MEGI
Mas e ’s deg ee P og am in
S a is ics and In o ma ion Managemen
A Bibliome ic Analysis on he use o Big Da a Sou ces in he
Compila ion o O icial S a is ics
Zukiswa Mdingi
Mas e Thesis
p esen ed as pa ial equi emen o ob aining he Mas e ’s deg ee P og am in S a is ics and In o ma ion Managemen
NOVA In o ma ion Managemen School
Ins i u o Supe io de Es a ís ica e Ges ão de In o mação
Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa
NOVA In o ma ion Managemen School
Ins i u o Supe io de Es a ís ica e Ges ão de In o mação
Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa
A Bibliome ic Analysis on he use o Big Da a Sou ces in he
Compila ion o O icial S a is ics
By
Zukiswa Mdingi
Mas e Thesis p esen ed as pa ial equi emen o ob aining he Mas e ’s deg ee in S a is ics and
In o ma ion Managemen : wi h a specializa ion in Da a Analy ics
Supe ised by
P o esso B uno Damasio (PhD), Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa
May, 2024
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STATEMENT OF INTEGRITY
I he eby decla e ha ing conduc ed his academic wo k wi h in eg i y. I con i m ha I ha e no used
plagia ism o any o m o undue use o in o ma ion o alsi ica ion o esul s along he p ocess leading
o i s elabo a ion. I u he decla e ha I ha e ully acknowledge he Rules o Conduc and Code o
Hono om he NOVA In o ma ion Managemen School.
[Basel, 28 May 2024]
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ABSTRACT
The goal o any NSI is i s abili y o p oduce accu a e, imely, eliable, and us ed o icial s a is ics.
His o ically, NSIs ha e elied solely on da a collec ed om adi ional da a sou ces such as su eys and
adminis a i e da a o compile o icial s a is ics. The dawn o big da a is one ha is expec ed o ha e
a huge impac on o ganisa ions such as Na ional S a is ical Ins i u ions (NSIs). The pu pose o his s udy
is o conduc a quan i a i e science s udy on he e olu ion o opics in he ield o big da a sou ces in
he compila ion o o icial s a is ics. The s udy will y o iden i y he e olu ion o opics in he esea ch
o big da a sou ces in he compila ion o o icial s a is ics, o iden i y which coun y(s) ha e made he
mos con ibu ions o his esea ch ield, and o unco e eme ging and ele an opics ela ed o his
ield. I was concluded ha , big da a sou ces such as scanne da a, mobile phone da a, senso da a,
and ansac ional da a ha e been used ins i u ions such as S a is ics Ne he lands, Bank Es onia, I alian
Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics, US Census Bu eau, and he Spanish Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics.
Scanne da a did seem o be he one big da a sou ce ha has been used by a ew ins i u ions o he
compila ion o he Consume P ice Index (CPI). The s udy iden i ied some o he key opics ela ing o
big da a and o icial s a is ics. Big da a, o icial s a is ics, nowcas ing, machine lea ning a e some o he
common keywo ds ha ha e been co e ed in his esea ch ield. When analysing he bi-g am ( wo-
wo ds) o he mos commonly ound abs ac wo ds, eme ging and ele an opics include web
sc aping, o icial s a is ics, da a sou ces, and da a go e nance.
Key wo ds:
O icial s a is ics; Big da a; Bibliome ics; Na ional S a is ical Ins i u ions (NSIs); Big da a sou ces
Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SGD):
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INDEX
1 In oduc ion and backg ound o he s udy ............................................................................. 1
2 Li e a u e Re iew .................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Explo ing he use o big da a in o icial s a is ics .............................................................. 3
2.2. Wo king g oups on big da a o o icial s a is ics ............................................................. 3
2.3 How NSIs ha e inco po a ed big da a in o hei o icial s a is ics ..................................... 5
2.4 Oppo uni ies and challenges o big da a in o icial s a is ics ......................................... 8
2.4.1 Oppo uni ies ............................................................................................................ 8
2.4.2 Challenges ............................................................................................................... 8
2.4 The u u e o o icial s a is ics ..................................................................................... 10
3 Resea ch Me hodology ......................................................................................................... 12
3.1 The s udy o a science ................................................................................................. 12
3.2 Bibliome ic Analysis ................................................................................................... 12
3.2.1 Bibliome ic analysis echniques ............................................................................ 12
3.3 Bibliome ic analysis me hods ...................................................................................... 13
3.3.1 Ci a ion analysis ...................................................................................................... 13
3.3.2-Co-wo d analysis..................................................................................................... 13
3.3.3 Co-au ho ship analysis ............................................................................................ 14
3.4 Da a collec ion ............................................................................................................... 14
4 Analysis and discussion o esul s ........................................................................................ 16
4.1 An o e iew on published esea ch a icles on big da a in o icial s a is ics… ..............16
4.2 Pe o mance analysis ................................................................................................... 18
4.2.1 Top publica ion sou ces .......................................................................................... 18
4.2.2 Mos ele an au ho s ............................................................................................. 19
4.2.3 Mos ele an coun ies........................................................................................... 19
4.2.4 Mos equen keywo ds ......................................................................................... 19
4.3 Impac and concep ual knowledge ................................................................................21

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4.3.1 Pe o mance s impac ........................................................................................ 21
4.3.2 Top published a icles .......................................................................................... 21
4.4 Concep ual s uc u e ................................................................................................. 22
4.4.1-Co-wo d ne wo k ................................................................................................. 23
4.4.2 Thema ic e olu ion .............................................................................................. 23
4.4.3 Keywo ds o e ime ............................................................................................. 24
5 Findings, conclusions and u u e wo k .................................................................................. 26
Bibliog aphy .............................................................................................................................. 28
LIST OF FIGURES
Figu e 1 – S eps ollowed in he da a collec ion s age ............................................................. 15
Figu e 2 - Published a icles pe yea ..................................................................................................... 17
Figu e 3 - Th ee- ield plo ...................................................................................................................... 17
Figu e 4 - Mos ele an sou ces ................................................................................................ 18
Figu e 5 - In e na ional co-au ho ship .................................................................................................. 20
Figu e 6 - Mos common keywo ds ...................................................................................................... 21
Figu e 7 - Co-wo d ne wo k .................................................................................................................. 23
Figu e 8 - Thema ic e olu ion ............................................................................................................... 24
Figu e 9 - Keywo ds o e ime ............................................................................................................. 25
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 – Da a analysis................................................................................................. 16
Table 2 – Top en au ho s .............................................................................................22
Table 3 – Top ci ed a icles ........................................................................................... 22
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
NSI
Na ional S a is ical Ins i u ions
CPI
Consume P ice Index
GWG
Global Wo king G oup
SDGs
Sus ainable De elopmen Goals
WoS
Web o Science
UN
Uni ed Na ions
UNSD
Uni ed Na ions S a is ics Di ision
UNECE
Uni ed Na ions Economic Commission o Eu ope
Eu os a
Eu opean Commission
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da a was good enough o use in he p oduc ion o o icial s a is ics. S a is ics Ne he lands was able o
p oduce his da a on hei s a is ical da abase (Ma co e al., 2019).
Mobile phone da a: Mobile phone da a is one o he big da a sou ces ha has he po en ial o be
ele an in mul iple o icial s a is ics including ou ism, popula ion, mig a ion, and anspo a ion
s a is ics. A ew coun ies ha e s a ed o inco po a e mobile phone da a in he compila ion o hei
o icial s a is ics, a ecommenda ion is ha be o e going he ou e o explo ing he mobile phone da a
a NSI will need o ensu e ha he e is a pa ne ship amongs key s akeholde s. One o he challenges
associa ed wi h he use o mobile phone da a o o icial s a is ics is he p i acy and secu i y o mobile
phone eco ds (UNSD, 2019).
F om 2009 Bank Es onia has been in es ing he possibili ies o using mobile phone da a o compile
hei s a is ics. Du ing he pe iod 2009 – 2010 Es onia has been able o use mobile phone da a o
compile he inbound and ou bound ou ism s a is ics. These s a is ics ha e been compiled using wha
is e e ed o as mobile posi ioning which is, acking he loca ion o a mobile phone h ough space
and ime using he global posi ioning sys em (GPS). The p ocess o compiling hese s a is ics includes
ha ing an au oma ic quali y con ol ope a o s sys em which can il e ou e o s in he da a. Ano he
p ocess included il e ing and e alua ing he da a o ensu e he da a is ep esen a i e and is a he
equi ed le el o quali y. One o he limi a ions highligh ed om he expe ience o Es onia om using
mobile phone da a is on he sampling. Unlike wi h su ey da a, when using mobile phone da a hese
is no o e iew o he o al popula ion (K oon and Pank, 2012).
The I alian Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics (Is a ) unde wen an expe imen by using mobile phone da a
o c ea e high quali y s a is ics o ou ism, his expe imen was done by compa ing he mobile phone
da a wi h i s cu en ou ism su ey o analyse i he mobile phone da a could complemen and en ich
he ou ism su ey da a. The mobile phone da a was sou ced om Voda one analy ics echnology
which collec s da a on mobile phone ne wo k ac i i y. Fo he expe imen Is a only ocused on he
a eas ha had s ong ou is oca ion and ended up selec ing he p o ince o Rimini and he
municipali y o Roma. The mobile phone da a was p ocessed in such a way as o ensu e ha he da a
collec ed i s in o he in e na ional de ini ion o ou ism and ensu ing ha he p ocesses ha he
mobile da a would go h ough would mee he equi emen s o o icial s a is ics. Following his
exe cise, Is a ound ha he e is po en ial in using mobile phone da a in ou ism s a is ics and ha
his da a would complemen he o icial ou ism s a is ics. The ad an age ha he mobile da a has
o e he o icial ou ism da a is ha he mobile da a allows o mo e imeliness and g anula i y o he
s a is ics as compa ed o he o icial da a sou ce (Ca allo e al., 2022).
A ew o he big da a sou ces ha e been used by NSIs in he compila ion o hei o icial s a is ics. The
Na ional Bank o Moldo a compiles i s esiden ial p ope y p ice indices using websi e da a and land
egis y da a. The da a o he esiden ial p ope y p ice indices is sou ced om he websi e o a well-
known eal es a e lis ing company. The da a is sou ces au oma ically wice a mon h h ough web
sc aping o bo h p ima y and seconda y ma ke s. The weigh s used o he p ima y and seconda y
ma ke p ope ies comes om he land egis y (S a is ica Moldo ei, 2023).
The in ensions o NSIs a e no o eplace adi ional da a sou ces wi h big da a sou ces howe e , big
da a sou ces should be conside ed as an oppo uni y o supplemen , in whole o pa ly in o ma ion
collec ed h ough he adi ional da a sou ces (Uni ed Na ions, 2015).

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2.4 Oppo uni ies and Challenges o Big Da a in O icial S a is ics
2.4.1 Oppo uni ies
Du ing discussions on he use o big da a sou ces in o icial s a is ics he ques ion on he oppo uni ies
and challenges is one ha always comes up. NSIs ha e disco e ed some oppo uni ies om explo ing
he use o big da a in he s a is ical p oduc ion p ocesses. Oppo uni ies ha ha e been associa ed
wi h he use o big da a o compiling o icial s a is ics include imeliness, g anula i y, high equency,
and esponden bu den educ ion.
The big oppo uni y ha big da a sou ces will p o ide is hei abili y o imp o e o icial s a is ics ei he
h ough complemen ing o e i y exis ing da ase s. Fo some da ase s, big da a sou ce would allow o
imp o emen o exis ing da ase s by p o iding mo e g anula da a, hese new da a sou ces could e en
eplace some da ase s (Ki chin, 2015). Abbas e al. (2023) adds ha he new da a sou ces could aid in
es uc u ing exis ing da ase s and p o ide mo e accu a e and de ailed s a is ics.
Due o he na u e o some o he big da a sou ces, he da a may p o ide mo e insigh s om he
published s a is ics whe e cu en ly i is no possible because o he s anda d adi ional o icial
s a is ics da a sou ces (Hand, 2018). Wi h he high a ie y o e ed by big da a sou ces, equen and
o icial mul idimensional s a is ics could become a ailable (Abbas e al., 2023). By using big da a
sou ces his will also allow policymake s o answe speci ic, un o eseen ques ions ha a e dis inc i e
o a pa icula c isis due o la ge a ailabili y o da a (Cajne e al.,2021). Wi h he inc ease in la ge
new da a sou ces becoming a ailable, NSIs ha e ound ha hese da a sou ces could be o use o
imp o ing and c ea ing new o icial s a is ics (Loh & Raghuna han, 2017).
The use o big da a will allow o he imely elease o s a is ics ha would be e lec ed only la e in
s a is ics eleased by he s a is ical o ganisa ion h ough hei cu en p ocesses (Hand, 2018). Eu os a
(2014) complemen s his and adds ha hese new da a sou ces could po en ially be an oppo uni y o
p oduce mo e imely o icial s a is ics while also educing he ime i akes o compile he s a is ics on
a con inuous basis. Mo e oppo uni ies include eal- ime awa eness and eal- ime eedback which is
impo an o policy making decisions, he impo ance o eal- ime da a was highligh ed du ing he
Co id-19 pandemic as policy make s needed he s a is ics o make in o med policy decisions (Ki chin,
2015). In coun ies wi h limi ed esou ces use o adi ional su eys is iewed cumbe some o bo h
esponden s and p oduce s o o icial s a is ics, big da a could be used o illing da a gaps in o icial
s a is ics wi hou adding bu den o su ey esponden s (Global Pulse, 2012).
Apa om he oppo uni ies p o ided using big da a o o icial s a is ics, a ious challenges ha e also
been iden i ied. Al hough new big da a sou ces a e a ailable and ad an ages ha e been associa ed
wi h hese new da a sou ces, he e a e some challenges ha can be iden i ied wi h inco po a ing hese
da a sou ces in he p oduc ion o o icial s a is ics.
2.4.2 Challenges
In mos coun ies NSIs ha e a legisla i e backing which allows hen o collec da a om public
au ho i ies, his is no he case wi h p i a e o ganisa ions. Depending on he coun y speci ic law,
p i a e o ganisa ions a e no obliga ed o sha e da a wi h NSIs. This could be a challenge as mos o
he new da a is collec ed by p i a e ins i u ions (UNECE, 2013). The e is he e o e a need o a legal
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amewo k o hese new ype o da a sou ces, he amewo k should co e egula ions wi h ega ds
o accessing and sha ing o he da a. This may equi e an amendmen o exis ing legal amewo ks o
he eplacemen o he amewo ks. Acco ding o ESCAP (2022) he legal amewo k should in ol e
es ablishing a sui able pa ne ship wi h he p i a e companies ha own he da a. S uijs e al. (2014)
men ions copy igh s and owne ship a e also some o he legal aspec s ha need o be conside ed, he
da a could be made a ailable, bu i could be inapp op ia e o use.
Acco ding o Badiee e al. (2017), he wo ld is unde going a "da a e olu ion," which is esul ing in
ad ancemen s in how da a is handled, exchanged, me ged, analysed, and e en b oadcas ed. Gi en he
la ge dimension o hese new da a sou ces, impo an echnological issues a ise and NSIs will need he
co ec IT in as uc u e o be able o accommoda e new dimensions such as s o age o da a and
p ocessing o da a (Vi gilli o e al., 2012). Being able o make use o Applica ion P og amme
In e aces (APIs) o ecei e da a in eal ime, API will be use ul o la ge da ase s we e sending de ails
be ween pa ies in he adi ional was will no be easible (UNECE, 2013).
One o he bigges challenges ha NSIs will encoun e in he use o big da a ela es o human
esou ces. The use o big da a in he p oduc ion p ocess will be ime consuming, and he use o big
da a will equi e s a ha a e ained, and his will a managemen and inance challenge o he
managemen o NSIs (UNECE, 2013). Ensu ing ha he e a e o ganisa ional and managemen models
in place and enough quali ied employees (Uni ed Na ions, 2014). This da a e olu ion is some hing
ha canno be igno ed bu a he emb aced, bu will equi e knowledge de elopmen , skills
enhancemen , and echnological imp o emen s wi hin na ional s a is ical sys ems. he de elopmen
o a na ional aining sys em bene i s om s a is ical educa ion and p ac ical expe ience (Uni ed
Na ions, 2014). Mos NSIs adi ional skill se do no include he skills and compe ences equi ed o
au oma e, analyse, and op imise such complex sys ems needed when wo king wi h big da a (Asho eh
and B a o, 2021). S uijs e .al. (2014) sugges s ha NSIs will need o open o collabo a e wi h o he
NSIs ha ha e knowledge and expe ience in using big da a in hei p ocesses o ha e expe imen ed
wi h big da a. NSIs could also each ou o comme cial o ganisa ions such as Google and Facebook ha
ha e such human esou ces, o ge ad ice om hese o ganisa ions ha ha e ex ensi e knowledge in
a eas o IT se ices, secu i y, s o age, and cloud solu ions. Upadhyaya and Kynclo a (2017) adds ha
NSIs should also look o c ea e pa ne ships wi h academia, his pa ne ship should also include
academic ins i u ions c ea ing p og ammes ha would assis he cu en and u u e o icial s a is ics
in da a science.
Cos s o acqui ing he da a could also be a managemen p oblem as cos s om sou cing he da a om
a p i a e sou ce could be cos ly he e o e, ag eemen s need o be es ablished (ESCAP, 2022). The cos
o acqui ing he da a om a p i a e o ganisa ion could p o ide o be a challenge. I he e is no legal
amewo k o he p i a e ins i u ion o sha e da a wi h he s a is ical o ice, he p i a e ins i u ion
could cha ge o he da a (S uijs e .al, 2014).
Mos o hese big da a sou ces migh no ha e enough me ada a, his is conside ed one o he bigges
challenges as da a wi hou me ada a canno be used (Vi gilli o e al., 2012). Some o he da a sou ces
such as social media da a ha we e no ini ially collec ed o da a analysis could lack impo an
me ada a such as a ge popula ion, s uc u e, and quali y. S uijs e al. (2014) s esses ha
me hodological challenges canno be igno ed as hey impac he quali y o he da a. The concep ual
and me hodological amewo k o s a is ical p oduc ion, would include p ecise concep ual de ini ion
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o a iables, and me ada a documen a ion (Uni ed Na ions, 2014). The o icial s a is ics ha a e
p oduced by NSIs ollows s ic guidelines ha a e based on in e na ional s a is ical s anda ds, hese
s anda ds a e essen ial as hey allow o in e na ional compa isons o s a is ics amongs coun ies. The
s anda ds co e de ini ions, classi ica ions, and o he e ms howe e , hese new da a sou ces o no
con o m o hese s anda ds. Conside ing he di e ences be ween adi ional and big da a sou ces
he e will be a need o conside making adjus men o he cu en me hodologies (Upadhyaya &
Kynclo a, 2017).
The UNECE (2013) de ines p i acy as he igh o indi iduals o ha e in luence on how hei p i a e
in o ma ion ge s disclosed. Rega ding he issue o p i acy when conside ing big da a being used in
o icial s a is ics, Upadhyaya & Kynclo a (2017) s a e ha NSIs need o no e ha he e a e wo
app oaches o p i acy hey need o conside . The i s is accessing p i a e da a and only use i o wha
was ag eed upon and, he second is ensu ing da a p i acy by a oiding da a misuse. When i comes o
espec ing he p i acy o indi iduals con iden ial in o ma ion, NSIs need o ensu e hey do no uin
hei c edibili y and lose he public’s us . Gi en ha some o he da a ecei ed om he p i a e
businesses could include p i a e pe sonal in o ma ion, he na ional s a is ical ins i u es will need o
es ablish guidelines ha will ensu e he anonymiza ion o pe sonal da a (Uni ed Na ions, 2014). The
use o big da a could pu g ea e emphasis on na ional s a is ical ins i u ions o adhe e o e hical
p ac ices (ESCAP, 2022).
Eu os a (2022) adds ha o he challenges include iden i ying hese new da a sou ces, de eloping new
pla o ms, skills de elopmen and adjus men s being made o he ins i u ion’s legal amewo k.
The e o e, i is equi ed ha hese challenges be add essed be o e inco po a ing he da a in o he
p oduc ion o o icial s a is ics. Wi h some NSIs ha ing s a ed o explo e he use o big da a in he
compila ion o hei o icial s a is ics, some ha e no ed some o he challenges ha we e expe ienced.
Al hough he challenges di e o each ins i u ion, he cha ac e is ics a e simila . Some NSIs who ha e
been explo ing he use o big da a sou ces in he compila ion o hei o icial s a is ics ha e sha ed
some o he challenges hey expe ienced. The challenges expe ienced by he I alian Na ional Ins i u e
o S a is ics include quali y, ime dependence and accessibili y. Acco ding o S a is ics Ne he lands
hey expe ienced challenges wi h me hodology, quali y, p i acy and legal issues, p ocessing, s o age
o la ge da ase s and ola ili y. The Aus ian Bu eau o S a is ics expe ienced simila challenges and
no ed hei challenges as p i acy and public us , da a owne ship and access, compu a ional e icacy,
and echnological in as uc u e (ESCAP, 2022).
2.5 The Fu u e o O icial S a is ics
Acco ding o Hassani and MacFeely (2023) he u u e o o icial s a is ics will be aced wi h many
oppo uni ies and challenges due o he e olu ion o digi al echnologies and he consequen da a
deluge. I will be o impo ance o ensu e ha o icial s a is ics a e s eng hen h ough e ec i e da a
go e nance o ensu e eliable and quali y s a is ics. Fo o icial s a is ics o emain a signi ican sou ce
o in o ma ion in a u u e ha will ha e an abundance o da a sou ces and in o ma ion sou ces, o icial
s a is ics will need o ensu e ha hey con inue o p o ide au ho i a i e and us wo hy in o ma ion.
Tille e al. (2022) a gues ha he e olu ion and a ailabili y o new da a sou ce will no b ing an end o
he use o cu en da a sou ces. Censuses and su eys as well as adminis a i e da a a e us ed da a
sou ces in he wo ld o o icial s a is ics and many NSIs will con inue o use hese da a sou ces in he
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u u e. Acco ding o Yung (2021) in u u e NSIs will need o ensu e ha hey emain ele an , and his
may include emb acing al e na i e da a sou ces. Cu en ly he declining su ey esponse a es a e a
challenge o NSIs, his oge he wi h he calls o educe esponden s’ bu den, NSIs will ha e o
in es iga e al e na i e da a sou ces.
G oshen (2021) is o he iew ha he u u e o o icial s a is ics is a a c oss oad, he one pa h which
in ol es he use o newly a ailable big da a could lead o mo e ele an , in e ope able, g anula , and
imely s a is ics. This i s pa h could lead o a u u e whe e NSIs achie e hei goals while also adding
a weal h o new s a is ics wi hou adding bu den o su ey esponden s. The second pa h is a bleak
one whe e su ey esponse a es con inue o all, and NSIs a e le wi h a p oblem o da a quali y and
hus jeopa dising he us o he public in o icial s a is ics. Yung (2021) disag ees wi h he no ion o
a bleak u u e o o icial s a is ics howe e , sees a e y b igh u u e o o icial s a is ics.
MacFeely (2016) adds ha o icial s a is ics a e con on ed by he dis up ion caused by he g owing
numbe o da a sou ces cu en ly becoming a ailable, hus a need o adap ion may be wa an ed.
O icial s a is ics ind hemsel es in a changing landscape and one ha is apidly changing. Today’s
digi al wo ld ha is depended on echnology, social media and elec onic ansac ions is one ha is
lea ing many digi al p in s. This a ailabili y is he e o e challenging he monopoly ha NSIs once had
wi h ega ds o o icial s a is ics.
Yung (2021) adds ha NSIs will con inue o play a pi o al ole in he na ional s a is ical sys em, NSIs will
need o mo e wi h he imes o he digi al wo ld. I NSIs o do no adap o he new digi al wo ld hey
will lose o o he o ganisa ions in he p i a e sec o . P i a e companies ha e also s a ed o dissemina e
some s a is ics and he s a is ics hey p oduce is a imes eleased be o e NSIs can publish hei o icial
s a is ics. Acco ding o MacFeely (2016) hese companies a e dissemina ing s a is ics so ha hey can
a ac media a en ion o a en ion o i s b owse s. MacFeely highligh s ha o dina y uses a imes
a e no able o di e en ia e wha is o icial s a is ics and wha is no , he e o e NSIs ind hemsel es
ha ing o di e en ia e he o icial s a is ics by highligh ing he quali y o o icial s a is ics ha comes
om me hodological quali y and anspa ency o da a.
The g ow h in digi al da a sou ces such as senso da a, ansac ional da a and social media da a will
pose a challenge o o icial s a is ics in u u e. Hassani and MacFeely (2023) cau ion ha i s a is ical
ins i u ions a e o le e age o his da a, hey need o adap new me hodologies, c ea e in as uc u e,
and ha e good da a go e nance p ac ices in place o ensu e da a quali y, p i acy p o ec ion and da a
in eg a ion. Yung (2021) adds ha as NSIs adap o he digi al da a wo ld hey should no o ge o
con inue o ollow he p inciples and p o essional s anda ds ha hey cu en ly ollow. In conside ing
hese new da a sou ces o o icial s a is ics in he u u e is will also be impo an ha NSI who plan o
inco po a e hese new da a sou ces in o hei p oduc ion sys ems conside he sus ainabili y o he
da a sou ces hey choose. Bosch e al. (2018) a gues and emphasises ha some o hese big da a
sou ces a e no sui able o o icial s a is ics as hey a e no sus ainable, and his is some hing ha
needs o be conside ed when hinking abou he u u e o o icial s a is ics.
12
CHAPTER THREE
Resea ch Me hodology
3.1 The s udy o a science
A esea ch ield o a science is de eloped h ough he c ea ion o scien i ic and echnical knowledge
ha is w i en and sha ed. The knowledge o a esea ch ield is sha ed h ough publica ions which
indica e a s anda d ha speci ic esea ch wen h ough by being assessed, app o ed, and
dissemina ed. Published esea ch can be ound in schola jou nals, p oceedings, pa en s, and books.
O e he yea s he pace in which esea ch has been published has inc eased. Thanks o he exis ence
o bibliome ic da abases which index millions o publica ions, i has become possible and easie o
e alua e a la ge olume o esea ch in o de o p oduce new knowledge on a ious opics. Bibliome ic
analysis makes use o me ada a such as i les, abs ac s, and keywo ds o publica ions e ie ed om
bibliome ic da abases o e eal he s uc u e o he esea ch ield. The di e en ypes o me ada a
can e eal some speci ic in o ma ion abou he esea ch ield, he in o ma ion on he au ho s could
iden i y communi ies and lead esea che s while he keywo ds can be used o unco e concep s in a
esea ch ield (Glanzel e al., 2019). This chap e will p esen he ypes o bibliome ic echniques ha
will be used in his s udy o iden i y he ends and s udy he e olu ion in he opic o big da a sou ces
in he compila ion o o icial s a is ics. This chap e will include an in oduc ion o bibliome ics
analysis, he bibliome ic echniques ha will be used in his s udy and he da a collec ed o he s udy.
3.2 Bibliome ics analysis
Bibliome ic analysis is a quan i a i e me hod used o analysing la ge amoun s o in o ma ion o
iden i y main con ibu o s, ends, hemes and shi s in a speci ic ield by p esen ing a big pic u e (A ia
& Cuccu ullo, 2017). Bibliome ics is an analysis echnique ha makes use o quan i a i e analysis o
measu e pa e ns seen in a esea ch ield o s udy. Bibliome ic analysis is used o analyse esea ch
speci ic li e a u e by making use o bibliome ic da a o p o ide insigh in o a ields e olu ion nuances
and o iden i y eme ging a eas in ha ield. Bibliome ic analysis makes use o bibliome ic da a ha is
collec ed and uses his da a o allow o s a is ical analysis o he nume ic da a on published ma e ial.
Bibliome ic analysis p o ides an o e iew o he de elopmen s o a speci ic ield and can be used o
iden i y in luen ial publica ions, au ho s, o ganisa ions, and coun ies (Rod iguez e .al, 2020; Ellegaa d
& Wallin, 2015; Lee e al., 2020; Manley, 2011). Bibliome ics combines quan i a i e analysis and
s a is ics and applies i o publica ions such as jou nal a icles oge he wi h hei ci a ion in o ma ion.
In ecen yea s au oma ed wo k lows ha e been c ea ed o aid in he complex ha a e en ailed in
making a bibliome ic analysis (Leung e .al, 2017).
3.2.1 Bibliome ics analysis echniques
Two ca ego ies o bibliome ic analysis echniques exis , he i s is pe o mance analysis. Pe o mance
analysis is one o he commonly used analysis echniques in bibliome ic s udies, his analysis is
desc ip i e in na u e. This echnique is used o e alua e he p oduc i i y and popula i y o au ho s,
documen s, and sou ces. The pe o mance analysis echnique examines he con ibu ions made by
esea ch cons i uen s o he esea ch ield and will p o ide an o e iew o he op p oduc i e au ho s,
pape s, coun ies, and keywo ds (A ia e al., 2022; Don hu e al. ,2021; Cuca i e al., 2023).

13
The second echnique, science mapping is ocused on ela ionships ound be ween esea ch
documen s in a speci ic ield. Science mapping is a echnique ha examines he ela ionships be ween
disciplines, subjec s, published documen s, and au ho s (Cobo e al., 2011; Don hu e al. 2021). Science
mapping which can also be e e ed o as bibliome ic mapping is a echnique which p o ides a
ep esen a ion o how disciplines, ields, speciali ies, and documen s in a speci ic ield ela e o one
ano he (T ybulska e al., 2017). A ia & Cuccu ullo (2022) add ha science mapping is a discipline ha
isualizes he s uc u e and ela ions o a speci ic ield.
This s udy will make use o bo h bibliome ic analysis echniques, he pe o mance analysis echniques
will be used o p o ide he desc ip i e analysis o he collec ed bibliome ic da a. The esul s om he
pe o mance analysis echnique will also be used o iden i y he p oduc i i y o he esea ch ield o e
he yea s and iden i y leading coun ies in he ield. Science mapping will be used o analyse he impac
ha he collec ed documen s ha e h ough he examina ion o ci a ion analysis esul s, iden i y he
concep ual s uc u e by examining leading wo ds and opics in he ield, o iden i y he social s uc u e
o examine and analyse collabo a ions happening be ween coun ies con ibu ing o his ield.
3.3 Bibliome ic analysis me hods
This sec ion o he chap e will be on he analysis me hods ha will be adop ed in his s udy.
3.3.1 Ci a ion analysis
Ci a ion analysis is a bibliome ic analysis me hod ha measu es in luence. F om his analysis he
esul s will p o ide in o ma ion ega ding he mos in luen ial au ho s, documen s, and jou nals.
Ci a ion analysis is a me hod which iden i ies links ha exis in esea ch using he same e e ences.
This me hod is also used o measu e he amoun o in eg a ion wi hin a speci ic esea ch ield (Obe g,
2023; Zupic & Ca e , 2015; A ia & Cuccu ullo, 2022). Ci a ion analysis is conce ned wi h he o al
ci a ion coun o he au ho s, documen s, and sou ces.
3.3.2 Co-wo d analysis
Co-wo d analysis which is used o c ea e he concep ual s uc u e which iden i ies links and he co-
occu ence o wo ds amongs he selec ed da a. Co-wo d analysis is applied o iden i y he ypes o
opics o wo ds ha a e used in he li e a u e o a speci ic opic (A ia & Cuccu ullo, 2022). Chiang e .al
(2022) add ha co-wo d analysis iden i ies he deg ee o bibliome ic ela ionship amongs selec ed
li e a u e by iden i ying keywo ds ha co-exis . Co-wo d analysis makes use o ex ound in he i les,
abs ac s, and key wo ds o he da a o c ea e a seman ic map o he li e a u e.
To iden i y he concep ual s uc u e o a esea ch opic, co-wo d analysis is used. Co-wo d analysis
aims o i s ly, cons uc he esea ch domain o opics om common wo ds ound in he documen s
om he bibliome ic da a. Secondly, o highligh he mos equen opics ha a e co e ed and o
also ack ends which allows o he s udy o opic e olu ions (Benoma e al., 2022; A ia &
Cuccu ullo, 2022). To iden i y he concep ual s uc u e o his ield o esea ch he ollowing
bibliome ic analysis me hods will be used, hema ic map analysis and hema ic e olu ion analysis.
14
Thema ic maps a e c ea ed h ough he analysis ha is done when keywo ds in di e en documen s
a e analysed in o de o c ea e links be ween co-occu ing wo ds in o de o iden i y main opics o a
esea ch ield. The hema ic map consis s o bubbles ha ep esen clus e s which a e made up o
keywo ds ha ha e he highes occu ence alue. Each bubble will ha e he op keywo ds, he size o
he bubble is ela i e o he numbe o occu ences o each wo d. The hema ic map is analysed by
assessing he posi ion o he bubble, he bubble is posi ioned based on he densi y and cen ali y o
he opics (Kha e & Jain, 2022; A ia e al., 2022; Agbo e al., 2021).
Thema ic maps a e a g ea ool o use o analyse key hemes o opics based on cen ali y and densi y
howe e , o a mo e g anula analysis on he ch onological e olu ion o he opics hen hema ic
e olu ion maps a e mo e app op ia e. Thema ic e olu ion analysis is an app oach ha uses a
combina ion o pe o mance analysis and science mapping o de ec and isualize gene al hema ic
a eas and allows o quan i ica ion and isualiza ion o a esea ch ields hema ic e olu ion. This
me hod makes use o co-wo d analysis in a longi udinal mapping amewo k (Ga ield, 1994; Cobo e
al., 2011). The longi udinal hema ic map shows how opics o hemes ha e eme ged, disappea ed,
me ged, o e en eappea ed o e ime (Kha e & Jain, 2022).
3.3.3 Co-au ho ship analysis
Co-au ho ship is an analysis me hod ha iden i ies he social s uc u e o a speci ic esea ch ield. Co-
au ho ship analysis is a me hod ha analyses he collabo a ions be ween au ho s and coun ies, his
me hod is impo an as i can be used o iden i y he collabo a ions be ween au ho s and coun ies in
o de o unde s and wha kind o in e ac ions a e aking pace in he esea ch wo ld o he esea ch
ield (Don hu e al. 2021; Fonseca e al., 2016).
3.4 Da a collec ion
The da a ha will be used in he analysis o his s udy is e ie ed om he Scopus da abase. The
Scopus da abase is owned by Else ie and has exis ed since 2004, his da abase is conside ed o ha e
a high bibliome ic co e age wi h o e 1.7 billion ci ed e e ences ha go as a back as he 1970s (Zupic
& Ca e , 2015; Suominen & Hajikhani, 2021). The Scopus da abase has ad an ages such as p o iding a
wide co e age compa ed o o he da abases, he da abase is suppo ed by he mos used bibliome ic
so wa e p og ams including he Bibliome ix R package which will be used in his s udy. Scopus is also
conside ed o be ad an ageous o making au ho -based ci a ions and co-ci a ion as he da abase
con ains all da a om he ci ed e e ences. Weid (2011) adds ha he Scopus da abase is sophis ica ed
o ci a ion analysis and o o he esea ch s a egies.
The da a ha will be used in he s udy is collec ed ollowing ou s eps as ep esen ed in igu e 1. The
i s s ep en ails que ying he Scopus da abase and e ie ing da a, speci ic keywo ds a e used o il e
he da abase by sea ching he a icle i le, abs ac and keywo ds ields. T awick and McEn y e (2003)
ad ises ha when conduc ing a que y on a bibliog aphic da abase i is c ucial o use concise and clea
sea ch e ms as his will help is limi ing he scope o he s udy as well as o ensu e ha co e documen s
a e included in he selec ed da a.
The scope o his s udy is a na ow one he e o e, in collec ing he da a i is essen ial o ensu e ha he
ocus o he documen s ha a e going o be used in he analysis ocus solely o he use o big da a
sou ces in he compila ion o o icial s a is ics. To ocus and limi he scope o he sea ch an i e a i e
app oach is used o que y he Scopus da abase whe e a s ing o wo ds is used o sea ch he da abase.
In he sea ch on he da abase he wo d “o icial s a is ics” is he commonly used e m and in each
15
i e a ion he wo ds a e used oge he wi h o icial s a is ics. Fo he analysis o his s udy, he da a
collec ed is es ic ed o only esea ch a icles published be ween he yea s 2010 and 2023. Following
a ew i e a ions, he o al numbe o expo ed me ada a is 285 documen s. These documen s we e he
esul s om que ies using “o icial s a is ics”, “big da a”, “non- adi ional da a sou ces”, “new da a
sou ces”, “mobile da a”, and “ ansac ional da a”.
Figu e 1: S eps ollowed in he da a collec ion s age
F om he expo ed da a, a icle da a ha does no include au ho name(s), documen i le, yea , sou ce
i le, a ilia ions, abs ac , au ho keywo ds, and e e ences a e emo ed. The men ioned ields a e
impo an o he bibliome ic analysis he e o e, i is impo an o ge comple e in o ma ion so ha
he analysis can gi e accu a e esul s. Following his s ep he e is a o al o 132 a icle da a ha will
be used in he analysis o his s udy.
S ep 3
Go h ough ile and emo e en ies wi h missing bibliome ic
in o ma ion ha will be needed o he analysis (abs ac , keywo ds,
e e ences, au ho s).
S ep 2
Sea ch and emo e a icle duplica ions and alse posi i es.
S ep 1
Sea ch Scopus da abase o only a icles and e iew a icles wi h
keywo ds ‘o icial s a is ics’, ‘big da a’, ‘non- adi ional da a sou ces’,
“ ansac ional da a”, “new da a sou ces”.
N =200
N = 132
N =178
16
CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
4.1 An o e iew on published esea ch a icles on big da a in o icial s a is ics
Table 1 p o ides a summa y o he collec ed da a on esea ch a icles published on he use o big da a
in o icial s a is ics. Al hough he Scopus sea ch il e ed o a icles published om 2010, he i s a icle
published in his esea ch ield was published in 2014 he e o e he analysis ha will be ca ied ou will
be on a icles published be ween he yea s 2014 – 2023. Wi hin his pe iod a o al o 132 a icles ha e
been published ha will be included in he analysis o his s udy. These 132 a icles ha e been
published ac oss 58 sou ce publica ions and ha e been w i en by 352 au ho s coming om NSIs and
academia. The li e a u e e iew men ioned he impo ance o collabo a ion be ween NSIs, he esul s
o he summa y analysis show ha he e is an in e na ional co-au ho ship o 21.21%. This shows ha
a majo i y o he a icles a e published by au ho s in he same coun ies.
Table 1: Da a analysis
Da a Analysis
Timespan
2014 - 2023
Sou ces
58
A icles
132
Annual G ow h Ra e %
39.5
A e age ci a ions pe doc
8.091
Re e ences
4670
To al Keywo ds
468
Numbe o Au ho s
352
In e na ional co-au ho ships %
21.21
Figu e 2 shows he p oduc ion o he a icles published pe yea , a single a icle was published in 2014
which can be ma ked as he s a ing poin on he esea ch on he opic o big da a and o icial s a is ics.
This a icle ela es some o he easons why NSIs and in e na ional s a is ical o ganisa ions ha e
en u ed in o in es iga ing he possibili ies o he use o big da a sou ces in he compila ion o o icial
s a is ics. Following 2014 an upwa d end can be seen s a ing om 2015 and whe e he numbe o
published a icles en e s double digi s s a ing in 2018. This upwa d end in he numbe o published
a icles comes a e he 45 h session mee ing held by he Uni ed Na ions S a is ical Commission, wi hin
his mee ing he S a is ical Commission highligh ed ha big da a canno be igno ed as a possible sou ce
o in o ma ion ha can be used in o icial s a is ics.
The ou come o his mee ing lead o he o mula ion o he Global Wo king G oup on Big Da a o
O icial S a is ics. The manda e o his wo king g oup is based on s a egic conside a ions ha ela e
o he pos -2015 de elopmen agenda, he da a e olu ion ini ia i e, and he Fundamen al P inciples
o O icial S a is ics. O he such wo king g oups we e c ea ed wi hin he o icial s a is ics communi y,
he Con e ence on Eu opean S a is icians es ablished he High-Le el G oup o he Mode nisa ion o
O icial S a is ics (HLG-MOS) which is asked wi h ad ancing he mode nisa ion o o icial s a is ics.
23
4.4 Concep ual s uc u e
The sec ion will in es iga e he concep ual s uc u e o he esea ch on big da a and o icial s a is ics.
The concep ual s uc u e shows he ela ionship ha exis s be ween wo ds o opics ha ha e
domina ed in he se o analysed documen s. These opics a e g ouped oge he based on how hey
occu oge he h ough co-occu ence in he documen s. This is also known as he co-wo d ne wo k.
The esul s below will show he mos impo an opics in he ield and he e olu ion o hese opics
o e ime.
4.4.1 Co-wo d ne wo k
Figu e 7 illus a es he co-wo d ne wo k which shows he keywo ds ha appea in all o he published
a icles, he connec ing lines e eal he co-occu ence o concep s ound in he li e a u e. Big da a and
o icial s a is ics a e he wo enla ged and highligh ed wo ds in he ne wo k showing ha hese wo
wo ds a e he main opics o he li e a u e, also no e he hick connec ion line connec ing he wo
wo ds, his indica es ha hese wo usually appea oge he in he published li e a u e. Mo e e ms
a e shown a ound hese wo wo ds whe e he dis ance be ween he wo ds shows he co-occu ence
o hese wo ds, he co-wo d ne wo k has shown he di e en clus e s in which hese e ms all. The
big da a clus e unde lines he opics ha ela e o he big da a sou ces ( wi e , mobile phones, web
sc aping) and how hese da a sou ces can be used in o icial s a is ics (nowcas ing, expe imen al
s a is ics, CPI, sus ainable de elopmen goals..). The o icial s a is ics clus e mo e on he b oad
concep s ha need o be conside ed when iewing big da a in he space o o icial s a is ics (da a
quali y, amewo k, challenges, inno a ion..).
Figu e 7: Co-wo d ne wo k
4.4.2 Thema ic e olu ion
A mo e g anula hema ic map is one ha analyses he hemes a di e en poin s in ime, below igu e
8 shows he hema ic e olu ion map which will show he main hemes o he esea ch ield a di e en
pe iods o be e analyse how hemes and opics ha e eme ged o de eloped o e ime. Fo his s udy

24
he ime pe iods ange om 2014 o 2023 has been spli in o h ee pe iods, 2014 – 2017, 2018 – 2021
and 2022 – 2023.
In he i s pe iod om 2014 – 2017 big da a, da a quali y and o icial s a is ics a e iden i ied as he
h ee main opics du ing his pe iod. This i s pe iod is a he ini ial s a ing yea s o he esea ch ield,
hese opics could he e o e be conside ed as he ounda ion opics wi h ega ds o big da a and o icial
s a is ics. The i s wo wo ds desc ibe he basis o he esea ch ield he e o e i is expec ed ha hese
will emain ele an opics. The keywo d da a quali y was e y signi ican du ing, da a quali y is always
a wo d o cons an ly comes up in he discussions o big da a and o icial s a is ics gi en he impo ance
o da a quali y in he ield o o icial s a is ics. The second pe iod om 2018 – 2021 shows an expansion
in he ending opics compa ed o he p e ious pe iod. Scanne da a was one o he i s big da a
sou ces o be conside ed o compiling o icial s a is ics, much o he esea ch and expe imen al da a
ha was p oduced du ing his pe iod in ol ed scanne da a. The las pe iod does no show much
change in he main opics as compa ed o he 2018-2021 pe iod. Howe e , web sc aping became one
o he main esea ch opics. I should be no ed ha web sc aping is a e y b oad opic in ha i is a
me hod ha can be used o collec da a om online, igu e 8 he e o e does no show he ype o da a
sou ces a e collec ed and ha e been esea ch in he ield. F om he published a icles, web sc aping is
being used o collec da a om mul iple sou ces including c edi ca ds da a, mobile phones da a
howe e , he majo i y o he esea ch is on he use o web sc aping is o he collec ing o da a used
o compile he Consume P ice Index (CPI). To u he explo e he e olu ion o opics on big da a and
o icial s a is ics a di e en iew is analysed wi h he use o keywo ds om he abs ac s o he
esea ch a icles.
Figu e 8: Thema ic e olu ion
4.4.3 Keywo ds o e ime
Figu e 9 analyses he con en dynamics on he a icles published on big da a and o icial s a is ics, he e
a bi-g am ( wo wo ds) o he mos common wo ds ound in he abs ac s o he di e en a icles is
analysed. The g aph shows he mos common abs ac keywo ds and he e olu ion o he opic o e
25
ime, he da k colou s ep esen he s eng h o he p esence o he opic and he numbe o he iles
is he equency a which he wo d appea ed in he abs ac s. The mos e-occu ing wo ds in he
abs ac s a e o icial s a is ics and da a sou ces, hese wo wo ds unde line he objec i e o he en i e
esea ch ield which is b oadly on da a sou ces used o he compila ion o o icial s a is ics.
When analysing he en i e g aph, i is possible o no e ha hese keywo ds can be g ouped in hemes.
The i s will be e e ed o o icial s a is ics p inciples (quali y amewo k, da a quali y, da a
go e nance), hese a e opics ha a e ela ed o he o icial s a is ics label. These a e opics ha will
Figu e 9: Keywo ds o e ime
also be included in any esea ch ha includes o icial s a is ics. The second heme is ega ding he da a
sou ces (social media, scanne da a, mobile phone, google ends, al e na i e da a), his heme is on
he di e en da a sou ces ha ha e hus a been es ed in he compila ion o o icial s a is ics. The
inal heme is on he echnology o me hods (web sc aping, da a science, machine lea ning), his heme
co e s opics ha NSIs will need in o de o be able o use big da a in he con ex o o icial s a is ics.
26
CHAPTER FIVE
FINDINGS, CONSLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
Big da a has p esen ed Na ional S a is ical Ins i u ions (NSIs) wi h he oppo uni y o be e and ex end
hei o icial s a is ics. E en so, due o he quali y label ha is a ached o o icial s a is ics. The o icial
s a is ics communi y had o come oge he an explo e ways in which big da a o be applied o o icial
s a is ics. F om as ea ly as 2009, in e na ional s a is ical o ganisa ions ha e c ea ed wo king and expe
g oups on big da a o o icial s a is ics o acili a e collabo a ions be ween NSIs and p i a e
o ganisa ions. Many oppo uni ies exis in his ield o big da a o NSI howe e , challenges s ill pe sis .
This s udy se ou o examine and de e mine he e ec s o big da a on o icial s a is ics and NSIs. I was
e ealed ha he use o big da a by NSIs will allow hem o eap oppo uni ies in he compila ion o
hei o icial s a is ics such as imeliness, g anula i y, high equency, and esponden bu den
educ ion. Howe e , NSI will ha e o o e come human esou ce, legal, echnological, and
me hodological challenges.
The s udy showed e idence o he use o big da a sou ces in he compila ion o o icial s a is ics. Big
da a sou ces such as scanne da a, mobile phone da a, senso da a, and ansac ional da a ha e been
used ins i u ions such as S a is ics Ne he lands, Bank Es onia, I alian Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics, US
Census Bu eau, and he Spanish Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics. Scanne da a did seem o be he one
big da a sou ce ha has been used by a ew ins i u ions o he compila ion o he Consume P ice
Index (CPI) wi h S a is ics Ne he lands being he i s o explo e wi h his da a sou ce om 2002.
Addi ionally, he s udy iden i ied some o he key opics ela ing o big da a and o icial s a is ics. Big
da a, o icial s a is ics, nowcas ing, machine lea ning a e some o he common keywo ds ha ha e
been co e ed in his esea ch ield. When analysing he bi-g am ( wo-wo ds) o he mos commonly
ound abs ac wo ds, eme ging and ele an opics include web sc aping, o icial s a is ics, da a
sou ces, and da a go e nance.
The indings highligh ed ha he main dominan publishing coun y was he Ne he lands, wi h I aly
and he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica also making sizeable con ibu ions. Majo i y o he publica ions we e
om Eu opean coun ies, which highligh s whe e mos o he esea ch done on big da a and o icial
s a is ics comes om.
This s udy had a ew cons ain s wi h he i s being a ibu ed o he a ailable bibliome ic da a, i is
possible ha mo e esea ch has been done in his space howe e no all esea ch is published in
jou nals o a ailable in bibliome ic da abases. The second cons ain also ela es o da a, he only
bibliome ic da abase ha was used in his s udy was Scopus he e o e da a om o he da abases
such as Web o Science (WoS) we e no in es iga ed, his could ha e limi a ions impac i he Web o
Science da abase had addi ional a icles ound o he ones on Scopus.
A ecommended a ea o u u e esea ch wo k would be on he analysis o he eadiness o NSIs on
he opic o big da a sou ces in he compila ion o o icial s a is ics. I will be impo an o all NSIs o
also explo e he use o big da a in o icial s a is ics, gi en ha he s anda ds su ounding o icial
27
s a is ics a e in e na ional mo e coun ies need o s a expe imen ing and esea ching in his a ea.
Mo e in e na ional collabo a ion is also an a ea ha needs u he de elopmen in u u e.
28
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