 32, 271–294.
P icha d, H.M., Nea y, C.R., Fishe , P.C., O’Ha a, M.J., 2008. PGE- ich podi o m
ch omi i es in he Al ‘Ays Ophioli e Complex, Saudi A abia: an example o
c i ical man le mel ing o ex ac and concen a e PGE. Economic Geology 103,
1507–1529.
P oenza, J.A, Ge illa, F., Melga ejo, J.C., Bodinie , J.L., 1999a. Al- and C - ich
ch omi i es om he Maya í–Ba acoa ophioli ic bel (eas e n Cuba): consequence
o in e ac ion be ween ola ile- ich mel s and pe ido i es in sup asubduc ion
man le. Economic Geology 94, 547–566.
P oenza, J.A, Sole, J., Melga ejo, C., 1999b. U a o i e in podi o m ch omi i e: he
Moa-Ba acoa ophioli ic massi , Cuba. The Canadian Mine alogis 37, 679–690.
P oenza, J.A., O ega-Gu ié ez, F., Camp ubí, A., T i lla, J., Elías-He e a, M., Reyes-
Salas, M., 2004. Paleozoic se pen ini e-enclosed ch omi i es om Tehui zingo
(Aca lán Complex, sou he n Mexico): a pe ological and mine alogical s udy.
Jou nal o Sou h Ame ican Ea h Sciences 16, 649–666.
P oenza, J.A., Zacca ini, F., Lewis, J.F., Longo, F., Ga u i, G., 2007. Ch omian spinel
composi ion and he pla inum-g oup mine als o he PGE- ich Loma Pegue a
ch omi i es, Loma Ca ibe pe ido i e, Dominican Republic. The Canadian
Mine alogis 45, 631–648.
Puigdomènech, I., 2020. SPANA, o me ly MEDUSA (Make Equilib ium Diag ams
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
80
Using Sophis ica ed Algo i hms), Windows in e ace o he MS-DOS e sions
o INPUT, SED and PREDOM (FORTRAN p og ams d awing chemical
equilib ium diag ams) Ve sion 11 Dec 2020. Royal Ins i u e o Technology,
S ockholm, Sweden. Re ie ed om h ps://si es.google.com/si e/chemdiag /
download
Pujol-Solà, N., Ga cia-Casco, A., P oenza, J.A., González-Jiménez, J.M., del Campo,
A., Colás, V., Canals, À., Sánchez-Na as, A., Roqué-Rosell, J., 2020. Diamond
o ms du ing low p essu e se pen inisa ion o oceanic li hosphe e. Geochemical
Pe spec i es Le e s 15, 19–24.
Richa ds, M.A., Duncan, R.A., Cou illo , V.E., 1989. Flood basal s and ho -spo
acks: plume heads and ails. Science 246, 103–107.
Robinson, P.T., Bai, W.J., Malpas, J., Yang, J.S., Zhou, M.F., Fang, Q.S., Hu, X.F.,
Came on, S., S audigel, H., 2004. Ul a-high p essu e mine als in he Luobusa
Ophioli e, Tibe , and hei ec onic implica ions. Geological Socie y o London,
Special Publica ion, 226, 247–271.
Robinson, P.T., T umbull, R.B., Schmi , A., Yang, J.-S., Li, J.W., Zhou, M.F., E zinge ,
J., Da e, S., Xiong, F., 2015. The o igin and signi icance o c us al mine als in
ophioli ic ch omi i es and pe ido i es. Gondwana Resea ch 27, 486–506.
Roede , P.L., Jamieson, H.E., 1992. Composi ion o ch omi e and co-exis ing P –Fe
alloy a magma ic empe a u es. Aus alian Jou nal o Ea h Sciences 39, 419–
426.
Rollinson, H., 2016. Su p ises om he op o he man le ansi ion zone. Geology
Today 32, 58–64.
Rollinson, H., Ade unji, J., 2013. Man le podi o m ch omi i es do no o m benea h
mid-ocean idges: a case s udy om he Moho ansi ion zone o he Oman
ophioli e. Li hos 177, 314–327.
Rollinson, H., Reid, C., Windley, B., 2010. Ch omi i es om he Fiskenaesse
ano hosi ic complex, Wes G eenland: clues o la e A chean man le p ocesses.
In: Kusky T.M., Zhai M.G., Xiao W. (eds.), The E ol ing Con inen s:
Unde s anding P ocesses o Con inen al G ow h. Geological Socie y, London,
Special Publica ions 338, p. 197–212.
Shi, R., G i in,W.L., O'Reilly, S., Huang, Q., Zhang, X., Liu, D., Zhi, X., Xia, Q.,
Ding, L., 2012. Mel /man le mixing p oduces podi o m ch omi e deposi s in
ophioli es: implica ions o Re–Os sys ema ics in he Dongqiao Neo- e hyan
ophioli e, no he n Tibe . Gondwana Resea ch 21, 194–206.
Simako , S.K., 2010. Me as able nanosized diamond o ma ion om a C-H-O luid
sys em. Jou nal o Ma e ials Resea ch 25, 2336–2340.
REFERENCES
81
Simako , S.K., 2018. Nano- and mic on-sized diamond genesis in na u e: an o e iew.
Geoscience F on ie s 9, 1849–1858.
Simako , S.K., Kouchi, A., Mel’nik, N.N., Sc ibano, V., Kimu a, Y., Hama, T., Suzuki,
N., Sai o, H., Yoshizawa, T., 2015. Nanodiamond inding in he Hyblean shallow
man le xenoli hs. Scien i ic Repo s 5, 10765.
Sin on, C.W., Duncan, R.A., S o ey, M., Lewis, J., Es ada, J.J., 1998. An oceanic
lood basal p o ince wi hin he Ca ibbean pla e. Ea h and Plane a y Science
Le e s 155, 221–235.
S ockman, H.W., Hla a, P.F., 1984. Pla inum-g oup mine als in Alpine ch omi i es
om sou hwes e n O egon. Economic Geology 79, 491–508
S u m, E., Cöl en, H., 2016. Mesoc ys als: s uc u al and mo phogene ic aspec s.
Chemical Socie y Re iews 45, 5821–5833
Thalhamme , O.A.R., P ochaska, W., Mühlhans, H.W., 1990. Solid inclusions in
ch ome-spinels and pla inum-g oup elemen concen a ions om he Hochg össen
and K auba h Ul ama ic Massi s (Aus ia). Con ibu ions o Mine alogy and
Pe ology 105, 66–80.
Thaye , T.P., 1963. Geologic ea u es o podi o m ch omi e deposi s. In: Wood li
R. (ed.), Mé hodes de p ospec ion de la ch omi e (Me hods o p ospec ing o
ch omi e): P oceedings o an OECD semina on mode n scien i ic me hods o
ch omi e p ospec ing, A hens 16–30 Ap il 1963, O ganisa ion de coopé a ion e
de Dé eloppemen Economiques, p. 135–148.
Thaye , T.P., 1964. P incipal ea u es and o igin o podi o m ch omi i e deposi s, and
some obse a ions on he Guleman-So idag dis ic , Tu key. Economic Geology
59, 1497–1524.
Tokuyama, H., Ba iza, R., 1981. Chemical composi ion o igneous ocks and o igin
o he sill and pillow-basal complex o Nau u Basin, sou hwes Paci ic. Ini ial
Repo D.S.D.P. 61, 673–687.
To ó, L., P oenza, J.A., Fa é-de-Pablo, J., Colome , J.M., Ga cía-Casco, A.,
Melga ejo, J.C., Al onso, P., Gube n, A., Galla do, E., Cazañas, X., Chá ez, C.,
del Ca pio, R., León, P., Espailla , J., Lewis, J.F., 2016. Mine alogy, geochemis y
and sul u iso ope cha ac e iza ion o Ce o de Maimón (Dominican Republic),
San Fe nando and An onio (Cuba) Lowe C e aceous VMS deposi s: o ma ion
du ing subduc ion ini ia ion o he P o o-Ca ibbean li hosphe e wi hin a o e-
a c. O e Geology Re iews 72, 794–817.
Uysal, I., Ta kian, M., Sadikla , M.B., Zacca ini, F., Meisel, T., Ga u i, G., Heid ich,
S., 2009. Pe ology o Al- and C - ich ophioli ic ch omi i es om Mugla, SW
Tu key: implica ions om composi ion o ch omi e, solid inclusions o pla inum-
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
82
g oup mine al, silica e, and base-me al mine al, and Os-iso ope geochemis y.
Con ibu ions o Mine alogy and Pe ology 158, 659–674.
Uysal, I., Akmaz, R.M., Saka, S., Kapsio is, A., 2016. Coexis ence o composi ionally
he e ogeneous ch omi i es in he An alya-Ispa a ophioli ic sui e, SW Tu key:
a eco d o sequen ial magma ic p ocesses in he sub-a c li hosphe ic man le.
Li hos 248–251, 160–174.
Uysal, I., Kapsio is, A., Akmaz, R.M., Saka, S., Sei z, H.M., 2018. The Guleman
ophioli ic ch omi i es (SE Tu key) and hei link o a composi ionally e ol ing
man le sou ce du ing subduc ion ini ia ion. O e Geology Re iews 93, 98–113.
Wang, C., Liang, Y., Dyge , N., Xu, W., 2016. Fo ma ion o o hopy oxeni e by
eac ion be ween pe ido i e and hyd ous basal ic mel : an expe imen al s udy.
Con ibu ions o Mine alogy and Pe ology 171, 77.
Wha am, S.A., S e n, R.J., 2011. The ‘subduc ion ini ia ion ule’: a key o linking
ophioli es, in a-oceanic o ea cs, and subduc ion ini ia ion. Con ibu ions o
Mine alogy and Pe ology 162, 1031–1045.
Wilson, M., 1989. Igneous Pe ogenesis: a global ec onic app oach. Unwin Hyman,
London, 466 p.
Xiong, F., Yang, J., Robinson, P.T., Xu, X., Liu, Z., Li, Y., Li, J., Chen, S., 2015. O igin
o podi o m ch omi i e, a new model based on he Luobusa ophioli e, Tibe .
Gondwana Resea ch 27, 525–542.
Yang, J.-S., Dob zhine skaya, L., Bai, W.J., Fang, Q.S., Robinson, P.T., Zhang, J.,
G een, H.W., 2007. Diamond- and coesi e-bea ing ch omi i es om he Luobusa
ophioli e, Tibe . Geology 35, 875–878.
Yang, J.-S., Robinson, P.T., Dilek, Y., 2014. Diamonds in ophioli es. Elemen s 10,
127–130.
Yang, J.-S., Meng, F., Xu, S., Robinson, P.T., Dilek, Y., Makeye , A.B., Wi h, R.,
Wiedenbeck, M., Cli , J., 2015. Diamonds, na i e elemen s and me al alloys
om ch omi i e o he Ray-Iz ophioli e o he Pola U als. Gondwana Resea ch
27, 459–485.
Yang, J.-S., Wu, W., Lian, D., Rui, H., 2021. Pe ido i es, ch omi i es and diamonds in
ophioli es. Na u e Re iews Ea h and En i onmen , 1–15.
Zacca ini, F., P oenza, J.A., O ega-Gu ié ez, F., Ga u i, G., 2005. Pla inum g oup
mine als in ophioli ic ch omi i es om Tehui zingo (Aca lán complex, sou he n
Mexico): implica ions o pos -magma ic modi ica ion. Mine alogy and
Pe ology 84, 147–168.
Zacca ini, F., Ga u i, G., P oenza, J.A., Campos, L., Thalhamme , O.A.R., Aiglspe ge ,
T., Lewis, J., 2011. Ch omi e and pla inum-g oup elemen s mine aliza ion in he
REFERENCES
83
San a Elena ophioli ic ul ama ic nappe (Cos a Rica): geodynamic implica ions.
Geologica Ac a 9, 407–423.
Zang, W., Fy e, W.S., 1995. Chlo i iza ion o he hyd o he mally al e ed bed ock a
he Iga apé Bahia gold deposi , Ca ajás, B azil. Mine alium Deposi a 30, 30–38.
Zhou, M.-F., Robinson, P.T., 1997. O igin and ec onic en i onmen o podi o m
ch omi i e deposi s. Economic Geology 92, 259–262.
Zhou, M.-F., Robinson, P., Bai, W.-J., 1994. Fo ma ion o podi o m ch omi i es by
mel / ock in e ac ion in he uppe man le. Mine alium Deposi a 29, 98–101.
Zhou, M.-F., Robinson, P.T., Malpas, J., Zijin, L., 1996. Podi o m ch omi es in he
Luobusa Ophioli e (Sou he n Tibe ): implica ions o mel – ock in e ac ion and
ch omi e seg ega ion in he uppe man le. Jou nal o Pe ology 37, 3–21.
Zhou, M.-F., Keays, R.R., Ke ich, R.W., 1998. Con ols on pla inum-g oup elemen al
dis ibu ions o podi o m ch omi i es: a case s udy o high-C and high-Al
ch omi i es om Chinese o ogenic bel . Geochimica e Cosmochimica Ac a 62,
677–688.
Zhou, M.-F., Robinson, P.T., Malpas, J., Ai chison, J., Sun, M., Bai, W.J., Hu, X.F.,
Yang, J.-S., 2001. Mel /man le in e ac ion and mel e olu ion in he Sa ohay
high-Al ch omi e deposi s o he Dalabu e ophioli e (NW China). Jou nal o
Asian Ea h Sciences 19, 517–534.
Zhou, M.-F., Robinson, P.T., Su, B.X., Gao, J.F., Li, J.W., Yang, J.-S., Malpas, J.,
2014. Composi ions o ch omi e, associa ed mine als, and pa en al magmas o
podi o m ch omi e deposi s: he ole o slab con amina ion o as henosphe ic
mel s in sup asubduc ion zone en i onmen s. Gondwana Resea ch 26, 262–283.

Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
84
APPENDICES
85
A1. A icle 1
Fa é-de-Pablo, J., Pujol-Solà, N., To es-He e a, H., Aiglspe ge , T., González-
Jiménez, J.M., Llanes-Cas o, A.I., Ga cia-Casco, A., P oenza, J.A., 2020.
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup
mine als om he Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e, Cuba. Bole ín de la Sociedad
Geológica Mexicana 72(3), A110620
Appendices
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
86
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
1Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
How o ci e his a icle:
Fa é-de-Pablo, J., Pujol-Solà, N., To es-
He e a, H., Aiglspe ge , T., González-
Jiménez, J. M., Llanes-Cas o, A. I.,
Ga cia-Casco, A., P oenza, J. A., 2020,
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins
anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup
mine als om he Ha ana-Ma anza Ophioli e,
Cuba: Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica
Mexicana, 72 (3), A110620. h p://dx.doi.
o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
Pee Re iewing unde he esponsibili y o
Uni e sidad Nacional Au ónoma de México.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-SA
license(h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
RESUMEN
La o ioli a de Habana-Ma anzas con iene uno de
los pocos ejemplos de c omi i as icas en mine ales
del g upo del pla ino (MGP) asociadas a o opi oxe-
ni as de la sección man élica de complejos o iolí icos.
Las c omi i as ocu en como enas encajadas en
bandas de o opi oxeni a den o de la pe ido i a
man élica. Las pe ido i as son mayo i a iamen e
ha zbu gi as con c omi a acceso ia ica en Al (#C
[C /(C +Al), cocien e a ómico] = 0.39–0.50),
lo cual es ípico de espinelas en pe ido i as abisales.
Po o o lado, la c omi a pe enecien e a las enas
de c omi i a y a la o opi oxeni a encajan e es ica
en C (#C = 0.72–0.73 y 0.62–0.69, espec-
i amen e) y con bajo #Mg [Mg/(Mg+Fe2+),
cocien e a ómico]. Es o sugie e que an o las enas de
c omi i a como la o opi oxeni a se o ma on a pa i
de undidos de a inidad boniní ica. Las abundan es
inclusiones de MGP encon adas en las c omi i as
son p incipalmen e g anos de lau i a icos en Os, lo
cual ambién es p opio de c omi i as o madas a pa -
i de magmas con a inidad boniní ica. Po lo an o,
p oponemos que las enas de c omi i a y las bandas
de o opi oxeni as se o ma on con empo áneamen e
en un con ex o de an e-a co en un a co in a-oceá-
nico du an e el p oceso de subducción. El conjun o
c omi i a-o opi oxeni a de la o ioli a de Habana-
Ma anzas se o mó po la eacción de undidos
icos en Si con a inidad boniní ica y la ha zbu gi a
man élica. Las bandas de o opi oxeni as se ía la
huella química que hab ían dejado es os undidos
boniní icos al in il a se po el man o. El olumen
educido de las c omi i as que se o ma on maximizó
la e iciencia del p oceso de ecolección mecánica de
los MGP que se o maban en el undido pa en al,
dando luga al en iquecimien o de MGP p ima ios
como inclusiones en las c omi i as.
Palab as cla e: c omi i as, Cuba,
MGP, o ioli a, o opi oxeni a.
ABSTRACT
The Ha ana–Ma anzas Ophioli e con ains
one o he ew examples o ophioli ic pla i-
num g oup mine als (PGM)- ich ch omi i es
associa ed wi h o hopy oxeni es in he
man le sec ion o ophioli ic complexes. The
ch omi i es occu as eins hos ed by o ho-
py oxeni e bands wi hin man le pe ido i es.
The pe ido i es a e mos ly ha zbu gi es
and hei accesso y ch omi e shows high-Al
composi ions (C # [C /(C +Al), a omic
a io] = 0.39–0.50), which a e ypical o
spinels in abyssal pe ido i es. Con e sely,
ch omi e om he ch omi i e eins and
hei hos o hopy oxeni e a e high-C (C #
= 0.72–0.73 and 0.62–0.69, espec i ely),
wi h lowe Mg# [Mg/(Mg+Fe2+), a omic
a io]. This sugges s ha bo h he ch omi-
i e and he o hopy oxeni e o med om
mel s wi h bonini ic a ini y. The abundan
PGM inclusions ound in he ch omi i es a e
mainly Os- ich lau i e g ains, which is also
cha ac e is ic o ch omi i es o med om
magmas wi h bonini ic a ini y. The e o e,
we p opose ha he ch omi i e eins and
he o hopy oxeni e bands p obably o med
con empo aneously in he o e-a c se ing
o an in a-oceanic a c du ing subduc ion.
The ch omi i e-o hopy oxeni e pai o he
Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e could o m
a e he eac ion o a Si- ich mel wi h
bonini ic a ini y and man le ha zbu gi e,
wi h he o hopy oxeni e bands p ese ing
inge p in s o he in il a ion o bonini -
ic-a ini y mel s wi hin he man le. The
small olume o o ming ch omi i e could
maximize he e iciency o he mechan-
ical collec ion o he PGM o ming in he
pa en al mel o hese ocks, esul ing in he
anomalous en ichmen o p ima y PGM in
he ch omi i es.
Keywo ds: ch omi i e, Cuba, ophio-
li e, o hopy oxeni e, PGM.
1 Depa amen de Mine alogia, Pe ologia i Geo-
logia Aplicada. Facul a de Ciències de la Te a,
Uni e si a de Ba celona. C/ Ma í i F anquès,
s/n, 08028, Ba celona, Spain.
2 Fundación Uni e si a ia del A ea Andi-
na – Sede Valledupa . T ans 22 Bis 4-105,
Valledupa , Colombia.
3 Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing and Na u al
Resou ces, Luleå Uni e si y o Technology. SE
97187, Luleå, Sweden.
4 Depa amen o de Mine alogía y Pe ología,
Facul ad de Ciencias, Uni e sidad de G anada.
A da. Fuen enue a, s/n, 18002, G anada, Spain.
5 Depa amen o de Pe ología y Mine alogía, In-
s i u o de Geología y Paleon ología. Vía Blanca
1002, San Miguel del Pad ón, Cuba.
6 Ins i u o Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tie a
(CSIC-UGR). A da. de las Palme as 4, E-18100
A milla, G anada, Spain.
* Co esponding au ho : (J. Fa é de Pablo)
j a [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Júlia Fa é-de-Pablo1,*, Nú ia Pujol-Solà1, Ha lison To es-He e a2, Thomas Aiglspe ge 3, José Ma ía
González-Jiménez4, Angélica Isabel Llanes-Cas o5, An onio Ga cia-Casco4,6, Joaquín A. P oenza1
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup
mine als om he Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e, Cuba
Ve as de c omi i a en o opi oxeni a anómalamen e en iquecidas en mine ales del g upo del pla ino
de la o ioli a Habana-Ma anzas, Cuba
Manusc ip ecei ed: May 11, 2020
Co ec ed manusc ip ecei ed: June 5,2020
Manusc ip accep ed: June 10,2020
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
1Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
How o ci e his a icle:
Fa é-de-Pablo, J., Pujol-Solà, N., To es-
He e a, H., Aiglspe ge , T., González-
Jiménez, J. M., Llanes-Cas o, A. I.,
Ga cia-Casco, A., P oenza, J. A., 2020,
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins
anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup
mine als om he Ha ana-Ma anza Ophioli e,
Cuba: Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica
Mexicana, 72 (3), A110620. h p://dx.doi.
o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
Pee Re iewing unde he esponsibili y o
Uni e sidad Nacional Au ónoma de México.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-SA
license(h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
RESUMEN
La o ioli a de Habana-Ma anzas con iene uno de
los pocos ejemplos de c omi i as icas en mine ales
del g upo del pla ino (MGP) asociadas a o opi oxe-
ni as de la sección man élica de complejos o iolí icos.
Las c omi i as ocu en como enas encajadas en
bandas de o opi oxeni a den o de la pe ido i a
man élica. Las pe ido i as son mayo i a iamen e
ha zbu gi as con c omi a acceso ia ica en Al (#C
[C /(C +Al), cocien e a ómico] = 0.39–0.50),
lo cual es ípico de espinelas en pe ido i as abisales.
Po o o lado, la c omi a pe enecien e a las enas
de c omi i a y a la o opi oxeni a encajan e es ica
en C (#C = 0.72–0.73 y 0.62–0.69, espec-
i amen e) y con bajo #Mg [Mg/(Mg+Fe2+),
cocien e a ómico]. Es o sugie e que an o las enas de
c omi i a como la o opi oxeni a se o ma on a pa i
de undidos de a inidad boniní ica. Las abundan es
inclusiones de MGP encon adas en las c omi i as
son p incipalmen e g anos de lau i a icos en Os, lo
cual ambién es p opio de c omi i as o madas a pa -
i de magmas con a inidad boniní ica. Po lo an o,
p oponemos que las enas de c omi i a y las bandas
de o opi oxeni as se o ma on con empo áneamen e
en un con ex o de an e-a co en un a co in a-oceá-
nico du an e el p oceso de subducción. El conjun o
c omi i a-o opi oxeni a de la o ioli a de Habana-
Ma anzas se o mó po la eacción de undidos
icos en Si con a inidad boniní ica y la ha zbu gi a
man élica. Las bandas de o opi oxeni as se ía la
huella química que hab ían dejado es os undidos
boniní icos al in il a se po el man o. El olumen
educido de las c omi i as que se o ma on maximizó
la e iciencia del p oceso de ecolección mecánica de
los MGP que se o maban en el undido pa en al,
dando luga al en iquecimien o de MGP p ima ios
como inclusiones en las c omi i as.
Palab as cla e: c omi i as, Cuba,
MGP, o ioli a, o opi oxeni a.
ABSTRACT
The Ha ana–Ma anzas Ophioli e con ains
one o he ew examples o ophioli ic pla i-
num g oup mine als (PGM)- ich ch omi i es
associa ed wi h o hopy oxeni es in he
man le sec ion o ophioli ic complexes. The
ch omi i es occu as eins hos ed by o ho-
py oxeni e bands wi hin man le pe ido i es.
The pe ido i es a e mos ly ha zbu gi es
and hei accesso y ch omi e shows high-Al
composi ions (C # [C /(C +Al), a omic
a io] = 0.39–0.50), which a e ypical o
spinels in abyssal pe ido i es. Con e sely,
ch omi e om he ch omi i e eins and
hei hos o hopy oxeni e a e high-C (C #
= 0.72–0.73 and 0.62–0.69, espec i ely),
wi h lowe Mg# [Mg/(Mg+Fe2+), a omic
a io]. This sugges s ha bo h he ch omi-
i e and he o hopy oxeni e o med om
mel s wi h bonini ic a ini y. The abundan
PGM inclusions ound in he ch omi i es a e
mainly Os- ich lau i e g ains, which is also
cha ac e is ic o ch omi i es o med om
magmas wi h bonini ic a ini y. The e o e,
we p opose ha he ch omi i e eins and
he o hopy oxeni e bands p obably o med
con empo aneously in he o e-a c se ing
o an in a-oceanic a c du ing subduc ion.
The ch omi i e-o hopy oxeni e pai o he
Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e could o m
a e he eac ion o a Si- ich mel wi h
bonini ic a ini y and man le ha zbu gi e,
wi h he o hopy oxeni e bands p ese ing
inge p in s o he in il a ion o bonini -
ic-a ini y mel s wi hin he man le. The
small olume o o ming ch omi i e could
maximize he e iciency o he mechan-
ical collec ion o he PGM o ming in he
pa en al mel o hese ocks, esul ing in he
anomalous en ichmen o p ima y PGM in
he ch omi i es.
Keywo ds: ch omi i e, Cuba, ophio-
li e, o hopy oxeni e, PGM.
1 Depa amen de Mine alogia, Pe ologia i Geo-
logia Aplicada. Facul a de Ciències de la Te a,
Uni e si a de Ba celona. C/ Ma í i F anquès,
s/n, 08028, Ba celona, Spain.
2 Fundación Uni e si a ia del A ea Andi-
na – Sede Valledupa . T ans 22 Bis 4-105,
Valledupa , Colombia.
3 Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing and Na u al
Resou ces, Luleå Uni e si y o Technology. SE
97187, Luleå, Sweden.
4 Depa amen o de Mine alogía y Pe ología,
Facul ad de Ciencias, Uni e sidad de G anada.
A da. Fuen enue a, s/n, 18002, G anada, Spain.
5 Depa amen o de Pe ología y Mine alogía, In-
s i u o de Geología y Paleon ología. Vía Blanca
1002, San Miguel del Pad ón, Cuba.
6 Ins i u o Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tie a
(CSIC-UGR). A da. de las Palme as 4, E-18100
A milla, G anada, Spain.
* Co esponding au ho : (J. Fa é de Pablo)
j a edepab[email p o ec ed]
ABSTRACT
Júlia Fa é-de-Pablo1,*, Nú ia Pujol-Solà1, Ha lison To es-He e a2, Thomas Aiglspe ge 3, José Ma ía
González-Jiménez4, Angélica Isabel Llanes-Cas o5, An onio Ga cia-Casco4,6, Joaquín A. P oenza1
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup
mine als om he Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e, Cuba
Ve as de c omi i a en o opi oxeni a anómalamen e en iquecidas en mine ales del g upo del pla ino
de la o ioli a Habana-Ma anzas, Cuba
Manusc ip ecei ed: May 11, 2020
Co ec ed manusc ip ecei ed: June 5,2020
Manusc ip accep ed: June 10,2020
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
8
/
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020
8
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
/
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020
PETROGRAPHY
Figu e 4 BSE images o PGM ound in he ch omi i e eins om Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e. A: in si u g ain o lau i e wi hin a ch omi e
g ain. B: in si u lau i e g ain oge he wi h clinopy oxene (Cpx). C: homogeneous euhed al Os- ich lau i e. D: homogeneous subhed al
Os- ich lau i e wi h c ys al g ow h bands. E: euhed al lau i e g ain wi h acicula o ien ed exsolu ions o I along c ys allog aphic planes.
F: lau i e c ys al wi h oscilla o y zoning. G: euhed al lau i e wi h nanome ic inclusions and I on he su ace. H: de ail o he nanome ic
inclusions o he lau i e c ys al shown in G.

O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
9Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
9
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
PETROGRAPHY
5 µm
1 µm
5 µm
5 µm1 µm
5 µm
I J
K L
M N
seconda y I
lau i e
seconda y I
seconda y I
Lau i e wi h
co oded su ace
Cu(Fe)S I
I
Lau i e wi h
co oded su ace
Figu e 4 (Con inua ion) BSE images o PGM ound in he ch omi i e eins om Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e. I: subhed al Os- ich lau i e
wi h o e g ow h o I on he su ace. J: de ail o I showing ib ous ex u e o I . K: de ail o I showing agg ega e almos dend i ic
ex u e o I . L: euhed al lau i e wi h co oded su ace. M: subhed al lau i e wi h co oded su ace and nanoinclusions. N: de ail o he
nanome ic inclusions o lau i e shown in M.
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
10
/
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020
10
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
/
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020
PETROGRAPHY
g ains; Figu es 4C o 4N). The PGM g ains ha e
sizes anging om 5 o 25 µm and hey occu as
single inclusions o as polyphasic inclusions. The
main PGM obse ed in he samples is euhed al
o subhed al lau i e (Figu e 4C and 4D). Lau i e
g ains may display g ow h bands (Figu e 4D.
They may con ain acicula o ien ed I exsolu-
ions along c ys allog aphic planes (Figu e 4E)
o show oscilla o y zoning (Figu e 4F). Locally,
lau i e g ains con ain nanome ic mine al inclu-
sions o Cu-Fe sul ides and P -Fe and I alloys
(Figu es 4G o 4H and 4M o 4N). Some o he
lau i e g ains exhibi co oded su aces wi h ug-
ged ex u es (Figu es 4L o 4N). Ano he ype o
PGM obse ed in he ch omi i e samples consis s
o g ains I -Rh-P (-Cu-Co-Ni) composi ion. This
ype o PGM occu s sys ema ically associa ed
wi h lau i e g ains as o e g ow hs on he su aces
o he c ys als (Figu es 4G o 4K). They show a
wide ange o mo phologies and ex u es, such as
mic ome ic clus e ed i egula g ains (Figu es 4G
o 4H), nanome ic agg ega es (Figu e 4K) and
g ain- o ming ibe s wi h sligh ly adial disposi-
ion (Figu e 4J).
Table 1. Rep esen a i e elec on mic op obe analyses o oli ine om ha zbu gi es (Hz) and o hopy oxeni es (Opy ) om he Ha ana-
Ma anzas Ophioli e. Fo = Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) x 100.
Rock ype Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Opy Opy Opy Opy Opy
SiO2 (w .%) 40.61 40.78 40.99 40.70 41.21 40.56 40.65 40.39 40.52 40.26
TiO2 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0.01
Al2O3 bdl bdl bdl 0.01 0.02 0.01 bdl bdl 0.02 0.01
V2O3 0.01 0.01 bdl bdl bdl 0.01 0.01 0.02 bdl 0.02
C 2O3 0.02 bdl bdl 0.01 0.03 bdl bdl 0.02 bdl bdl
FeO
9.05
8.97
8.93
9.10
8.82
10.22
10.38
10.08
10.06
10.33
MnO 0.13 0.16 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.15
MgO 50.54 49.92 50.83 50.04 50.51 49.24 49.13 49.64 49.54 49.71
CaO 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 bdl 0.02 0.01
Na
2
O
bdl
bdl
0.03
bdl
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.02
bdl
bdl
NiO 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.50 0.49 0.45 0.45 0.47
To al 100.83 100.31 101.36 100.47 101.18 100.75 100.84 100.77 100.77 100.97
Fo mula based on 4 oxygens
Si (ap u)
0.99
1.00
0.99
0.99
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
Ti - - - - - - - - - 0.00
Al - - - 0.00 0.00 0.00 - - 0.00 0.00
V 0.00 0.00 - - - 0.00 0.00 0.00 - 0.00
C
0.00
-
-
0.00
0.00
-
-
0.00
-
-
Fe2+ 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mg 1.83 1.82 1.83 1.82 1.82 1.79 1.79 1.81 1.80 1.81
Ca
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-
0.00
0.00
Na - - 0.00 - 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - -
Ni 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Fo 90.87 90.84 91.03 90.74 90.78 89.57 89.41 89.78 89.78 89.56
*bdl – below de ec ion limi
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
11Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
11
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
MINERAL CHEMISTRY
5. Mine al chemis y
5.1. OLIVINE
Oli ine om he ha zbu gi e shows a ypical man-
le composi ion wi h o s e i e con en (Fo = 100
x Mg/[Mg+Fe2+], a omic a io) be ween 90.7 and
91.1, NiO con en s be ween 0.42 and 0.44 w .%,
and MnO be ween 0.12 and 0.16 w .% (Table 1).
Oli ine om he o hopy oxeni e bands shows
sligh ly lowe Fo alues (89.1–89.8) and simila
NiO and MnO con en s (0.43–0.50 w .% and
0.11–0.18 w .%, espec i ely) o oli ine om ha z-
bu gi e (Table 1).
5.2. ORTHOPYROXENE
O hopy oxene in ha zbu gi e is e y ich in Mg, wi h
Mg# (Mg/[Mg+Fe2+], a omic a io) o 0.91, co e-
sponding o ens a i e (En87.17–89.52Fe8.17–10.16Wo0.99–4.00).
I con ains 2.4–2.6 w .% Al2O3, 0.7–0.8 w .%
C 2O3, and 0.01–0.04 w .% TiO2 (Table 2). O ho-
py oxene om he o hopy oxeni e bands is sligh ly
less magnesian (Mg# = 0.89–0.90), bu s ill co e-
sponds o ens a i e in composi ion (En89.69–90.03Fe9.97–
10.31Wo1.12–3.14). Compa ed o o hopy oxene om he
ha zbu gi es, i has lowe Al2O3 and C 2O3 con en s
(0.9–1.2 w .% and 0.3–0.5 w .%, espec i ely) bu
simila TiO2 con en (0.02–0.06 w .%) (Table 2).
Rock ype Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Opy Opy Opy Opy Opy
SiO2 (w .%) 55.69 55.70 56.00 55.68 55.53 56.16 56.60 57.02 56.76 56.40
TiO2 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.04
Al
2
O
3
2.60
2.70
2.47
2.59
2.55
1.08
1.06
1.05
1.03
1.12
V2O3 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 bdl bdl 0.02 bdl bdl bdl
C 2O3 0.80 0.75 0.69 0.82 0.75 0.38 0.33 0.36 0.37 0.40
FeO 6.00 5.86 5.72 5.91 5.98 6.87 6.94 6.84 6.89 6.86
MnO 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.12 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.21
MgO 34.36 33.03 34.04 34.27 33.83 34.19 34.98 34.51 34.85 34.64
CaO 0.97 2.20 1.66 1.25 0.97 1.04 0.95 0.91 0.61 1.08
Na2O 0.01 bdl bdl bdl 0.03 0.01 0.03 bdl bdl 0.01
NiO
0.13 0.12 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.12 0.09
To al
100.77
100.57
100.85
100.76
99.94
100.02
101.20
100.98
100.85
100.83
Fo mula based on 6 oxygens
Si (ap u) 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.92 1.95 1.94 1.96 1.95 1.94
Ti
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Al 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05
V 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - - 0.00 - - -
C 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Fe2+ 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Mn 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Mg 1.76 1.70 1.74 1.76 1.75 1.77 1.79 1.77 1.79 1.78
Ca 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.04
Na 0.00 - - - 0.00 0.00 0.00 - - 0.00
Ni
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mg# 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.89 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
En 89.38 87.33 88.86 88.95 89.32 88.09 88.21 88.52 89.06 88.15
Fe
8.63 8.73 8.17 8.59 8.68 9.95 9.86 10.00 9.95 9.90
Wo 1.99 3.94 2.97 2.46 2.00 1.95 1.93 1.48 0.99 1.94
*bdl – below de ec ion limi
Table 2. Rep esen a i e elec on mic op obe analyses o o hopy oxene om ha zbu gi es (Hz) and o hopy oxeni es (Opy ) om he
Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e. Mg# = Mg/(Mg + Fe2+).
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
12
/
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020
12
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
/
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020
MINERAL CHEMISTRY
Rock ype
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Opy
Opy
SiO2 (w .%)
bdl
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.01
0.00
TiO2
0.03
0.03
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.19
0.19
V2O5
0.22
0.18
0.20
0.19
0.22
0.24
0.22
0.18
0.25
0.26
Al2O3
30.43
32.03
27.99
28.16
27.14
28.22
30.27
30.27
15.52
15.67
C 2O3
35.20
34.83
38.57
37.73
40.16
38.74
37.81
37.62
45.81
46.16
FeO(&)
12.81
13.70
12.54
12.70
13.95
13.27
12.68
12.59
20.51
20.62
Fe2O3(&)
4.85
3.08
5.24
6.07
4.15
4.63
4.02
4.19
8.05
7.79
MgO
16.07
15.71
15.56
15.46
14.54
15.12
15.86
15.85
8.85
8.90
MnO
0.20
0.24
0.25
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.24
0.26
0.43
0.38
NiO
0.11
0.15
0.13
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.14
0.14
0.09
0.11
To al
99.92
99.95
100.05
100.21
100.27
100.21
100.92
100.58
98.91
99.31
Fo mula based on 32 oxygens
Ti (ap u)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
Al
1.10
1.12
0.97
0.98
0.95
0.98
1.04
1.04
0.60
0.60
V
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C
0.79
0.78
0.49
0.88
0.95
0.91
0.87
0.86
1.19
1.19
Fe2+(&)
0.30
0.33
0.31
0.31
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.31
0.56
0.56
Fe3+(&)
0.10
0.07
0.12
0.14
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.20
0.19
Mg
0.69
0.67
0.69
0.68
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.69
0.43
0.43
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Ni
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C #
0.42
0.41
0.48
0.47
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.45
0.66
0.66
Mg#
0.69
0.67
0.68
0.68
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.69
0.43
0.43
*bdl = below de ec ion limi ; & = es ima ed by s oichiome y
Rock ype
Opy
Opy
Opy
Opy
Opy
VCh
VCh
VCh
VCh
VCh
SiO2 (w .%)
bdl
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.03
TiO2
0.18
0.22
0.23
0.19
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.22
0.24
0.24
V2O5
0.27
0.22
0.29
0.28
0.25
0.22
0.24
0.22
0.21
0.20
Al2O3
14.79
14.96
15.77
15.26
15.70
13.38
13.22
13.14
13.03
13.31
C 2O3
46.33
48.86
47.98
48.04
47.88
51.22
51.34
51.73
51.79
51.92
FeO(&)
20.01
17.80
18.03
18.30
18.35
14.47
14.69
12.61
14.45
15.04
Fe2O3(&)
8.05
6.87
7.23
6.88
6.52
7.08
6.92
8.84
7.29
6.23
MgO
9.07
10.68
10.78
10.29
10.38
12.68
12.47
14.19
12.75
12.26
MnO
0.42
0.39
0.38
0.39
0.33
0.29
0.34
0.28
0.29
0.34
NiO
0.09
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.13
To al
98.69
99.45
100.14
99.13
99.12
99.05
98.97
100.53
99.52
99.06
Fo mula based on 32 oxygens
Ti (ap u)
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Al
0.57
0.57
0.59
0.58
0.60
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.49
0.51
V
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C
1.20
1.25
1.21
1.23
1.22
1.30
1.31
1.29
1.31
1.32
Fe2+(&)
0.55
0.48
0.48
0.50
0.50
0.39
0.40
0.33
0.39
0.41
Fe3+(&)
0.21
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.21
0.18
0.15
Mg
0.44
0.51
0.51
0.50
0.50
0.61
0.60
0.67
0.61
0.59
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Ni
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C #
0.68
0.69
0.67
0.68
0.67
0.72
0.72
0.73
0.73
0.72
Mg#
0.45
0.52
0.52
0.50
0.50
0.61
0.60
0.67
0.61
0.59
*bdl = below de ec ion limi ; & = es ima ed by s oichiome y
Table 3. Rep esen a i e elec on mic op obe analyses o ch omi e om ha zbu gi es (Hz), o hopy oxeni es (Opy ) and ch omi i e eins
(VCh ) om he Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e. C # = C /(C + Al); Mg# = Mg/(Mg + Fe2+).
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
13Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
13
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
MINERAL CHEMISTRY /
DISCUSSION
5.3. CHROMITE
Accesso y ch omi e om ha zbu gi e is high-Al in
composi ion (C # = 0.39–0.50; Figu e 5A), wi h
0.65–0.71 Mg# alues, Al2O3 con en s be ween
27 and 39 w .%, Fe2O3 con en s be ween 2.71 and
6.39 w .%, and TiO2 con en s be ween 0.02 and
0.07 w .% (Figu es 5B o 5D; Table 3). Con e sely,
ch omi e om he o hopy oxeni e dykes is high-C
in composi ion (C # = 0.62 – 0.69; Figu e 5A), wi h
lowe Mg# alues (0.39–0.52), lowe Al2O3 con en s
(14–16 w .%) and highe Fe2O3 and TiO2 con en s
han he ch omi e om ha zbu gi e (6.52–9.67
w .% and 0.16–0.23 w .%, espec i ely; Figu es 5B
o 5D; Table 3). Ch omi e om he ch omi i e eins
shows simila composi ion o accesso y ch omi e
om he o hopy oxeni e eins (Table 3): high-C
ch omi e (C # = 0.72–0.73) and 0.59–0.67 Mg#
alues, wi h 11.67–13.62 w .% Al2O3, 6.23–8.84
w .% Fe2O3 and 0.17–0.26 w .% TiO2 con en s
(Figu es 5A o 5D). The ch omi e composi ion o
he ch omi i e eins is homogeneous ac oss he
eins, wi h no chemical a ia ions a he con ac
wi h he hos o hopy oxeni e (Figu e 5E).
5.4. PLATINUM GROUP MINERALS (PGM)
Lau i e shows a ied composi ion [(Ru0.64-0.78Os0.16-
0.19I 0.06-0.12Fe0.01-0.02)S1.94-2.06] (Figu e 6; Table 4),
classi ying as Os- ich lau i es. Lau i e analyses also
show Ni (0.13-0.44 w .%), Cu (up o 0.09 w .%) and
Co (0.01-0.11 w .%) ha , oge he wi h he amoun
o Fe, sugges con amina ion o he analyses by
nanome ic Ni-Fe-Cu sul ide inclusions, which can
be locally obse ed wi hin he lau i e g ains (Figu e
4H).
6. Discussion
6.1. PETROGENESIS OF ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS FROM
HAVANA-MATANZAS OPHIOLITE
The composi ion o mine als o ming he ha z-
bu gi es and he o hopy oxeni e bands om he
Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e sugges s ha bo h
ypes o ock ha e di e en o igin and pe ogene ic
e olu ion. Oli ine and o hopy oxene om ha z-
bu gi e show composi ions ypical o esidual ocks
de i ed om pa ial mel ing o p imi i e man le
(e.g., Hi auchi e al., 2008; Pagé e al., 2008). The
deg ee o pa ial mel ing F (%) o hese ocks can
be in e ed om he C # o ch omi e, using he
ollowing equa ion: F = 10 x ln(C #) + 24 (Hel-
leb and e al., 2001). Acco ding o his equa ion,
he sampled Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e ha zbu -
gi es expe ienced 15 o 17% pa ial mel ing. The
composi ion o accesso y ch omi e co esponds
o ch omi e de i ed om abyssal pe ido i es o
mid-ocean idge o back-a c se ings (Figu es 5B
and 5D). This sugges s ha he ha zbu gi es a e
esidual pe ido i es esul ing om mel ex ac ion
in a slow o ul a-slow sp eading mid-ocean idge
se ing o back-a c basin (e.g., Helleb and e al.,
2001; Hi auchi e al., 2008). On he o he hand, he
eplacemen o o hopy oxene by oli ine e lec s
he incong uen dissolu ion o o hopy oxene and
consequen c ys alliza ion o oli ine occu ing in
he mass ans e eac ion be ween pe ido i e and
a ac iona ing basal (Kelemen, 1990). This is yp-
ical in subduc ion- ela ed magma ic a cs, whe e
holeii ic p ima y liquids pass slowly upwa ds
h ough high- empe a u e wall ock in he uppe
man le (Kelemen, 1990).
Con e sely, ch omi e om he o hopy oxeni e
bands shows composi ions which a e ypical o
ch omi e om bonini e-like magmas (Figu e 5C),
p o iding e idence o he hypo hesis ha he
o hopy oxeni es o med om bonini ic magmas
in a o e-a c se ing, p obably du ing subduc ion
ini ia ion s ages o a nascen in a-oceanic a c
(Pagé e al., 2008; Wha am and S e n, 2011). The
o hopy oxeni e bands ep esen a eac ion p oduc
be ween he upwa d mig a ing mel and he hos
pe ido i e in he uppe man le. The liquid om
which he o hopy oxeni e o med ep esen s a el-
a i ely Si- ich Mg- ich andesi e mel (bonini ic-like)
ha mig a ed h ough he man le ha zbu gi e (e.g.,
Be ly e al., 2006; G an e al., 2016; Wang e al., 2016)
and ha became Si-en iched by eac i e dissolu ion
o man le py oxene. The e o e, he o hopy oxeni e
bands om Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e a e in e -

O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
14
/
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020
14
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
/
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020
DISCUSSION
Figu e 5 Chemical composi ion o ch omi e om he s udied samples. A: C # [C /(C +Al)] s. Mg# [Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)] diag am. Compila ion
o he composi ion ields om Leblanc and Nicolas (1992). Al- ich and C - ich ch omi i es ields om Llanes-Cas o e al. (2015). B:
Al2O3 s. C 2O3 diag am. Ophioli ic and s a i o m ch omi i es ields om Bona ia e al. (1993). C: C # s. TiO2 diag am. Composi ion
ields om A ai (1992). D: C –Al–Fe3+ a omic a ios diag am. Ophioli ic and s a i o m ch omi i e ields a e om Fe a io and Ga u i
(1987) and A ai e al. (2004). Abyssal and o ea c pe ido i e ields a e om Ishii e al. (1992) and Dick and Bullen (1984), espec i ely.
E: Composi ion p o ile o ch omi e ac oss he ch omi i e ein. HMO = Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e.
1.0
0.8
0.6
0
0.2
0.4
0
0.20.4
0.60.8
1.0
C #
Mg#
Ophioli ic
S a i o m
1.0
0.8
0.6
0
0.2
0.4
C #
00.4 0.8 1.2
TiO2 (w %)
MORB
Bonini es Ch omi e in:
ch omi i e ein
py oxeni e
ha zbu gi e
HMO ch omi i es:
Al- ich
C - ich
Backa c
pe ido i es
Fo ea c
pe ido i es
Abyssal
pe ido i es
S a i o m
ch omi i es
Ophioli ic
ch omi i es
Al2O3 (w %)
C 2O3 (w %)
10
0
20
30
40
50
60
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
C #
Mg#
Al
Fe2+
Fe3+
Dis ance in he ein (µm)
a.p. .u.
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
O hopy oxeni e
O hopy oxeni e
Ch omi i e ein
Al
C
Fe3+
S a i o m
ch omi i es
Ophioli ic ch omi i es
Abyssal pe ido i es
Fo ea c pe ido i es
AB
CD
E
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
15Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
15
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
DISCUSSION
p e ed as he “ oo p in ” o bonini ic-a ini y mel
ci cula ion in he man le, which gi es place o dykes
and la as in he uppe c us al pa s o he ophi-
oli ic sequence (e.g., Va al y e al., 1997). Simila
pa en al mel s we e in e ed o o hopy oxeni es in
he Speik Complex (Eas e n Alps, Aus ia), which
a e in e laye ed wi h abundan pods and laye s o
ch omi i es (Melche and Meisel, 2004). Using he
composi ion o o hopy oxene, oli ine, and ch o-
mi e om he o hopy oxeni e bands, we applied
se e al geo he mome e s (B ey and Köhle , 1990;
Köhle and B ey, 1990) and ob ained equilib ium
empe a u es o he o hopy oxeni e samples
be ween 700 and 1100ºC, which we in e p e as
pos -in e ac ion cooling empe a u es.
6.2. PETROGENESIS OF THE CHROMITITE VEINS
AND THE PGE MINERALIZATIONS
6.2.1. CHROMITITE VEINS HOSTED IN THE
ORTHOPYROXENITE BANDS
Majo elemen composi ion o ch omi e om
he ch omi i e eins is simila o ha o ch omi e
o med om bonini ic magmas (Figu e 5C) (e.g.,
González-Jiménez e al., 2014, and e e ences
he ein). The composi ion o he ch omi i e
pa en al mel can be in e ed om he composi-
ion o hei c ys allized ch omi e g ains using he
ollowing equa ions (Zacca ini e al., 2011):
Al2O3 mel = 4.1385 x ln(Al2O3 ch omi e) + 2.2828
TiO2 mel = 0.708 x ln(TiO2 ch omi e) + 1.636
ln(FeO/MgO) ch omi e = 0.47 – 1.07Al# ch omi e +
0.64Fe# ch omi e + ln(FeO/MgO) mel
wi h Al#ch omi e = Al/(C +Al+Fe3+) a omic a io,
and Fe#ch omi e = Fe3+/(C +Al+Fe3+) a omic a io.
The calcula ions yield o a e age composi ion o
12.29–12.43 w .% Al2O3, 0.33–0.37 w .% TiO2
and 0.96 FeO/MgO a io o he pa en al mel .
This composi ion o e laps hose o magmas
wi h bonini ic a ini y, which a e Ti-poo (<0.5
w .% TiO2) wi h low FeO/MgO a ios (>0.8
w .% MgO) (Le Bas, 2000). Bonini e mel s ha e
Table 4. Rep esen a i e elec on mic op obe analyses o he PGM om ch omi i e eins o he Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e.
Mine al
Os- ich
lau i e
Os- ich
lau i e
Os- ich
lau i e
Os- ich
lau i e
Os- ich
lau i e
Os- ich
lau i e
Os- ich
lau i e
Os- ich
lau i e
Os- ich
lau i e
Os- ich
lau i e
Os- ich
lau i e
Os- ich
lau i e
Os (w .%)
16.57
17.54
16.09
15.94
16.84
16.35
18.97
17.23
18.01
15.45
15.97
15.67
I
8.60
9.20
8.30
9.21
6.86
10.08
6.60
7.27
12.07
9.52
10.06
10.12
Ru
35.31
33.46
37.18
38.17
40.59
35.09
39.47
39.06
34.38
36.04
36.28
36.34
P
0.23
0.41
bdl
0.13
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
bdl
Pd
0.09
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.17
0.61
bdl
bdl
0.11
0.16
0.30
0.22
Rh
0.52
0.42
0.73
0.71
bdl
0.59
0.13
0.46
0.41
1.04
1.04
1.01
Fe
0.32
0.46
0.56
0.52
0.34
0.67
0.30
0.45
0.26
0.33
0.37
0.30
Ni
0.27
0.29
0.38
0.30
0.23
0.44
0.22
0.31
0.13
0.27
0.25
0.19
Cu
0.08
0.05
0.07
0.01
0.06
0.02
0.03
bdl
0.02
0.08
0.09
bdl
Co
0.11
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.07
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.04
S
34.26
34.27
35.27
31.12
32.12
31.66
33.70
33.90
32.76
33.10
33.81
32.87
To al
96.36
96.15
98.68
96.24
97.28
95.56
99.44
98.72
98.17
96.01
98.23
96.77
Os (ap u)
0.17
0.18
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.19
0.17
0.19
0.16
0.16
0.16
I
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.07
0.11
0.06
0.07
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
Ru
0.67
0.64
0.68
0.75
0.78
0.70
0.74
0.73
0.67
0.69
0.69
0.70
P
0.00
0.00
-
0.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Rh
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
Fe2+
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Ni
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
S
2.05
2.06
2.04
1.94
1.95
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.00
*bdl – below de ec ion limi
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
16
/
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020
16
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
/
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020
DISCUSSION
ela i ely high SiO2 con en s and a e no mally
sa u a ed in o hopy oxene (Falloon and Danyu-
she sky, 2000, and e e ences he ein). The e o e,
we conside ha he ch omi i e eins om he
Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e o med om low-Ti
high-Mg andesi ic mel s wi h bonini ic a ini y
ha o igina ed in he o e-a c o an in a-oceanic
island a c. This in e p e a ion is in acco dance
wi h models o o ma ion o high-C ophioli ic
ch omi i es by mel – ock eac ion p ocesses (e.g.,
Zhou and Robinson, 1997; Melche e al., 1997;
P oenza e al. 1999; González-Jiménez e al., 2014,
and e e ences he ein). On he o he hand, i has
been p oposed ha wo oli ine-sa u a ed liquids,
one esidual o duni e and he o he ex ac ed
om ha zbu gi e a highe p essu e, could mingle
o p oduce ch omi e-sa u a ed hyb id mel s om
which ch omi i e can o m (Ballhaus, 1998). This
has been demons a ed by he modynamic model-
ing (Abuama ah e al., 2020).
In he case o he Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophio-
li e ch omi i e eins, we in e p e he sys ema ic
occu ence o he ch omi i e wi hin o hopy ox-
eni e and he lack o ch omi i e composi ional
a ia ions owa ds hei con ac as e idence o
he con empo aneous o ma ion o he wo ypes
o ock. We in e ha a Mg- ich andesi ic mel
wi h bonini ic a ini y in e ac ed wi h ha zbu gi e
upon in il a ion, igge ing he pe i ec ic eac ion
Ol+Liquid = Opx+Ch ha leaded o consump-
ion o oli ine and p ecipi a ion o o hopy oxene
and ch omi e (Kelemen e al., 1992, 1995; Wang
e al., 2016). Fu he in il a ion o new ba ches o
liquid would mix wi h he esidual liquids o yield
seconda y ch omi e-sa u a ed mel which would
p ecipi a e ch omi e o o m he ch omi i e eins
(I ine, 1977). The small olume o he ch omi i e
eins indica es ha he olume o pa en al magma
equi ed o hei o ma ion is lowe han o he
es o ch omi i e bodies om he Ha ana-Ma an-
zas Ophioli e.
6.2.2. PGE MINERALIZATIONS AND THEIR GENETIC
IMPLICATIONS
As men ioned abo e, high-C ch omi i es a e
in e p e ed o c ys allize om magmas wi h boni-
ni ic a ini y. These magmas a e S-unde sa u a ed
and no mally con ain highe PGE con en s han
holeii ic magmas, hence explaining he PGE- ich
composi ion o high-C ch omi i es ela i e o
high-Al ch omi i es (e.g., Peck e al., 1992; Zhou e
al., 1998; Saha e al., 2015, and e e ences he ein).
In he Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e ch omi i e
eins, he abundan PGM inclusions e lec he
PGE- ich composi ion expec ed o high-C ch o-
mi i es. The main PGM phase ound in he s udied
ch omi i es is lau i e, which is also he main PGM
obse ed in o he ophioli ic ch omi i es wo ldwide
(e.g., Lugue e al., 2007; González-Jiménez e al.,
2014, and e e ences he ein). This PGE mine al-
ogy also e lec s he IPGE (Os, I , Ru) en ichmen
ela i e o PPGE (Rh, P and Pd) ypical o man-
le-hos ed ophioli ic ch omi i es (e.g., Zhou e al.,
1996; Ahmed and A ai, 2002).
On he basis o hei ex u al ea u es and
composi ion, he PGM iden i ied in he ch omi i e
eins can be di ided in o p ima y and seconda y
phases. Lau i e c ys als wi h homogeneous com-
posi ions o displaying magma ic ex u es (c ys al
g ow h bands and oscilla o y zoning; Figu es 4C
o 4F) a e conside ed p ima y. In con as , hose
Figu e 6 Composi ion (a .%) o lau i e g ains om he ch omi i e
eins.
Ru
Os
E lichmani e
Lau i e
I
Lau i e om ch omi i e bodies om Ha ana-
Ma anzas Ophioli e ( om Llanes-Cas o e al., 2015)
O hopy oxeni e hos ed ch omi i e eins anomalously en iched in pla inum-g oup mine als, Cuba
17Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
17
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.18268/BSGM2020 72n3a110620
Bole ín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
/ 72 (3) / A110620 / 2020 /
DISCUSSION / CONCLUSIONS
PGM g ains displaying ugged su aces o ha
o e g ow he su ace o p ima y lau i e (Figu es
4L o 4N) a e in e p e ed as seconda y in o igin,
e y likely o igina ed by al e a ion o p e-exis ing
PGM ini ially included in ch omi e and by local
emobiliza ion and edeposi ion o PGE du ing
se pen iniza ion (e.g., Ga u i and Zacca ini, 1997;
P oenza e al., 2008). Rega ding p ima y lau -
i e g ains, mos au ho s ag ee ha hey o m a
high- empe a u e s ages om S-unde sa u a ed
ma ic mel s be o e o coe al wi h c ys alliza ion o
ch omi e. In he s udied samples, hei p edomi-
nan ly euhed al mo phology and hei loca ion in
unal e ed ch omi e sugges s ha hey c ys allized
om a magma and we e en apped by g owing
g ains o ch omi e (e.g., Melche e al., 1997;
González-Jiménez e al., 2009).
As men ioned abo e, he composi ion o he
lau i e inclusions om he Ha ana-Ma anzas
Ophioli e ch omi i e eins is gene ally Os- ich
(Table 4). The Ru–Os con en s o lau i e a e
s ongly in luenced by sul u ugaci y ( S2) and
empe a u e (e.g., B enan and And ews, 2001;
And ews and B enan, 2002): he solubili y o Os
in lau i e inc eases wi h dec easing empe a u e
and/o inc easing S2 (e.g., González-Jiménez e
al., 2009). Nea ly s oichiome ic lau i e (RuS2) has
a maximum empe a u e o c ys alliza ion a ound
1200ºC, a e y low sul u ugaci y (log S2 < -2;
B enan and And ews, 2001; And ews and B enan,
2002). The e o e, he Os- ich composi ion o lau -
i e om he Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e ch omi-
i e eins indica es ha hey p obably c ys allized
a ela i ely lowe empe a u es and/o highe
S2 han s oichiome ic lau i e. Lowe empe a-
u es o he Os- ich lau i e o ma ion would be
in acco dance wi h he cooling empe a u es
calcula ed o he o hopy oxeni e (700–1100ºC),
which o med con empo aneously wi h he ch o-
mi i e eins con aining he PGM. Mo eo e , he
oscilla o y zoning displayed by some lau i e c ys-
als (Figu e 4F), wi h Ru–Os a ia ions, lead o
sugges ha he PGM c ys allized wi hin a sys em
domina ed by sho - e m a ia ions o S2 and
empe a u e (González-Jiménez e al., 2009). Tha
could be he case o he model p oposed o he
ch omi i e o ma ion, in which a ia ions in he
physicochemical p ope ies o he pa en al mel
would be a na u al consequence o he mel – ock
eac ions. The ch omi e-bea ing mel s om he
p oposed model could e icien ly concen a e high
amoun s o PGE along wi h al eady nuclea ed
ch omi e. In his con ex , PGM end o we and/
o nuclea e along he edges o g owing ch omi e
(e.g., Finnigan e al., 2008, and e e ences he ein).
The e o e, ch omi e would ac as a PGM collec-
o , a o ing he PGM concen a ion p ocess. The
e iciency o he mechanical collec ion is maxi-
mized when he magma c ys allizing he PGM is
in con ac wi h small olumes o ch omi e (Augé e
al., 2005). Fo his eason, he small and hin ch o-
mi i e eins om he Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e
show ex eme en ichmen in PGM inclusions.
7. Conclusions
O hopy oxeni e bands wi hin he Ha a-
na-Ma anzas Ophioli e ha zbu gi es o med om
magmas wi h bonini ic a ini y, which a e ypical
o o e-a c se ings in in a-oceanic a cs. Small
and hin PGM- ich ch omi i e eins a e hos ed
wi hin he o hopy oxeni e. The ch omi i es a e
in equilib ium wi h he hos o hopy oxeni e
and hey also show bonini ic a ini y. We p opose
ha he o hopy oxeni e and he ch omi i e a e
o med con empo aneously a e he eac ion
be ween p e-exis ing ha zbu gi e and a Si- ich
mel , p obably o bonini ic a ini y. This eac ion
gene a ed o hopy oxeni e and a seconda y mel
ha would mix wi h newly in il a ed liquid o
o m a C -sa u a ed liquid om which ch omi e
would p ecipi a e o o m ch omi i e eins wi hin
he o hopy oxeni e. The g owing ch omi e would
ac as a PGM collec o due o he PGE a ini y o
ch omi e. The small olume o ch omi i e o med
would maximize he e iciency o he mechanical
collec ion, esul ing in he high abundance o p i-
ma y PGM inclusions obse ed in he ch omi i e
eins om he Ha ana-Ma anzas Ophioli e.
Genesis and e olu ion o ch omi i es in ophioli e complexes om a mine alogical pe spec i e
110

M
M
i
i
n
n
e
e
a
a
l
l
i
i
u
u
m
m
D
D
e
e
p
p
o
o
s
s
i
i
a
a
L
L
o
o
w
w
-
-
e
e
m
m
p
p
e
e
a
a
u
u
e
e
h
h
y
y
d
d
o
o
h
h
e
e
m
m
a
a
l
l
P
P
m
m
i
i
n
n
e
e
a
a
l
l
i
i
z
z
a
a
i
i
o
o
n
n
i
i
n
n
u
u
a
a
o
o
i
i
e
e
-
-
b
b
e
e
a
a
i
i
n
n
g
g
o
o
p
p
h
h
i
i
o
o
l
l
i
i
i
i
c
c
c
c
h
h
o
o
m
m
i
i
i
i
e
e
s
s
o
o
m
m
D
D
o
o
m
m
i
i
n
n
i
i
c
c
a
a
n
n
R
R
e
e
p
p
u
u
b
b
l
l
i
i
c
c
--Manusc ip D a --
M
M
a
a
n
n
u
u
s
s
c
c
i
i
p
p
N
N
u
u
m
m
b
b
e
e
:
:
MIDE-D-21-00033
F
F
u
u
l
l
l
l
T
T
i
i
l
l
e
e
:
:
Low- empe a u e hyd o he mal P mine aliza ion in u a o i e-bea ing ophioli ic
ch omi i es om Dominican Republic
A
A
i
i
c
c
l
l
e
e
T
T
y
y
p
p
e
e
:
:
Regula A icles
C
C
o
o
e
e
s
s
p
p
o
o
n
n
d
d
i
i
n
n
g
g
A
A
u
u
h
h
o
o
:
:
Júlia Fa é-de-Pablo
Uni e si a de Ba celona
Ba celona, SPAIN
C
C
o
o
e
e
s
s
p
p
o
o
n
n
d
d
i
i
n
n
g
g
A
A
u
u
h
h
o
o
S
S
e
e
c
c
o
o
n
n
d
d
a
a
y
y
I
I
n
n
o
o
m
m
a
a
i
i
o
o
n
n
:
:
C
C
o
o
e
e
s
s
p
p
o
o
n
n
d
d
i
i
n
n
g
g
A
A
u
u
h
h
o
o
'
'
s
s
I
I
n
n
s
s
i
i
u
u
i
i
o
o
n
n
:
:
Uni e si a de Ba celona
C
C
o
o
e
e
s
s
p
p
o
o
n
n
d
d
i
i
n
n
g
g
A
A
u
u
h
h
o
o
'
'
s
s
S
S
e
e
c
c
o
o
n
n
d
d
a
a
y
y
I
I
n
n
s
s
i
i
u
u
i
i
o
o
n
n
:
:
F
F
i
i
s
s
A
A
u
u
h
h
o
o
:
:
Júlia Fa é-de-Pablo
F
F
i
i
s
s
A
A
u
u
h
h
o
o
S
S
e
e
c
c
o
o
n
n
d
d
a
a
y
y
I
I
n
n
o
o
m
m
a
a
i
i
o
o
n
n
:
:
O
O
d
d
e
e
o
o
A
A
u
u
h
h
o
o
s
s
:
:
Júlia Fa é-de-Pablo
Joaquín A. P oenza
José Ma ía González-Jiménez
Thomas Aiglspe ge
Lisa d To ó
C is ina Domènech
An onio Ga cia-Casco
O
O
d
d
e
e
o
o
A
A
u
u
h
h
o
o
s
s
S
S
e
e
c
c
o
o
n
n
d
d
a
a
y
y
I
I
n
n
o
o
m
m
a
a
i
i
o
o
n
n
:
:
F
F
u
u
n
n
d
d
i
i
n
n
g
g
I
I
n
n
o
o
m
m
a
a
i
i
o
o
n
n
:
:
Minis e io de Economía y Compe i i idad
(CGL2015-65824) D Joaquín A. P oenza
Minis e io de Ciencia, Inno ación y
Uni e sidades
(PID2019-105625RB-C21)
D Joaquín A. P oenza
Minis e io de Economía y Compe i i idad
(BES-2016-076887) M s Júlia Fa é-de-Pablo
Minis e io de Economía y Compe i i idad
(RYC-2015-17596) D José Ma ía González-Jiménez
A
A
b
b
s
s
a
a
c
c
:
:
Pla inum-g oup elemen s (PGE)- ich ophioli ic ch omi i es (6.54 g/ bulk- ock o al PGE)
in he Dominican Republic con ain hyd o he mal u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e
which a e spa ially associa ed wi h abundan pla inum-g oup mine als (PGM). These
PGM a e o wo main ypes: subhed al o euhed al Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds pa ially
encased in ch omi e, and anhed al P -Fe-Ni- ich g ains exclusi ely embedded in
u a o i e o ch omian clinochlo e. The Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds a e in e p e ed as
magma ic Ru-Os sul ides ha expe ienced desul u iza ion du ing hyd o he mal
al e a ion o he ch omi i es, whe eas he P -Fe-Ni- ich g ains a e hyd o he mal in
o igin. We p opose a model in which he P -Fe-Ni- ich PGM o med ia he
accumula ion o nanopa icles di ec ly p ecipi a ed om he hyd o he mal luids. An
es ima ion o he empe a u e o c ys alliza ion o u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e
sugges s hyd o he mal al e a ion o he ch omi i e wi hin he he mal ange o 350–150
ºC. The modynamic modeling shows ha , wi hin his ange o empe a u e, P could be
mobilized as aqueous bisul ide complexes (HS - ) by S-poo highly- educing
hyd o he mal luids o igina ed du ing se pen iniza ion o he hos ch omi i e ock. The
Powe ed by Edi o ial Manage ® and P oduXion Manage ® om A ies Sys ems Co po a ion
c ys alliza ion o Ni sul ides in he ch omi i e would d op he S concen a ion o he luid,
causing he p ecipi a ion o P as na i e elemen . The p oposed mechanism p omo ed
he o ma ion o a hyd o he mal P - ich mine aliza ion ha explains he anomalously
high PGE con en s o hese ch omi i es. Ul ima ely, his p ocess con ibu es o
cons ain he condi ions o he genesis o hyd o he mal PGE mine aliza ions in o e
deposi s.
S
S
u
u
g
g
g
g
e
e
s
s
e
e
d
d
R
R
e
e
i
i
e
e
w
w
e
e
s
s
:
:
Anna Vymazalo á
Czech Geological Su ey: Ceska Geologicka Sluzba
[email p o ec ed]
Recognized expe in PGM o ma ion and phase ela ions
Ma ia Economou-Eliopoulos
Uni e si y o A hens
[email p o ec ed]
Recognized expe in ophioli ic ch omi i es and PGE mine aliza ion in ophioli ic
ch omi i es
F ank Melche
Mon anuni e si a Leoben
[email p o ec ed]
Recognized expe in ophioli ic ch omi i es and PGE mine aliza ion in ophioli ic
ch omi i es
Jan Pasa a
Czech Geological Su ey: Ceska Geologicka Sluzba
[email p o ec ed]
Recognized expe in PGE ac iona ion in a ious geological en i onmen s and in
di e en ypes o o e deposi s
Ib ahim Uysal
Ka adeniz Teknik Üni e si esi: Ka adeniz Teknik Uni e si esi
[email p o ec ed]; [email p o ec ed]
Recognized expe in geochemis y and mine alogy o PGE in ophioli ic ch omi i es
Powe ed by Edi o ial Manage ® and P oduXion Manage ® om A ies Sys ems Co po a ion
1
Low- empe a u e hyd o he mal P mine aliza ion in u a o i e-1
bea ing ophioli ic ch omi i es om Dominican Republic 2
Júlia Fa é-de-Pablo a,*, Joaquín A. P oenza a, José Ma ía González-Jiménez b,c, Thomas 3
Aiglspe ge d, Lisa d To ó e, C is ina Domènech a, , An onio Ga cia-Cascob,c 4
a) Depa amen de Mine alogia, Pe ologia i Geologia Aplicada, Uni e si a de Ba celona, C/ 5
Ma í i F anquès, s/n, 08028, Ba celona, Spain 6
b) Depa amen o de Mine alogía y Pe ología, Uni e sidad de G anada, Facul ad de 7
Ciencias, Fuen enue a s/n, 18002, G anada, Spain 8
c) Ins i u o Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tie a (CSIC-UGR), A da. de las Palme as 4, E-18100, 9
A milla, G anada, Spain 10
d) Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing and Na u al Resou ces, Luleå Uni e si y o Technology, 11
SE 97187, Luleå, Sweden. 12
e) Geological Enginee ing P og am, Facul y o Sciences and Enginee ing, Pon i ical Ca holic 13
Uni e si y o Pe u (PUCP), A . Uni e si a ia 1801, San Miguel, Lima 15088, Pe u 14
) Ins i u de Rece ca de l’Aigua (IdRA), Uni e si a de Ba celona (UB), 08001, Ba celona, 15
Spain. 16
*co esponding au ho : j a edepabl[email p o ec ed] 17
Abs ac 18
Pla inum-g oup elemen s (PGE)- ich ophioli ic ch omi i es (6.54 g/ bulk- ock o al PGE) in he 19
Dominican Republic con ain hyd o he mal u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e which a e 20
spa ially associa ed wi h abundan pla inum-g oup mine als (PGM). These PGM a e o wo 21
main ypes: subhed al o euhed al Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds pa ially encased in ch omi e, and 22
anhed al P -Fe-Ni- ich g ains exclusi ely embedded in u a o i e o ch omian clinochlo e. The 23
Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds a e in e p e ed as magma ic Ru-Os sul ides ha expe ienced 24
desul u iza ion du ing hyd o he mal al e a ion o he ch omi i es, whe eas he P -Fe-Ni- ich 25
Manusc ip Wi hou T ack Changes Click he e o access/download;Manusc ip Wi hou T ack
Changes;Fa e-de-Pablo e al 2021_Manusc ip .docx
2
g ains a e hyd o he mal in o igin. We p opose a model in which he P -Fe-Ni- ich PGM o med 26
ia he accumula ion o nanopa icles di ec ly p ecipi a ed om he hyd o he mal luids. An 27
es ima ion o he empe a u e o c ys alliza ion o u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e sugges s 28
hyd o he mal al e a ion o he ch omi i e wi hin he he mal ange o 350–150 ºC. 29
The modynamic modeling shows ha , wi hin his ange o empe a u e, P could be mobilized 30
as aqueous bisul ide complexes (HS-) by S-poo highly- educing hyd o he mal luids o igina ed 31
du ing se pen iniza ion o he hos ch omi i e ock. The c ys alliza ion o Ni sul ides in he 32
ch omi i e would d op he S concen a ion o he luid, causing he p ecipi a ion o P as na i e 33
elemen . The p oposed mechanism p omo ed he o ma ion o a hyd o he mal P - ich 34
mine aliza ion ha explains he anomalously high PGE con en s o hese ch omi i es. 35
Ul ima ely, his p ocess con ibu es o cons ain he condi ions o he genesis o hyd o he mal 36
PGE mine aliza ions in o e deposi s. 37
Keywo ds: Pla inum-g oup elemen s, Pla inum-g oup mine als, Hyd o he mal, 38
Se pen iniza ion, U a o i e, Ophioli ic ch omi i e 39
1. In oduc ion 40
Expe imen al (Wood e al. 1989, 1992; Gammons e al. 1992; Pan and Wood 1994; Ba nes and 41
Liu 2012) and empi ical (Ge illa and Kojonen 2002; Le Vaillan e al. 2015; Obe hü e al. 42
2018) s udies ha e demons a ed he abili y o low- empe a u e hyd o he mal luids o anspo 43
ce ain pla inum-g oup elemen s (PGE: Os, I , Ru, P , Pd, Rh). In pa icula , hyd o he mal 44
luids seem o be e y e icien o mobilize P and Pd du ing la e-magma ic o pos -magma ic 45
e olu ion o magma ic deposi s, e en p oducing economic PGE upg ading. Fo example, he 46
analysis o luid inclusions in qua z in e g own wi h pla inum-g oup mine als (PGM) in he 47
Wa e be g deposi in Sou h A ica (up o 1000 g/ PGE) indica es ha he o e- o ming sys em 48
con ained solu ions ela ed o bo h Bush eld magma and deep bu ied wa e s (Dis le e al. 49
2000). Acco ding o Dis le e al. (2000), he main o e deposi e en ook place a 370–50 ºC 50
om Na-Ca-K-Fe chlo ide solu ions wi h low-densi y a highe empe a u es (0.4–0.7 w .% 51
3
NaCl-equi .), and high-densi y lowe empe a u es (15.5–21.1 w .% NaCl-equi .). Likewise, 52
ex ensi e low- empe a u e (<500 ºC) hyd o he mal al e a ion o magma ic deposi s ha e 53
esul ed in PGE emobiliza ion and concen a ion as seconda y PGM (e.g., Leshe and Keays 54
1984; Polo ina e al. 2004; Le o e al. 2011; Holwell e al. 2017). The o ma ion o seconda y 55
PGE mine aliza ions ela ed o pos -magma ic hyd o he mal ac i i y was epo ed in some 56
ch omi e deposi s associa ed wi h laye ed ma ic-ul ama ic complexes and ophioli es (e.g., 57
Thalhamme e al. 1990; G aham e al. 1996; Mali ch e al. 2002; Ga u i e al. 2007; P oenza e 58
al. 2008; González-Jiménez e al. 2010, 2011; Badanina e al. 2016). In he case o ch omi e 59
deposi s associa ed wi h ophioli es, he PGE concen a ions o igina ed by bo h magma ic and 60
pos -magma ic p ocesses a e s ill below economic cu -o (e.g., see e iew González-Jiménez e 61
al. 2014a). 62
Acco ding o s udies on he beha io o PGE in hyd o he mal luids, PGE anspo and 63
deposi ion is con olled by he aqueous complexes esponsible o hei solubili y (Moun ain 64
and Wood 1988; Hanley 2005). Du ing pos -magma ic low- empe a u e hyd o he mal al e a ion 65
o ophioli ic ch omi i es, PGE could po en ially be emobilized by chlo ide, bisul ide, o 66
hyd oxyl complexes, depending on he concen a ion o he complexes in he luid and he 67
oxygen ugaci y and pH condi ions o he sys em (Wood e al. 1989; Thalhamme e al. 1990; 68
Hanley 2005). Howe e , he exac p ocesses and condi ions a e ye o be de e mined in his 69
con ex . Hyd o he mal al e a ion o ophioli ic ch omi i es can be e inced by he p esence o 70
hyd a ed ga ne in he ch omi i es (Melche e al. 1997; González-Jiménez e al. 2011; Tsoupas 71
and Economou-Eliopoulos 2008). In some cases, hyd o he mal u a o i e (a ch omium-bea ing 72
ga ne ) was desc ibed in ophioli ic ch omi i es associa ed wi h ch omian clinochlo e (G aham e 73
al. 1996; Melche e al. 1997; A ai e al. 1999; P oenza e al. 1999; Ghsosh and Mo ishi a 74
2011), and e en con aining PGM g ains as inclusions (Tsoupas and Economou-Eliopoulos 75
2008). The close associa ion o PGM wi h hyd o he mal u a o i e aises ques ions abou he 76
o igin o hese PGM, he emobiliza ion o PGE in ophioli ic ch omi i es by hyd o he mal 77

4
luids, and he s abili y o magma ic PGM du ing pos -magma ic and ela i ely low empe a u e 78
condi ions. 79
In his wo k, we p o ide an in deep cha ac e iza ion o a P mine aliza ion ela ed o 80
hyd o he mal al e a ion o ophioli ic ch omi i es p oducing u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e. 81
We also p esen he modynamic modeling o he P mobili y in hyd o he mal luids. By hese 82
means, we aim o unde s and he emobiliza ion and concen a ion o PGE by hyd o he mal 83
luids and, ul ima ely, con ibu e o he gene al knowledge abou he p ocesses and condi ions 84
o pos -magma ic low- empe a u e PGE emobiliza ion and upg ading. 85
2. Geological se ing 86
The Dominican Republic is loca ed a he eas e n pa o he Hispaniola Island, which belongs 87
o he G ea e An illes island a c, in he no he n ma gin o he Ca ibbean Pla e (Fig. 1). The 88
island consis s o ec onically acc e ed ul ama ic, plu onic, olcanic, and sedimen a y uni s as a 89
esul o he oblique con e gence o inal collision o he Ca ibbean island-a c/back-a c sys em 90
wi h he No h Ame ican con inen al ma gin du ing he C e aceous–Te ia y (Mann e al. 1991; 91
D ape e al. 1994; Pindell and Kennan 2009). In cen al Dominican Republic, he Loma Ca ibe 92
pe ido i es cons i u e he co e o he NW–SE-o ien ed Mesozoic Median Bel o acc e ed uni s 93
o man le and c us o igin (Lewis and D ape 1990). The pe ido i e body ex ends along a quasi-94
con inuous 95-km-long and 4 o 5-km-wide exposu e, and is one o he abundan Mesozoic 95
ophioli e- ela ed ul ama ic occu ences c opping ou along he no he n ma gin o he 96
Ca ibbean Pla e (Lewis e al. 2006). To he SSW, he Loma Ca ibe pe ido i es a e ec onically 97
bounded by he Sie e Cabezas Fo ma ion and Dua e Complex, which a e olcanic uni s 98
in luenced by he C e aceous Ca ibbean plume (e.g., Sin on e al. 1998; Lapie e e al. 2000; 99
Escude -Vi ue e e al. 2007); o he NNE, he pe ido i es a e bounded by he a c- ela ed 100
me amo phic Maimón and non-me amo phic Pe al illo Su Fo ma ions, which comp ise 101
olcanic, olcano-sedimen a y and sedimen a y ocks o Ea ly and La e C e aceous, 102
espec i ely (e.g., Escude -Vi ue e e al. 2008; To ó e al. 2016, 2017, 2018). 103
5
The Loma Ca ibe ul ama ic ocks chie ly consis o spinel ha zbu gi es and lhe zoli es, wi h 104
mino and discon inuous o hopy oxene-bea ing duni e and duni e bodies (Ma chesi e al. 105
2016). Al hough hese ocks a e ex ensi ely se pen inized, some ou c ops a e ela i ely 106
unwea he ed (<40% se pen iniza ion; P oenza e al. 2007; Ma chesi e al. 2016). The pe ido i es 107
a e o e lied by hund ed-me e -sized bodies o laye ed gabb o and in uded by dole i e dykes 108
(Escude -Vi ue e e al. 2008). A e he emplacemen and exposu e o he ophioli e slab, he 109
pe ido i es unde wen wea he ing and la e iza ion, gi ing place o wea he ing p o iles, which 110
con ain la ge Ni-la e i e deposi s in he Falcondo mining dis ic (Villano a-de-Bena en e al. 111
2014; Aiglspe ge e al. 2015). These deposi s ha e been conside ed po en ial non-con en ional 112
PGE deposi s due o hei high PGE concen a ions (up o 0.64 g/ o al PGE; Aiglspe ge e al. 113
2015), which esul ed om esidual en ichmen and PGE emobiliza ion du ing he la e i ic 114
p o ile o ma ion. The Loma Ca ibe pe ido i es also con ain se e al ch omi i e deposi s loca ed 115
in he no he n and cen al pa o he bel (P oenza e al. 2007; Fa é-de-Pablo e al. 2020). 116
They consis o small and discon inuous lenses o massi e ch omi i e (<10 m long and <1 m 117
hick) which a e gene ally hos ed in se pen inized duni e and, locally, in ha zbu gi e, and a e 118
PGE- ich (up o 4.56 g/ ; Fa é-de-Pablo e al. 2020). 119
The ch omi i e bodies s udied in he p esen wo k we e ound along he Los Ma inicos s eam 120
in Loma Las Cabi mas hill (Fig. 1a,b). They a e loca ed SE o he ch omi i e deposi s desc ibed 121
by Fa é-de-Pablo e al. (2020), in an a ea ha is pa o he Ce o de Maimón mining 122
concessions (Pe ilya). Al hough o iginally desc ibed by Falconb idge geologis s in he 1970s, 123
hey we e no conside ed o exploi a ion due o hei small onnage. The ch omi i es consis o 124
lensoid o ebodies o a ound 3 m long and 1 m in hickness hos ed by highly se pen inized 125
pe ido i es which a e gene ally shea ed owa ds he con ac wi h he ch omi i e (Fig. 1b). 126
Fu he cha ac e is ics o he Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es will be discussed in de ail in 127
sec ion 4.1. 128
6
3. Ma e ials and me hods 129
Ch omi i e c oss-cu by u a o i ic eins we e collec ed om ou c ops along he Los Ma inicos 130
s eam in Loma Las Cabi mas (Fig. 1). A o al o 12 polished hin sec ions we e s udied by 131
op ical mic oscopy. A Jeol JSM-7100 ield emission scanning elec on mic oscope (FE-SEM) 132
a ailable a he Cen es Cien í ics i Tecnológics de la Uni e si a de Ba celona (CCiTUB, 133
Spain) was used o loca e and iden i y PGM. Majo and mino elemen analyses o ch omi e, 134
u a o i e, chlo i e and PGM we e pe o med a he same ins i u ion using a JEOL JXA-8230 135
elec on mic op obe (EMP) wi h WDS de ec o s. Fo ch omi e, u a o i e, and chlo i e EMP 136
analyses, he accele a ing ol age was 20 kV, wi h a beam cu en o 10-20 nA and a beam 137
diame e o 2 µm. The analyses we e pe o med using na u al and syn he ic s anda ds: diopside 138
(Si), co undum (Al), C 2O3 (C ), pe iclase (Mg), hodoni e (Mn), Fe2O3 (Fe), NiO (Ni), 139
sphale i e (Zn), albi e (Na), luo i e (F), o hoclase (K), diopside (Ca), and u ile (Ti). The 140
chemical da a o ch omi e we e s oichiome ically ecalcula ed in o de o dis inguish FeO om 141
Fe2O3 acco ding o he p ocedu e desc ibed by Ca michael (1967). Rega ding chlo i e, only 142
hose analyses wi h <0.5 w .% o al Na2O+CaO+K2O we e conside ed in o de o a oid mine al 143
mix u es and con amina ion (e.g., Bou delle e al. 2013). All Fe was assumed o be Fe2+, due o 144
he conside a ion ha Fe3+ is only likely o be p esen in e y small amoun s (c . Ca helineau 145
and Nie a 1985; Bou delle e al. 2013). Fo he PGM analyses, he ins umen was ope a ed a 146
15 kV accele a ion ol age, 10 nA cu en beam and wi h a beam diame e o 1 µm. Pu e me al 147
s anda ds we e used o Os, I , Ru, Rh, P , Pd, Co, C , and Ni, as well as chalcopy i e (Cu), 148
py i e (Fe, S), and GaAs (As). 149
Whole- ock PGE bulk composi ion o he ch omi i es was ob ained a Genalysis L d (Pe h, 150
Wes e n Aus alia) using nickel sul ide i e assay collec ion wi h ICP-MS inish, ollowing he 151
me hod desc ibed by Chan and Finch (2001). The de ec ion limi s o each elemen we e 1 ppb 152
o Rh and 2 ppb o Os, I , Ru, P , and Pd. 153
Finally, p edominance O2-pH and ac ion diag ams in he P -Fe-Ni-S-Cl-H2O sys em we e 154
pe o med h ough he modynamic calcula ions using he SPANA so wa e package 155
7
(Puigdomènech 2020). The he modynamic da a and p ope ies a e de ailed in he 156
supplemen a y ma e ial om he Online Resou ce. 157
4. Resul s 158
4.1. Pe og aphy o he ch omi i es
159
The s udied ch omi i es om Loma Las Cabi mas a e hos ed in highly se pen inized and 160
shea ed pe ido i es. They occu as massi e pods which locally exhibi ound silica e clo s 161
esembling an i-nodula ex u e (i.e., González-Jiménez e al. 2014b), al e ed o seconda y 162
mine als displaying whi e o pale g een and pale pu ple colo s, and c oss-cu ing g een eins up 163
o 2 mm wide (Fig. 1c, d). The ch omi e g ains a e euhed al o subhed al wi h size up o 3 mm 164
(Fig. 2 a-c). They exhibi abundan pull-apa ac u es (Fig. 2a), which a e common in 165
ophioli ic ch omi i es as a esul om he de o ma ion o a igid body o ch omi i e enclosed by 166
duc ile se pen ine. The ch omi i e is o en b eccia ed a ound eins ha c oss-cu he pods (Fig. 167
2b). Mos ch omi e g ains exhibi se pen ine and mino edeni e inclusions, up o 80 µm in size, 168
which occu clus e ed o as ails (Fig. 2c). 169
The ac u es c oss-cu ing he ch omi i es a e illed wi h u a o i e and chlo i e, gi ing place o 170
eins up o 2 mm wide (Fig. 2 d-g). Subhed al o euhed al u a o i e g ains show sizes be ween 171
25 and 150 µm. The la ge u a o i e g ains o en con ain anhed al and angula inclusions o 172
ch omi e a hei co e o along concen ic g ow h bands (Fig. 2h, i). Angula agmen s o 173
ch omi e up o 1 mm in size wi h sligh ly co oded ou lines a e equen wi hin he wide eins 174
(Fig. 2 ). Chlo i e lakes occupy in e s i ial space be ween he u a o i e g ains (Fig. 2 , h, j) and 175
also o m he cen al su u e in some eins (Fig. 2d, e). Howe e , chlo i e also ills eins wi hou 176
being spa ially associa ed wi h associa ed wi h u a o i e (Fig. 2k) o ills he space be ween 177
ch omi e g ains (Fig. 2l). In hese cases, agg ega es o an unde e mined oxidized Fe-O phase a e 178
locally obse ed wi hin he chlo i e (Fig. 2k, l). Small i egula PGM agg ega es and sca ce Ni 179
sul ides occu in he ac u es and eins ha c oss-cu he ch omi i e. 180
14
González-Jiménez e al. 2009; Bau ie -Ayma e al. 2019; Jiménez-F anco e al. 2020). The lack 338
o p ima y alloy phases and he p esence o lau i e wi h high Ru concen a ion and limi ed 339
ex en o Os-Ru subs i u ion indica e high empe a u e (~1200 ºC) and ela i ely low S2 340
condi ions (B enan and And ews 2001; Bock a h e al. 2004). Mo eo e , he lack o zoning in 341
indi idual lau i e g ains and he homogeneous composi ion among he lau i e inclusions may 342
indeed e lec li le o no a ia ions o empe a u e and/o S2 du ing he c ys alliza ion o his 343
phase. Once lau i e c ys als we e shielded in ch omi e, he ch omi e en elope p e en ed any 344
exchange o Os wi h he mel o hyd o he mal luids. 345
The euhed al mo phology and homogenous composi ion o lau i e c ys als con as g ea ly wi h 346
he ex e nal and in e nal mic os uc u e and he la ge chemical a ia ions obse ed o Ru-Os-347
Fe-(I )- ich PGM (Fig. 7 c- ). As no ed abo e, Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds p ese e euhed al o 348
subhed al mo phologies and a e pa ially encased in ch omi e g ains while associa ed wi h 349
smalle seconda y u a o i e-ch omian clinochlo e eins. The a omic p opo ions o Ru, Os and 350
I in hese compounds a e e y simila o ha o lau i e included in he ch omi e co es, 351
sugges ing ha hey de i e om p og essi e in si u desul u iza ion o p e-exis ing magma ic 352
lau i e (S ockman and Hla a 1984; Ga u i and Zacca ini 1997; Zacca ini e al. 2005; P oenza e 353
al. 2007; González-Jiménez e al. 2010; G ieco e al. 2020). The p og essi e loss o S is o en 354
coun e balanced by he inco po a ion o Fe, Ni, Cu and/o Mn, which a e supplied by he 355
al e a ion luids (P oenza e al. 2007; Uysal e al. 2009; González-Jiménez e al. 2010). These 356
elemen s may p ecipi a e as oxide/hyd oxides in he po es caused by olume loss in he o iginal 357
sul ide du ing low- empe a u e desul u iza ion, gi ing place o nanoscale in e g ow hs o PGE-358
me al wi h Fe- ich oxide/hyd oxides (Ha o i e al. 2004; Zacca ini e al. 2014; Aiglspe ge e al. 359
2017a; Jiménez-F anco e al. 2020). These p ocesses explain he ela i ely high amoun s o Fe 360
and Ni commonly de ec ed by EMP analysis in he Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds, and he low o als 361
ob ained in he analyses (Table 4). The p og essi e cha ac e o he desul u iza ion p ocess is 362
e idenced by he occu ence o S-deple ed lau i e g ains in he ch omi i e samples, in e p e ed 363
as ep esen a i e o in e media e al e a ion s ages. The Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds in ch omi i es 364

15
a e belie ed o o m a ela i ely low empe a u e (350-500 ºC) and p e e ably in low O2 and 365
S2 en i onmen s (e.g., Zacca ini e al. 2005; González-Jiménez e al. 2010). Reduced 366
condi ions can be achie ed h ough se pen iniza ion (e.g., Bach e al. 2006). 367
In con as , he P -Fe-Ni- ich g ains iden i ied in he samples a e sys ema ically loca ed in he 368
in e s i ial spaces be ween ch omi e g ains and in he la ge ac u es and eins, ully embedded 369
in u a o i e o ch omian clinochlo e. Thei i egula ou e shapes and oguish in e nal s uc u e 370
may sugges ha hey o med ia he accumula ion o nanopa icles di ec ly p ecipi a ed o m 371
he hyd o he mal luid, such as sugges ed by Aiglspe ge e al. (2015, 2017b) du ing 372
la e i iza ion p ocesses. Howe e , addi ional TEM s udies a e necessa y o con i m his 373
hypo hesis. We in e ha du ing he se pen iniza ion o Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es, P and 374
base me als (mainly Fe) om he ch omi i es and hos ocks could ha e been eleased and 375
concen a ed in o he hyd o he mal luids and hen ep ecipi a ed in he ac u es o he 376
ch omi i es. The mino amoun s o P obse ed in Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds (Table 4) lead us o 377
sugges ha he same luids om which he P -Fe-Ni- ich PGM p ecipi a ed we e esponsible 378
o he al e a ion o lau i e and o ma ion o he compounds. The hyd o he mal luids may ha e 379
emobilized no only P bu also I , acco ding o he obse a ion o I nanopa icles illing 380
po osi y o some Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds (Fig. 7d). I is wo h no ing he small-scale 381
emobiliza ion o P and o he base me als (e.g., Fe) by hyd o he mal luids ela ed o egional 382
me amo phism epo ed in many ul ama ic complexes and ch omi i es (e.g., Thalhamme e al. 383
1990; P icha d e al. 1994; Ga u i and Zacca ini 1997; P oenza e al. 2007; P icha d e al. 2008). 384
5.4. Hyd o he mal P mine aliza ion
385
As no ed abo e, P -Fe-Ni- ich g ains a e he mos abundan PGM ype in he hyd o he mal 386
u a o i e–ch omian clinchlo i e eins c oss-cu ing he ch omi i es. This seems o be consis en 387
wi h expe imen al s udies showing ha P in hyd o he mal luids is mo e soluble and can be 388
mo e easily anspo ed han o he PGE (Keays e al. 1981; Seccombe e al. 1981; Leshe and 389
Keays 1984). Acco ding o se e al s udies, P anspo unde hyd o he mal condi ions is mos ly 390
in he o m o chlo ide and bisul ide complexes (Wood e al. 1989, 1992; Gammons e al. 1992; 391
16
Pan and Wood 1994; Ba nes and Liu 2012). Hyd oxyl species may also con ibu e o P 392
mobili y in ce ain su icial en i onmen s (e.g., Wood e al. 1989; Pan and Wood 1994), bu his 393
mechanism is conside ed less signi ican in mos geological se ings. Chlo ide complexa ion is 394
capable o anspo ing P unde unusually acidic and oxidizing condi ions (e.g., Moun ain and 395
Wood 1988; Wood e al. 1992; Ba nes and Liu 2012; Obe hü e al. 2018), e en hough some 396
au ho s conside ha a magma ic empe a u es (>400 ºC) chlo ide complexes could become 397
mo e impo an o P solubili y and anspo a a wide ange o condi ions (Moun ain and 398
Wood 1988; Pan and Wood 1994). On he o he hand, unde neu al, mode a ely o s ongly 399
educed condi ions, he bisul ide ion (HS-) is po en ially he s onges ligand o P anspo in 400
low empe a u e hyd o he mal sys ems (e.g., Moun ain and Wood 1988; Gammons e al. 1992). 401
This would be mo e consis en wi h se pen iniza ion o ophioli ic ch omi i es, a p ocess which 402
s a s a 300–400 ºC empe a u e and low O2 and S2 associa ed wi h al e ing hyd o he mal 403
luids which ul ima ely p ecipi a e u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e in he s udied samples. 404
Acco ding o he a o emen ioned s udies, P solubili y in low empe a u e hyd o he mal sys ems 405
is highly sensi i e o changes in luid empe a u e, pH, oxygen ugaci y ( O2), and he 406
concen a ion o ligands. In o de o unde s and he in luence o hese pa ame e s on P mobili y 407
and deposi ion du ing hyd o he mal al e a ion in ch omi i es, he modynamic diag ams we e 408
pe o med. P edominance diag ams (log O2 s. pH; Fig. 12) show he s abili y ields o he 409
dominan P , Fe, and Ni aqueous species and mine als du ing se pen iniza ion, and ac ion 410
diag ams (Fig. 13) show he changes in he dis ibu ion o P , Fe, and Ni be ween aqueous 411
species and solid phases as a unc ion o S, Ni, and Fe o al concen a ions ([S] , [Ni] , and [Fe] , 412
espec i ely). The he modynamic calcula ions we e pe o med a 300 ºC and 200 ºC, which 413
co espond o he empe a u e ange cons ained o u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e 414
c ys alliza ion. Since se pen iniza ion is in e ed o p omo e e y educing en i onmen s and 415
neu al o sligh ly acidic condi ions (Bach e al. 2006; F os e al. 2013), he log O2 alues used 416
o he calcula ions a e be ween -10 and -55 and ex eme pH alues we e no conside ed. The 417
17
o al sul u concen a ion used ([S] ) e lec s he e y low sul u ac i i y associa ed wi h 418
se pen iniza ion, and he chlo ide concen a ion co esponds o he salini y o sea wa e . 419
Unde hese condi ions, he chlo ide complexes a e no ele an o he mobiliza ion o P , 420
which o ms aqueous HS- complexes [P (HS)+, P (HS)2(aq)] unde educing condi ions (sul a e 421
uns able) a 300 ºC (Fig. 12a). Wi h dec easing empe a u e, edox condi ions and he s abili y 422
o na i e P a oxidizing condi ions (sul a e s able) expands o lowe O2 alues (Fig. 12d). A 423
educing condi ions, P is s able as na i e elemen only a e y low O2 (<50 a m a pH = 7; Fig. 424
12 a, d) and S concen a ion in he hyd o he mal luid (Fig. 13a), implying ha P is mo e easily 425
mobilized as aqueous HS- complexes a highe S concen a ions (Fig. 13a). Highe S 426
concen a ions can be achie ed by he desul u iza ion o magma ic sul ides in he ch omi i es. 427
Howe e , Ni and Fe also compe e o he S in he sys em, being Ni he s onges compe i o as i 428
can o m Ni sul ides a lowe [S] han P and Fe sul ides (Fig. 13b). Fo his eason, P is mo e 429
likely o be soluble a lowe Ni concen a ions (Fig. 13d), when he compe i ion o S is less 430
s ong, whe eas he concen a ion o Fe does no show such ema kable in luence on P 431
solubili y (Fig. 13e). 432
In ou case s udy, he p esence o alloys con aining Fe and Ni coexis ing wi h desul u ized 433
lau i e g ains concu wi h he e y low oxygen ugaci y condi ions associa ed wi h 434
se pen iniza ion (F os 1985; F os and Bea d 2007). Acco ding o ou he modynamic 435
diag ams, na i e Fe, Ni, and e en P can o m om S-poo hyd o he mal luids a 300 ºC and 436
low O2 (Fig. 12 a-c). Howe e , a lowe empe a u e (200 ºC) and unde he same O2 and pH 437
condi ions, Ni sul ides would p ecipi a e and emo e S om he hyd o he mal luid (Fig. 12e 438
and 13b). The o e all low S concen a ion plus i s d op du ing Ni sul ide c ys alliza ion u he 439
p omo es p ecipi a ion o P as na i e elemen (Fig. 13a) and he s abiliza ion o Fe as magne i e 440
(Fig. 13c), explaining he p esence o Fe-oxides (Fig. 2k, l) associa ed wi h ch omian 441
clinochlo e, which c ys allized a lowe empe a u e han u a o i e (Fig. 10). The e o e, he 442
na i e elemen s could ha e p ecipi a ed in his ange o empe a u e as nanopa icles and 443
ul ima ely o m nugge -like g ains h ough p ocesses simila o he o ma ion o mesoc ys als 444
18
(i.e., c ys alline ma e ials composed o accumula ed nanoc ys als in c ys allog aphic egis e 445
and o de o e a mac oscopic size egime ha o med h ough non-classical pa icle media ed 446
c ys alliza ion; S u m and Cöl en 2016). Mesoc ys als c ys alliza ion is media ed by 447
nanopa icles a he han single a oms, ions o molecules in he classical c ys alliza ion 448
pa hways (Niede be ge and Cöl en 2006; De Yo eo e al. 2015), and can gi e place o po osi y 449
be ween he nanoc ys als, simila o he ex u es obse ed o he P -bea ing g ains in 450
ch omi i es om Loma Las Cabi mas. The P -Fe-Ni- ich g ains om he samples a e clea ly 451
he e ogeneous, wi h P , Fe, and Ni pa icles making up di e en pa s o he g ain (Fig. 9). This 452
could e lec he accumula i e cha ac e o he g ains du ing hei o ma ion. Acco ding o 453
s udies on mesoc ys als, he accumula ion and alignmen o he nanopa icles can ake place 454
h ough di e en mechanisms which imply physical and chemical o ces and p ope ies (S u m 455
and Cöl en 2016). 456
6. Conclusions 457
Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es display chemical signa u es ypical o ophioli ic ch omi i es bu 458
yield highe PGE o al con en . The PGE- ich cha ac e is e lec ed by he abundan PGM 459
inclusions ound in he ch omi i es. The p ima y magma ic PGE mine alogy in he samples 460
consis s mainly o euhed al lau i e g ains wi hin ch omi e. Pos -magma ic PGM in he 461
ch omi i es include euhed al o subhed al Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds, pa ially shielded by 462
ch omi e, o med by in si u al e a ion o lau i e; also, anhed al P -Fe-Ni- ich g ains loca ed in 463
he ac u es and eins illed wi h u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e p ecipi a ed oge he wi h 464
hese mine als di ec ly om hyd o he mal luids. U a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e 465
c ys allized in he ac u es o ch omi i e du ing se pen iniza ion p ocesses o e a empe a u e 466
ange o 350–150 ºC. 467
Du ing he se pen iniza ion o he ch omi i es, S-poo educing hyd o he mal luids in il a ed 468
h ough ac u es in he ch omi i es and caused he in-si u desul u iza ion o he p ima y lau i e 469
g ains, wi h he consequen o ma ion o he Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds. These same luids 470
19
anspo ed C and Ca om he des abiliza ion o ch omi e and clinopy oxene/o hopy oxene, 471
espec i ely, and p ecipi a ed u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e in he ac u es. The educed 472
condi ions du ing se pen iniza ion p ocess allowed he emobiliza ion o P and base me als (Fe, 473
Ni) by he hyd o he mal luids. The P was mobilized as bisul ide complexes and ul ima ely 474
p ecipi a ed as na i e P which, oge he wi h Fe and Ni, ga e place o he P -Fe-Ni- ich g ains, 475
o med simila ly o mesoc ys als, in he same ac u es as u a o i e and ch omian clinochlo e. 476
This p ocess allowed he e inemen o P as newly o med hyd o he mal PGE mine als. 477
Acknowledgemen s 478
Funding o his esea ch was p o ided by he Fondo Eu opeo de Desa ollo Regional 479
(FEDER) Funds, he Spanish p ojec s CGL2015-65824 g an ed by he Spanish Minis e io de 480
Economía y Compe i i idad (MINECO) and he PID2019-105625RB-C21 g an ed by he 481
Spanish Minis e io de Ciencia e Inno ación (MICINN) o JAP, and RTI2018-099157-A-I00, 482
also om he MICINN o JMGJ. Addi ional unding was ob ained om he Ramón y Cajal 483
Fellowship RYC-2015-17596 o JMGJ, and he FPI Ph.D. g an BES-2016-076887 o JFdP 484
sponso ed by MINECO. Addi ional suppo was p o ided by he Uni e si y o Ba celona and 485
Uni e si y o G anada, Spain. We also hank D Àngels Canals o he help in he de elopmen 486
o his esea ch. The help and hospi ali y ex ended by he s a o he Ce o de Maimón mine 487
(Pe ilya-CORMIDOM) du ing sampling a e also g a e ully acknowledged, wi h special 488
e e ence o Ce e o Cha ez. 489
Figu e cap ions 490
Fig. 1 (a) Schema ic geological map om he cen al pa o he Loma Ca ibe Pe ido i e wi h 491
he loca ion o he Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i e ou c op ma ked by a whi e s a (modi ied 492
om Gómez e al. 1999a,b); (b) Schema ic geological ske ch o he ch omi i e ou c ops loca ed 493
along he Los Ma inicos S eam in Loma Las Cabi mas; (c) and (d) Rep esen a i e ch omi i e 494
samples wi h u a o i ic eins ob ained sampled a he Los Ma inicos S eam in Loma Las 495
Cabi mas 496

20
Fig. 2 Tex u al de ails o he s udied ch omi i es and hei u a o i e and chlo i e eins. (a) 497
Unal e ed massi e ch omi i e showing iple poin ex u e and pull-apa ac u es ( e lec ed 498
ligh ). (b) B eccia ed ex u e o massi e ch omi i e owa ds he eins ha c oss-cu he samples 499
( e lec ed ligh ). (c) Silica e inclusions wi hin he ch omi e g ains ( e lec ed ligh ). (d) U a o i e 500
ein c oss-cu ing ch omi i e wi h chlo i e a he cen al pa ( ansmi ed ligh ). (e) U a o i e 501
ein c oss-cu ing ch omi i e wi h chlo i e a he cen al pa and eins and ac u es de i ed 502
om he main ein (backsca e ed elec on image). ( ) U a o i ic ein wi h la ge, angula 503
ch omi e agmen s ( ansmi ed ligh ). (g) U a o i ic ein wi h la ge u a o i e c ys als 504
con aining ch omi e inclusions ( ansmi ed ligh ). (h) U a o i e c ys als wi h anhed al ch omi e 505
inclusions and in e s i ial chlo i e (backsca e ed elec on image). (i) U a o i e c ys al wi h 506
la ge ch omi e inclusions a i s co e and smalle unde e mined inclusions along i s g owing 507
bands ( ansmi ed ligh ). (j) Vein wi h u a o i e g ains g owing a he ims o ch omi e and 508
chlo i e illing he in e s i ial space (backsca e ed elec on image). (k) Chlo i e ein wi h Fe-O 509
mine al phase a he cen al pa (backsca e ed elec on image). (l) Chlo i e illing he 510
in e s i ial space be ween ch omi e g ains wi h Fe-O mine al phase a he cen al pa s 511
(backsca e ed elec on image). Ch = ch omi e; U = u a o i e; Chl = chlo i e; PGM = 512
pla inum-g oup mine al 513
Fig. 3 Composi ion o p ima y ch omi e om Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i e compa ed o 514
ch omian spinel om a ious ec onic se ings and om o he ch omi i e occu ences along he 515
Loma Ca ibe Pe ido i e in e ms o (a) C # [C /(C + Al), a omic a io] s. Mg# [Mg/(Mg + 516
Fe2+), a omic a io], and (b) Al2O3 s. C 2O3 (w . %). Da a o ch omian spinel o di e en 517
ec onic se ings a e compiled om Bona ia e al. (1993), Kamene sky e al. (2001), P oenza e 518
al. (2007) and González-Jiménez e al. (2015). Da a om o he ch omi i e occu ences in Loma 519
Ca ibe Pe ido i e om Fa é-de-Pablo e al. (2020) 520
Fig. 4 Composi ion o he u a o i e om Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es in e ms o mol.% 521
u a o i e (U ) – and adi e (Ad ) – g ossula (G s) end-membe s o he solid solu ion compa ed 522
21
o li e a u e da a compiled om P oenza e al. (1999), Ghosh and Mo ishi a (2011), and 523
Kapsio is e al. (2017), in pu ple 524
Fig. 5 Bi a ia e diag ams showing ca ion ela ions o chlo i e om he eins and in e s i ial 525
spaces o Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es 526
Fig. 6 C1-no malized (Nald e and Duke 1980) pa e n o Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i e and 527
compa ison wi h o he ch omi i es om Loma Ca ibe Pe ido i e (Dominican Republic) and 528
sup a-subduc ion zone (SSZ) podi o m ophioli ic ch omi i es wo ldwide 529
Fig. 7 Backsca e ed elec on images showing ex u al de ails o he pla inum-g oup mine al 530
(PGM) inclusions in Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es. (a) Lau i e g ain wi hin unal e ed 531
ch omi e. (b) Composi e inclusion wi hin unal e ed ch omi e consis ing o lau i e, py oxene and 532
an I mine al phase. (c) Ru-Os compound associa ed wi h a u a o i e ein. (d) Ru-Os 533
compound associa ed wi h a u a o i e ein wi h I nanopa icles on i s su ace and a ound. (e) 534
Ru-Os compound exhibi ing po ous su ace and associa ed wi h an anhed al phase consis ing o 535
Ru, Os and I . ( ) De ail o (e) (squa e). (g) P -Fe-bea ing g ain in a chlo i e illed ein. (h) P -536
Fe-bea ing g ain in a u a o i e illed ein. (i) P -Fe-bea ing PGM agg ega es in a chlo i e illed 537
ein. (j, k) De ails om one o he P -Fe-bea ing agg ega es om (i). (l) De ail om he P -Fe-538
bea ing agg ega e om (k). Ch = ch omi e; Px = py oxene 539
Fig. 8 Classi ica ion o he di e en ypes o pla inum-g oup mine als (PGM) ound in Loma 540
Las Cabi mas ch omi i es: (a) Os – Ru – I and (b) Fe+Ni+Cu – S+As – Ru+Os+I e na y 541
diag ams o lau i e and Ru-Os-Fe-(I ) compounds, and (c) Os+I +Ru – P +(Rh+Pd) – Fe+Ni 542
and (d) P – Fe – Ni e na y diag ams o he P -Fe-Ni- ich PGM. Te na y diag am (d) modi ied 543
a e Aiglspe ge e al. (2017b) 544
Fig. 9 Elemen dis ibu ion maps o a P -Fe- ich PGM g ain su ounded by ch omian 545
clinochlo e (Chl) be ween ch omi e (Ch ) g ains 546
22
Fig. 10 T iangula u a o i e (U ) – and adi e (Ad ) – g ossula (G s) diag am showing he 547
empe a u e-composi ion ela ions o he sol us in he pa ial solid solu ion calcula ed by 548
Ganguly (1976). A e Melche e al. (1997) 549
Fig. 11 Tempe a u es ob ained om chlo i e composi ion using empi ical geo he mome e s 550
om: [T1] Ca helineau and Nie a (1985), equa ion based on he AlIV occupancy; [T2] 551
Ca helineau and Nie a (1985), equa ion based on he oc ahed al acancy; [T3] K anidio is and 552
MacLean (1987); [T4] Ca helineau (1988); and [T5] Zand and Fy e (1995). The lines in each se 553
ma k he wo ex eme empe a u e alues, and he box ep esen s 50% o he cen al calcula ed 554
empe a u e alues, wi hou he highes 25% alues and he lowes 25% alues. The e ical 555
lines wi hin he boxes indica e a e age alues. The speci ic o mulas used o each 556
geo he mome e a e gi en in he Online Resou ce 557
Fig. 12 P edominance diag ams a 300 ºC (a, b, c) and 200 ºC (d, e, ) o P (a, d), Fe (b, e), and 558
Ni (c, ) in he P -Fe-Ni-S-Cl-H2O sys em, assuming a [Cl] = 0.6 M, [S] = 10-3 M, [Ni] = 10-4 559
M, [Fe] = 10-3 M, [P ] = 10-9 M. The aqueous species and solid phases used o he 560
he modynamic calcula ions a e indica ed in he Online Resou ce. The solid lines show he 561
bounda ies be ween he aqueous species (aq) (blue) and solid phases (s) (ligh b own), and he 562
ed dashed lines show he bounda ies o he sul u aqueous species as labeled 563
Fig. 13 F ac ion diag ams indica ing he dis ibu ion o solid phases and aqueous species o P , 564
Ni, and Fe in a educed hyd o he mal luid (log O2 = -45) a neu al condi ions (pH = 7) and 565
200 ºC. (a) P , (b) Ni, and (c) Fe solid phases and aqueous species as a unc ion o log[S] ; (d) P 566
solid phases and aqueous species as a unc ion o log[Ni] , and (e) P solid phases and aqueous 567
species as a unc ion o log[Fe] . All he diag ams we e pe o med allowing he p ecipi a ion o 568
he ollowing solid phases: P (s), P S, P S2, Fe(s), Fe(1-x)S (py ho i e), FeS2 (py i e), Fe3O4 569
(magne i e), Fe2O3 (hema i e), FeOOH (goe hi e), Ni(s), NiS, Ni3S2, NiS2, NiO, and Ni(OH), 570
assuming [Cl] = 0.6 M, [P ] = 10-9 M, and [Ni] = 10-4 M, [S] = 10-3 M and [Fe] = 10-3 M, when 571
no a ied 572
23
Re e ences 573
Ahmed A, A ai S (2002) Unexpec edly high-PGE ch omi i e om he deepe man le sec ion o 574
he no he n Oman ophioli e and i s ec onic implica ions. Con ibu ions o Mine alogy and 575
Pe ology 143:263–278. 576
Aiglspe ge T, P oenza JA, Zacca ini F, Lewis JF, Ga u i G, Lab ado M, Longo F (2015) 577
Pla inum-g oup mine als (PGM) in he Falcondo Ni-la e i e deposi , Loma Ca ibe pe ido i e 578
(Dominican Republic). Mine allium Deposi a 50:105-123. 579
Aiglspe ge T, P oenza JA, Galí S, Rius J, Longo F, Domènech C (2017a) The supe gene o igin 580
o u henian hexa e um in Ni-la e i es. Te a No a 29:106–116. 581
Aiglspe ge T, P oenza JA, Fon -Badia M, Bau ie -Ayma S, Galí S, Lewis JF, Longo F 582
(2017b) Supe gene neo o ma ion o P -I -Fe-Ni alloys: mul is age g ains explain nugge 583
o ma ion in Ni-la e i es. Mine alium Deposi a 52:1069–1083. 584
Amossé J, Dable P, Allibe M (2000) The mochemical beha io o P , I , Rh and Ru s. O2 585
and S2 in a basal ic mel . Implica ions o he di e en ia ion and p ecipi a ion o hese 586
elemen s. Mine al Pe ol 68:9–62. 587
A ai S, P icha d HM, Ma sumo o I, Fishe PC (1999) Pla inum-g oup mine als in podi o m 588
ch omi i e om he Kamuiko an Zone, Hokkaido, No he n Japan. Resou ce Geology 49:39-47. 589
Bach W, Paulick H, Ga ido CJ, Ilde onse B, Meu e WP, Humph is SE (2006) Un a eling he 590
sequence o se pen iniza ion eac ions: pe og aphy, mine al chemis y, and pe ophysics o 591
se pen ini es om MAR 15 N (ODP Leg 209, Si e 1274). Geophys Res Le 33:L13306. 592
Badanina IY, Mali ch KN, Lo d RA, Belouso a E, Meisel TC (2016) Closed-sys em beha io 593
o he Re-Os iso ope sys em eco ded in p ima y and seconda y pla inum-g oup mine al 594
assemblages: E idence om a man le ch omi i e a Ha old’s G a e (She land Ophioli e 595
Complex, Sco land). O e Geology Re iews 75:174–185. 596
30
Lewis JF, D ape G (1990) Geological and ec onic e olu ion o he no he n Ca ibbean ma gin. 742
In: Dengo D, Case JE (eds) Decade o No h Ame ican Geology, ol. H, The Ca ibbean. 743
Geological Socie y o Ame ica, Boulde , Colo ado, pp 77-140. 744
Lewis JF, D ape G, P oenza JA, Espailla J, Jiménez J (2006) Ophioli e- ela ed ul ama ic 745
ocks (se pen ini es) in he Ca ibbean egion: a e iew o hei occu ence, composi ion, o igin, 746
emplacemen and Ni-la e i e soil o ma ion. Geologica Ac a 4:237–263. 747
Mali ch KN, Auge T, Badanina IY, Goncha o MM, Junk SA, Pe nicka E (2002) Os- ich 748
nugge s om Au-PGE place s o he Maimecha-Ko ui P o ince, Russia: a mul i-disciplina y 749
s udy. Mine alogy and Pe ology 76:121–148. 750
Mann P, D ape G, Lewis JF (1991) An o e iew o he geologic and ec onic de elopmen o 751
Hispaniola. In: Mann P, D ape G, Lewis JF (eds) Geologic and ec onic de elopmen o he 752
No h Ame ica – Ca ibbean pla e bounda y in Hispaniola. Boulde , Colo ado, Geological 753
Socie y o Ame ica Special Pape 262. 754
Ma chesi C, Ga ido CJ, P oenza JA, Hidas K, Va as-Reus MI, Bu josa L, Lewis JF (2016) 755
Geochemical eco d o subduc ion ini ia ion in he sub-a c man le: Insigh s om he Loma 756
Ca ibe pe ido i e (Dominican Republic). Li hos 252-253:1–15. 757
Ma in AJ (2009) Sub-millime e he e ogenei y o y ium and ch omium du ing g ow h o 758
semi-peli ic ga ne . Jou nal o Pe ology 50:1713–1727. 759
Melche F, G um W, Simon G, Thalhamme TV, S ump l EF (1997) Pe ogenesis o he 760
ophioli ic gian ch omi e deposi s o Kempi sai, Kazakhs an: a s udy o solid and luid 761
inclusions in ch omi e. Jou nal o Pe ology 38:1419–1458. 762
Miu a M, A ai S, Ahmed AH, Mizukami M, Okuno M, Yamamo o S (2012) Podi o m 763
ch omi i e classi ica ion e isi ed: a compa ison o disco dan and conco dan ch omi i e pods 764
om Wadi Hil i, no he n Oman ophioli e. Jou nal o Asian Ea h Science 59:52–61. 765

31
Moun ain BW, Wood SA (1988) Chemical con ols on he solubili y, anspo and deposi ion 766
o pla inum and palladium in hyd o he mal solu ions: a he modynamic app oach. Econ Geol 767
83:492-511 768
Nald e AJ, Duke JM (1980) P me als in magma ic sulphide o es. Sciences 208:1417–1424. 769
Niede be ge M, Cöl en H (2006) O ien ed a achmen and mesoc ys als: Non-classical 770
c ys alliza ion mechanisms based on nanopa icle assembly. Phys Chem Chem Phys 8:3271–771
3287 772
Obe hü T, Melche F, Fusswinkel T, an de Ke kho AM, Sosa GM (2018) The hyd o he mal 773
Wa e be g pla inum deposi , Mookgophong (Naboomsp ui ), Sou h A ica. Pa 1: 774
Geochemis y and o e mine alogy. Mine alogical magazine 82:725–749. 775
Pan P, Wood SA (1994) Solubili y o P and Pd sulphides and Au me al in aqueous bisulphide 776
solu ions. Mine alium Deposi a 29:373-390 777
Pindell JL, Kennan L (2009) Tec onic e olu ion o he Gul o Mexico, Ca ibbean and no he n 778
Sou h Ame ica in he man le e e ence ame: an upda e. Geological Socie y London Special 779
Publica ions 328:1–55. 780
Polo ina JS, Hudson DM, Jones RE (2004) Pe og aphic and geochemical cha ac e is ics o 781
pos magma ic hyd o he mal al e a ion and mine aliza ion in he J–M Ree , S illwa e Complex, 782
Mon ana. Canadian Mine alogis 42:261–277. 783
P icha d HM, Ixe RA, Lo d RA, Mayna d J, Williams N (1994) Assemblages o pla inum-784
g oup mine als and sul ides in silica e li hologies and ch omi e- ich ocks wi hin he She land 785
ophioli e. Canadian Mine alogis 32:271-294. 786
P icha d HM, Nea y CR, Fishe PC, O’Ha a MJ (2008) PGE- ich podi o m ch omi i es in he 787
Al ‘Ays Ophioli e Complex, Saudi A abia: an example o c i ical man le mel ing o ex ac and 788
concen a e PGE. Economic Geology 103:1507–1529. 789
32
P oenza JA, Sole J, Melga ejo JC (1999) U a o i e in podi o m ch omi i e: he Moa-Ba acoa 790
ophioli ic massi , Cuba. Canadian Mine alogis 37:679-690. 791
P oenza JA, Zacca ini F, Lewis JF, Longo F, Ga u i G (2007) Ch omian spinel composi ion and 792
he pla inum-g oup mine als o he PGE- ich Loma Pegue a ch omi i es, Loma Ca ibe 793
pe ido i e, Dominican Republic. Canadian Mine alogis 45:631–648. 794
P oenza JA, Zacca ini F, Escayola M, Cábana C, Schalamuk A, Ga u i G (2008) Composi ion 795
and ex u es o ch omi e and pla inum-g oup mine als in ch omi i es o he wes e n ophioli ic 796
bel om Pampean Ranges o Có doba, A gen ina. O e Geology Re iews 33:32–48. 797
Puigdomènech I (2020) SPANA, o me ly MEDUSA (Make Equilib ium Diag ams Using 798
Sophis ica ed Algo i hms), Windows in e ace o he MS-DOS e sions o INPUT, SED and 799
PREDOM (FORTRAN p og ams d awing chemical equilib ium diag ams) Ve sion 11 Dec 800
2020. Royal Ins i u e o Technology, S ockholm, Sweden. Re ie ed om 801
h ps://si es.google.com/si e/chemdiag /download 802
Seccombe PK, G o es DI, Ma s on RJ, Ba e FM (1981) Sul ide pa agenesis and sul u 803
mobili y in Fe-Ni-Cu sul ide o es a Lunnon and Juan Main shoo s, Kambalda: Tex u al and 804
sul u iso opic e idence. Econ Geol 76:1675-1685. 805
Sin on CW, Duncan RA, S o ey M, Lewis J, Es ada JJ (1998) An oceanic lood basal p o ince 806
wi hin he Ca ibbean pla e. Ea h and Plane a y Science Le e s 155:221–235. 807
S ockman HW, Hla a PF (1984) Pla inum-g oup mine als in Alpine ch omi i es om 808
sou hwes e n O egon. Economic Geology 79:491–508 809
S u m E, Cöl en H (2016) Mesoc ys als: s uc u al and mo phogene ic aspec s. Chem Soc Re 810
45:5821–5833 811
Thalhamme OAR, P ochaska W, Mühlhans HW (1990) Solid inclusions in ch ome-spinels and 812
pla inum-g oup elemen concen a ions om he Hochg össen and K auba h Ul ama ic Massi s 813
(Aus ia). Con ibu ions o Mine alogy and Pe ology 105:66–80. 814
33
To ó L, P oenza JA, Fa é-de-Pablo J, Colome JM, Ga cia-Casco A, Melga ejo JC, Al onso P, 815
Gube n A, Galla do E, Cazañas X, Chá ez C, del Ca pio R, León P, Espailla J, Lewis JF 816
(2016) Mine alogy, geochemis y and sul u iso ope cha ac e iza ion o Ce o de Maimón 817
(Dominican Republic), San Fe nando and An onio (Cuba) Lowe C e aceous VMS deposi s: 818
o ma ion du ing subduc ion ini ia ion o he P o o-Ca ibbean li hosphe e wi hin a o e-a c. O e 819
Geology Re iews 72:794–817. 820
To ó L, P oenza JA, Ma chesi C, Ga cia-Casco A, Lewis JF (2017) Pe ogenesis o me a-821
olcanic ocks om he Maimón Fo ma ion (Dominican Republic): Geochemical eco d o he 822
nascen G ea e An illes paleo-a c. Li hos 278–281:255–273. 823
To ó L, P oenza JA, Rojas-Ag amon e Y, Ga cia-Casco A, Yang JH, Yang YH (2018) 824
Recycling in he subduc ion ac o y: A chaean o Pe mian zi cons in he oceanic C e aceous 825
Ca ibbean island-a c (Hispaniola). Gondwana Resea ch 54:23–37. 826
Tsoupas G, Economou-Eliopoulos M (2008) High PGE con en s and ex emely abundan PGE-827
mine als hos ed in ch omi i es om he Ve ia ophioli e complex, no he n G eece. O e Geology 828
Re iews 33:3–19. 829
Uysal I, Zacca ini F, Sadikla M. Be nha d HJ, Bigi S, Ga u i G (2009) Occu ence o a e Ru–830
Fe–Os–I -oxide and associa ed pla inum-g oup mine als (PGM) in he ch omi i e o Mugla 831
ophioli e SW-Tu key. Neues Jah buch Mine al. 185:323–333. 832
Villano a-de-Bena en C, P oenza J, Galí S, Ga cia-Casco A, Taule E, Lewis JF, Longo F 833
(2014) Ga nie i es and ga nie i es: ex u es, mine alogy and geochemis y o ga nie i es in he 834
Falcondo Ni-la e i e deposi , Dominican Republic. O e Geology Re iews 58:91–109. 835
Wood SA, Moun ain BW, Fenlon BJ (1989) The modynamic cons ain s on he solubili y o 836
pla inum and palladium in hyd o he mal solu ions: eassessmen o hyd oxide, bisulphide, and 837
ammonia complexing. Economic Geology 84:2020-2028. 838
34
Wood SA, Moun ain BW, Pan P (1992) The aqueous geochemis y o pla inum, palladium and 839
gold: ecen expe imen al cons ain s and e-e alua ion o heo e ical p edic ions. Canadian 840
Mine alogis 30:955-982 841
Zacca ini F, P oenza JA, O ega-Gu ie ez F, Ga u i G (2005) Pla inum-g oup mine als in 842
ophioli ic ch omi i es om Tehui zingo (Aca lán complex, sou he n Mexico): implica ions o 843
me amo phic modi ica ion. Mine alogy and Pe ology 84:147-168. 844
Zacca ini F, Bindi L, Ga u i G, P oenza JA (2014) Ru henium and magne i e in e g ow hs om 845
he Loma Pegue a ch omi i e, Dominican Republic, and ele ance o he deba e o e he 846
exis ence o pla inum-g oup elemen oxides and hyd oxides. Canadian Mine alogis 52:617–847
624. 848
Zang W, Fy eWS (1995) Chlo i iza ion o he hyd o he mally al e ed bed ock a he Iga apé 849
Bahia gold deposi , Ca ajás, B azil. Mine allium Deposi a 30:30–38. 850
Zhou MF, Robinson P, Bai WJ (1994) Fo ma ion o podi o m ch omi i es by mel / ock 851
in e ac ion in he uppe man le. Mine alium Deposi a 29:98–101. 852
Table 1. Rep esen a i e elec on p obe analyses o ch omi e g ains om Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es (en i e se o da a a ailable in Online Resou ce 2).
Ch omi i e
2-2
Ch omi i e
2-4
Ch omi i e
2-10
Ch omi i e
2-11
Ch omi i e
2-14
Ch omi i e
2-18
Ch omi i e
2-23
Ch omi i e
2-25
RD17-
19A-11-3
RD17-
19A-11-6
RD17-
19A-11-8
RD17-
19A-11-11
RD17-
19A-11-16
RD17-
19A-11-19
massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e
SiO2 w %
0.01
0.02
b.d.l.
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.01
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.03
TiO2
0.25
0.24
0.17
0.19
0.12
0.22
0.24
0.09
0.14
0.18
0.16
0.22
0.17
0.17
Al2O3
9.30
9.11
9.16
9.21
9.18
9.28
9.17
9.13
8.99
8.84
9.52
8.72
8.85
8.72
C 2O3
59.86
59.57
59.79
59.76
59.82
59.81
60.10
60.01
61.02
61.41
61.60
61.84
61.38
61.64
FeO
12.06
11.09
11.43
11.14
11.14
11.04
11.83
11.40
12.76
13.34
13.09
13.46
13.67
13.30
Fe2O3
3.74
4.97
4.42
4.75
4.67
4.52
4.01
4.35
3.27
2.63
2.38
2.78
2.86
2.95
MnO
0.32
0.36
0.30
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.33
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.15
0.13
MgO
13.72
14.39
14.10
14.33
14.21
14.37
13.88
14.03
13.29
12.96
13.32
13.03
12.77
13.02
NiO
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.27
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.15
0.12
0.13
0.16
0.18
ZnO
0.09
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.11
0.07
0.12
0.07
0.18
0.03
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
To al
99.47
99.94
99.57
100.00
99.80
99.93
99.85
99.61
99.93
99.70
100.43
100.42
100.16
100.26
Ti ap u
1.54
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.57
1.59
1.57
1.59
1.58
1.59
Al
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
C
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.34
0.34
0.36
0.33
0.34
0.33
Fe
2+
0.33
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.32
0.31
0.35
0.36
0.35
0.37
0.37
0.36
Fe
3+
0.09
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mg
0.66
0.69
0.68
0.69
0.68
0.69
0.67
0.68
0.64
0.63
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.63
Ni
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Zn
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C #
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.81
0.83
0.82
0.83
Mg#
0.67
0.70
0.69
0.70
0.69
0.70
0.68
0.69
0.65
0.63
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.64
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Table 1

Table 1. (con inua ion)
RD17-
19A-11-22
RD17-
19A-14-1
LCu17-1B-
13-2
LCu17-1B-
13-4
LCu17-1B-
13-5
LCu17-1B-
19-16
LCu17-1B-
19-10
LCu17-1B-
19-11
LCu17-1B-
19-12
LCu17-1B-
19-6
LCu17-1B-
19-18
LCu17-1B-
19-4
LCu17-1B-
19-7
massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e massi e
agmen
ein
agmen
ein
agmen
ein
agmen
ein
inclusion
U
inclusion
U
inclusion
U
SiO2 w %
0.02
0.01
b.d.l.
0.05
b.d.l.
0.02
b.d.l.
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.05
TiO2
0.09
0.20
0.19
0.15
0.14
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.13
0.20
0.13
0.20
0.16
Al2O3
8.71
9.02
8.83
8.45
8.58
8.76
8.71
8.72
8.63
8.47
8.80
8.36
9.08
C 2O3
61.97
61.44
62.31
61.89
62.01
61.24
61.56
62.04
61.71
61.24
61.35
60.89
60.81
FeO
13.81
13.18
13.39
13.14
13.09
13.71
14.09
14.30
13.73
13.30
12.59
12.95
12.44
Fe2O3
2.56
2.88
2.05
2.58
2.74
1.68
1.65
1.44
2.20
2.50
2.37
2.92
2.64
MnO
0.14
0.15
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.16
0.10
0.16
0.09
0.11
0.09
0.11
MgO
12.68
13.15
13.03
12.97
13.13
12.50
12.29
12.31
12.58
12.74
13.17
12.89
13.33
NiO
0.18
0.19
0.15
0.19
0.18
0.13
0.14
0.09
0.12
0.25
0.28
0.29
0.22
ZnO
0.04
0.12
0.09
0.10
0.07
0.09
0.13
0.14
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.11
To al
100.20
100.34
100.16
99.63
100.05
98.49
98.96
99.43
99.34
98.88
98.90
98.71
98.95
Ti ap u
1.60
1.58
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.59
1.58
Al
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
C
0.33
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.33
0.35
Fe
2+
0.38
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.35
0.36
0.34
Fe
3+
0.06
0.07
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
Mn
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mg
0.62
0.64
0.63
0.63
0.64
0.62
0.61
0.60
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.64
0.65
Ni
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Zn
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C #
0.83
0.82
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.82
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.82
0.83
0.82
Mg#
0.62
0.64
0.63
0.64
0.64
0.62
0.61
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.65
0.64
0.66
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Table 2. Rep esen a i e elec on p obe analyses o u a o i e g ains om he eins and ac u es o Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es (en i e da ase a ailable in Online Resou ce 3).
LCu17-1B-
13-6
LCu17-1B-
19-1
LCu17-1B-
19-9
LCu17-1B-
19-13
LCu17-1B-
19-14
LCu17-1B-
19-17 LCu17-5_9 LCu17-
5_27
LCu17-
5_75
LCu17-
5_77
LCu17-
1A_11
LCu17-
1A_20
LCu17-
1A_37 RD1_1ac
SiO2 w %
35.65
35.10
34.83
34.54
35.07
35.17
33.52
35.04
35.26
35.36
32.65
33.86
34.88
35.05
Al2O3
1.45
1.56
1.48
1.30
1.55
0.98
1.95
1.47
1.44
0.84
1.02
0.83
1.25
0.91
C 2O3
24.09
22.53
23.37
22.33
24.56
22.53
22.71
24.64
23.50
24.90
22.22
22.64
25.81
24.87
TiO2
0.09
0.07
0.09
0.08
0.13
0.04
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.11
0.06
0.06
0.44
0.12
MgO
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.13
b.d.l.
0.21
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.08
b.d.l.
0.24
0.04
Fe2O3
4.39
5.16
4.59
5.60
4.21
6.02
6.16
3.96
4.93
4.49
7.11
7.11
3.08
4.28
CaO
33.47
33.68
33.81
34.03
33.29
33.90
33.15
33.61
33.49
33.58
32.90
33.40
33.70
33.71
To al
99.22
98.14
98.23
97.94
98.98
98.67
97.78
98.78
98.73
99.32
96.37
97.94
99.47
99.02
Si ap u
2.98
2.97
2.95
2.94
2.95
2.97
2.87
2.95
2.97
2.97
2.86
2.90
2.92
2.95
Al
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.15
0.10
0.20
0.15
0.14
0.08
0.11
0.08
0.12
0.09
C
1.59
1.51
1.57
1.50
1.63
1.51
1.54
1.64
1.56
1.65
1.54
1.53
1.71
1.66
Ti
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.01
Mg
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
-
0.03
-
-
-
0.01
-
0.03
0.01
Fe
3+
0.28
0.33
0.29
0.36
0.27
0.38
0.40
0.25
0.31
0.28
0.47
0.46
0.19
0.27
Ca
3.00
3.06
3.07
3.11
3.00
3.07
3.04
3.03
3.02
3.02
3.08
3.07
3.02
3.04
U
0.79
0.76
0.78
0.75
0.80
0.76
0.72
0.81
0.77
0.82
0.73
0.74
0.84
0.82
G s
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.04
Ad
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.18
0.13
0.19
0.19
0.12
0.15
0.14
0.22
0.22
0.10
0.13
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 12 oxygens and 8 ca ions; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Table 2
Table 2. (con inua ion)
RD1_1dc RD2_1b RD2_5c RD2_6 RD3_10 RD4_1 RD4_3 RD4_6 RD4_7 RD4_8 RD4_9
SiO2 w %
35.40
35.13
34.39
35.13
35.32
35.16
35.27
34.83
34.99
35.26
34.89
Al2O3
1.33
1.02
1.25
1.01
1.16
1.71
2.77
1.68
2.66
2.77
2.61
C 2O3
22.69
24.30
24.93
25.06
24.11
24.65
23.99
22.90
24.47
24.51
24.86
TiO2
0.08
0.10
0.16
0.08
0.13
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.12
MgO
0.05
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.10
0.06
0.34
0.11
0.08
0.08
Fe2O3
5.47
4.39
3.55
4.01
4.33
2.97
2.29
4.11
2.02
1.98
1.70
CaO
34.08
33.73
33.73
33.97
33.87
33.97
34.20
32.86
34.15
34.22
33.97
To al
99.15
98.76
98.06
99.31
98.98
98.61
98.69
96.81
98.50
98.94
98.23
Si ap u
2.97
2.96
2.93
2.95
2.97
2.96
2.95
2.98
2.94
2.94
2.94
Al
0.13
0.10
0.13
0.10
0.11
0.17
0.27
0.17
0.26
0.27
0.26
C
1.51
1.62
1.68
1.66
1.60
1.64
1.59
1.55
1.62
1.62
1.66
Ti
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
Mg
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
Fe
3+
0.35
0.28
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.19
0.14
0.26
0.13
0.12
0.11
Ca
3.06
3.05
3.08
3.06
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.01
3.07
3.06
3.06
U
0.76
0.81
0.83
0.82
0.80
0.82
0.79
0.78
0.81
0.80
0.82
G s
0.07
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.14
0.09
0.13
0.14
0.13
Ad
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.09
0.07
0.13
0.06
0.06
0.05
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 12 oxygens and 8 ca ions; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Table 3. Rep esen a i e elec on p obe analyses o chlo i e g ains om Loma Las Cabi mas ch omi i es (comple e da a se in Online Resou ce 4).
LCu17-
5_3
LCu17-5_13 LCu17-5_17
LCu17-
1A_31
LCu17-
1A_35
LCu17-5_70 LCu17-5_79
LCu17-
1A_13
LCu17-
1A_16
SiO2 w %
33.65
34.32
35.12
35.66
33.85
34.65
34.85
35.97
36.98
Al2O3
8.64
9.27
8.03
7.20
7.33
8.60
9.30
5.99
11.74
TiO2
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
C 2O3
6.16
6.48
6.04
5.37
8.76
6.73
5.71
7.85
2.36
FeO
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.52
0.86
0.73
0.71
3.16
0.96
MnO
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
MgO
36.87
36.23
36.38
38.35
34.98
36.45
35.91
33.31
34.89
NiO
0.14
0.28
0.15
0.52
2.42
0.38
0.48
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
CaO
0.07
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.15
0.19
0.24
0.11
0.23
0.09
Na2O
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
K2O
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.04
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
OH*
6.23
6.31
6.27
6.37
6.26
6.34
6.32
6.18
6.44
To al
86.03
87.10
86.27
87.77
88.38
87.82
87.07
86.51
87.02
Si ap u
3.24
3.26
3.36
3.36
3.24
3.28
3.31
3.49
3.44
Al (IV)
0.76
0.74
0.64
0.64
0.76
0.72
0.69
0.51
0.56
Al (VI)
0.22
0.30
0.26
0.16
0.07
0.24
0.35
0.17
0.73
Ti
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
0.47
0.49
0.46
0.40
0.66
0.50
0.43
0.60
0.17
Fe2+
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.26
0.07
Mn
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mg
5.29
5.13
5.19
5.39
5.00
5.14
5.08
4.81
4.84
Ni
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.19
0.03
0.04
-
-
Ca
0.01
-
-
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
Na
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
K
-
-
-
-
-
0.00
-
-
-
Ca helineau and Nie a (1985) [T1]
179
175
154
154
178
171
165
126
136
Ca helineau and Nie a (1985) [T2]
285
279
277
284
280
277
275
263
260
K anidio is and MacLean (1987) [T3]
180
175
155
154
179
172
166
130
137
Ca helineau (1988) [T4]
183
176
145
144
181
171
161
103
118
Zang and Fy e (1995) [T5]
210
206
185
185
208
202
195
153
166
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 14 oxygens; * = calcula ed alue; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Table 3
Appendix B. (con inued)
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
LP2-17-1-1
Line 002
LP2-17-1-1
Line 003
LP2-17-1-1
Line 004
LP2-17-1-1
Line 005
LP2-17-1-1
Line 007
LP2-17-1-1
Line 008
LP2-17-1-1
Line 010
LP2-17-1-1
Line 011
LP2-17-1-1
Line 012
LP2-17-1-1
Line 013
LP2-17-1-1
Line 014
SiO2 w %
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.03
b.d.l.
0.02
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.02
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
TiO2
0.74
0.77
0.67
0.86
0.69
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.74
0.76
0.70
Al2O3
11.48
11.27
11.05
11.69
12.28
12.19
12.61
11.64
11.39
11.55
11.32
C 2O3
51.70
51.13
52.73
51.80
52.20
51.96
50.61
50.92
51.21
51.38
50.54
FeO
19.64
19.89
19.67
19.76
19.31
19.86
18.95
19.66
19.67
19.76
19.42
Fe2O3
5.95
6.42
5.44
5.83
5.46
5.60
6.47
6.76
7.04
7.10
7.64
MnO
0.21
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.21
0.22
0.19
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.19
MgO
9.12
8.91
9.01
9.24
9.58
9.27
9.80
9.19
9.22
9.31
9.26
NiO
0.30
0.33
0.26
0.30
0.30
0.32
0.37
0.38
0.33
0.34
0.36
ZnO
0.17
0.09
0.19
0.14
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.13
0.11
0.13
To al
99.30
99.01
99.28
99.85
100.23
100.35
99.94
99.70
99.94
100.50
99.56
Si ap u
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
Ti
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Al
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.47
0.49
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.44
C
1.36
1.35
1.39
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.31
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.33
Fe
2+
0.55
0.56
0.55
0.55
0.53
0.55
0.52
0.55
0.55
0.54
0.54
Fe
3+
0.15
0.16
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.19
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
Mg
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.45
0.48
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.46
Ni
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Zn
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C #
0.75
0.75
0.76
0.75
0.74
0.74
0.73
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
Mg#
0.45
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.47
0.45
0.48
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.46
Fe
3+
#
0.13
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.16
FeO/Fe2O3
3.30
3.10
3.61
3.39
3.53
3.54
2.93
2.91
2.79
2.78
2.54
Es ima ed composi ion o pa en al mel s
Al2O3 (w %)
11.63
11.53
11.43
11.72
11.98
11.94
12.12
11.70
11.59
11.66
11.56
TiO2 (w %)
0.89
0.92
0.82
1.02
0.84
0.93
0.93
0.95
0.90
0.91
0.86
FeO/MgO
1.64
1.69
1.65
1.64
1.56
1.66
1.50
1.62
1.61
1.60
1.57
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi

Appendix B. (con inued)
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
LP2-17-1-1
Line 015
LP2-17-1-1
Line 017
LP2-17-1-1
Line 018
LP2-17-1-1
Line 019
LP2-17-1-1
Line 020
LP2-17-1-1
Line 021
LP2-17-1-1
Line 022
LP2-17-1-1
Line 023
LP2-17-1-1
Line 024
LP2-17-1-1
Line 025
LP2-17-1-1
Line 026
SiO2 w %
0.02
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.03
b.d.l.
0.02
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
TiO2
0.69
0.80
0.82
0.76
0.82
0.85
0.82
0.87
0.75
0.83
0.77
Al2O3
11.42
11.52
11.36
11.30
11.73
11.56
11.21
11.53
11.22
11.50
11.42
C 2O3
50.97
50.54
50.40
52.09
51.33
51.30
51.37
50.57
51.50
51.17
50.46
FeO
19.49
19.50
19.24
19.53
19.60
19.36
19.51
19.43
19.63
19.36
19.25
Fe2O3
7.50
7.35
7.79
7.29
7.68
7.42
7.41
7.38
7.34
7.77
7.70
MnO
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.18
0.21
0.18
0.24
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.26
MgO
9.31
9.29
9.50
9.57
9.65
9.67
9.44
9.40
9.32
9.70
9.42
NiO
0.33
0.36
0.36
0.34
0.38
0.39
0.32
0.38
0.32
0.34
0.35
ZnO
0.15
0.14
0.11
0.17
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.16
0.14
0.09
0.13
To al
100.10
99.72
99.78
101.22
101.52
100.85
100.46
99.93
100.44
100.97
99.75
Si ap u
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
Ti
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Al
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.45
C
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.35
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.32
1.34
1.32
1.32
Fe
2+
0.54
0.54
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.53
0.53
Fe
3+
0.19
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.19
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Mg
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.47
Ni
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Zn
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C #
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.76
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
Mg#
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.47
Fe
3+
#
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
FeO/Fe2O3
2.60
2.65
2.47
2.68
2.55
2.61
2.63
2.63
2.67
2.49
2.50
Es ima ed composi ion o pa en al mel s
Al2O3 (w %)
11.60
11.65
11.58
11.55
11.74
11.66
11.51
11.65
11.51
11.64
11.60
TiO2 (w %)
0.84
0.96
0.99
0.92
0.98
1.01
0.98
1.03
0.90
0.99
0.93
FeO/MgO
1.57
1.58
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.50
1.54
1.55
1.57
1.49
1.53
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Appendix B. (con inued)
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
LP2-17-1-1
Line 027
LP2-17-1-1
Line 028
LP2-17-1-1
Line 029
LP2-17-1-1
Line 030
LP2-17-1-1
Line 031
LP2-17-1-1
Line 032
LP2-17-1-1
Line 033
LP2-17-1-1
Line 034
LP2-17-1-1
Line 035
LP2-17-1-1
Line 036
LP2-17-1-1
Line 037
SiO2 w %
0.03
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.04
0.01
b.d.l.
0.01
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
TiO2
0.90
0.81
0.70
0.75
0.72
0.76
0.74
0.78
0.75
0.83
0.80
Al2O3
12.33
11.66
11.48
11.35
11.52
11.33
11.36
11.53
11.42
11.30
11.31
C 2O3
50.55
50.67
50.65
51.19
50.57
51.10
50.79
50.83
50.96
51.22
51.16
FeO
19.35
19.43
19.13
19.30
19.17
19.16
19.13
19.35
19.21
19.39
19.53
Fe2O3
6.80
7.55
7.96
7.88
7.81
7.98
7.96
7.60
7.99
7.66
7.58
MnO
0.17
0.21
0.21
0.24
0.21
0.22
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.19
MgO
9.70
9.51
9.55
9.60
9.55
9.67
9.62
9.49
9.63
9.53
9.44
NiO
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.35
0.35
0.37
0.35
0.36
0.35
0.39
0.39
ZnO
0.14
0.11
0.16
0.14
0.11
0.14
0.14
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.12
To al
100.32
100.32
100.21
100.84
100.01
100.72
100.30
100.32
100.70
100.73
100.51
Si ap u
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.00
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
Ti
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Al
0.48
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.44
C
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.32
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.33
Fe
2+
0.53
0.54
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.54
Fe
3+
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.19
Mn
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Mg
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
Ni
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Zn
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C #
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
Mg#
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
Fe
3+
#
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.16
FeO/Fe2O3
2.84
2.57
2.40
2.45
2.45
2.40
2.40
2.55
2.40
2.53
2.58
Es ima ed composi ion o pa en al mel s
Al2O3 (w %)
12.00
11.71
11.63
11.57
11.65
11.56
11.58
11.65
11.60
11.55
11.55
TiO2 (w %)
1.07
0.98
0.85
0.91
0.87
0.91
0.90
0.94
0.91
1.00
0.97
FeO/MgO
1.53
1.54
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.48
1.48
1.53
1.49
1.52
1.55
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Appendix B. (con inued)
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
LP2-17-1-1
Line 038
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
1
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
3
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
4
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
5
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
7
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
10
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
11
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
12
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
13
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
14
SiO2 w %
0.05
0.01
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.02
0.03
0.02
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.01
TiO2
0.78
0.76
0.71
0.70
0.87
0.68
0.82
0.82
0.74
0.83
0.76
Al2O3
11.17
11.59
10.87
11.21
11.76
12.62
12.70
11.40
11.37
11.67
11.36
C 2O3
51.73
51.28
52.46
53.13
52.86
52.12
50.70
50.90
51.21
51.08
50.75
FeO
19.26
20.40
19.80
19.70
19.99
19.47
19.37
19.47
19.57
19.98
19.56
Fe2O3
7.24
6.60
6.61
5.56
5.75
5.23
6.23
7.68
7.16
7.14
7.67
MnO
0.19
0.22
0.27
0.22
0.22
0.16
0.19
0.23
0.18
0.22
0.21
MgO
9.57
8.82
9.12
9.21
9.40
9.56
9.62
9.42
9.32
9.19
9.29
NiO
0.34
0.30
0.28
0.29
0.33
0.29
0.37
0.38
0.33
0.36
0.37
ZnO
0.17
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.15
0.18
0.15
0.18
0.09
0.17
0.14
To al
100.50
100.11
100.26
100.19
101.34
100.34
100.19
100.48
99.98
100.64
100.11
Si ap u
0.00
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.00
0.00
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.00
Ti
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Al
0.43
0.45
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.49
0.49
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.44
C
1.35
1.34
1.37
1.39
1.36
1.35
1.31
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.33
Fe
2+
0.53
0.57
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.54
0.55
0.54
Fe
3+
0.18
0.16
0.16
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.15
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.19
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Mg
0.47
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.46
Ni
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Zn
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C #
0.76
0.75
0.76
0.76
0.75
0.73
0.73
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
Mg#
0.47
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.46
Fe
3+
#
0.16
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.16
FeO/Fe2O3
2.66
3.09
2.99
3.55
3.48
3.72
3.11
2.53
2.73
2.80
2.55
Es ima ed composi ion o pa en al mel s
Al2O3 (w %)
11.49
11.68
11.35
11.51
11.76
12.12
12.16
11.59
11.58
11.71
11.58
TiO2 (w %)
0.93
0.92
0.87
0.85
1.04
0.83
0.99
0.98
0.89
1.00
0.91
FeO/MgO
1.50
1.75
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.59
1.57
1.55
1.58
1.64
1.57
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Appendix B. (con inued)
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
15
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
18
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
19
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
20
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
21
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
22
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
23
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
24
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
25
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
26
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
27
SiO2 w %
0.05
0.03
0.05
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.02
b.d.l.
0.02
0.04
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
TiO2
0.75
0.78
0.74
0.75
0.85
0.77
0.81
0.85
0.78
0.79
0.72
Al2O3
11.72
11.46
11.08
11.51
11.61
11.01
11.60
11.04
11.17
11.30
13.19
C 2O3
51.05
50.85
51.52
51.24
50.79
51.52
50.89
51.82
51.19
51.31
51.16
FeO
19.39
19.39
19.28
19.29
19.46
19.50
19.27
19.68
19.44
19.68
19.01
Fe2O3
7.32
7.78
7.23
7.52
7.26
7.56
7.46
7.09
7.29
7.29
6.10
MnO
0.22
0.18
0.23
0.22
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.17
0.20
0.19
0.20
MgO
9.53
9.54
9.42
9.59
9.49
9.39
9.59
9.36
9.36
9.33
10.04
NiO
0.34
0.34
0.30
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.29
ZnO
0.13
0.13
0.16
0.15
0.12
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.11
0.08
0.13
To al
100.50
100.47
100.01
100.61
100.08
100.46
100.33
100.49
99.92
100.32
100.85
Si ap u
0.00
0.00
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
Ti
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Al
0.45
0.45
0.43
0.45
0.45
0.43
0.45
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.50
C
1.33
1.32
1.35
1.33
1.33
1.35
1.32
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.31
Fe
2+
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.54
0.53
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.52
Fe
3+
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.15
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
Mg
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.49
Ni
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Zn
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C #
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.75
0.75
0.76
0.75
0.76
0.75
0.75
0.72
Mg#
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.48
Fe
3+
#
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.13
FeO/Fe2O3
2.65
2.49
2.67
2.56
2.68
2.58
2.58
2.78
2.67
2.70
3.12
Es ima ed composi ion o pa en al mel s
Al2O3 (w %)
11.74
11.62
11.44
11.64
11.69
11.41
11.68
11.42
11.49
11.55
12.35
TiO2 (w %)
0.91
0.94
0.90
0.90
1.01
0.93
0.97
1.01
0.93
0.95
0.87
FeO/MgO
1.54
1.52
1.53
1.51
1.55
1.54
1.51
1.57
1.55
1.58
1.48
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Appendix B. (con inued)
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
massi e
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
eins
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
28
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
29
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
30
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
31
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
32
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
35
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
36
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
37
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1 Line
38
LP2-17-1-
p13a-1
LP2-17-1-
p13a-2
SiO2 w %
b.d.l.
0.04
b.d.l.
0.02
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.03
b.d.l.
0.02
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
TiO2
0.82
0.74
0.74
0.83
0.80
0.77
0.73
0.70
0.73
0.86
0.97
Al2O3
11.35
11.64
11.49
11.54
11.34
11.26
11.13
11.28
11.15
11.60
11.65
C 2O3
50.76
50.92
51.34
50.97
51.17
51.56
51.02
51.32
51.95
50.49
50.69
FeO
19.28
19.34
19.53
19.29
19.47
19.21
19.29
19.51
19.36
19.55
19.24
Fe2O3
7.72
7.62
7.66
7.88
7.67
7.69
7.75
7.65
7.69
7.78
7.41
MnO
0.21
0.25
0.19
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.20
MgO
9.53
9.54
9.54
9.69
9.50
9.67
9.46
9.36
9.62
9.44
9.71
NiO
0.39
0.34
0.32
0.37
0.35
0.38
0.33
0.39
0.33
0.38
0.36
ZnO
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.16
0.09
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.18
To al
100.16
100.56
100.92
100.94
100.65
100.91
100.06
100.57
101.22
100.47
100.40
Si ap u
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
Ti
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Al
0.44
0.45
0.44
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.44
0.43
0.45
0.45
C
1.33
1.32
1.33
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.31
1.32
Fe
2+
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.53
0.54
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.53
0.54
0.53
Fe
3+
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.18
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Mg
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.47
0.46
0.48
Ni
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Zn
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C #
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.76
0.74
0.74
Mg#
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.47
0.46
0.47
Fe
3+
#
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
FeO/Fe2O3
2.50
2.54
2.55
2.45
2.54
2.50
2.49
2.55
2.52
2.51
2.60
Es ima ed composi ion o pa en al mel s
Al2O3 (w %)
11.57
11.70
11.63
11.66
11.57
11.53
11.47
11.54
11.48
11.68
11.71
TiO2 (w %)
0.98
0.90
0.90
0.99
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.86
0.89
1.03
1.14
FeO/MgO
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.49
1.53
1.48
1.52
1.55
1.50
1.55
1.49
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi

Appendix B. (con inued)
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
LP2-17-5-
ch 1
LP2-17-5-
ch 2
LP2-17-2-p1-
1
LP2-17-2-p1-
2
LP2-17-2-p1-
3
LP2-17-2-p1-
4
LP2-17-2-p1-
5
LP2-17-2-
p1bo-1
LP2-17-2-
p1bo-2
LP2-17-2-
p1bo-3
LP2-17-2-
p1bo-4
SiO2 w %
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.03
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.02
TiO2
0.75
0.81
0.05
0.09
0.06
0.12
0.14
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.17
Al2O3
11.64
11.54
18.29
18.38
18.38
18.00
18.38
17.87
18.17
17.55
18.33
C 2O3
51.45
51.16
47.86
47.38
47.12
47.62
47.05
47.03
47.23
46.40
47.41
FeO
19.72
19.37
19.51
19.56
19.90
19.97
20.11
19.77
20.15
21.18
19.99
Fe2O3
7.08
7.57
4.04
4.10
4.20
3.84
4.14
4.84
4.34
5.28
4.28
MnO
0.18
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.26
0.18
0.17
0.21
0.24
0.30
0.22
MgO
9.45
9.65
9.79
9.73
9.40
9.36
9.36
9.48
9.27
8.47
9.57
NiO
0.23
0.28
0.06
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.09
ZnO
0.12
0.14
0.23
0.20
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.27
0.29
0.24
0.24
To al
100.61
100.74
100.02
99.75
99.66
99.43
99.78
99.69
99.92
99.61
100.31
Si ap u
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Ti
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Al
0.45
0.45
0.69
0.70
0.70
0.69
0.70
0.68
0.69
0.67
0.69
C
1.34
1.33
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.22
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.19
1.20
Fe
2+
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.52
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.53
0.54
0.58
0.53
Fe
3+
0.18
0.19
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.10
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Mg
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.44
0.41
0.46
Ni
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Zn
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
C #
0.75
0.75
0.64
0.63
0.63
0.64
0.63
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.63
Mg#
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.46
0.45
0.42
0.46
Fe
3+
#
0.15
0.16
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.08
FeO/Fe2O3
2.79
2.56
4.83
4.77
4.74
5.21
4.86
4.09
4.64
4.01
4.67
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Appendix B. (con inued)
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
LP2-17-1-p8-
6
LP2-17-5-p2-
1
LP2-17-5-p2-
2
LP2-17-5-p2-
3
LP2-17-5-
p3a-1
LP2-17-5-
p3a-2
LP2-17-5-
p3a-3
LP2-17-5-
p3b-1
LP2-17-5-
p3b-2
LP2-17-5-
p3a-11
LP2-17-5-
p3a-12
SiO2 w %
b.d.l.
0.02
0.03
0.03
b.d.l.
0.08
0.03
b.d.l.
0.03
0.04
0.03
TiO2
0.32
0.45
0.46
0.44
0.34
0.31
0.32
0.35
0.35
0.61
0.60
Al2O3
12.97
12.70
12.39
12.57
12.45
12.92
12.81
14.85
14.51
12.48
13.97
C 2O3
47.52
48.46
48.29
48.36
50.33
49.80
49.42
45.65
46.09
47.56
46.31
FeO
24.46
22.79
22.46
22.31
21.40
21.42
21.37
24.12
23.87
25.23
24.31
Fe2O3
8.16
7.99
8.09
8.50
6.89
7.21
7.40
6.81
7.46
7.67
7.81
MnO
0.39
0.25
0.29
0.33
0.25
0.28
0.21
0.35
0.32
0.35
0.29
MgO
5.76
7.22
7.22
7.46
7.96
8.02
8.06
5.95
6.25
5.37
6.22
NiO
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.20
0.21
0.18
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
ZnO
0.68
0.23
0.29
0.26
0.29
0.28
0.20
0.62
0.59
0.60
0.55
To al
100.39
100.25
99.67
100.42
100.10
100.52
100.00
98.83
99.62
100.05
100.26
Si ap u
b.d.l.
0.00
0.00
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
0.00
0.00
Ti
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
Al
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.50
0.50
0.59
0.57
0.50
0.55
C
1.26
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.32
1.30
1.30
1.22
1.22
1.27
1.22
Fe
2+
0.69
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.60
0.59
0.59
0.68
0.67
0.72
0.68
Fe
3+
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.20
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Mg
0.29
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.40
0.30
0.31
0.27
0.31
Ni
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Zn
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
C #
0.71
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.73
0.72
0.72
0.67
0.68
0.72
0.69
Mg#
0.30
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.31
0.32
0.27
0.31
Fe
3+
#
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
FeO/Fe2O3
3.00
2.85
2.78
2.62
3.11
2.97
2.89
3.54
3.20
3.29
3.11
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Appendix B. (con inued)
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
LP2-17-5-
p7a-1
LP2-17-5-
p7a-2
LP2-17-5-
p7a-3
LP2-17-5-
p7a-4
LP2-17-6-p4-
6
LP2-17-6-p4-
7
LP2-17-6-p5-
3
LP2-17-6-p7-
13
LP2-17-6-p7-
14
LP2-17-6-p7-
15
LP2-17-6-p7-
16
SiO2 w %
0.03
b.d.l.
0.02
b.d.l.
0.02
0.05
0.08
b.d.l.
0.00
0.04
b.d.l.
TiO2
0.29
0.28
0.36
0.34
0.47
0.72
0.35
0.37
0.31
0.50
0.28
Al2O3
12.93
13.43
13.54
13.23
15.08
14.65
17.57
12.59
12.56
12.43
12.30
C 2O3
48.42
47.95
48.30
48.24
41.61
37.83
43.66
48.47
48.13
46.67
48.46
FeO
23.12
23.53
23.45
23.33
23.99
24.97
21.19
22.87
22.93
23.27
23.10
Fe2O3
7.78
7.26
7.38
7.23
11.11
14.53
6.59
7.90
7.94
8.68
7.74
MnO
0.35
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.39
0.35
0.25
0.29
0.32
0.36
0.31
MgO
6.79
6.51
6.81
6.70
6.16
5.56
8.20
6.90
6.72
6.43
6.57
NiO
0.12
0.10
0.13
0.08
0.20
0.31
0.21
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.16
ZnO
0.38
0.44
0.38
0.37
0.66
0.58
0.40
0.43
0.39
0.43
0.33
To al
100.23
99.80
100.65
99.81
99.69
99.55
98.50
99.99
99.46
98.98
99.24
Si ap u
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
0.00
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
0.00
b.d.l.
Ti
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Al
0.51
0.53
0.53
0.52
0.60
0.58
0.68
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.49
C
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.28
1.10
1.01
1.14
1.28
1.28
1.25
1.30
Fe
2+
0.65
0.66
0.65
0.65
0.67
0.71
0.58
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.65
Fe
3+
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.28
0.37
0.16
0.20
0.20
0.22
0.20
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Mg
0.34
0.33
0.34
0.33
0.31
0.28
0.40
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.33
Ni
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Zn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
C #
0.72
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.65
0.63
0.62
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.73
Mg#
0.34
0.33
0.34
0.34
0.31
0.28
0.41
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.34
Fe
3+
#
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.18
0.22
0.11
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.15
FeO/Fe2O3
2.97
3.24
3.18
3.23
2.16
1.72
3.21
2.90
2.89
2.68
2.98
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi
Appendix B. (con inued)
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
accesso y
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
subhed al
e micula
e micula
LP2-17-6-p7-
17
LP2-17-6-p7-
19
LP2-17-6-p7-
20
LP2-17-6-p7-
21
LP2-17-6-p7-
22
LP2-17-6-p7-
23
LP2-17-6-p7-
24
LP2-17-6-p7-
25
LP2-17-6-p7-
26
RD-17-24-
p1-16
RD-17-24-
p1-17
SiO2 w %
0.04
b.d.l.
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.08
b.d.l.
TiO2
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.45
0.44
0.43
0.46
0.38
0.35
0.13
0.11
Al2O3
12.43
13.21
13.18
14.16
14.21
12.86
12.81
13.92
14.11
34.26
33.97
C 2O3
48.14
46.89
47.30
45.78
45.48
47.11
47.66
46.89
47.11
33.28
33.74
FeO
23.19
23.16
23.24
23.54
23.19
23.39
23.58
23.01
23.15
15.12
14.91
Fe2O3
8.37
8.18
8.47
8.23
8.42
8.26
7.87
7.37
7.11
2.42
2.39
MnO
0.29
0.28
0.35
0.35
0.32
0.29
0.37
0.33
0.31
0.11
0.12
MgO
6.80
6.77
6.84
6.55
6.72
6.51
6.43
6.76
6.80
14.37
14.45
NiO
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.20
0.18
0.14
0.18
0.13
0.16
0.14
ZnO
0.37
0.38
0.46
0.47
0.46
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.36
0.23
0.26
To al
100.28
99.50
100.50
99.71
99.46
99.50
99.83
99.34
99.47
100.16
100.09
Si ap u
0.00
b.d.l.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
b.d.l.
Ti
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
Al
0.49
0.52
0.52
0.56
0.56
0.51
0.51
0.55
0.56
1.18
1.17
C
1.27
1.25
1.25
1.21
1.20
1.26
1.27
1.24
1.25
0.77
0.78
Fe
2+
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.65
0.65
0.37
0.36
Fe
3+
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.05
0.05
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
Mg
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.34
0.34
0.62
0.63
Ni
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Zn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
C #
0.72
0.70
0.71
0.68
0.68
0.71
0.71
0.69
0.69
0.39
0.40
Mg#
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.34
0.63
0.63
Fe
3+
#
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.03
0.03
FeO/Fe2O3
2.77
2.83
2.74
2.86
2.75
2.83
3.00
3.12
3.26
6.24
6.23
Ca ions calcula ed on he basis o 32 oxygens; b.d.l. = below de ec ion limi