i
Use o IoT echnologies o imp o e shoo ing
pe o mance in baske ball
And é Salomão dos San os de Almeida An unes
Disse a ion epo p esen ed as pa ial equi emen o
ob aining he Mas e ’s deg ee in S a is ics and In o ma ion
Managemen
i
Use o IoT echnologies o imp o e shoo ing pe o mance in baske ball
And é Salomão dos San os de Almeida
An unes
MGI
2018
MGI
i
ii
NOVA In o ma ion Managemen School
Ins i u o Supe io de Es a ís ica e Ges ão de In o mação
Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa
USE OF IOT TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE SHOOTING PERFORMANCE IN BASKETBALL
by
And é Salomão dos San os de Almeida An unes
Disse a ion epo p esen ed as pa ial equi emen o ob aining he Mas e ’s deg ee in
In o ma ion Managemen , wi h a specializa ion in Knowledge Managemen and Business In elligence
Ad iso : Ví o Manuel Pe ei a Dua e dos San os, PhD.
May 2018
iii
DEDICATION
Nes a seção de ag adecimen os e dedicações, esc e o em po uguês, na minha lingua ma e na.
Sendo es a e apa uma das mais impo an es que i e a é hoje, só posso dedica es e ei o à minha
amilia. Se não osse pelo cons an e supo e e apoio, não enho a ce eza se e ia comple ado es e
passo. Po esse mo i o o mé i o de e inalizado es e es udo não é só meu, e que o aze um
ag adecimen o especial à minha mad inha, à minha mãe, ao meu pai e à minha a ó. Um ob igado a
odos!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Ag adeço o apoio e colabo ação do P o . D . Ví o Dua e dos San os na o ien ação pedagógica e
acompanhamen o e e uado ao longo do desen ol imen o des a disse ação e à NOVA IMS, pelos
undamen os académicos que, no âmbi o do Mes ado em Ges ão de In o mação, pude adqui i e se
e ela am essenciais no decu so des e abalho.

i
ABSTRACT
Technology is e olu ionizing he wo ld o spo s in e e y way, om he expe ience o ans o he
making and cus omising o aining plans and e en e e eeing. Ine ial senso s a e now being used in
many spo s as hey allow e ec i e acking o me ics ha we e p e iously no “wi hin each”
wi hou a ec ing he pe o mance o playe s, due o he imp o emen o hei size and “du abili y”.
Bu i is no jus he echnological componen ha is e ol ing; new s a egies and ac ical displays a e
being inc easingly seen in se e al spo s, such as baske ball. Indeed, in he NBA, in ecen yea s a
new end has eme ged as eams a e shoo ing mo e 3p sho s, and he cen e posi ion is p og essing
as alle playe s a e asked o be mo e skilled han e e .
Howe e , al hough he game o baske ball is changing, a gain in e iciency is no being obse ed in
jump shoo ing since he pe cen ages o 3p sho s made in he NBA a e no inc easing as i would be
expec ed om he inc ease in 3p sho a emp s.
The pu pose o his s udy was hus o analyse and make ecommenda ions conce ning he use o
cu en echnology o acking shoo ing pe o mance, as well as he use o new senso s. In o de o
do so, he main ac o s behind shoo ing success we e aken in o accoun , o gua an ee ha he
ecommenda ions we e as well- ounded as possible. The chosen me hodology was design science
esea ch, whe e he p oposed a i ac s we e submi ed o alida ion h ough in e iews, and
acco ding o ecei ed eedback, he p oposed a i ac s we e upda ed.
KEYWORDS
In e ne o Things; Spo s; Baske ball; Jump sho ; De ices.
INDEX
1. In oduc ion .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Backg ound ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Mo i a ion ............................................................................................................. 2
1.3. Objec i es .............................................................................................................. 3
2. Li e a u e e iew .......................................................................................................... 4
2.1. IoT .......................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1. Concep s ......................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2. Con ex o IoT ................................................................................................ 4
2.1.3. IoT in spo s .................................................................................................... 5
2.2. Baske ball .............................................................................................................. 7
2.2.1. Concep , ules and sco ing ............................................................................. 8
2.2.2. Majo compe i ions ...................................................................................... 10
2.2.3. T ends and challenges .................................................................................. 11
2.2.4. Shoo ing c i ical componen s ....................................................................... 13
2.2.5. Technologies in Baske ball ........................................................................... 24
3. Me hodology .............................................................................................................. 34
3.1. DSR ....................................................................................................................... 34
3.2. S a egy o he Resea ch ..................................................................................... 34
4. P oposals, Resul s and discussion .............................................................................. 36
4.1. Assump ions o he p oposed a i ac s ............................................................... 36
4.2. P oposed A i ac s ............................................................................................... 42
4.3. Valida ion ............................................................................................................. 45
4.3.1. Ta ge Audience ........................................................................................... 45
4.3.2. Sample .......................................................................................................... 45
4.3.3. Summa y o in e iew guide ........................................................................ 46
4.3.4. Resul s .......................................................................................................... 47
4.4. Discussion ............................................................................................................ 50
5. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 56
5.1. Syn hesis o he de eloped wo k ........................................................................ 56
5.2. Limi a ions o he esea ch .................................................................................. 57
5.3. Fu u e wo k ......................................................................................................... 57
Bibliog aphy..................................................................................................................... 58
Annexes ........................................................................................................................... 61
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figu e 1. ITPD ing a ound IoTSpo ( om Ray, 2015) ............................................................... 6
Figu e 2. 2016 NBA playo s' b acke ....................................................................................... 11
Figu e 3. A e age numbe o 3 poin sho a emp s pe game in each season ...................... 12
Figu e 4. A e age pe cen age o poin s esul ing om 3 poin sho s pe season ................... 12
Figu e 5. A e age pe cen age o success o 3 poin sho s pe season .................................... 13
Figu e 6. Va iables ha in luence he baske ball jump sho ( om Okazaki, Rodacki, & Sa e n,
2015) ................................................................................................................................. 14
Figu e 7. Vi ual a ge o he baske im as a unc ion o he angle o en y o he baske ball
( om Okazaki e al., 2015) ............................................................................................... 14
Figu e 8. Le : Dis ibu ion o he Le -Righ alues o all 3-poin sho s measu ed. Righ :
co ela ion be ween Le -Righ consis ency and 3-poin shoo ing pe cen age o
indi idual shoo e s ( om Ma y & Lucey, 2017). ............................................................ 17
Figu e 9. Le : Dis ibu ion o Dep h alues o all 3-poin sho s measu ed. Righ : co ela ion
be ween Dep h consis ency and shoo ing pe cen age o indi idual shoo e s ( om
Ma y & Lucey, 2017). ...................................................................................................... 17
Figu e 10. Le : Dis ibu ion o Angle alues o all 3-poin sho s measu ed. Righ : Co ela ion
be ween Angle consis ency and shoo ing pe cen age o indi idual shoo e s ( om
Ma y & Lucey, 2017). ...................................................................................................... 18
Figu e 11. Le : Make pe cen age a each Dep h alue o s aigh sho s wi h an Angle alue
o 45°. Righ : Gua an eed Make Zone (GMZ) o s aigh sho s ac oss all Angle alues
( om Ma y & Lucey, 2017). ............................................................................................ 18
Figu e 12. Hea map showing playe s clus e ed by hei p o iciency a he ou ac o s ( om
Ma y & Lucey, 2017). ...................................................................................................... 19
Figu e 13. Le : Cu en sho dis ibu ion o Playe Y whe e Dep h median is no cen ed in
he GMZ. Righ : po en ial sho dis ibu ion o Playe Y i his median Dep h is imp o ed
by cen ing in he GMZ ( om Ma y & Lucey, 2017). ...................................................... 20
Figu e 14. Phases o he jump sho ( om Okazaki e al., 2015) .............................................. 21
Figu e 15. E o one sma baske ball ........................................................................................ 26
Figu e 16. Wilson X sma baske ball ....................................................................................... 27
Figu e 17. Wilson X applica ion modes .................................................................................... 27
Figu e 18. 94 i y gea .............................................................................................................. 28
Figu e 19. Sho T acke gea ..................................................................................................... 29
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Figu e 20. Hoop acke gea .................................................................................................... 30
Figu e 21. Hoop acke ea u es ............................................................................................. 31
Figu e 22. Ca apul 's Clea Sky T6 ............................................................................................. 32
Figu e 23. Noahly ics en y a ibu es ..................................................................................... 32
Figu e 24. Design Science Resea ch cycle ( om Mendonça 2015) ......................................... 34
Figu e 25. Design Science Resea ch me hodology adop ed o cu en in es iga ion ............. 35
Figu e 26. Sugges ed use o senso s o he measu emen o me ics ................................... 40
Figu e 27. Summa y o he in e iew's sec ions ...................................................................... 47
5
moni o ing. On a global scale, i is being used o ga he in o ma ion and help us be e unde s and
ou plane and i s esou ces, enabling us o make be e use o hem and ca e o he en i onmen
(E ans, 2011). These a e only a ew o he po en ial bene i s o IoT o socie y a la ge.
Ne e heless, he e a e a numbe o challenges ha mus be o e come o IoT o succeed in he long
un. The shee a ie y and he e ogenei y o IoT applica ions has made i ex emely di icul o
iden i y solu ions ha mee he equi emen s o all possible scena ios. Fu he mo e, he wide ange
o de ices, link laye echnologies and se ices in ol ed in he IoT sys em, ha e made he ask o
c ea ing a uni o m a chi ec u e ha would wo k in di e en si ua ions e y challenging. (Zanella e
al., 2014) O he echnical issues ha mus be add essed include exis ing p oblems wi h da a
ansmission (pa icula ly loca ion da a), i egula wi eless co e age, and di icul ies wi h ins an
analysis and con e sion o la ge da a s eams in o meaning ul, eal- ime and pe sonalised
ecommenda ions. Mo e wo k is also needed o u he educe he cos o senso s and inc ease
ba e y li e (Swan, 2012). In his con ex , i should be no ed ha a comme cially iable
nanogene a o , which uses body mo emen s o gene a e ene gy, has been de eloped (E ans, 2011)
and cons i u es a signi ican s ep owa ds much needed sel -sus ainabili y.
Due o he complexi y and no el y o IoT, an es ablished bes p ac ice is also lacking. In addi ion, a
clea and p o en business model is necessa y so as o a ac in es men o he deploymen o
inno a i e echnologies ha will allow u he de elopmen (Somayya Madakam, R. Ramaswamy,
2016) (Zanella e al., 2014).
Las ly, wi h he ising amoun s o in o ma ion a ailable h ough IoT echnology, mo e wo k needs o
be done o ensu e he p i acy and secu i y o pe sonal and con iden ial da a (Cisco Sys ems, 2013).
The esolu ion o hese and o he iden i ied p oblems is no insu moun able bu will equi e he join
wo k o go e nmen , businesses, academia and o he o ganisa ions. Mo eo e , in o de o be
welcomed by he public, u u e IoT applica ions should ocus on adding angible alue o he li es o
people (E ans, 2011).
2.1.3. IoT in spo s
Despi e being in i s ea ly s ages, IoT o spo s is a apidly g owing a ea o esea ch. The p ac ice o
spo s is deeply ing ained in ou socie y and he compe i i e na u e o p o essional spo places a
p emium on any in o ma ion ha migh imp o e he pe o mance o he a hle e. The aim o IoT o
spo s is o ul ima ely enable a hle es o unc ion a an op imum le el by collec ing and analysing
ele an ypes o da a ega ding hei heal h and a hle ic pe o mance (Pa ha P a im Ray, 2015).
Ray, P.P. sugges s ha he IoT o spo s a chi ec u al amewo k should be based upon he s uc u e
o he ITPD ing which s ands o In e ac ion, Things, P ocesses and Da a, see igu e 1. The i s s ep
in his s uc u e highligh s he a hle e’s need o become amilia wi h and lea n o success ully
in e ac wi h he da a collec ion o measu ing de ices (he e e e ed o as “ hings”). These de ices
connec he objec s o he ne wo k making he collec ed in o ma ion a ailable o he use . The nex
s ep ocuses on he business and/o echnological p ocesses ha mainly deal wi h he asks o
accumula ion, communica ion and analysis. Thei goal is o expedi e and au oma e he low o da a
( he las concep in he ing s uc u e) om he momen i is cap u ed by he a o emen ioned

6
de ices o he momen when i is displayed o analysis in a cloud-based o eal- ime pla o m
(Pa ha P a im Ray, 2015).
Figu e 1. ITPD ing a ound IoTSpo ( om Ray, 2015)
T adi ionally, and be o e IoT came in o play, ideo eco ding was he only way o analysing he
pe o mance o a hle es a an indi idual and collec i e le el. Indeed, o his day, eams s ill ilm hei
aining sessions and ma ches o gain a be e unde s anding o wha wen w ong and why i wen
w ong; and ind ways o ensu e ha mis akes a e no epea ed. Fo ins ance, in he NBA league,
playe s and coaches in pos -ma ch in e iews o en e e o ideo analysis when speaking o
adjus men s ha migh need o be made in o de o he eam o succeed.
Mo eo e , wi h he ad ances in echnology, ma ch oo age can now be ed in o so wa e ha
p o ides new isualiza ion ools as in he case o TenniVis - a new isualiza ion sys em o ennis
ma ches ha only equi es he inpu o non-spa ial game da a like sco e, poin ou comes and leng h,
se ice in o ma ion and ideo ha can be eco ded by a single consume -le el came a. The main goal
o his sys em is o allow non-p o essional playe s and coaches o lea n abou hei swings and
se ice echniques h ough economic and easible echnology which p o ides clea isualiza ion
ools, like he Pie Me e and Fish G id. This enables he de ec ion o pa e ns and he sha ing o
newly gained knowledge be ween playe and coach (Polk, Yang, Hu, & Zhao, 2014).
While ideo analysis emains a widely used ool in spo , eco dings ypically gene a e la ge amoun s
o da a making he sea ch o key e en s an ex emely ime-consuming p ocess. To ackle his, he
use o ine ial senso s in combina ion wi h ideo has been a emp ed wi h a deg ee o success. In
2012, a gene al echnique was p oposed o show how ine ial senso s could be used o index ideo.
This was ano he ennis isualiza ion sys em, bu in his case he equi ed da a consis ed o ine ial
da a on s okes (collec ed by accele ome e s o gy oscopes moun ed in he acque ), a imes amp
o hese measu emen s and ideo da a. The main ad an age was ha , by using his sys em, coaches
we e able o skip la ge amoun s o i ele an ideo da a speeding up he p ocess o analysis. In
7
addi ion, i only he ele an ideo segmen s we e s o ed, signi ican sa ings would be made
(Rowlands, McCa hy, & James, 2012).
Ine ial senso s a e conside ed o be he p esen and he u u e o he classi ica ion o spo s
ac i i ies. In ac ual ac , i has been shown ha i is possible o use accele ome e and gy oscope
da a o accu a ely classi y spo ing ac i i ies (Wunde si z e al., 2015). None heless, one should be
cau ious when using senso echnology and ensu e ha bo h in e nal and ex e nal alida ions o
de ices and algo i hms, as applicable, a e sa is ac o ily ca ied ou be o e conside ing he esul s
accu a e. The i s mic o echnology senso o be alida ed bo h in e nally and ex e nally was he
minimaxX - a wea able mic o echnology uni able o o e a alid me hod o quan i ying he numbe
and in ensi y o collisions pe o med in ugby leagues (Gabbe , 2013).
Wea able echnology enables a hle es o e icien ly collec da a in he amilia su oundings o hei
usual aining loca ion, hus a oiding he physical limi a ions o he labo a o y en i onmen and
acili a ing an au hen ic assessmen o pe o mance. Fu he mo e, ecen educ ions in senso size
ha e been unde aken o ensu e ha eedom o mo emen is p ese ed and minimal dis up ion is
caused (Espinosa e al., 2015). The use o senso s p esen s majo ad an ages such as he
measu emen o physical ac i i y and moni o ing o physical i ness which can be used o p edic
pe o mance and p e en inju y. In addi ion, when combined wi h biophysical ma ke s, senso da a
can be used o e alua e muscle damage and es ablish he equi ed ime pe iod o ull muscle
eco e y. Unlike o he ime-mo ion analysis sys ems, in eg a ed echnology o e s eal- ime
collec ion o in o ma ion on a ious pa ame e s including impac load, di ec ional mo emen and
ac i i y iden i ica ion (Dellase a, 2013).
Fo ins ance, in 2015, a ugby s udy was conduc ed o de e mine whe he he numbe o con ac
e o s had an impac on unning in ensi y, o which da a was collec ed using global posi ioning
sys em uni s. The esul s showed ha he e was indeed an impac , wi h unning in ensi y dec easing
p og essi ely as he numbe o con ac e o s inc eased. Taking his in o accoun , i is sugges ed ha
coaches should a ge de ensi e playe s in a ack o a ec hei pe o mance on o ense (Johns on,
Gabbe , Walke , Walke , & Jenkins, 2015).
O e all, an inc ease in ba e y powe and memo y s o age combined wi h u he educ ions in
p oduc size could no only widen he use o his echnology bu also imp o e i s unc ionali y by
p o iding quicke access o new in o ma ion, which in u n could lead o signi ican imp o emen s in
he p epa a ion, aining and eco e y p og ammes (Dellase a, 2013).
2.2. BASKETBALL
Spo s can be gene ally di ided in o wo main ca ego ies: indi idual spo s and eam spo s. As he
name sugges s, he le el o success achie ed in indi idual spo s depends solely on he pe o mance
o he indi idual a hle e. In con as , he success a ained in eam spo s elies on he pe o mance o
he whole g oup, e en i some playe s a guably con ibu e o i mo e han o he s.
In 1891, James Naismi h, an ins uc o a he YMCA In e na ional T aining School in Sp ing ield, was
asked wi h he c ea ion o a new indoo eam spo o keep his s uden s in shape du ing he ha sh
wea he condi ions o he Massachuse s’ win e s. Wi h he use o a baske o ui , one socce ball,
and hi een basic ules, baske ball was bo n. As ime passed, changes we e made ega ding he way
8
he game was played, and he backboa d was e en ually added. The yea o 1936 emains a his o ical
yea o baske ball since i was en e ed in he Olympic Games as an o icial e en o he i s ime.
2.2.1. Concep , ules and sco ing
Concep
Baske ball is a eam spo in which wo eams compe e agains each o he . Each eam is usually
composed o wel e os e ed playe s, wi h i e on he cou a any one ime and up o se en on he
bench. The objec i e o he game is o bea he opposing eam by making goals and sco ing mo e
poin s han hem. Goals a e made by inse ing he ball in o he opponen ’s baske and p e en ing
he opponen om doing he same as much as possible. The winne o he ma ch is he eam wi h
he highes sco e a he end o egula ime. In case o a d aw, addi ional pe iods o i e minu es
(known as o e ime) a e added o game ime, un il he e is a winne .
The e a e wo main baske ball associa ions - FIBA and NBA. A summa y o he ules by which FIBA is
go e ned is gi en below, which is ollowed by a able 1 ha ou lines he main di e ences be ween
he ules ha apply o bo h associa ions.
Cha ac e is ics o he game
Baske ball is played wi h a sphe ical ball and wo baske s wi h backboa ds a ei he end o he cou .
The s anda d o a ball is app oxima ely 75 cen ime es in ci cum e ence and 600 o 650 g ams in
weigh . The hoop is posi ioned 3.05 me es abo e he loo and has a diame e o 45 cen ime es.
The cou i sel has a numbe o lines and ma kings ha a e c ucial o he game. The side-lines and
baselines make up he pe ime e o he playing a ea, and he midcou line di ides i in symme ical
hal es. The ee h ow o oul line, as he name indica es, is used o ee h ows when ouls a e
commi ed. The h ee-poin line su ounds he baske and helps de e mine how many poin s a sho
is wo h. The key, also known as he ee h ow lane (NBA) o es ic ed a ea (FIBA) is he a ea
closes o he baske usually pain ed in a di e en colou o he es o he cou .
The du a ion o a baske ball game is o y minu es (known as egula ion in he NBA) spli in o ou
pe iods o qua e s o en minu es each. The e is a i een-minu e hal ime be ween he second and
hi d pe iods and a wo-minu e b eak be ween he i s and second, and he hi d and ou h pe iods.
Each eam is allowed wo imeou s du ing he i s wo pe iods, and h ee du ing he las wo
pe iods. Timeou s a e one-minu e b eaks ha can only be eques ed by he coach.
Baske ball places no limi on he numbe o playe subs i u ions ha can be made du ing a game.
Howe e , eams can only swi ch playe s when he clock is s opped o he ball is decla ed “dead” by
o icials, such as when a oul is commi ed, a playe is inju ed, he ball is ou -o -bounds, ollowing a
imeou o when he opposi e eam sco es a baske in he las wo minu es o egula ion o
o e ime.
Rules
Gene al ules
Below is a summa y o he main ules ha guide he game. B eaking hem esul s in immedia e loss
o ball possession and may ha e addi ional consequences such as in he ins ance o goal ending
9
whe e he a emp ed sho ha was in e e ed wi h is au oma ically conside ed made ega dless o
whe he o no he ball made i h ough he hoop.
• The ball ca ie canno ake mo e han wo s eps wi hou d ibbling, o he wise a a elling
iola ion is called.
• Upon ecei ing he ball, a playe can ei he pass, shoo o d ibble bu once d ibbling is
s opped, i canno be eini ia ed as his would cons i u e double d ibble.
• A de ensi e playe canno in e e e wi h he ball when i is in downwa d ligh owa ds he
baske o has ouched he backboa d in he p ocess. Doing so would be conside ed
goal ending.
• When a eam has ball possession, a playe om he o ensi e eam canno be mo e han
h ee seconds in he key a ea, o a h ee-second iola ion is called.
• Upon gaining possession, a eam has eigh seconds o make he ball pass he hal cou , o an
eigh second iola ion is called.
• The o ensi e eam has wen y- ou seconds o ake a sho ; i he ball ouches he im and
he eam egains possession hey ha e ano he wen y- ou seconds. Howe e , i no sho is
aken wi hin he allo ed ime, he eam ge s a sho clock iola ion.
• When he o ensi e eam passes he hal cou line, i cons i u es a backcou iola ion o
pass o d ibble he ball back o he backcou .
Fouls
Fouls a e called when playe s b eak he ules and esul in ee h ows o he o he eam. The e a e
di e en ypes o ouls in baske ball: pe sonal ouls which can be o ensi e o de ensi e, and
echnical ouls.
Pe sonal ouls in ol e illegal physical con ac wi h an opponen ei he h ough holding, pushing o
cha ging in o he opponen . I a playe was ouled in he ac o shoo ing, he/she will be pe mi ed o
shoo as many ee- h ows as he poin s ha he sho would ha e been wo h, had i gone in
success ully. I he oul is commi ed by a playe o he eam in possession o he ball, e.g. by cha ging
in o a de ensi e playe , i is called an o ensi e oul and esul s in loss o ball possession o he eam
o he o ending playe . In con as , de ensi e ouls a e hose commi ed by playe s o he eam ha
does no ha e possession o he ball and include in en ionally mo ing in on o and making undue
physical con ac wi h he ball ca ie o hinde his/he p og ess.
Technical ouls a e umb ella e ms ha co e a wide ange o in ac ions such as hanging on he
baske im o any eason o he han p e en ing inju y o ano he playe , excessi e imeou s and
undue delays o game. None heless, many i no mos , a e ela ed o he conduc o playe s including
unspo smanlike ac s such as dis espec ully add essing o making physical con ac wi h a e e ee,
o e eac ing conce ning a made call, and using p o ani y o aun ing. An unspo smanlike oul is
called when a e e ee in e p e s he con ac as unnecessa y, and i is equi alen o a lag an oul
ype 1 in he NBA, esul ing in wo ee h ows and ball possession o he opposing eam. A
disquali ying oul is called when he con ac is deemed unnecessa y and excessi e, and esul s in he
10
g an ing o wo ee h ows and ball possession o he opposing eam as well as he ejec ion o he
o ende . A playe will be ejec ed i he/she commi s any o he ollowing: i e pe sonal ouls, wo
echnical ouls, wo unspo smanlike ouls, one echnical oul and one unspo smanlike oul, o one
disquali ying oul.
Sco ing
A sho made inside he h ee-poin line is wo h wo poin s, and one made behind i is wo h h ee
poin s. I he playe is ouled in he ac o shoo ing and makes he sho , he/she will ecei e he poin s
and ake one ee h ow as a bonus. Fu he mo e, a made sho will s ill coun i i le he playe 's
hand and ime expi ed while he ball was s ill in he ai .
Table 1. Rules compa ison ( om FIBA 2014)
2.2.2. Majo compe i ions
The main baske ball leagues a e he NBA (No h Ame ican league), he Eu oleague (Eu opean league)
and he Liga Endesa (Spanish p o essional league). Con a y o spo s such as oo ball, in baske ball
he champion is no he eam ha accumula ed he highes numbe o poin s a he end o egula
season, bu he one ha wins he playo s. To go o he playo s, a eam has o ensu e a ce ain
posi ion in egula season. In he NBA he e a e 30 eams, 15 pe con e ence. In each con e ence, 8
eams go o he playo s whe e he i s seed will ace he eigh h, he second will ace he se en h
and so on. Each ound is he bes o se en games and whoe e wins 4, goes on o he nex ound. In
igu e 2 is an example o las yea ’s NBA playo s’ b acke .

11
Figu e 2. 2016 NBA playo s' b acke
The bigges e en a na ional eam le el is he Olympic Games, whe e eams a e dis ibu ed in o wo
g oups o six eams each, acco ding o hei anking. The op ou in each g oup ad ance o he
qua e - inals, whe e hey will ace a eam om he o he g oup. The a ionale emains he same,
wi h he i s in g oup A playing he ou h in g oup B, he second in g oup A playing he hi d in
g oup B and so on. Unlike he NBA, he ounds a e decided wi h only one game; he eam ha loses
is elimina ed. I a eam loses in he semi- inals, i will be gi en he oppo uni y o compe e o he
b onze medal.
The eam ha has come i s in he Spanish league and he Eu oleague mo e o en han any o he is
Real Mad id wi h 33 and 10 wins, espec i ely. Rega ding he Olympic games, no su p isingly, he
eam ha won he gold medal mos o en was he Uni ed S a es na ional eam wi h 15 ic o ies.
2.2.3. T ends and challenges
Baske ball is changing. Today, i is a much as e game han i was 20 yea s ago, wi h mo e
possessions and mo e 3p sho a emp s. To demons a e his e olu ion, all egula seasons om
2000-01 o he cu en one we e analysed in e ms o 3p sho a emp s, 3p sho s made, 3p ield
goal pe cen age and he pe cen age o poin s ob ained om 3p sho s.
Wi h ega d o 3p sho a emp s, whe eas in 2000-01, on a e age, a eam ook 13.7 3p sho s pe
game; in he cu en season his a e age inc eased o 29 sho s pe game. The la e igu e ep esen s
wo mo e sho s han in he p e ious season (2016-17) and mo e han double he igu e o 2000-01.
This inc ease is also shown by he ac ha in he cu en season he eam wi h he lowes numbe o
3p sho a emp s pe game (22.5 a emp s) s ill su passes he eam wi h he highes numbe o 3p
sho a emp s pe game (19.9 a emp s) in 2000-01. As expec ed, he numbe o 3p sho s made also
inc eased om 4.84 o 10.49 in he ime ame conside ed.
In e ms o pe cen ages, om 2000-01 o 2017-18 he numbe o 3p sho a emp s and ha o 3p
sho s made ose by 111% and 116%, espec i ely.
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Figu e 3. A e age numbe o 3 poin sho a emp s pe game in each season
These indings a e di ec ly co ela ed wi h he pe cen age o poin s ob ained by each eam om 3p
sho s. On a e age, his season, nea ly 30% o he poin s sco ed by a eam in a single game a e om
3p sho s. This is he highes pe cen age o he pas 17 yea s and is almos wice ha o 2000-01
(15.28%).
Figu e 4. A e age pe cen age o poin s esul ing om 3 poin sho s pe season
Howe e , when i comes o he pe cen age o 3p ield goals, he e is no such a ma ked upwa d
end. In ac , om 2000-01 o he cu en season, i only inc eased by 2 pe cen poin s. The 2008-09
season emains he one wi h he highes pe cen age (36.54%) in he las 17 yea s.
13
Figu e 5. A e age pe cen age o success o 3 poin sho s pe season
These s a is ics help us unde s and how he game is e ol ing. Fo ins ance, hey clea ly show ha
while eams a e aking mo e sho s om behind he 3p line, hey a e no being mo e e icien in
sco ing om ha dis ance. In o he wo ds, he end is he inc easing use o 3p sho s and he
challenge is o shoo mo e e icien ly om ha dis ance. Da a suppo ing igu es 3, 4 and 5 can be
ound in Annexes.
2.2.4. Shoo ing c i ical componen s
In 2015, a li e a u e e iew was made by Okazaki o iden i y he ac o s behind a success ul jump
sho . In o de o do his, he au ho s di ided he po en ial ac o s in o h ee ca ego ies: ball
ajec o y, segmen al mo emen o ganisa ion and a iables ha in luence shoo ing pe o mance.
Below is a summa y o he au ho s’ discussion ega ding each o hese ca ego ies.
Ball ajec o y
Upon examina ion o ball ajec o y, h ee componen s s and ou as decisi e o a success ul sho :
elease angle, eloci y and heigh .
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Figu e 6. Va iables ha in luence he baske ball jump sho ( om Okazaki, Rodacki, & Sa e n, 2015)
The angle o en y o he ball in o he baske is one o he mos impo an ac o s o shoo ing
success. This is due o he ac ha by inc easing he angle, one ins an ly inc eases he wid h o he
baske , gi ing he ball a la ge a ea o go in. The e a e h ee a iables ha , oge he , de e mine his
angle: e ical displacemen , ho izon al displacemen and eloci y (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015).
Figu e 7. Vi ual a ge o he baske im as a unc ion o he angle o en y o he baske ball ( om
Okazaki e al., 2015)
The e ical displacemen o he ball is nega i ely co ela ed wi h he elease heigh and posi i ely
co ela ed wi h he elease angle. In o he wo ds, he lowe he elease heigh and/o he wide he
21
Figu e 14. Phases o he jump sho ( om Okazaki e al., 2015)
P epa a ion phase
This phase is he s a ing poin in which he playe should ha e his/he elbow and w is semi- lexed
and hands posi ioning he ball a wais le el wi h inge s sp ead ou o acili a e he slide h ough a
elease. The ee mus be sp ead shoulde wid h apa and he body weigh e enly dis ibu ed
be ween bo h ee . Some playe s op o ha e he oo , on he same side as he shoo ing hand,
sligh ly ahead o he o he o inc ease s abili y and educe uppe body o a ion du ing he ac o
shoo ing. I a playe ollows hese s eps p io o ecei ing he ball, he/she is p epa ed o shoo as
soon as he/she ca ches he ball wi hou ha ing o make any adjus men . The main ad an age in his
is ha he de ensi e playe , mo e o en han no , does no ha e ime o con es he sho gi ing he
shoo e less opposi ion. This phase ends when he playe s a s o ele a e he ball (Vic o H A
Okazaki e al., 2015).
Ball ele a ion phase
In his phase, he playe s a s o lex his/he shoulde and elbow as he/she posi ions he ball o
elease. The w is does no show signs o a ia ion, a he i is he elbow join ha s a s o
decele a e as he shoulde lexion inc eases. As he ball is li ed up, i should be close o he playe ’s
body so as o educe he body’s ho izon al displacemen . In addi ion, he a hle e mus ha e his/he
shoulde , elbow and w is aligned du ing he p ocess and make su e ha he elbow is below he ball
a all imes. This phase ends as he elbow becomes s eady and ceases i s lexion (Vic o H A Okazaki
e al., 2015).
S abili y phase
The s abili y phase akes place when he elbow s ops lexing and begins i s ex ension. This mo emen
is in sync wi h he decele a ion o he shoulde join ’s ex ension, enabling he uppe body o be
balanced while he ball is being posi ioned o i s elease. While in he beginning o his phase, he
w is join is s ill accele a ing as i ex ends, as he mo emen p og esses i s a s o slowdown in line

22
wi h he o he uppe body join s (elbow and shoulde ). I is no jus he uppe body ha is in mo ion
in his phase, he lowe limbs ex end a he same ime. Playe s ha need o gene a e mo e o ce
du ing hei sho , migh sho en o e en skip his phase o bene i om he ene gy c ea ed by he
elbow’s ex ension (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015).
Release phase
The elease phase begins wi h he ex ension o he elbow ollowed by w is lexion and ends when
he ball is no longe in con ac wi h he shoo ing hand. Suppo ed by he s abili y ha was gained in
he p e ious phase, a his s age join s will accele a e hei mo emen once again. Elbow ex ension is
iden i ied as he mos impo an momen o he sho , wi h he ull ex ension o his join being
commonly obse ed among expe playe s. Conce ning w is lexion, some au ho s a gue ha i
should ake place sho ly a e he elbow is ex ended, while o he s p opose ha i should occu
be o e he elbow’s ull ex ension. When he shoo ing hand launches he ball, i mus be done
h ough inge and w is lexion in o de o apply he desi ed ajec o y as well as backwa d o a ion
o he ball du ing ligh . As Okazaki explained, “g ea e w is lexion, coupled wi h he applica ion o
o a ion o he ball a elease, has been obse ed as a cha ac e is ic o he pe o mance o expe
playe s” (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015).
I is e y impo an ha he ball is eleased a he peak o he jump because a ha momen he
playe is in his/he highes and mos s able poin . When he ball is eleased be o e his b ie pe iod,
he a hle e is passing he e ical eloci y o his/he body in o he sho ( hus skipping he s abili y
phase as seen be o e) and while i enables him/he o shoo deepe , i also a ec s his/he balance
and consequen ly sho accu acy. I he ball is eleased a e he peak o he jump, he amoun o
s eng h ha he uppe body has o gene a e is highe , esul ing in g ea e eloci y om he join s a
elease and he e o e less mo emen accu acy and consis ency (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015).
Ine ial phase
Finally, he ine ial phase commences when he ball is eleased and is no longe in con ac wi h he
shoo ing hand; and ends when he playe lands on he loo . I ep esen s he ges u e aken du ing
elease and is de ined by shoulde lexion and comple e lexion o he w is , elbow ex ension and he
hand pa allel o he loo wi h inge s poin ing owa ds he baske (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015).
Addi ional a iables
In Okazaki’s li e a u e e iew on he baske ball jump sho , a numbe o a iables ha ha e impac on
shoo ing mechanics we e iden i ied and, he e o e, should be conside ed when acknowledging an
a emp .
Physical cha ac e is ics
Physical cha ac e is ics ha in luence he pe o mance o he baske ball jump sho include he
playe ’s heigh , limb leng h, and abili y o gene a e o ce and eloci y. While playe heigh and
wingspan in luence ball elease heigh in ha alle playe s end o shoo om highe heigh s, i alle
playe s do no use hei lowe limbs as expec ed, by jumping, hey will no bene i om hei na u al
ad an age and smalle playe s migh ac ually elease he ball highe as p o en in (Mille & Ba le ,
1996). Playe s ha a e no able o gene a e he equi ed eloci y a elease ha e o p oduce mo e
23
o ce o compensa e o i . Howe e , as p e iously men ioned, i should be bo ne in mind ha by
inc easing he o ce o eloci y a elease, an a hle e is also inc easing mo emen a iabili y,
consequen ly a ec ing he sho ’s success (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015).
Fa igue
Acco ding o Allen a igue esul s in he decline o muscle pe o mance caused by i s in ense ac i i y.
I s main consequences a e educed o ce p oduc ion, dec eased eloci y o sho ening and slowed
elaxa ion. The combina ion o hese elemen s is associa ed wi h g ea educ ions in pe o mance,
especially when i comes o apidly epea ed mo emen s (Allen & Wes e blad, 2001). Muscle a igue
causes a dec ease in he muscle ac i a ion pa e n, a ec ing he sense o join posi ion which
in luences balance (Abd-El a ah, Abdelazeim, & Elshennawy, 2015).
A numbe o s udies we e ca ied ou in o de o assess whe he o no a igue had an impac in
jump shoo ing mechanics and accu acy. The me hodology used in mos o hese s udies consis ed in
ha ing he playe pe o m jump sho se ies as he le el o a igue inc eased. To ensu e his, be ween
each se ies, he playe engaged in physical ac i i y like jumping and unning. In wha ega ds
shoo ing mo ion, some impo an obse a ions we e made. Fi s ly, he elbow join angle dec eased
esul ing in a dec ease o he w is and elbow’s heigh a elease. In he las se ies o one o he
s udies, he e was a dec ease o as much as 21 deg ees in elbow join angle ha esul ed in a
dec ease o a shoulde a e age heigh o 11 cm and a dec ease o w is a e age heigh o 16 cm,
when compa ed o he i s se ies (F ane & Ma ej, 2009) O he obse a ions include he ac ha
shoulde join angle inc eased; jump heigh di e ences be ween se ies we e s a is ically signi ican
since he a hle e jumped inc easingly lowe as he se ies p og essed, and hip join angle dec eased
(F ane & Ma ej, 2009) (Slawinski, 2015). E en hough i was p o en ha a igue had an impac on he
kinema ics o jump shoo ing, and in one o he s udies he numbe o made ield goals was a i s
lowes in he las se ies (maximum a igue), i was no possible o es ablish a ela ionship be ween
a igue and sho accu acy (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015).
Shoo ing dis ance
Shoo ing dis ance has an impac on he ac o shoo ing. When i changes, he shoo e makes
adjus men s o his/he ges u e, and changes in elease heigh , angle and eloci y a e obse ed. As
he dis ance inc eases, he playe has o achie e g ea e eloci y a elease which causes g ea e
a iabili y o mo emen s and a ec s pe o mance (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015).
In 2012, a s udy was conduc ed o e alua e he impac o shoo ing dis ance. In his s udy, 10 expe
playe s pe o med jump sho s om h ee di e en loca ions: close dis ance (2.8 m), in e media e
dis ance (4.6 m) and a dis ance (6.4 m) om he baske . Resea che s collec ed in o ma ion on
kinema ics using a digi al camco de o cap u e he ac o shoo ing ollowed by s anda d 2D analysis.
The esul s showed ha sho accu acy dec eased om 59% o 37%, om close o long ange. Ball
elease heigh dec eased om 2.46 m o 2.38 m, when compa ing close o in e media e ange, and
eached a minimum o 2.33 m when playe s sho om long ange. As expec ed, elease angle
dec eased om 78.92 deg ees (close ange) o 65.60 deg ees (in e media e ange). In con as , ball
elease eloci y inc eased om 4.39 m/s (close ange) o 5.75 m/s (in e media e ange), eaching a
maximum alue o 6.89 m/s om long dis ance (Vic o Hugo Al es Okazaki & Rodacki, 2012).
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The changes in elease heigh , angle and eloci y o he ball caused by mo emen adap a ions we e
sugges ed as he main ac o s ha in luence jump sho accu acy when dis ance a ies (Vic o H A
Okazaki e al., 2015) (Vic o Hugo Al es Okazaki & Rodacki, 2012).
P esence o an opponen
In baske ball, he e is a high p obabili y ha he playe in possession o he ball will ha e o pe o m
a jump sho while being gua ded by a de ensi e playe . When acing such opposi ion, and o inc ease
his/he chances o success, he playe has o make adjus men s in he ac o shoo ing which mos ly
include: highe elease angle o he ball, g ea e elbow ex ension, highe elease heigh , quicke
elease and lowe e ical displacemen om he cen e o g a i y (Rojas, Cepe o, Oña, & Gu ie ez,
2000) (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015). In his scena io, playe s a e ocused on eleasing he ball
be o e acing opposi ion om hei opponen in o de o educe he chances o he sho being
blocked. To do so, a hle es end o ha e a mo e up igh posi ion a he beginning o he upwa d
mo emen o he ball, enabling hem o ini ia e he sho om a g ea e heigh . Playe s also ha e a
mo e s able base o gene a ing g ea e ini ial eloci y o he ball (Rojas e al., 2000). In his case, he
knees a e no lexed as usual, ansla ing in o a sho e bu quicke jump. E en hough playe s op o
a quick and high elease, i is also obse ed ha when hey elease quick enough, he elease heigh
can be lowe since he e is an absence o con es gi en ha he opponen does no ha e ime o
challenge he sho (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015).
In conclusion, since i has been p o en ha opposi ion in luences he mechanics o he sho and
consequen ly pe o mance (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015), i s ands o eason ha aining would
bene i om p ac ice wi h an opponen o p epa e playe s o success ully deal wi h he demands
ha hey a e mos likely o ace in a game si ua ion (Rojas e al., 2000).
2.2.5. Technologies in Baske ball
2.2.5.1. Cu en si ua ion
Today, he NBA is conside ed one o he mos echnologically-ad anced spo s leagues in he wo ld.
Like in NFL and o he majo No h Ame ican leagues, echnology plays a key ole bo h du ing aining
sessions and du ing he cou se o he ac ual games.
The use o wea able echnology, such as Clea Sky and Op imeye by Ca apul , Zeb a wea able ags o
Zephy Bioha ness sys ems, is al eady an e e yday p ac ice o NBA eams, as poin ed ou by Jen
Boo on (Boo on, 2017).
In he pos , Jen iden i ies he main echnology s o ylines o 2017. Rega ding wea able echnology,
due o he inc ease in i s use, he NBA has imposed limi s on he scope o da a p o ided by such
equipmen . Da a can only be used o moni o playe s’ heal h and pe o mance, and i is p ohibi ed o
use i o comme cial pu poses o con ac ba gain and o make i public.
Ano he added echnological inno a ion was he eme gence o VR. VR was in ended o imp o e he
expe ience o ans and e e eeing. The NBA b oadcas s o mo e han 200 coun ies and VR allows
ans o wa ch games om he i s ow o he mos spec acula angles, enabling e e y an o eel like
he/she is in he a ena. In 2017, once a week, a egula season game would be made a ailable in VR o
NBA League Pass use s.
25
Bu he use o VR goes beyond he an’s expe ience; i is also aimed a e e eeing. In his con ex , he
NBA has decided o use VR and da a-d i en analy ics o ec ui and ain e e ees, since i is capable
o moni o ing he accu acy o calls made by e e ees and, consequen ly, acking he amoun o
e o s made (Boo on, 2017). In he NFL, e e ees ha e a VR aining pla o m.
Howe e , he ole o echnology wi h ega d o e e eeing does no end he e. In he 2014-15 NBA
season, he NBA Replay Cen e was launched. The Replay Cen e p o ides he o icials wi h he bes
angles o in o m hei calls, he objec i e being o imp o e he accu acy and esponse ime o he
calls. Acco ding o he NBA’s o icial websi e, he Replay Cen e is equipped wi h 94 HD moni o s and
bandwid h capaci y o download he en i e digi ized Lib a y o Cong ess (mo e han 158 million
documen s) in o e 30 minu es.
In he Replay Cen e, he e a e 17 eplay ope a o s a ions and 3 eplay manage s a ions making up
a o al o 20 wo k s a ions, no including he e e ees. To make his possible, all 29 NBA a enas a e
connec ed o he Replay Cen e, which allows e e y an in he a ena o see he same eplays ha he
o icials a e wa ching and con ibu es o a be e unde s anding o why he call was made. Las
season, he NBA decided o expand he ole o his acili y by enabling ac i e e e ees in he Replay
Cen e o make he calls a e e iew in e e y case excep o playe al e ca ions o lag an ouls, as
s a ed in he NBA’s o icial websi e. Wi h g ea e esponsibili y in making judgemen calls and an
op imized p ocess o display he eplays, he a e age e iew ime d opped om 42 o 31.9 seconds.
Cu en ly, all in-game s a is ics displayed on he NBA o icial websi e a e p o ided by Spo VU, a
playe acking sys em. Each a ena used by he NBA has six came as ha cap u e he exac posi ion
o e e y playe and ball a a a e o 25 ames pe second. The da a p o ided by his sys em is
analysed and s o ed wi hin speci ic so wa e, enabling da a o be sha ed in eal ime. Wi h he use o
his acking sys em, no only is i possible o p o ide p ecise da a ha is no accessible in o he
ways, bu i is also sha ed wi h eams and some media ou le s like ESPN o Bleache Repo . Some
examples o complex da a eco ded by Spo VU a e he amoun o ouches pe 100 possessions by
each playe , he shoo ing pe cen age o he opposi e eam while a ce ain playe is on he cou , o
e en he pe cen age o ebounds won by a playe when acing opposi ion. These s a is ics p o ide
mo e de ail han e e and enable a g ea e unde s anding o he game ins ead o he usual numbe
o poin s, ebounds and assis s by each playe . The main ad an age o da a being p o ided in eal
ime is ha i eeds in o ma ion o he coaching s a ha can lead o possible changes in he line-up,
as a esul o wha is happening in he game, which suppo s decision-making du ing he game.
2.2.5.2. IoT in Baske ball
E o One
E o one is a sma baske ball ha is mean o gi e eedback o he use upon he ac o shoo ing.
When he use shoo s he baske ball, he will hea a beep i he ball’s backspin a e is 2-3
o a ions/second ( he ideal a e). The pu pose o his ea u e is o le he use know ha his a emp
was success ul and c ea e sho consis ency h ough muscle memo y. I measu es he ball’s backspin
using only one senso loca ed inside he ball.
While he e a e al eady a numbe o e iews on his de ice, he pe o mance p oduc e iew websi e
Wea es e s p o ides possibly he mos succinc and accu a e summa y o i s p os and cons.
26
Acco ding o hem, apa om he ac ha he ball has been made acco ding o egula ion size and
weigh making i no di e en o a common baske ball, he main p o iden i ied by he consume s is i s
lea he co e which gi es he use a good g ip and ouch. Ha ing said his, a lea he co e makes i
mo e o an indoo ball han an all-su ace ball.
Rega ding he cons, he e a e some conside able ones such as he dead spo on he ball whe e he
senso is inse ed, which a ec s d ibbling capaci y and u ns i in o a simple ca ch and shoo ball,
p e en ing i om being used in a game. Howe e , o he pu pose o shoo ing his is no a majo
conce n. Ano he impo an issue is he inconsis ency o he sound eedback. Indeed, he ball does
no p o ide eedback unless he playe ’s inge s a e aligned wi h i s ibs e en i he sho is pe ec in
e ms o backspin, which poses se ious ques ions ega ding he easibili y o i s use in a eal game
si ua ion whe e quick ca ch and shoo is undamen al and playe s do no ha e ime o adjus hei
g ip. In addi ion, i is unable o di e en ia e be ween a pass and a sho a emp , i.e. should he
inge s be aligned, i will beep whene e i eaches he ideal backspin, e en i i was a pass.
Fu he mo e, i has been no ed ha he lack o consis en and accu a e eedback can p omo e some
bad habi s in shoo ing mo ion (Wea es e s, 2017) (E o1, 2017).
Figu e 15. E o one sma baske ball
Wilson X
The main pu pose o he Wilson X sma baske ball is o ack ield goal accu acy. I is made o
egula ion size and weigh wi h a solid g ip and du abili y, sui able o bo h indoo and ou doo use.
The senso is embedded wi hin he ball and does no equi e cha ging (las ing o 100,000 sho s). In
addi ion, he p oduc comes wi h a mobile app which enables he use o ack his/he pe o mance
on his/he mobile phone ia Blue oo h connec ion. Howe e , he e a e some limi a ions. Fo
ins ance, in o de o ensu e acking accu acy, he ball mus go h ough a hoop a leas 10 all, wi h
a igh ne and igid backboa d, and i mus hi he loo . A numbe o consume e iews highligh
wo impo an issues. The i s one is ela ed o inaccu a e acking o ield goal pe cen age and
a emp s. In ac ual ac , he ball has been epo ed o eco d some made sho s as missed and ice-
e sa, and o no acknowledge some made a emp s a all. While Wilson es ima es ha he ball has
an accu acy o 97%, he Ame ican echnology news and media ne wo k – The Ve ge a gues ha i is
only a ound 80%. This is no g ea news since he main pu pose o he ball is o moni o ield goal
pe cen age. The second main conce n is ela ed o he synch oniza ion be ween he ball and he
use ’s mobile phone. Use s ha e desc ibed he p ocess as mo e di icul han ad e ised and plagued
wi h in e up ions h oughou . Ano he c i icism has o do wi h he ac ha he app only p o ides a
basic sho cha showing he playe ’s accu acy a e om speci ic shoo ing anges, bu no om

27
di e en sho angles o loca ions wi hin he same ange which could be e y use ul especially o
playe s who shoo be e om di e en posi ions (O’Kane 2015).
Figu e 16. Wilson X sma baske ball
Figu e 17. Wilson X applica ion modes
On a mo e posi i e no e, he app p o ides ou in e es ing modes ha will keep he use engaged
while p ac icing. The i s mode is called ee ange and is essen ially a shoo -a ound game acke
ha shows shoo ing pe cen age as well as dis ance om he hoop. The ee h ow mode acks
made/missed sho s in eal ime om he ee h ow line. In he buzze bea e game mode, he clock
keeps icking and he playe is equi ed o epea edly shoo unde p essu e as e e y sho made adds
seconds o he clock ex ending he game expe ience. Finally, he game ime mode ec ea es a eal
game en i onmen including ac ual c owd sounds and commen a y. I acks bo h ield goal
pe cen age and poin s, and le s he playe know whe he his/he e o was su icien o secu e he
ic o y.
Al hough hese game modes a emp o make he use mo e amilia wi h playing unde p essu e,
wi hou ano he ac ual playe gua ding and blocking he use in eal li e, hei help in imp o ing
game pe o mance emains limi ed.
28
94 i y
The 94 i y sma baske ball enables he use o check his/he sho a c, o a ion and elease speed. I
is a uggedized ball o egula ion size and weigh , wi h a good g ip sui able o bo h indoo and
ou doo use. I does ha e a dead spo ha can be ound while d ibbling bu , as o E o 1, his is no a
majo conce n o shoo ing p ac ice alone. While, a i s , he ball was unable o ack made o
missed sho s, wi h he inc emen o he sma ne , his unc ion has now been made possible.
Fu he mo e, unlike he p e ious baske balls, his one can be cha ged wi elessly and has
app oxima ely 8 hou s o ba e y li e wi h con inuous use.
Following pe o mance analysis o some o he bes baske ball shoo e s, he de elope s concluded
he op imal ange o sho a c o be be ween 42 and 48 deg ees, ideal backspin be ween 130 and
150 o a ions pe minu e and bes elease speed unde 0.7 seconds, and hey calib a ed he ball
acco dingly. When sho , he ball p o ides ins an eedback ega ding wha is being measu ed. Thus, i
i is a c, he e will be posi i e eedback i he playe ’s sho a c alls wi hin he op imal ange, and an
ale message i no . In addi ion, he app o e s a wide a ie y o d ills designed o imp o e
pe o mance in speci ic ca ego ies, such as d ibbling and shoo ing. In he la e ca ego y, on which
his epo ocuses, he e a e a ious d ills a ailable wi h di e en le els o di icul y - om
playg ound all he way o p o essional, and he e can be combina ions o sho accu acy wi h sho a c,
elease speed o sho o a ion.
Howe e , he e a e limi a ions o wha he ball can measu e a any gi en momen . Fo ins ance, he
ball can only measu e and display one indica o a a ime and is no equipped wi h ce ain use ul
ools such as GPS o de e mining shoo ing loca ion. Hence, be o e pe o ming a shoo ing d ill, he
playe needs o selec wha indica o o measu e, iden i y his/he shoo ing loca ion and whe he i is
a ee h ow o no (e.g. jump sho ). None heless, o e all he ange o wo kou s o e ed by he app
does acili a e skill imp o emen and playe engagemen (F i z 2014).
Figu e 18. 94 i y gea
In s udies ha we e ca ied ou o assess he eliabili y o he 94 i y, i was concluded ha i is no
only possible o use i o p ac ical pu poses bu also o scien i ic easons gi en he accu acy o he
ob ained esul s. I was also conside ed an impo an ins umen o he o e all imp o emen o he
baske ball aining p ocess since his de ice allows he use o ecei e aluable eedback (Tomisla
Rupčić, Ljubomi An ekolo ić, Dami Knjaz, Bojan Ma ko ić & Cig o ski, 2016).
29
Sho T acke
Sho T acke is a shoo ing acking sys em ha egis e s missed and made sho a emp s. Fo i o
wo k, he use has o ha e a w is senso ha cap u es sho a emp s and a ne senso ha egis e s
whe he o no he ball wen in.
Since he e is no need o baske ball senso s o sma balls, he playe can choose his/he baske ball
o p e e ence, which is an ad an age as sma baske balls ha e been c i icized o ha ing di e en
g ips and no always ha ing he ouch o a egula ball. Howe e , he ac ha he ne senso has o
be a ached o he ne which ypically is 10 abo e he g ound may become a majo incon enience,
especially in public places, since a ladde would be needed o each he ne and a ach he senso .
Fu he mo e, i he e a e mul iple playe s shoo ing a he hoop wi h he ne senso , all he sho s will
be aken in o accoun , and his p esen s a p oblem o measu ing indi idual pe o mance.
Ne e heless, Sho T acke emains use iendly in o he ways, coming wi h a w is band, a slee e
and e en a shi gi ing he use di e en op ions o co ec ly wea he senso . In addi ion, bo h
senso s can be cha ged a he same ime and a e wea he p oo . Wi h his equipmen , he use is
able o ack his/he ield goal pe cen age and shoo ing loca ion.
Figu e 19. Sho T acke gea
In addi ion, he app enables he use o look a his/he esul s in eal ime and assess p og ess o e
ime by checking pe sonal daily, weekly and mon hly s a s. Ano he g ea ad an age o he app is
ha coaches can moni o he playe s’ esul s and, based on he eedback om he d ills, iden i y
a eas o weakness and cus omise wo kou s o he needs o each playe (Sho T acke 2017).
Hoop acke
The Hoop T acke is a baske ball sho acking sma wa ch which p o ides eal ime eedback on he
playe ’s sho a emp s. I de ec s shoo ing loca ion a all imes and whe he he sho was made o
missed.
30
Figu e 20. Hoop acke gea
In o de o do his, only wo pieces o equipmen a e equi ed: a wi eless sho de ec o and a
sma wa ch. The sho de ec o is held in place by a powe ul magne designed o no impac he
ou come o he sho which is a key ea u e. I also comes wi h a moun ing pole which enables he
use o place i on he im sa ely om he g ound, gi ing i an ad an age o e he Sho T acke . The
w is wa ch, al hough ligh weigh and in ended o be wo n on he non-shoo ing hand o minimise he
chance o damage and obs uc ion o he sho , is s ill an accesso y ha is no used in a game
si ua ion and, he e o e, no ideal om his pe spec i e. Howe e , i can be qui e use ul as eal ime
esul s a e only a quick glance away du ing wo kou .
When he ball goes h ough he hoop, i ac i a es he senso , which subsequen ly sends a signal o
he wa ch ha he sho was made. When a sho is missed, he ib a ion c ea ed by hi ing he
backboa d o he im is de ec ed by he accele ome e senso s which send a signal o he wa ch ha
he sho was missed. Mo eo e , he de elope s inco po a ed a delay in he signal o accoun o he
sho s ha bounce a ound he im be o e going in. The only sho i canno au oma ically de ec is he
ai ball, o which he e is a bu on on he wa ch ha can be p essed o eco d i as a miss.
Wi h access o shoo ing pe cen ages om di e en loca ions, playe s can e alua e hei success a e
om di e en posi ions on he cou e.g. ee h ows, h ee-poin e s, e c. and ake ad an age o he
aining modes a ailable o hose posi ions. Once hei da a is uploaded, hey can access he Hoop
T acke dashboa d on hei own compu e and analyse hei s a s, ack hei long- e m p og ess and
iden i y hei s eng hs and a eas o imp o emen . The e is also a coach mode which allows coaches
o moni o hei playe s’ p og ess and cus omize aining acco dingly (Isom 2014).
37
Table 4. P esen A i ac Ma ix

38
Knowing sho loca ion and accu acy helps o ob ain a be e unde s anding o whe e playe s a e
pe o ming a a highe le el, ne e heless, i does no show wha was done w ongly and how i can
be imp o ed. Gi en ha he e has al eady been a la ge ocus on ball ajec o y, he ollowing
sugges ions will ely hea ily on he physical mo emen s o he playe upon he ac o shoo ing
(shoo ing mechanics) and he ac o s ha can lead o di e ences in his beha io . In his endea o ,
he indings om he li e a u e e iew on he jump sho ha e been aken in o accoun .
W is band senso
F om he s udied de ices, only he Sho T acke used a w is band o coun he numbe o sho
a emp s made by a playe . Bu while his al eady help ul, i could be explo ed u he . I ex a
senso s we e inco po a ed in o he w is band, which is easible due o he inc easingly smalle sizes
o hese de ices, impo an da a like elease heigh and w is angle a elease could be ob ained. As
p e iously s a ed, elease heigh in combina ion wi h elease angle, a e key ac o s ha help o
explain he angle o en y o he ball in o he baske .
Ano he aluable usage o he w is band migh be o e alua e how he playe pe o ms when acing
an opponen . By de e mining he closeness be ween he playe ’s shoo ing hand and he hand o he
de ensi e playe as well as he heigh o he blocking a emp , i will be possible o gain a g ea e
unde s anding o how shoo ing mechanics a e in luenced by opposi ion and i s consequences on ball
ajec o y.
Me ics: elease heigh , w is angle, closeness o con es , heigh o con es , shoulde /elbow/w is
plane
Ve senso
The Ve senso has he abili y o ack he jumping ac i i y o an a hle e as i e ie es he maximum
heigh achie ed du ing he jump. I would be e y use ul o ha e communica ion be ween he e
senso and he w is band a elease; his way i would be possible o know he exac jump heigh
eached by he playe a elease and how close i is o he desi ed alue which is he maximum, as
he playe should elease he ball a he peak o he jump. The eliabili y o his senso has al eady
been es ed, and i was conside ed i o measu e jump heigh in in-game si ua ions o bo h
baske ball and olleyball. I also has he abili y o p o ide eal ime eedback (Mahmoud, O hman,
Abdel asoul, S e giou, & Ka z, 2015) (MacDonald, Bah , Bal ich, Whi ake , & Meeuwisse, 2017).
Me ics: maximum jump heigh , jump heigh a elease
Slee e senso
Nowadays, i is possible o measu e join angle wi h high p ecision using low-cos wea able ine ial
senso s (El-Goha y, 2013). Elbow ex ension plays a majo ole in elease heigh and elease angle.
Since he slee e is a common accesso y in baske ball wi h no scien i ic use, i would be help ul o
in eg a e an ine ial senso in o he slee e ha could co ec ly measu e he elbow’s angle a elease,
by communica ing wi h he w is band senso .
Me ic: elbow angle, shoulde /elbow/w is plane
39
Je sey senso
Cu en ly, je seys a e also only being used as an accesso y wi hou any scien i ic ad an age. As
sugges ed o he slee e, i a senso was in eg a ed in he shoulde join , i would allow he acking
o he shoulde angle a elease. T unk inclina ion should be close o e ical a elease, as his is a
pe o mance cha ac e is ic seen in expe playe s. Ano he good p ac ice d awn om he
obse a ion o expe playe s in ac ion is ha ing he shoulde , elbow and w is aligned in he same
plane o mo ion (Vic o H A Okazaki e al., 2015). I is impo an o no e ha me ics like unk
inclina ion and shoulde join angles ha e al eady been s udied wi h he use o senso s (Be gamini e
al., 2013; Ge S. Fabe , 2005; Yoon, 2017) and he e o e i would be heo e ically easible o
measu e hem h ough senso in eg a ion in o he je sey as sugges ed abo e.
Me ics: shoulde angle, unk inclina ion, shoulde /elbow/w is plane
In his epo , wo a i ac ma ices will be p esen ed, one o ama eu le el and one o p o essional
le el. The main di e ence be ween hem is ha o p o essional le el i is assumed ha playe s ain
in indoo acili ies ha a e ully capable o ha ing echnology like ca apul o Noahly ics ins alled. On
he o he hand, ama eu le el ecommenda ions do no equi e acili ies o pe o m measu emen s.
Sma ball
F om he lis o analyzed de ices, he sma ball ha o e s he mos comp ehensi e a ie y o
me ics measu emen s is he 94 i y. The abili y o he ball o measu e elease speed, sho a c and ball
o a ion a once make his p oduc e y use ul o ama eu playe s ha do no ha e access o he
ools and echnology made a ailable o p o essional a hle es. Fu he mo e, i s abili y o
au onomously iden i y i he sho was success ully made, coupled wi h he me ics p e iously
men ioned, p o ide a g ea le el o de ail when me ged wi h me ics seen o p e ious wea able
senso s.
Me ics: sho a c, ball o a ion, made o miss
Noahly ics
Noahly ics has e olu ionized shoo ing acking in baske ball. The de ail o he me ics i measu es is
so g ea ha new ac o s ha in luence shoo ing pe o mance ha e been iden i ied (Ma y & Lucey,
2017). By me ging he me ics o his sys em wi h shoo ing me ics cap u ed by wea able ine ial
senso s, i is possible o es ablish he ela ion be ween ball ajec o y and shoo ing mo ion. Fo he
i s ime, analys s will be able o ha e de ailed inpu on he end o end p ocess o he jump sho . By
unning app op ia e s a is ical es s, pa e ns can be disco e ed based on s a is ical e idence o how
shoo ing pa ame e s explain ajec o y elemen s.
Me ics: sho loca ion, en y angle, sho dep h, le - igh posi ion
Ca apul
One ac o ha was shown o in luence shoo ing mechanics is a igue. I was demons a ed ha
a igue has an impac on he abili y o muscles o espond o physical exe ion, esul ing in a
dec ease o he elbow join angle ha causes lowe angle and w is heigh a elease and lowe
jumping abili y. This being said, esea che s ailed o iden i y a co ela ion be ween a igue and
40
shoo ing accu acy. Since he me ics used we e hea a e and o he such ac o s, i would be
in e es ing o see i a mo e complex me ic like Playe Load ha is an accele a ion-based me ic
unlike he egula dis ance-based ones, could ha e di e en esul s in his ega d.
Me ics: Playe Load, hea a e
Figu e 26 and able 5 show a wha poin each shoo ing mechanic me ic will be measu ed by he
co esponding senso .
Figu e 26. Sugges ed use o senso s o he measu emen o me ics
41
Table 5. Sugges ed measu emen o me ics by phase and senso
Feedback
By compa ing he de ices unde analysis in wha conce ns audio eedback, i is possible o conclude
ha audio eedback is gi en based on he ou come o he sho . I is ei he p o ided in he o m o
‘beeps’, as in E o One, o s imula e muscle memo y o by gi ing he exac me ics conce ning how
he ball wen h ough he im, as in Noahly ics. E en hough his ype o eedback allows playe s o
c ea e muscle memo y, i is no he mos ad ised. This is because he majo i y o use s ha a e
aining o imp o e hei jump sho a e no expe playe s, so he possibili y ha hey do no possess
a good unde s anding o how each mo emen impac s he ou come o he sho mus no be igno ed.
Taking in o accoun ha oday’s echnology enables he moni o ing o playe s’ shoo ing mechanics,
aluable eedback can be p o ided in his ega d.
In 1993, a s udy was conduc ed o demons a e how o p o ide app op ia e eedback conce ning he
jump sho echnique. Six key echnique poin s we e iden i ied as c i ical in he shoo ing mo ion and
adequa e eedback was de e mined o each based on unde s andable e ms. As an example o wha
was p oposed, o he wo c i ical poin s “op imize heigh o elease” and “ball o a ion”, he
sugges ed e ms o use in he eedback we e “ex end a he op o he jump” and “ lip he inge s”
unde he ball a elease, espec i ely (Knudson, 1993). Comp ehensible eedback as illus a ed
abo e can imp o e he unde s anding o he playe and gene a e knowledge on he bes p ac ices o
he jump sho . Table 6, shows he sugges ed audio eedback o di e en me ics.
42
Table 6. Audio eedback sugges ions
4.2. PROPOSED ARTIFACTS
In he ollowing ables he wo p oposed a i ac ma ices, one o he ama eu le el and one o he
p o essional le el, a e p esen ed in summa y o m.

43
Table 7. Fu u e a i ac ma ix o ama eu le el
44
Table 8. Fu u e a i ac ma ix o p o essional le el
45
4.3. VALIDATION
The alida ion o he p oposed a i ac s in his epo was conduc ed ia in e iew. Since he
echnology opic is speci ic, ins ead o using a ques ionnai e i was decided ha he in e iew
me hod would be mo e sui able as he in e iewe would be able o gi e con ex and collabo a e
wi h he in e iewee du ing he p ocess.
4.3.1. Ta ge Audience
The a ge audience o he in e iews was cu en o o me baske ball playe s, coaches o
jou nalis s. The p obabili y o hese g oups ha ing a be e unde s anding o wha echnology could
bene i he playe s’ shoo ing mechanics is g ea e han he common spo s an. In p inciple, by
in e iewing playe s and coaches wi h di e en le els o expe ience, conclusions migh be d awn on
how he le el o expe ise is ela ed o he openness o he adop ion o echnology o aining
pe o mance.
4.3.2. Sample
As men ioned be o e, he sample was composed o o me playe s and coaches, baske ball pe sonas
ha a e ela ed o he spo . Howe e , due o he absence o esponse when con ac ing p o essional
eams and ne wo k s a ions, he only pa icipan s in he in e iew p ocess we e o an ama eu le el.
Al hough his does no mean ha he in e iewees we e no quali ied o pa icipa e in he s udy o
able o p o ide adequa e eedback, i would none heless ha e been ex emely use ul and ele an o
compa e and con as he poin s o iew o ama eu and p o essional a hle es and coaches. This is
he e o e seen as a limi a ion in his epo .
The olun ee s ha pa icipa ed in he in e iews we e wo o me playe s wi h di e en le els o
expe ience, one o me coach wi h signi ican expe ience as a playe and one cu en coach wi h a
high le el o expe ience.
Table 9. O e iew o pe sonal in o ma ion and baske ball expe ience
Va iables used in able 9:
• Pa icipan : ID o he pa icipan
• Gende : M o male, F o emale
• Age: age o he in e iewee in yea s
• College playe : numbe o yea s played in college
• Club playe : numbe o yea s played in a club
46
• Coach: numbe o yea s in a coaching capaci y
4.3.3. Summa y o in e iew guide
The pu pose o he in e iews was o alida e he ecommenda ions abou how cu en and new
echnology can imp o e jump shoo ing pe o mance. The i s page was designed o welcome he
in e iewee, gi e some con ex on he objec i e o he s udy and collec pe sonal in o ma ion such
as he age and gende o he pa icipan as well as he le el o expe ise/expe ience in he a ea. The
ollowing ques ion in oduced he de ices unde analysis in he li e a u e e iew and asked he
in e iewee o iden i y which de ices he had knowledge o . The nex ques ion equi ed he
pa icipan o examine ables 3 and 4 which show e e y me ic calcula ed by each senso cu en ly in
use and, upon examina ion o he da a, s a e whe he he belie ed he me ics we e ele an o he
imp o emen o shoo ing mechanics and jus i y he answe .
In he ollowing ques ion, he in e iewee was p esen ed wi h ano he able ( able 10), whe e he
me ics conside ed ele an in his li e a u e e iew we e displayed. He was hen asked o assess
each me ic acco ding o how ele an i is o he success o he jump sho . To do so, he ollowing
Like scale was p o ided: 1 – S ongly Disag ee, 2 – Disag ee, 3 – Ag ee, 4 – S ongly Ag ee. This
pa icula e sion o he scale was chosen because i was e en and did no o e a neu al answe .
Since he e is some imes a endency o esponden s o pick his answe o a oid u he jus i ica ion,
his op ion was emo ed so ha he in e iewe could ecei e as much eedback as possible om he
pa icipan s.
Table 10. In e iewees' iews on he impac o sugges ed me ics on he success o he jump sho
53
The upda ed a i ac s ma ices a e shown below, as well as he audio eedback able, wi h eedback esul an om he alida ion me hod.
Table 14. Upda ed a i ac s' ma ix o ama eu le el

54
Table 15. Upda ed a i ac s' ma ix o p o essional le el
55
Table 16. Upda ed able o audio eedback
56
5. CONCLUSIONS
5.1. SYNTHESIS OF THE DEVELOPED WORK
The objec i e o his s udy was o ecommend new uses o cu en senso s and new senso s ha
would esul in imp o ed shoo ing pe o mance in baske ball. Gi en ha his is a heo e ical s udy,
he chosen me hod was design science esea ch, a me hodology ha elies on ou majo p emises:
he sea ch o laws, he making o sugges ions o co ec he iden i ied laws, he alida ion o he
sugges ions made, and las ly he upda e o he ini ial p oposals aking in o accoun he eedback
ecei ed du ing alida ion.
In he i s phase, he shoo ing ac o s behind a success ul jump sho we e iden i ied, a e which an
in es iga ion was conduc ed o de e mine wha gadge s wi h senso echnology a e cu en ly being
used and wha me ics a e being measu ed.
A e compa ing he indica o s ha a e being measu ed by hese de ices wi h he ac o s behind a
success ul jump sho , i became e iden ha he e is a big gap o be illed as he shoo ing echnique
me ics emain unmeasu ed, which is o no help wha soe e o he use when i comes o
unde s anding how he/she can imp o e his/he pe o mance.
By aking in o accoun he me ics ha need o be cap u ed, he measu ing capabili ies o cu en ly
used de ices and he po en ial uses o new ones, wo a i ac s we e p oposed, one o he ama eu
le el and ano he o he p o essional le el. In o de o comp ehend i he sugges ions ha we e pu
o wa d made a eal con ibu ion o he esolu ion o he p oblem, a se o in e iews was
conduc ed.
Analysis o he esul s o he in e iews indica es ha he me ics p o ided by cu en de ices
enla ge he use s’ unde s anding o he loca ions on he cou whe e hey a e mo e e icien and
allow hem o ack hei e olu ion h ough ime; howe e , hey p o ide no aluable eedback ha
would enable he use s o imp o e hei shoo ing echnique.
Despi e he small sample size, he esul s om he in e iews add o he al eady moun ing e idence
ha he use o IoT, ha ing a se o senso s connec ed and egis e ing speci ic me ics, in his con ex
would bene i he use as he/she could ha e access o use ul da a explaining exac ly how he/she is
pe o ming and wha adjus men s migh be made o imp o e his/he pe o mance. I was also
men ioned ha by combining ou come a iables wi h shoo ing ac o s, ela ionships can be ound
and possibly p edic he ou come o he sho based on shoo ing me ics.
In addi ion, i was concluded ha audio eedback can con ibu e o he imp o emen o he shoo ing
echnique, as i enables playe s o co ec hei mo ion h ough easily unde s andable commands
ins ead o hea ing wha hey can obse e hemsel es  he ou come o hei sho . Audio eedback
was conside ed o be pa icula ly impo an o adjus w is lexion, elbow ex ension and he heigh o
he jump ha led o ball elease.
Finally, elease speed, ball o a ion and emo ional s a us we e he me ics sugges ed by he
esponden s o complemen he p oposed a i ac s which we e upda ed acco dingly wi h sui able
de ices.
57
5.2. LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH
As his is an academic esea ch epo , some limi a ions we e encoun e ed and aspec s ha could be
imp o ed we e iden i ied.
The majo limi a ion conce ning his s udy was ela ed o he sample used o he in e iews. E en
hough he coaches we e expe ienced which con as ed wi h he playe s’ le el o expe ience, i
would ha e been e y use ul o ha e pa icipan s om bo h ama eu and p o essional le els as well
as jou nalis s. This would ha e b ough in di e en pe spec i es and p o ided aluable eedback
abou di e se aspec s. Fu he mo e, ha ing ep esen a i es om all le els wi hin he spo , ama eu ,
p o essional and academic wo ld could ha e g ea ly en iched he conclusions. The in i a ions o he
in e iews we e sen o p o essional eams and spo s ele ision ne wo ks, bu no answe was
ob ained.
Ano he limi a ion abou he sample was ha he esponden s had no p io knowledge o he
s udied de ices and, al hough he in e iewe endea ou ed o gi e hem objec i e in o ma ion in a
clea and concise way abou each de ice, pa icipan s s ill seemed o e whelmed and we e no able
o sugges new uses o cu en o new echnology. I would ha e been in e es ing o analyse he
eedback om a pe son wi h mo e expe ience in he ield.
5.3. FUTURE WORK
As o he nex s eps, I would conside epea ing he in e iew p ocess wi h p o essional a hle es o
people used o wo king wi h echnology in spo s in o de o compa e hei eedback.
The ollowing s ep would be he implemen a ion in a smalle scale o he p oposed ne wo k o
senso s. This would allow he collec ion o speci ic da a ha could help de e mine whe he he sho
ou come can be s a is ically p edic ed by mixing he p oposed shoo ing me ics.
58
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ANNEXES
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