Plan in oduc ion in G aeco ‑Roman Egyp : he case
o he ose o hea en (Silene coeli ‑ osa (L.) God .)
Flo a And eozzi
ABSTRACT
The poli ical condi ions ha a ose in Egyp a e he conques by Alexande he G ea and la e by Augus us
ce ainly led o p o ound changes in he social and cul u al s uc u e o he coun y in amul icul u al way.
Unde hese o eign domina ions, he use o he plan wo ld also changed. New plan species we e impo ed,
and new c ops we e es ablished. The ose o hea en (Silene coeli - osa (L.) God .) can be well conside ed among
hese newly in oduced species since no na i e o Egyp , no a es ed in Egyp be o e he P olemaic ime.
The con ibu ion examines all he accessible da a on Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . I includes he esul s o he
analyses on he a chaeobo anical ma e ial o he ose o hea en p ese ed in Eu opean museums, as well
as he men ion o o he a chaeobo anical a es a ions ha could no be seen in pe son. Tex ual da a om
papy i a e also included, a e adiscussion o he possible ancien names o he plan . The da a a e hen
conside ed oge he o in es iga e: he way o in oduc ion and di usion o he species in he e i o y and
all he possible ields in which i may ha e come in o use ( ood, medical, and o namen al). The s udy shows
alimi ed di usion in he Egyp ian land, bu speci ic impo ance o he use o he plan in Fayum ga lands,
pa icula ly in hei inno a i e manu ac u e o he G aeco -Roman pe iod. I s in ol emen in his ype o
inno a ion shows he complexi y in which newly in oduced plan species can be in ol ed in phenomena
o cul u al con ac and change.
KEYWORDS
Ga lands– a chaeobo any– plan cul u e– cul u al changes
(Silene coeli ‑ osa (L.) God .) ءامسلا ةرهز ةلاح :رصمب ىنامورلا-ىنانويلا رصعلا للاخ تابنلا نع ةمدقم
ىزويردنأ ارولف
صخلملا
تدأ ،سطسغأ مكح ةرتف للاخ اقحلاو ،ربكلأا ردنكسلإا وزغ دعب رصم ىف تأشن ىتلا ةيسايسلا فورظلا نأ دكؤملا نم
تارييغت ًاضيأ تأرط ،ةيبنجلأا ةنميهلا كلت لظ ىفف .ةددعتم ةقيرطب دلابلل ةيفاقثلاو ةيعامتجلاا ةينبلا ىف ةقيمع تارييغت ىلإ
رابتعا اننكمي .لبق نم ةفورعم نكت مل ليصاحم لاخدإو ةديدج ةيتابن عاونأ داريتسا مت ثيح .تاتابنلا ملاع ىلع ةديدع
،ةيرصملا ةيتابنلا ةئيبلا ىلإ ًاثيدح تلخدُأ ىتلا عاونلأا هذه نم ةدحاو (Silene coeli - osa (L.) God .) ءامسلا ةرهز
لوح ةحاتملا تانايبلا عيمج لاقملا اذه ضرعتسي .ىملطبلا رصعلا لبق رهظت ملو ،رصم ىف سيل ىلصلأا اهنطوم نإ ذإ
ةرهزلاب ةصاخلا ةيرثلأا ةيتابنلا داوملا ىلع تيرجأ ىتلا تلايلحتلا جئاتن نمضتيو ،(Silene coeli - osa (L.) God .)
امك .رشابم لكشب اهتيؤر انل َّنستي مل ىرخأ ةيتابن ةيرثأ دهاوش ىلإ ةراشلإا ىلإ ةفاضلإاب ،ةيبورولأا فحاتملا ىف ةظوفحملاو
تانايبلا عيمج ىف رظُن .ةرهزلا هذهل ةلمتحملا ةميدقلا ءامسلأا ةشقانم دعب ،تايدربلا نم ةجرختسملا ةيصنلا تانايبلا نيمضت مت
،اهمادختسلا ةلمتحملا تلااجملاو رصم ىف روهزلا نم عونلا اذه راشتناو لاخدإ ةقيرط :ىف قيقحتلا لجأ نم لماكتم لكشب
تظفاح اهنكل ،ةيرصملا ىضارلأا ىف ًادودحم ناك ءامسلا ةرهز راشتنا نأ ةساردلا رهظُت .ةنيزلل وأ ةيبطلا وأ ةيئاذغلا ءاوس
رهظُيو .ىنامورلا-ىنانويلا رصعلا للاخ ةركتبملا اهتعانص ىف ةصاخ ،مويفلا ليلاكأ ىف تمدخُتسا نيح ةصاخ ةيمهأ ىلع
PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXIII/2024, 57–93
58 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXIII/2024
رهاوظ ىف ًاثيدح ةلخدملا ةيتابنلا عاونلأا هبعلت نأ نكمي ىذلا ديقعتلا ىدم تاراكتبلاا نم عونلا اذه ىف ةرهزلا هذه دوجو
.ىعامتجلاا رييغتلاو ىفاقثلا لاصتلاا
ةيحاتفملا تاملكلا
ةيفاقثلا تاريغتلا – ةيتابنلا ةفاقثلا – ىرثلأا تابنلا ملع – ليلاكأ
This a icle is an ex ension o my doc o al esea ch (“T ans o ma ions in Plan Cul u e du ing
G aeco -Roman and La e An ique Egyp ”). I uses da a om museum esea ch isi s a he Eco-
nomic Bo any Collec ion o Kew Ga dens (Feb ua y 2020), he Ägyp isches Museum Be lin
(June 2021), he Bo anic Ga den Be lin -Dahlem (Sep embe 2021), and he Pe ie Museum
(Augus 2022) in London.1
The pape aims o examine he ma e ial and ex ual da a on Silene coeli - osa (L.) God .,
aspecies no na i e o Egyp , bu o he Wes e n Medi e anean egion, and no a es ed in
Egyp be o e he 3 d cen u y Bc.The ex ual da a also include species o he same amily, as
he ancien name is di icul o supe impose on he mode n bo anical name. Based on hese
elemen s, an a emp is made o econs uc , as a as possible, he his o y o he in oduc ion
and sp ead o he use2 o he species in G aeco -Roman Egyp , and o unde s and hei ela-
ionship wi h he socio -poli ical changes o he ime, a ising a e he conques by Alexande
he G ea and la e by Augus us.
THE ROSE OF HEAVEN: AMODERN PROFILE
PLANT DESCRIPTION
Silene coeli - osa (L.) God .
3
is an annual he baceous plan , 20–60 cm all. The s ems a e glab ous,
e ec , and b anched -dicho omous (Pigna i 1982: 255; Cha e – Wal e s 1964: 177).
1 Fo his, Imus hank he cu a o s Ma k Nesbi (Economic Bo any Collec ion o Kew Ga dens),
D .Jana Helmbold -Doyé and Ka hleene Ke h (Ägyp isches Museum und Papy ussammlung Be lin),
Robe Vog , Paule Ju aj, Pe e Hein (Bo anisches Museum Be lin -Dahlem), Anna Ga ne (Pe ie
Museum).
2 I is necessa y o emphasize, ha e en i he ose o hea en is conside ed he e because no na i e
o Egyp , bu a es ed in he a chaeobo anical assemblage, he ocus o he a icle is on he in o-
duc ion o cul u al use a he han (jus ) he ecological en i onmen . One may ollow he o he , bu
i is no always necessa y.
3 The scien i ic name used in he con ibu ion has been only ecen ly changed in Eudian he coeli - osa
(L.) Fenzl ex Endl. (Ba olucci– Pe uzzi– Galasso e al. 2018: 239; Pe uzzi– Galasso– Dominae al.
2019: 66) ollowing nume ous molecula analyzes (Oxelman– Lidén 1995: ig. 4; 534; Oxelman–
Lidén– Rabele – Popp 1997; Oxelman– Liden– Be glund 2001) and i is he e o e asynonym o he
la e . Ip e e ed o main ain i because i will be clea e as in ancien common names his lowe
could be ca ego ized oge he wi h o he s o he same genus. O he names (synonyms) unde which
i is possible o ind he same species in li e a u e (including he Egyp ological one) a e also Lychnis
coeli - osa Des . and Ag os emma coeli - osa L.
59FLORA ANDREOZZI
The lea es a e opposi e and decussa e. They a e linea o lanceola e, 2–3 × 40–60 mm, and
p og essi ely educing owa ds he ip (Pigna i 1982: 255; Cha e – Wal e s 1964: 177), wi h
oo hed ma gins and pedicels ha a e 6.5 cm long (Tala e a 1990: 341).
The lowe s a e 2.5 cm in diame e . The calyx has asubcla a e shape (6 × 15–28 mm), 2–3
imes longe han he ee h, wi h e y p ominen and bi id eins a he le el o he capsule.
The ee h a e linea -lanceola e, glossy, and acu e (3–6 mm). The co olla is o med by i e pe als
o osy - iole colo and acunea e hedge (10 × 25 mm) wi h ashallow incision o i egula ly
e oded (Pigna i 1982: 255; Cha e – Wal e s 1964: 177; Tala e a 1990: 341).
The ui is apy i o m capsule (9 × 12 mm), dehiscen wi h (5–) 10 ee h wi h aca popho e
(5–) 7–12 mm long and glab ous (Pigna i 1982: 255; Cha e – Wal e s 1964: 177; Tala e a 1990:
341). The seeds (0.5–0.6 × 0.7–0.9 mm) ha e a eni o m shape and a e s ongly ube cula ed; he
uppe and he back pa s a e la o sligh ly con ex, and he back has 3–4 ows o ube cles
(Tala e a 1990: 341).
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT
S. coeli - osa (L.) God . is dis ibu ed in he sou hwes o he Medi e anean. I g ows in hick-
e s, uncul i a ed ields, and d y pas u es, usually on clay soils (Pigna i 1982: 255; Tala e a
1990: 341).
In Eu ope, i is conside ed na i e o Co sica, Spain, Po ugal, and I aly, and in oduced
in Albania, Aus ia, and Yugosla ia (Cha e – Wal e s 1964: 177); while in No h A ica i is
na i e o Mo occo, Alge ia, Tunisia, and Libya.4 I is absen in he lo a o Egyp (Muschle
1912; Täckholm 1974; Boulos 2009).
ARCHAEOBOTANICAL EVIDENCE OF THE ROSE OF HEAVEN IN EGYPT
The documen a ion o he plan ma e ial in he museums has been conduc ed wi h he ol-
lowing equipmen : Canon EOS 2000 came a wi h 18–55 mm and 70–300 mm lenses, black
and whi e ule o pho og aphy, s ings, ule o measu emen s, magni ying glass  ×20 and
po able USB mic oscope Celes on o u he magni ica ion o de ailed obse a ion.
The analysis o he ma e ial aimed o documen he ga lands and small bouque s as p e-
cisely as possible. Fo each lo al composi ion, he s a e o conse a ion, he leng h, and wid h
o each agmen we e no ed, and pho os o he en i e ame, o he indi idual agmen s, and
smalle de ails we e aken wi h he came a and wi h he USB mic oscope. The in o ma ion
ob ained is epo ed in he desc ip ions. Pa icula a en ion was paid o hei manu ac u e,
ying o unde s and how he indi idual plan elemen s we e a anged and in e wined.
The ins umen a ion used was usually enough o documen and iden i y he g ea pa o
he species o he ga lands. Fo his pu pose, bo h bibliog aphic ma e ials, such as lo as and
mode n axonomic keys (Pigna i 1982; Muschle 1912; Täckholm 1974; he olumes o Flo a
Eu opaea), o he publica ions on simila ma e ials (Hamdy 2015; Newbe y 1889; Newbe y
1890), and compa ison wi h mode n d ied ma e ial p ese ed in he ba ia ha e been used.
Rega ding he iden i ica ion o he lowe s o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God ., he iden i ica ion
4 h p://powo.science.kew.o g/ axon/u n:lsid:ipni.o g:names:941552-1.
60 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXIII/2024
c i e ia used a e he shape and size o he calyx (subcla a e shape, 6 × 15–28 mm), he cha ac-
e is ic shape o i s ibs (p ominen and e icula ed), and i s ela ionship in leng h wi h he
ee h when p ese ed (2–3 imes longe han he ee h). These cha ac e is ics a e in ended o
be obse ed in each desc ip ion below and hey a e no epea ed o e e y ins ance.
Mo e di icul ies we e encoun e ed ins ead in iden i ying he sedge species (Cype aceae)
used o bind he single lea es and lowe s. The culms o Sci pus sp. we e gene ally ecognizable
o he cha ac e is ic spongy s uc u e o i s in e io (as he ones o Sci pus inclina us Asch.
& Schwein . ex Boiss.); while he iden i ica ion a he le el species o Cype us sp. canno be
de e mined wi h he s e eoscope alone, o which he gene ic de e mina ion o Cype us sp.
o o “sedge plan ” has been gi en.
All published a chaeobo anical e idence o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . ha we a e awa e o
come om exca a ions be o e he mid - wen ie h cen u y. A leas pa o he emains ound
a e oday p ese ed in museum ins i u ions and he e o e di ec ly analyzable. Excep o
a lo al a angemen p ese ed in Chicago and some lowe s and capsules p ese ed in Cai o
and epo ed by Hamdy (2015: 87; Cappe s– Hamdy 2007: No. 0407), all o he a angemen s
desc ibed he e ha e been pe sonally examined by he au ho .
O e all, he a es a ions o he ose o hea en appea o be limi ed o he Fayum a ea
and in ape iod app oxima ely anging om he 3 d cen u y BC5 o he 2nd–3 d AD (see able 1).
Bo h he p o enances and he known da es a e hose epo ed in he no es o Newbe y and
Schwein u h, who s udied he ma e ials sho ly a e hey we e exca a ed and had adi ec
ela ionship wi h he exca a o s o a leas wi h hose who di ec ed hem. The e o e, he
in o ma ion has agood deg ee o eliabili y.
HAWARA
PETRIE’SEXCAVATION
Flowe s o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . we e ound as pa o he ga lands a Hawa a (G aeco-
-Roman pe iod) du ing he exca a ions o Pe ie (Newbe y 1890: 51). Pe ie exca a ed a
Hawa a o h ee seasons: i s , a he beginning o 1888 (24 h Janua y–end o Ap il), hen
again a he end o he same yea ( om 12 h Decembe 1888) un il mid -June 1889, and inally,
he e u ned o his si e a e wen y - wo yea s o a hi d season du ing win e 1910–1911
5 I we us ha he capsules p ese ed in Cai o and epo ed by Hamdy (2015: 87a) and ound in
he co in o he woman a e no ala e con amina ion.
Si e Con ex Type o con ex Da ing Remains P ese a ion Re e ence
Hawa a Se e al ombs Fune a y 1s cen u y BC-
3 d cen u y AD
Ga lands/
lowe s Exsicca ed Newbe y 1889: 51;
B ugsch 1892
Abusi el Meleq Tomb Fune a y 2nd AD Ga lands/
lowe s Exsicca ed Mölle s – Scha
1926: 104-5
Fag el Gamous Tomb/co in Fune a y P olemaic pe iod
(220 BC) F ui s Exsicca ed Hamdy 2015: 87
Table 1 Syn hesis o he Silene coeli- osa (L.) God . emains in Egyp du ing he G aeco-Roman ime.
61FLORA ANDREOZZI
(Pe ie1911). In each season plan emains associa ed wi h g a es o he G aeco -Roman pe iod
ha e been ound. Fo he i s season, an accoun abou hem was w i en by Newbe y and
published in Pe ie’spublica ion (Newbe y 1889: 46–53). Fo he second season, Newbe y ga e
in o ma ion jus abou he new species iden i ied compa ed o he p eceden yea (Newbe y
1890: 46–9), while o he las season, Pe ie jus added ha “ he e was bu li le o be added
o his [Newbe y] p e ious s udy in Hawa a” (Pe ie 1911: 16). Al hough Pe ie’sexca a ions
a e qui e well documen ed, i seems no possible o a ibu e hese plan emains o any
pa icula exca a ed bu ial, so he e is li le in o ma ion abou he e y exac a chaeological
con ex o hei inding. I is known anyway ha hey we e ound in he (Roman, bu likely
also P olemaic) ceme e y o Hawa a, lying di ec ly in he co ins o he sand o he ombs
(Newbe y 1889: 47–8).
Pa o he plan emains ound du ing Pe ie’sexca a ions is oday p ese ed a Kew
Ga dens and he Pe ie Museum. They come om he i s season o Pe ie and co espond o
he ones s udied by Newbe y, who also a anged po ions o hem on ca dboa d.
Kew Ga dens N . 266476
The ga land ( ig. 1) was gi ed o Kew Ga dens by he B i ish Museum in 1978. Da a on he label
in he box in o ms us ha i comes om he exca a ions ca ied ou by Pe ie in July 1888.
6 h ps://ecbo .science.kew.o g/ ead_ecbo .php?ca no=26647&sea ch_ e m=pe ie&sea ch_
ype=name&woodchecklis =Woods.
Fig. 1 Kew Ga dens 26647. A pa icula o he “ ake lowe s” wi h mudballs (pho o by F. And eozzi)
1 cm

62 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXIII/2024
The po ion is 29 cm long and abou 1 cm wide. I is composed o aco e made up o nume -
ous sedge (Cype aceae) s ips (0.1 cm wide). Deco a i e elemen s ha e been joined o he co e
as ollows: on he apex o se e al s ips o papy us (Cype us sp.), abou 5 cm long, 3–4 mud
balls (1 cm in ci cum e ence) we e ci cula ly a anged. A he same ime, Silene coeli - osa (L.)
God . lowe s we e placed pa allel o he s ips o papy us. The elemen s a e held oge he
by hin s ips (0.1–0.3 cm wide) o Cype us sp. ha w ap hem. These single elemen s, which
can be called “ ake lowe s”, since hey seem o p e end eal single lowe s, a e hen joined o
he ga land co e wi h u he s ips o papy us. The use o mud balls p obably imi a es he
Wi hania somni e a (L.) Dunal be ies widely used in hese composi ions, bu he composi ion
emains unique o my knowledge. I is possible ha he w ea h -make did no ha e he la e
a ailable o wan ed o c ea e an o iginal composi ion.
Kew Ga den N . 265657
Apiece o ga land simila o he p e ious one is s o ed unde he numbe 26565. I also comes
om he exca a ions in July 1888 and is da ed o he 1s BC acco ding o he label. The po ion
was gi en by he B i ish Museum o he Kew Ga dens in 1978.
The ga land measu es 17 cm in leng h and a ound 1 cm in diame e . I is composed o nu-
me ous sedge s ips (0.1–2 cm wide), he co e, on which lowe s o Ch ysan hemum co ona ium
L. ( h ee o hese emain), lowe s o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . ( wo a e s ill a ached), and
some wigs o ma jo am (O iganum majo ana L.) ha e been a anged. The elemen s a e ied
o he co e wi h hin (0.1–0.2 cm wide) s ips o Phoenix dac yli e a L. Ve y li le emains o
he wigs o ma jo am, nowadays mos ly de ached lea es spa se in he box.
The emaining lowe s o Ch ysan hemum co ona ium L. ( he in e nal disk is wha emains)
a e 1.5 cm ca. in diame e . The lea es o ma jo am ins ead a e ellip ical, 0.5–0.6 cm × 0.2 cm,
pubescen on bo h su aces, wi h aised mid ib on he low su ace and g een colo (Munsell
2.5Y 7/2 o 6/3).
Kew Ga dens N . 268168
The po ion o his ga land ( ig. 2) comes om he exca a ion in 1888. I is 23 cm long and
a ound 2 cm wide. I is made up o acen al co e o Sci pus sp. (papy us pi h acco ding o he
label) culms, abo e which se e al densely closed ma jo am wigs wi h lea es ha e been ixed
wi h hin (0.2 cm wide) palm (Phoenix dac yli e a L.) s ips, oge he wi h he lowe o Silene
coeli - osa (L.) God . and acoppe coil. Acoil o apeeled culm o Sci pus sp. has been added o e
hese elemen s in h ee dis inc poin s. Though he ma e ial is a ached o he ca dboa d, and
i canno be seen in i s h ee -dimensionali y, i seems ha a u he piece o ga land composed
in he same manne has been added o he co e in i s lowe pa using he same palm s ip.
This piece is in i s u n linked o a u he long s ing, h ough which he ga land may ha e
been hung o he body o he deceased.
7 h ps://ecbo .science.kew.o g/ ead_ecbo .php?ca no=26565&sea ch_ e m=26565&sea ch_ ype=name.
8 h ps://ecbo .science.kew.o g/ ead_ecbo .php?ca no=26816&sea ch_ e m=26816&sea ch_ ype=name.
63FLORA ANDREOZZI
Nex o he ga land, Newbe y sepa a ely a ached and labeled h ee lowe s o Silene coeli-
- osa (L.) God . and h ee wigs o swee ma jo am (O iganum majo ana L.). The la e (a ound
2.5–3 cm long) ha e ellip ical lea es, 0.5 cm × 0.2 cm, pubescen on bo h su aces, wi h aised
mid ib on he lowe su ace and g een colo (Munsell 2.5Y 7/2 o 6/3).
Fig. 2 Kew Ga dens N . 26816 (pho o by F. And eozzi)
1 cm
64 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXIII/2024
Kew Ga dens N . 268839
The wo po ions s o ed unde he same numbe ( ig. 3) a i ed a Kew Ga dens as agi om
he B i ish Museum in 1978 and came om Pe ie’sexca a ion a Hawa a in 1888. Acco ding
o he old label, hey would ha e been ound in a omb da ed o he 1s cen u y Bc.
The wo po ions a e espec i ely 38 cm and 28 cm long, and app oxima ely 3.5–5 cm wide.
The ga land shows apa icula ly complex composi ion. The cen al co e is o med by se e al
culms o Sci pus sp. and o alesse ex en by culms o asedge plan (p obably Cype us sp.), bu
hese a e almos comple ely co e ed by he ich deco a ion. The la e consis s o nume ous
“ ake lowe s” each o med by sho s ips (4–5 cm) o Cype us sp. (mo e a ely o Sci pus sp.)
a ound which pe als o lowe s o Rosa icha dii Rehde o lowe s o Silene coeli - osa (L.)
God . ha e been ied. The e is a endency o a ange ose o hea en lowe s a ound asingle
s ip o Cype us sp. which widens owa ds he apex. On his and in combina ion wi h ose o
hea en lowe s, a ing o Wi hania somni e a (L.) Dunal be ies pe o a ed by as ip (0.1 cm)
o sedge plan was hen placed. The pu pose seems o c ea e acomposi ion simila o a lowe
o he As e aceae ype. All he elemen s o he ake lowe s a e held oge he by asmall s ip
(0.2 cm) o Cype us sp.
In some poin s, he p esence o Helich ysum s oechas (L.) Moench lowe heads, oday mos ly
dispe sed in he box, can be no ed, bu i is unclea i hey we e o iginally pa o he ga land,
o i i is amode n con amina ion.
The be ies o Wi hania somni e a (L.) Dunal measu e 0.5 cm in diame e and a e eddish
(Munsell 2.5YR 3–4/5). The sepals o Rosa icha dii Rehde , when p ese ed, a e omen ose on
he back and on he edges, and copiously pinna i id, while he pe als oday mos ly c umpled
a e om honey (Munsell 2.5Y 7/5) o da k ed (Munsell 5YR 2.5/1) colo .
9 h ps://ecbo .science.kew.o g/ ead_ecbo .php?ca no=26883&sea ch_ e m=pe ie&sea ch_ ype=
name&woodchecklis =Woods.
Fig. 3 One o he wo po ions o Kew Ga dens N . 26883 (pho o by F. And eozzi)
1 cm
65FLORA ANDREOZZI
Kew Ga dens N . 2672110
A u he po ion o aga land composed in a e y simila way o he p e ious one is held unde
in en o y numbe 26721. I also comes om Pe ie’sexca a ions in 1888.
The po ion is ied o aca d in he bo om o abox, on which Newbe y has sepa a ely placed
he elemen s ha compose i oge he wi h iden i ica ion labels. The ga land po ion is 40 cm
long and up o 5 cm wide. Like he p e ious one, i is composed o aco e made om culms o
Sci pus sp. and s ips o Cype us sp. comple ely co e ed by nume ous o namen al elemen s.
These can be desc ibed as “ ake lowe s” and a e mainly o wo ypes. The i s one is o med
by one o mo e papy us s ips ha widen a he apex a ound which Silene coeli - osa (L.) God .
lowe s ha e been placed ( ig. 4). A hei apex, a ing o Wi hania somni e a (L.) Dunal be ies
pie ced by asmall s ip (0.1 cm) o asedge plan has been some imes pu . The second ype is
ins ead made up o se e al s ips o Cype us sp. o Sci pus sp. (abou 4–5 cm long) o which pe als
o lowe s o Rosa icha dii Rehde o pe als o Ma hiola incana (L.) W.T.Ai on ha e been ied.
10 h ps://ecbo .science.kew.o g/ ead_ecbo .php?ca no=26721&sea ch_ e m=pe ie&sea ch_ ype=
name&woodchecklis =Woods.
Fig. 4 One o he “ ake low-
e s” wi h ose o hea en lowe s
o Kew Ga dens N . 26721 (pho o
by F. And eozzi)
1 cm
72 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXIII/2024
O he s (ÄM 14154; Schw. N . 193 and Schw. N . 194; E13446)
O he lowe s we e des oyed and consis only o single lowe s ÄM 14154; Schw. N . 193 and
Schw. N . 194; E13446). Flowe s o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . we e also pa o apo ion o
aga land now los (ÄM 14154). As o namen al elemen s, his had wigs o Lawsonia ine mis L.
and o O iganum majo ana L., pe als o Nelumbo nuci e a Gae n. and Wi hania somni e a (L.)
Dunal be ies (Ge me 1988: 19, n.45). The e is no in o ma ion ega ding he composi ion o
he co e o he ma e ial o he binding.
Some inid idual lowe s o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God ., no longe pa o any composi ion,
a e p ese ed unde he Schw. numbe s 193, 194, and Ägyp isches Museum n. 19543 ( he la e
now los ; Ge me 1988: 17, n.8). These elemen s da e o 2nd–3 d cen u y AD.
Finally, apo ion o aga land om Hawa a p ese ed a he O ien al Ins i u e o Chicago
which could no be seen (E13446)11 mus be men ioned. The ca alog desc ibes he lo al ele-
men s ha compose i : in addi ion o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . lowe s, pe als, o lowe s o
Rosa icha dii, wigs o O iganum majo ana L., pe als (?) o Punica g ana um L., and lowe s (?)
Acacia seyal Delile a e men ioned.
ABUSIR EL MELEQ
Se e al po ions o une a y ga lands we e disco e ed du ing he exca a ion o Rubensohn
a Abusi el -Meleq and hey a e p ese ed a he Ägyp isches Museum in Be lin. The disco -
e y o ga lands du ing he exca a ion was epo ed in he exca a ion dia y, now kep in he
museum a chi e, and I hank D .Helmbold -Doyé o i s ansc ip ion. The exca a ion no es
had al eady been pa ly ewo ked and published by Mölle – Scha (1926).
Towa ds he end o he exca a ion, i was decided o exca a e some g a es o collec
os eological ma e ial, including asha omb wi h se en chambe s al eady disco e ed by
Rubensohn. Ga lands we e ound in chambe s 2, 3, and 5 (Mölle – Scha 1926: 104–5; ig.
26). In oom 2 wo ec angula sa cophagi wi h a ieze o u aei we e ound. The bu ial, and
he e o e also he ga lands, ha e been da ed app oxima ely o he 2nd cen u y AD. In he hi d
oom, ins ead, i e sa cophagi we e ound, one o which was o achild. This is desc ibed in
he exca a ion jou nal as ha ing he body co e ed wi h ga lands (“übe den ganzen Kö pe hin
mi Blumenk änzen umwunden”, p.89). The las ones a e desc ibed as ga lands o acacia and
papy us lowe s w apped in a hin shee o coppe . No ewo hy, he po ions o ga lands now
p ese ed in he museum ha e nei he acacia lowe s no coppe oil.
The po ion o ga land wi h Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . lowe s is s o ed in abox unde he
accession numbe ÄM 17614 (Ge me 1988: 17, n.9).
I measu es 72 cm in leng h and 1–2 cm in wid h. I consis s o aco e made o 1–2 culms
o Sci pus sp. on which wigs o ma jo am (O iganum majo ana L.) ha e been placed along i s
en i e leng h. Flowe s, now wi hou pe als, o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . ha e also been added,
in h ee di e en poin s, along wi h some lowe heads o Helich ysum s oechas (L.) Moench
now sca e ed in he box. These ha e been added in one poin o he ga land, bu hey may be
11 h ps://isac -idb.uchicago.edu/id/656 54d3-612 -4e08-909d -e51b4d797359.

73FLORA ANDREOZZI
amode n con amina ion. The elemen s we e ixed o he co e using as ip o Phoenix dac yli e-
a L., 0.1 cm wide, which w aps he ga land along i s en i e leng h.
The in lo escences o H. s oechas (L.) Moench has b ac s wi h sha p o inged apexes. The
lea es o ma jo am a e ellip ical, 0.5 cm × 0.2–3 cm, pubescen on bo h su aces, wi h he aised
mid ib on he lowe one, and g een (Munsell 2.5Y 7/2–3).
FAG EL GAMOUS
Some capsules o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . ha e been ound in he sa cophagus o ayoung
woman om he P olemaic pe iod (220 BC) and coming om Fag el Gamous (Fayum), whose
mummy is now s o ed a he Egyp ian Museum in Cai o (N . 127c). The young woman also
had acomposed ga land on he body (Hamdy 2015: 87), in whose composi ion he lowe s o
he ose o hea en ake no pa . The p esence o jus hei capsules in he co in may be hen
also ala e con amina ion. I his we e no he case, his would be ins ead he oldes and bes -
-da ed a es a ion o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . in Egyp .
UNKNOWN PROVENIENCE
Two small lo al a angemen s wi h Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . lowe s a e kep in wo boxes
a he Be lin -Dahlem Bo anical Museum which could no be opened, acondi ion ha limi s
he iden i ica ion o he species and hei desc ip ion. In bo h cases, indeed, he iden i ica ion
a he species le el o he lowe s o Acacia seyal Delile has been possible jus because o he
Schwein u h no es. The au ho can assu e hey belong o he Acacia genus. Bo h a e da able
o he 2nd–3 d cen u y AD. They likely come om Hawa a oo, like mos o he pieces o he
Schwein u h collec ion desc ibed abo e.
The i s is apo ion o aga land (Schw. 217; Ge me 1988: 18) and measu es 10 cm × 3.5 cm.
I is composed o aco e (?), no isible, pe haps composed as in o he cases o culms o Sci pus
sp. o o Cype us sp. On his (?) ase ies o small “bunches” wi h culms o Sci pus sp. (4–5 cm)
ha e been ixed. A leas i e lowe s o Acacia seyal Delile (1.5–2 cm in diame e ) a e isible
and concen a ed on one side, while on he o he side, lowe s o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God .
a e ecognizable. The s ips used o ie hese elemen s and he bunches oge he (0.2 cm) a e
o Phoenix dac yli e a L. and asedge plan . Amode n (?) h ead seems o ha e been added o
ein o ce he ga land.
The second a angemen (Schw. 218; Ge me 1988: 18) ins ead is mo e simila o asmall
bouque a he han aga land. I is abou 8 cm long, and i is made up o 6–8 hin s ips (0.2–
3 cm) o asedge plan (Sci pus sp.?) kno ed oge he by as ip o da e palm (0.1 cm) kno ed
a one poin o which alinen h ead has been added as a ein o cemen . The lowe s o Silene
coeli - osa (L.) God . ( wo s ill a ached, wo de ached) and a leas six Acacia seyal Delile lowe s
(1.5 cm in diame e ) ha e been inse ed on one side only.
Finally, wo lowe s and nine ui s o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . o unce ain pe iod and
p o enance a e oday s o ed in he Dokki Museum in Cai o (N . 1/56; see Cappe s– Hamdy
2007: No. 0407).
74 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXIII/2024
TEXTUAL REFERENCES
THE NAMES
Aname o he ose o hea en in ancien Egyp ian has no ye been ecognized. The plan is
indeed absen om Cha pen ie ’sdic iona y (1981), in he CDD, and in he main wo ks spe-
cialized in ancien Egyp ian lo a. Lo e (1892: 107, n.178), alking abou he Lychnis coeli - osa
o he Hawa a ga lands, unde lines ha he plan is no mo e p esen in Egyp nowadays, and
Keime (1984: 40) and Ge me (1985: 30) conside i jus as cul i a ed in he Egyp ian ga dens
du ing he G aeco -Roman imes. To possibly sugges aname o his lowe , G eek sou ces
can be aken in o conside a ion.
In G eek, he e is no an iden i ied name o he Silene (o Lychnis) coeli - osa. Indeed, he
Silene (o Lychnis) coeli - osa is no na i e o G eece. Ins ead, i is known as aname o Lychnis
co ona ia L. Des . (o Silene co ona ia (L.) Clai .), ha is λυχνίς ( he same name ound in Egyp-
ian papy i), aspecies e y simila o he o me and equally used o ga lands. The only ex en-
si e desc ip ion o his plan is he one by Diosco ides (De ma e ia medica, III, 100). The la e
ells ha he λυχνίς is a lowe , used o make ga lands, simila o he gilly lowe (λευκόϊον),
and wi h pu ple colo . I s seeds a e help ul d unk wi h wine o hose s ung by sco pions. The
exac iden i ica ion o his plan wi h he L. co ona ia (Liddell– Sco 2003: 1068; Ca noy 1959:
165; Beck 2017: 226) seems o be mos ly based on i s use o ga lands and he mode n speci ic
epi he “co ona ia”, which suppo s simila employmen . The compa ison be ween i s lowe
and he λευκόϊον is jus pa ially help ul since Diosco ides (De ma e ia medica, III, 123) does
no desc ibe i and jus ells ha is awell -known plan . Al hough his, i i s cu en iden i i-
ca ion wi h he Ma hiola incana (Liddell– Sco 2003: 1041; Beck 2017: 235) is no w ong, he
compa ison be ween he wo is well unde s andable and i jus i ies he iden i ica ion o he
o me as Silene co ona ia (L.) Clai .: bo h ha e small lowe s wi h pu ple colo and ounded
ma gin pe als (Pigna i 1982: 394).
Ne e heless, likely, mo e simila species we e conside ed unde he name λυχνίς. One o
he synonyms o he la e gi en by Ps. Diosco ides (De ma e ia medica, III, 100), γερανοπόδιον
(Ca noy 1959: 129; Liddell– Sco 2003: 345), may e e indeed o he simila i y be ween he
shape o he c ane pa hs and he pe als wi h bipa i e ma gins. Such a ea u e does no i he
pe al o he Silene co ona ia (L.) Clai . bu is accu a e o se e al o he species belonging o he
Silene and Lychnis genus. I should be aken in o conside a ion ha in ou mode n axonomy,
he di e ences among hem a e qui e minimal (mainly hey conce n how deeply he pe als
a e di ided, he shape and leng h o he calyx o he a io o he calyx and ca popho e leng h)
and di icul o dis inguish a i s glance, and i is no unlikely ha mo e mode n species we e
ca ego ized unde jus one name in An iqui y.
I is wo h o men ions he e, ha abo e he λυχνίς lowe , designa ed by he Diosco ides
as στεφανωματική (“used o ga lands”), and jus discussed, he G eek au ho dis inguished
ano he a ie y, he λυχνίς ἀγρία o “wild” a ie y. This is said o be simila in e e y espec o
he o me and i is employed o d aw bilious ma e down o he bowel and o make sco pions
le ha gic and ino ensi e when se nex o hem (Diosco ides, De ma e ia medica, III, 101). I
has been iden i ied wi h he Ag os emma gi hago (Liddell– Sco 2003: 1068, co n cockle; Beck
2017: 226; Pigna i 1982: 238), aplan ha looks like he L. co ona ia (o as we said, L. coeli - osa).
75FLORA ANDREOZZI
Again, howe e , he same desc ip ion i s well also o he species o he Silene and Lychnis
genus,12 such as he Silene dioica (L.) Clai ., ed campion, which has pu ple lowe s wi h i e
bilobed pe als (Pigna i 1982: 252). The lea es o S. dioica (L.) Clai . a e also ea en as ege a-
bles, like o he Silene species (Silene ulga is (Moench) Ga cke, Silene alba (Mille ) K ause).
Fu he , an anoin men o his species seemed o be used in B i ish olk medicine o bi es
o poisonous animals (Allen– Ha ield 2004: 93), so like Diosco ides indica ed i s use agains
sco pions. This sugges ion does no wan o be aone -by -one iden i ica ion, bu jus ap oposal
o conside he complexi y o he case and he ac ha ancien names indica ed mo e han one
mode n axonomic species and ha ou dis inc ions o species may be di e en ly co e ed by
he couple “λυχνίς”/“λυχνίς ἀγρία”. One canno exclude ha unde he simple name “λυχνίς”
also species which oday we wan o iden i y wi h he “λυχνίς ἀγρία” may be some imes mean .
Ha ing hen conside ed all he possible G eek designa ions unde which he Silene coeli-
- osa may be co e ed, one may e u n o he possibili y o sugges ing an Egyp ian (Demo ic)
name o i . The lis o synonyms o he Ps. Diosco ides sugges s σεμεώρ as he Egyp ian name
o he common λυχνίς (De ma e ia medica, III, 100), and σεμουέρ as he Egyp ian name o he
wild a ie y (De ma e ia medica, III, 101). Bo h a e simila , di e ing jus o he posi ion o he
ε and o he ου ins ead o ω so ha i is no clea how dis inguished hese names we e o i
jus aco up ion o he manusc ip adi ion is in ol ed in hese di e ences (no impo an
a ian s a e epo ed by Wellmann (1906: 112)). To unde s and whe e his (o hese) name(s)
may ha e o igina ed, wo main hypo heses can be ollowed: conside ing i coming om one
name o seeing i composed o wo names.
I one conside s he i s sugges ion, o he possible Egyp ian co esponden names, hese
s uc u es may be sugges ed: smw , sm , smwl, sml. O hese, jus he las wo a e a es ed as
plan s, and hey ha e been also sugges ed o be a ian s o he same name. They do no ha e
many occu ences. The e m sml appea s once in he his o y o he con en ion o he a mo
o Ina os (P.K all, XII, 25), as he ma e ial, o which ama pa o he equipmen o he he o
Pamu is made. Ho mann (1996: 242) ansla es i as “Schil (?)”, aplan sui able o his pu pose.
Fu he , i appea s in an in en o y o aRoman emple, as he ma e ial o he con aine lgs
(P.Be lin 6848, 3/01; Dousa– Gauda d– Johnson 2004: 740), which may con i m he ansla ion
as “ eed”, and in an os acon o Medine Madi (88.1; Gallo 1998: 164).
To he wo d sml, Smi h (1983: 203, n. 20) sugges ed linking he e m smwl, a es ed jus
wice and in a agmen a y way. I appea s in aDemo ic he bal published by Tai (1977: 68),
whe e he plan seems o be used in an anoin men agains he e e , bu because o he
12 This is clea om he synonyms, which he Ps.-Diosco ides (De ma e ia medica, III, 101) indica ed o
he λυχνίς ἀγρία, use ul o i s desc ip ion. I τραγόνωτον (Ca noy 1959: 269) may ecall he hai y
aspec simila o he back o agoa and λαμπάς (Ca noy 1959: 157; LSJ, p.1027), he ed i id colo
simila o a lame; he synonym ἱερακοπόδιον (Ca noy 1959: 144; LSJ, p.820), which may e e o he
bilobed shape o he pe als esembling he pa hs o he alcon, does no i he pe als o Ag os em-
ma gi hago. Fu he , om he papy i documen a ion, i seems ha he λυχνίς ἀγρία (λαμπάς) was
conside ed and used as a ege able, while Ag os emma gi hago is known oday o be possibly poi-
sonous (Fi bank 1988: 1239), e en i some imes i is epo ed o be ea en as a amine ood. I is no
likely hen o conside i no mally cul i a ed in aga den as a ege able. Conside ing ha he e is
no ce ain y ha each o he Diosco idean synonyms indica ed he same plan , he e is no eason
o exclude ha he λυχνίς ἀγρία could indica e o he edible Lychnis o Silene species wi h pu ple
lowe s.
76 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXIII/2024
agmen a y s a e o he ex , i is di icul o p o e wi h ce ain y his use. The i s le e
appea s jus in pa in he papy us ,13 bu he aces led o hink o he uppe pa o
an s. Also, he w is pa ially dele ed in i s uppe pa , bu i s eading is qui e unques ionable.
The second possible occu ence o his e m is in aDemo ic d eam book (P.Ca lsbe g 14, h, 3;
Vol en 1942: 102), whe e he ision o he plan co esponds o an in aus esul (jw= mw ).
In his case, howe e , jus ]mwl is p ese ed, e en i he de e mina i e used is he same as
he p eceden a es a ion .
Finally, he plan ]wl, which appea s in ano he Demo ic he bal (P.Ca lsbe g 230, . 8, x+5;
Tai 1991: 78), may be also linked o his name. The plan is said indeed o g ow nea he lakes,
ahabi a , which will i well wi h he iden i ica ion o smwl wi h he eed.14
In all hese cases, he e seems no eason, howe e , o link he wo d smwl/sml wi h he G eek
σεμεώρ/σεμουέρ as ose o hea en, since he la e is no ap o make ma o con aine no has apa -
icula connec ion wi h he e e o lakes (bu o he le e , see below he hypo hesis o Če ný).
The second possible sugges ion is ha σεμεώρ/σεμουέρ may o igina e om wo names
con la ed in one. I seems possible o p opose aconcei able Egyp ian language s uc u e o
his name. The i s pa σεμ ecall indeed he wo d s(y)m, “he bs, g ass” (CDD, s, 207), while
he second pa o he wo d may sugges he adjec i e w , “g ea ” (CDD, w, 107), whose Cop-
ic ou come is ⲟⲩⲏⲣⲉ (Če ný 1976: 214), and which is ende ed in G eek as -ουηρ (m.) o -υερ
( .), like i is known om he name o places.15 This p oposal would be i o σεμουέρ, whose
meaning could ha e been ansla ed hen as “ he g ea plan ”, wi hou ha one can specula e
abou he eason o his name e e ed o he ose o hea en. Ano he possible unde s anding
o he econs uc ed name *“s(y)m w ” could be o conside w as asho ened epi he o agod,
o ansla e i as “ he plan o he G ea one”. The G eek names Ἐσοηρις ( .) o Πετεσυῆρις (m.)
a e bo h compound wi h he w -elemen a he end, which gi es he G eek ou come οηρ/υῆρ
+ he sigma needed in G eek o people name added, and which is asho ened o m o “Isis
he G ea ” (As. w . ( he G ea Isis) = Ἐσοηρις and pA ‑dj ‑w . ( he one gi en by he G ea Isis) =
Πετεσυῆρις). In his case, he meaning o he plan σεμουέρ would be “ he plan o he G ea
One”, anomencla u e al eady well -known o o he plan s in Demo ic (see no e 14). In his
case, ne e heless, he absence o he geni i e “-n-” p esen in he o he examples may esul
in p oblems. Fu he mo e, o he bes o my knowledge, aname as *“s(y)m w ” has ne e been
a es ed, e en i his may be due jus o alack o documen a ion.
A inal sugges ion ha has been explo ed is he de i a ion om Ax (CDD, A, 67, “swamp”).
Če ný (1976: 154) indeed sugges ed linking σεμουέρ o he Cop ic ⲥⲁⲙⲁϩⲏⲣ, which he in e p e s
as ⲥⲁⲙ (“plan ”) + ⲁϩⲏⲣ (“ma sh”), ha is “plan o he ma sh”, epi he no sui able o ose o
hea en as i g ows on d y soils. This ansla ion may be well unde s ood i he G eek oponym
13 The emaining pa s o a e ical line and an uppe cu ed pa ecall he Demo ic sign o an s.
14 Al hough his gene al acco dance, o he plan s ha e names ending wi h -wl, like he onion mDwl,
so ha his las occu ence should be aken wi h cau ion.
15 This s uc u e is no unusual o Demo ic plan s’ names. I has been al eady sugges ed ega ding
he o igin o he G eek name o he ma jo am (σάμψουχον) as sym ‑n‑Sbk ( he “plan o Sobek”), as
he e a e o he names compound wi h sm + gods name, such as sym ‑n‑Imn (CDD, s, 210, “ he plan o
Amon”) o sym ‑n‑Inp (CDD, s, 210, “ he plan o Anubis”). The e a e also o he possibili ies a es ed:
sm+ae hnic cha ac e s, like sym wynn (CDD, s, 210, he “G eek plan ”), o sym ‑n‑hl (CDD, s, 211, he
“Sy ian plan ”); o sm+adjec i e o acommon name, like sm nyn (CDD, s, 211, he “plan o he bi d
nyn”), sym q (CDD, s, 211, he “e il plan ”), o sym ‑n‑gyD (CDD, s, 211, he “plan o he hand”).
77FLORA ANDREOZZI
Σαμαχηρε is conside ed, a place o he Aph odi opolis nome, a es ed once in P. Lond. 4 1481
(Bell – C um 1910: 429–430), oge he wi h Σαμαηρ, which p ecedes i . The absence o he
ica i e in σεμουέρ is indeed explained by Če ný and C um (342b), equalizing he oponyms,
bu hese look like wo dis inc places in he lis . Rega ding he iden i ica ion o he Cop ic
ⲥⲁⲙⲁϩⲏⲣ, he e is li le in o ma ion. C um (342ab) p oposed o link i o ϣⲁⲙⲁⲣ, whose mean-
ing “ ennel” is deduc ed om he A abic رامش. The A abic -Cop ic Scala 43 ( . 34, unpublished)
ansla es indeed ⲥⲁⲙⲁϩⲏⲣ wi h رامش, bu he Scala 44 ( . 82; Munie 1930: 167) ansla es i wi h
جنافسا, ha is “spinach”. Beyond hese, he name is a es ed jus once in a medical ex , whe e i
is used oge he wi h he incense agains pso iasis (Zoega 1810: 628; Till 1956: 56, n.34). The e
is no pa icula eason based on his in o ma ion o ma ch σεμουέρ o ⲥⲁⲙⲁϩⲏⲣ h ough his
se ies o equi alencies, e en i i s meaning as “spinach” may be in acco dance o he use o
he λυχνίς ἀγρία as ege ables in G eek papy i, and Diosco ides sugges ed wo simila bu s ill
di e en Egyp ian names o he wild a ie y and he common one16.
Excep o his possible name, in Cop ic, he e is no ecognized wo d o indica e he ose
o hea en. The Cop ic ende ings o he G eek wo ds λυχνίς o λαμπάς, ⲗⲓⲭⲛⲟⲥ and ⲗⲁⲙⲡⲁⲥ,
seem indeed no o be a es ed in Cop ic as plan s (ⲗⲁⲙⲡⲁⲥ is jus he “lamp, o ch”, see Fö s e
2002: 462; 486).
GREEK PAPYRI FROM EGYPT
The e a e no many papy i whe e he wo d λυχνίς appea s (see able 2). Fu he , he ag-
men a y s a us o some papy i makes i di icul o dis inguish his wo d om simila ones
(like λυχνίον o λυχνίδιον, “lamp”). Two documen a y papy i whe e λυχνίς has been possibly
ecognized a e p esen ed he e.
16 A he same ime, he sugges ion o ⲥⲁⲙⲁϩⲏⲣ as “plan o he ma sh” canno ecall he Demo ic
wo d smwl/sml be o e discussed, which indica es aspecies o he same en i onmen . Is i possible
ha while in G eek he di e ence be ween he “λυχνίς” and “λυχνίς ἀγρία” (λαμπάς in papy i) is
main ained in Egyp , in Demo ic, he Egyp ians con la ed in one he wo plan s o assimila ed one
o hem o bo h o ano he plan g owing in mois soils?
Ti le Wo d Con en Da e O igin Publica ion TM
An accoun wi h
He akleides he ine λυχνίδος Accoun 1. June 252 BC Philadelphia?
(A sinoi es) P. Cai . Zen. 2 59269 913
F agmen o a lis
o gains and expenses
λυχνι[δ
(l. 103); Lis 293 He mopolis P. Baden 2 26 80103
λυχνίδ[α
(l. 105);
λυχ[νίδος
(l. 117)
F agmen o le e and
agmen o accoun λαμπάδα Lis Mid-3 d BC Philadelphia?
(A sinoi es) P. Cai . Zen. 4 59608 a 1241
Ren o a ga den λαμπάδας Con ac 14. Ma ch 22 BC Alexand ia BGU 4 1118 18560
Ren o a ga den λαμπάδας Con ac 24. No . 5 BC Alexand ia BGU 4 1120 18562
Table 2 Syn hesis o he a es a ions o λυχνίς and λαμπάς (Silene spp.) in G eek papy i.

78 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXIII/2024
The i s one, which is he oldes , belongs o Zenon’sa chi e, he manage o he p ope ies
a Philadephia (Fayum) o Apollonios, διοικητής unde P olemyII. I is alis o ansac ions
(P.Cai . Zen. 2 59269; Edga 1926: 116–8) da ed o 252 BC, which in ol es bo h paymen s and
collec ions o di e en people. Among hese dealings, he e appea s asale o he “λυχνίς”
plan cul i a ed in he ineya d, o which Ephesos paid 13 d achmae ( , 3, ll. 3–4). The p ice
can be compa ed wi h he ones men ioned be o e o he selling o oses (60 d achmae), on-
ions (90 d achmae), o igs and pomeg ana es (20 d achmae). The lowe does no ha e such
ahigh economic alue, bu he main limi o his compa ison is na u ally ep esen ed by he
ac ha he ex does no men ion he quan i ies. I is in e es ing o he wise o know ha he
ose -campions we e g own di ec ly in he ineya d a Philadelphia, and i would ha e been
in e es ing also o know he eason why Ephesos bough hem. An “Ephesos” is men ioned
o he imes in Zenon’spapy i,17 like o line wo k (P.Cai o Zen. 4 59782, b, col. 6.87), o ahun
(P.Cai o Zen. 4 59747, 13), and woodwo k (P.Michigan Zen. 38, col. 3.53), and as ela ed o he
ci y o C ocodilopolis (P.Col. Zen. 2 59176 (+ P.Lond. 72161) 62, 193), bu i is unlikely o be
always he same pe son. Ne e heless, i is likely he belonged o he wo ke s o Apollonius’
es a e and could ea n enough o buy some lowe s, which a e no p ima y needs. I he was
he same “Ephesos” said o be paid ou coppe d achmae and ou obols pe day (P.Col. Zen.
2 63, . col. 2.21), hese lowe s mus ha e been qui e expensi e hough.
The second ele an ex comes ins ead om He mopolis and i is da ed o 293 AD. I p e-
se es alis o expenses and gains (Bilabel 1923: 37 .) p esumably all belonging o Au elius
Felix, p os a es, men ioned in he i s line o he . 213 . The papy us is qui e agmen a y
and he agmen s ha ansmi he wo d λυχνίς a e no a all comple e since hey lack he
men ion o he pe son om whom o o whom he money is gi en and o en he sum associ-
a ed. The wo d appea s in i s mo e comple e o m in he . 217. a, l. 105, whe e i is p eceded
by a eminine a icle and whe e he le pa o he δ is s ill clea ly isible. These wo elemen s
pe mi us o dis inguish i om simila e ms (see abo e). In he o he wo occu ences in
he same papy us (217. a, l. 103, 217. b, l. 117), jus amino pa o he wo d is p ese ed, hus
making i mo e doub ul i lamps o lowe s a e he e bough o sold, since he uncomple e
en yλυχνίδ[ makes i possible o be unde s ood as λυχνίδιον (neu e ),asynonym o λυχνεῖον,
ha is “lamp”. This la e in eg a ion is maybe cau iously mo e likely since he con ex o he
accoun is los . Fo hese en ies nei he he p ice no he people a e p ese ed, so no hing
can be in e ed abou possible changes in alue o use o he ose o hea en, bu i s ill p o es
i s p esence in he men ioned ime and space.
Abo e hese wo men ions, o he bes o ou knowledge, he e is no o he documen a y
e idence o he λυχνίς. Some o he e e ences o i s nea ela i e λαμπάς o λυχνίς ἀγρία
(possibly Silene dioica (L.) Clai .), a e ins ead known. One ( he mos ancien ) is in an accoun
o mainly edible i ems belonging o Zenon’sa chi e (Edga 1931: 58),18 and is da ed a ound he
17 P.Cai o Zen. 4 59747, .2, 8 and 13; 4 59782, b, col. 6.87, 7.123, 7.131; 2 59176 (+ P.Lond. 72161) 62, 110, 193
and 302; P.Michigan Zen. 38, col. 3.53; PSI 4 331, .3; P.Co nell 1.162 and 167; P.Iand. Zen. 53, . col.
4.44; P.Col. Zen. 1 5 + P.Col. Zen. 2 63, . col. 2.21, col. 3.23; 2 77, .7.
18 The papy us p ese es asho le e on he ec o e y likely w i en by one o Zenon’sag icul u al
men, which in o ms him abou some wo ks done abou he sesame, while he men ioned accoun
is on he e so, and i men ions as elemen s he cabbage (ῥαφάνινος), he bee (σεῦτλον), mus a d
(σίναπυ) and wine, along wi h he λαμπάδα (l. 30).
79FLORA ANDREOZZI
hal o he 3 d cen u y BC.The o he wo e e ences a e p ese ed in wo e y simila con ac s
o he en o une a y ga dens in Alexand ia bo h da ed o he end o he 1s cen u y BC.19
The p esence o he λαμπάς in such documen s, and o e all, among he ege ables, makes
e iden ha his plan , al hough simila o he common λυχνίς (i we us he Diosco ides’
desc ip ion), had mainly a ole in he human alimen a ion a he han as an o namen al c op
(na u ally hey a e no mu ually exclusi e, jus he e is no p oo o he second employmen ).
DISCUSSION
TIME AND SPACE
The da a conce ning Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . in G aeco -Roman Egyp , hough sca ce, sugges s
ap esence mos ly limi ed o he Fayum a ea. While much su ely depends on ou documen a-
ion, he inding ag ees wi h he peculia cul u al si ua ion o he Fayum in he P olemaic ime.
I he “λυχνίς” men ioned in he a chi e o Zeno (3 d cen u y BC) is indeed he Silene coeli-
- osa which is ound as used in ga lands om he 1s cen u y -Fayum, i is possible o place his
men ion as a e minus pos quem e m o i s p esence. I s e e ence in he a chi e o Zeno,
adminis a o o Apollonius, διοικητής o P olemy II i s well wi h he o he es imonies o
he same a chi e, which explici ly es i y he willingness o in oduce h ough cul i a ion
a ious new species o a ie ies o plan species ound in he Medi e anean in Apollonius’
p ope ies (O ieux 1985: 90–91; Schmi z 2007: 183–191). Usually, he sucke s we e bo owed
om o he ga dens o people who i is well o assume belonged o he P olemaic eli e and
loca ed in he Del a o he Alexand ian capi al, in addi ion o he oyal ga dens in Memphis.
O he oods u s o plan o animal o igin ha could no be p oduced locally we e impo ed
om he Medi e anean (O ieux 1985: 84–90). The p esence o “λυχνίς” in he a chi es i s
hen well in o his amewo k o “expe imen alism” in he 3 d -cen u y Fayum ag icul u e, as
de ined by C aw o d (1973: 247). Such inno a ions we e made possible by he economic capa-
bili ies o he eli e and aimed no only a sa is ying he p ima y ood needs o “ o eigne s”, bu
also luxu y needs, and o inc ease economic income h ough he new p oduc s. Fu he mo e,
19 These we e bo h ound as pa o he ca onnage o mummies coming om Abusi el -Meleq du ing
he exca a ions o Rubensohn. In he i s one (P.13074 o Be lin Museum), da ed o he 22 BC
(Schuba – Mi eis– Ze e eli e al. 1912: IV, 200, n. 1118), ace ain Aisopos en ed aga den o ayea
o T yphon and likely o ano he pe son. The con ac desc ibes all he kinds o plan s cul i a ed in
he ga den (mainly ege ables) ha he enan s had o ca e abou and no damage. He e he λαμπάς
(l. 12) is men ioned oge he wi h cabbage (κράμβη), cauli lowe (καυλός), an -palm (κεφαλώνων),
wild le uce (μηκωνίς), g apes(σταφυλή and βότρυς), plan ain (θρυαλλίς), cucumbe (σίκυος),
swee leek (πράσον) and bee (σεῦτλον). The second con ac (P.13109 ), ins ead, is sligh ly la e
and da ed o he yea 5 BC (Schuba – Mi eis– Ze e eli 1912: IV, 206, n. 1120). I egis e s a en o
i e yea s o aga den belonging o Diodo os, son o Akes o , om He mias, son o Apollonius, his
son He mias, and his wi e Isido a. Again, he main cul i a ions p esen in he ga den a e desc ibed.
Many o hem a e he same as he p eceden con ac (cabbage, cauli lowe , bee , plan ain, swee
leek, g apes, cucumbe ), unde lining ace ain commonali y in he ood cul u e, while o he s, ha
is he colocyn h (κολοκύνθη), da e -palm (φοῖνιξ), aspa agus (ἀσπάραγος) and jujube (παλίουρος),
a e di e en . I is no ewo hy ha he numbe ha accompanies hese plan s is o en in he o de
o housands o se e al hund ed so hese ga dens mus ha e been qui e ex ensi e. The λαμπάς
(l. 14) is men ioned oge he wi h he o he p oduc s in he numbe o h ee hund ed.
80 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXIII/2024
he pe manence o he use o his plan in he Fayum ag ees wi h he high p esence o G eek-
-speaking people in he egion (Cla ysse– Thompson 2006: 140), which may ha e c ea ed o e
ime he social and cul u al condi ions sui able o i s pe sis ence. In he ollowing cen u ies,
he species only seems o be a es ed in his a ea and i s icini y (Abusi el -Meleq) and jus
once in Middle Egyp (He mopolis). The limi ed sp ead may ha e i s explana ion in he ac
ha i is aspecies o almos exclusi e o namen al use o he ac ha he plan g ows in d y
soils and may ha e no g own spon aneously in he dese o he ma shes20. I s eme gence in
he a chaeological eco d, especially in Roman imes, can be explained by he ac ha in his
pe iod Egyp , especially in a eas ha had unde gone majo popula ion es uc u ing in he
p e ious cen u ies, pa icipa ed in he “ ashions” o he (G eek)-Roman Empi e, including
a enewed in e es in une a y ga lands, which had hei long adi ion in Egyp .
In he ace o his pic u e and conside ing ha Silene coeli - osa is no na i e o ei he Egyp
o mainland G eece (e en i i is na i e o G eek -speaking sou he n I aly), i is possible o
assume ha he a i al o he species in Egyp could be sligh ly (?) ea lie han he 3
d
cen u y.
I can pe haps be placed in he La e Pe iod (664–332 BC), wi h he inc ease o G eek immig a-
ion in o Egyp , al hough i could ha e admi edly occu ed a any ime. I is also possible ha
i was ei he linked o some conscious e en bu jus pu ely acciden al. Cases o acciden al
in oduc ion o non -na i e species, especially h ough comme cial con ac s, a e well p o en
e en in mode n imes (Hulme– Bache – Kenise al. 2008). O he imes, he simple ac ion
o one o a ew a eling people who b ough wi h hem seeds o an alien species had s ong
consequences in he sp ead o aplan in anew e i o y (Alm 2013). Indeed, i seems mo e
plausible o conside he in oduc ion o he ose o hea en as acciden al and no di ec ly de-
si ed by he G eek eli e o he 3 d cen u y, as o he wise, one would no unde s and why hey
did no impo he Silene species na i e om mainland G eece o Ana olia, whe e he Silene
co ona ia (L.) Clai . is na i e. Ins ead, he Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . in oduced acciden ally
may ha e easily eplaced he G eek λυχνίς (Silene co ona ia (L.) Clai .) a es ed in Classical
ex s o be used o ga lands, since he la e was no na i e in Egyp and hen no a ailable.
CULTIVATION
E en i he e is li le da a ega ding he cul i a ion o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . in G aeco-
-Roman Egyp , hese a e qui e ele an . Acco ding o he indica ion in he Zeno papy us,
i seems o be unde s ood ha he o e was cul i a ed in he ineya d oge he wi h o he
o namen al species such as he ose. This mixed c op egime is no su p ising. Being species
ha possibly need ca e in cul i a ion such as wa e and e ilize , hey could ha e bene i ed
20 I can be seen as acompa ison, ha he p esence o he “wild sis e ” o he λυχνίς, he λαμπάς, is
educed o h ee a es a ions, one om he 3
d
cen u y BC (apapy us om Zeno’sa chi e) es i-
ying i s p esence in he Fayum, and wo une a y ga den con ac s in Alexand ia om he end
o he 1s cen u y Bc.I is only concei able ha i i was aspecies no na i e o Egyp (like Silene
dioica), i ollowed asimila pa h o in oduc ion as Silene coeli - osa and did no hen become wide-
ly dis ibu ed in he e i o y. Howe e , i could also be aspecies such as Silene ulga is, which is
widesp ead h oughou he Medi e anean and hus also na i e o Egyp , which he new G eek-
-speaking inhabi an s such as Zeno would ha e al eady ound in he a ea and hus exploi ed and
ha i s p esence was limi ed o he a ea wi h high p esence o G eek -speaking people.
81FLORA ANDREOZZI
om he a en ion o he majo c op i.e. he ine. These may ha e been conside ed as “mino ”
species, ha is species whose cul i a ion equi ed less space, bo h o physiological easons
(smalle size) and o easons o necessi y, gi en hei likely almos exclusi ely o namen al use.
I is hen, o cou se, also possible ha he ose o hea en was also cul i a ed in small plo s
o land specially p epa ed wi h soil om he Nile (Hugono 1989: 228–33), close o houses, o
in open spaces, wi hou any special equi emen s.
Some ideas on he cul i a ion o λυχνίς can also be sugges ed by he da a ha he papy i
p o ide us on i s “wild sis e ”, he λαμπάς. The la e appea s cul i a ed in une a y ga dens
(BGU 4 1118 and BGU 4 1120), which included ege ables (as cabbage, le uce, o bee ) bu also
ui ees since igs, da es, and g apes a e among he p oduc s men ioned. One can he e o e
imagine ha λαμπάς, like he λυχνίς, was cul i a ed among he ui ees o in aspecial pa
o he ga den in amixed egime, pe haps in squa e plo s illed wi h e ile soil om he Nile
as in he examples om he Pha aonic pe iod (Hugono 1989: 228–33). Cul i a ion mus ha e
bene i ed om he wa e o he Canopus b anch, as he ga dens a e said o be “ἐπὶ τῆς κα[τ]
ὰ Κανωβ[ὸ]ν” (BGU 4 1120, l.7). The e e ence o hei i iga ion is also ecalled in he con ac
(κατὰ καιρὸν ἀρεσ[τῶ]ς [σκ]άπτοντας καὶ ποτίζοντας, BGU 4 1120, l.30).
F om con empo a y expe ience, i is known ha he ose o hea en needs ull sun (a leas
se en days wi h mo e han 12 hou s o ligh (Nouga ède– Rembu – F ancis– Ronde 1989:
31), and well -d ained, calca eous o clayey soil. I can g ow in awide ange o empe a u es
and a eas: om cold win e s (down o – 10 °C) o a eas wi h mild win e s (mo e han 4 °C)
(B ickell 2019: 303). The e o e, i s cul i a ion in Egyp seems well concei able.
The plan was likely p opaga ed by seeds, which can be sown in empe a e coun ies in
Ma ch -June (20 °C) in mois soil, while in Egyp , sowing could be ea lie . A e sowing, he
seedlings appea in wo o h ee weeks and mus be wa e ed un il he plan is es ablished. I
will lowe du ing he summe (June–Sep embe ). A e ha , i can be cu . The ha es pe iod
coincides wi h ha o Zeno’spapy us (June).
USES
FOOD
No alimen a y use is known o he Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . Ins ead, as men ioned below,
se e al species o Silene all spo adically in o mode n ood use. 21 The alimen a y use could
ha e been he disc imina ing ac o (apa concei ably om he mo phological one) be ween
“λυχνίς” and “λαμπάς” (o “λυχνίς ἀγρία”). The la e does no seem o ha e had an o namen al
use in G eek au ho s, as in he manu ac u e o c owns, while i appea s among he p oduc s–
mos ly ege ables and oods u s– o he wo une a y ga dens in Alexand ia a he end o he
1s cen u y BC, jus as i appea ed o be acul i a ed p oduc al eady in Zeno’sa chi e.
21 Fo example, he young shoo s and lea es o S. ulga is (Moench.) Ga cke is used cooked as a eg-
e able (Chand a– Rawa 2015: 126). The lea es o S. dioica a e also ea en as ege ables. Fu he , in
No h -Eas I aly, i is used o he s u ing o a ioli oge he wi h ico a.
88 PRAGUE EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES XXXIII/2024
The eme gence o da a ega ding λυχνίς only in he 3
d
cen u y in he Fayum, in u n, aises
some e lec ions. Meanwhile, i is imaginable how be o e a i ing in he Fayum, and in he
p ope ies o Zenon, he plan passed h ough he po s o he Del a ( he ela ionship be ween
Zeno and Alexand ia, bu also ga dens o eli e pe sonali ies o he Del a is a e all well clea ).23
Secondly, he (almos sudden) eme gence o he p esence o his species in he Fayum can be
easily linked, as men ioned, o he ag icul u al expe imen alism o he i s -gene a ion G eek
inhabi an s, o en people o social impo ance, who had he economic possibili y o no aban-
doning all hei na i e habi s o o p ocu e exo ic species o g ow on hei p ope ies. Thi dly,
i Zeno’sλυχνίς al eady co esponds o Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . and no o ano he species
o he same genus, i mus be admi ed ha aso o cul u al adap a ion occu ed a ace ain
momen in his o y: he na i e G eek species Silene co ona ia (L.) Clai . was eplaced in i s use
by he aes he ically e y simila Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . I is no possible o know whe he
his “subs i u ion” occu ed consciously o no , bu i is acul u ally ele an phenomenon.
The di usion o his species seems o ha e emained limi ed o he Fayum i sel (wi h
some excep ions as once a es ed a Abusi el -Meleq, once a He mopolis): p obably because
i s i sel use was a he limi ed. On he con a y, he high concen a ion o G eek se le s in
he Fayum as ea ly as he 3 d cen u y BC may ha e c ea ed he op imal condi ions o i s pe -
manence, as he ecological en i onmen o he Fayum whe e i may ha e been easily g own.
Rega ding i s uses, he only ce ain y is i s o namen al and lo al composi ions. The ood
use p obably emains con ined o aspecies ha was ca ego ized simila ly a he G eek le el,
bu whose exac na u e escapes us, while he medical use, al hough possible, seems o ha e
emained con ined wi hin he w i ings o he school o Alexand ia. In he ga lands, he Si-
lene coeli - osa (L.) God . is used exclusi ely in co e - ype ga lands. This is apa icula ype o
manu ac u ing, inno a i e in he G aeco -Roman pe iod, which, unlike o he con empo a y
ypologies, mainly uses ecen ly in oduced and Medi e anean species, as can be seen om
he species in which i is included (O iganum majo ana L., Rosa icha dii Rehde ). In his case,
al hough he use o he Silene species was known in Classical and Roman imes and aG aeco-
-Roman in luence can be hypo hesized, especially in an a ea such as ha o he Fayum, he e
is no doub ha he inal p oduc is an Egyp ian inno a ion (o a leas he Egyp ian Fayum).
This inno a ion in eg a es nume ous na i e species (such as Sci pus sp., Cype us sp., and Phoe-
nix dac yli e a L.). I is he e o e no me ely aphenomenon o cul u al ans e , bu acul u al
elabo a ion wi h mo e complex oo s.
The ac ha Silene coeli - osa (L.) God . ound i s main use in he p oduc ion o une a y
ga lands can also explain why i is no longe a es ed wi h ce ain y a e he 3 d cen u y AD,
when e en he adi ion o p oduc ion o colo ed une a y w ea hs has g adually disappea ed,
as has ha o une a y po ai s in which hese a e o en ep esen ed. The plan , ha ing los
human in e es in i , was unable o na u alize in Egyp ian e i o y and he e o e g adually
disappea ed.
23 Zeno adminis e ed he p ope ies o Apollonius, dioike es o P olemy II Philadelphus, who esided
in Alexand ia and had he possibili y o ob aining plan s om he oyal ga den o Memphis and
o he ga dens in he Del a (P.Cai . Zen. 2 59156; P.Cai . Zen. 1 59033).

89FLORA ANDREOZZI
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