i
In es iga ing he spa ial imp in o sense o place dimensions
among o eign esiden s o Lisbon
Vicen e de Aze edo Tang
ii
In es iga ing he spa ial imp in o sense o place dimensions
among o eign esiden s o Lisbon
Disse a ion supe ised by
Ma co Oc á io T indade Painho, PhD
NOVA In o ma ion Managemen School
Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa
Lisbon, Po ugal
and co-supe ised by
S en Cas eleyn, PhD
GEOTEC
Uni e si a Jaume I
Cas elló, Spain
Albe Acedo Sánchez, PhD
Depa men o Geog aphy and En i onmen al Managemen
Uni e si y o Wa e loo
Wa e loo, Canada
Feb ua y 2020
iii
Decla a ion o O iginali y
I decla e ha he wo k desc ibed in his documen is my own and no om someone else.
All he assis ance I ha e ecei ed om o he people is duly acknowledged and all he
sou ces (published o no published) a e e e enced.
This wo k has no been p e iously e alua ed o submi ed o NOVA In o ma ion
Managemen School o elsewhe e.
Lisbon, Feb ua y 10, 2020
Vicen e de Aze edo Tang
[ he signed o iginal has been a chi ed by he NOVA IMS se ices]
i
Acknowledgemen s
Fi s , a special hanks o P o . Ma co Painho o all he ad ice and he pe sis en guidance
h oughou my hesis esea ch as well as o p o iding cons an suppo du ing he mas e s udies.
I am ex emely hank ul o D . Albe Acedo and D . S en Cas eleyn who helped wi h insigh s,
ecommenda ions and sugges ions du ing my s udy ca you .
I am g a e ul o he MSc. in Geospa ial Technologies p og am o he inc edible oppo uni y I was
gi en as a schola ship holde . The p og am gi ed me new esea ch pe spec i es, quali y
educa ion and amazing people ha ha e shaped his jou ney in o a li e ime expe ience.
To all he academics a NOVA IMS and IFGI who, in one way o ano he , inspi ed me o lea n new
skills, acqui e new knowledge and achie e new miles ones.
To he iends I ha e made in he p og am o all he mu ual suppo and companionship. A special
hanks o Ca los, I zá and Mihail o hei iendship and he knowledge exchanged.
To Má cio and Ca ol o hei chee ulness and lo e sen om housands o kilome e s away. To
ou iendship as a sou ce o mo i a ion o wo k ha d and gi e my bes .
Las ly, I would like o exp ess my immense g a i ude o my amily o hei unde s anding and
emo ional suppo h oughou ha dships as well as o encou aging me o pu sue my goals.
In es iga ing he spa ial imp in o sense o place dimensions
among o eign esiden s o Lisbon
Abs ac
Place is a pa o he geog aphic space which people ha e imbued wi h symbols and conno a ions
un olded h ough psychological mechanisms. Places ca y meanings o indi iduals, communi ies
o e en na ions e idenced by bonds e e ed collec i ely as sense o place. Dissec ing sense o
place can aid planne s in p o iding a social-psychological laye o he wo ld cha ac e ized by he
dis inc ela ionships people possess owa ds he physical se ings. In his esea ch, di e en
dimensions o sense o place expe ienced by o eign esiden s in he ci y o Lisbon we e
in es iga ed h ough a map-based su ey and ollowing spa ial analysis.
Fi s , he map-based su ey was s uc u ed on sense o place dimensions d awn om he
en i onmen al psychology and human geog aphy esea ch. The dimensions examined he e we e:
(i) place dependence – unc ional a achmen ; (ii) place awa eness – amilia i y and explo a ion;
(iii) place iden i y – special bonds and sel -iden i y (i ) place inhe i ed – oo edness and
belongingness. The su ey was sha ed online among in e na ional esiden s o he ci y and hand-
d awn polygons we e p ocessed in o de o ep esen he spa ial lay-ou s o sense o place.
Subsequen ly, answe s we e spli in o wo pa icipan ca ego ies: sho - e ms and long- e ms.
O e lay analysis, spa ial compa ison me ics, clus e e alua ion, s a is ics and he con ec ion o
map p oduc s we e ca ied ou in o de o compa e and isualize he dis inc sense o place
componen s.
Resul s, discussion and in e p e a ion we e b ough o wa d h ough compa ing dimensions
be ween pa icipan g oups; be ween dimensions hemsel es, as well as iden i ying meaning ul
places wi hin he u ban landscape. The spa ial imp in o sense o place in he speci ied con ex
o s udy p o ided insigh s ega ding he dis inc ion be ween g oups. Long- e m and sho - e m
dwelle s’ geog aphic dimensions o sense o place we e ound o ha e di e en pa e ns,
p ope ies and cha ac e is ics. Las ly, simila o o he wo ks wi hin he same scope, his esea ch
asse s he po en ial o using GIS in p o iding new pe spec i es and me hodologies om which
humani ies esea ch can g ea ly bene i .

i
Keywo ds
Sense o place
Place a achmen
Geog aphic In o ma ion Science
Pa icipa o y GIS
Spa ial analysis
U ban in elligence
ii
Index o he ex
Acknowledgemen s .............................................................................................................................. i
Abs ac ..................................................................................................................................................
Index o he ex ................................................................................................................................... ii
Index o ables ...................................................................................................................................... ix
Index o igu es ...................................................................................................................................... x
Ac onyms ............................................................................................................................................. xii
1. In oduc ion .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Resea ch aspec s ...................................................................................................... 2
2 Li e a u e e iew ............................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Sense o place ........................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Dimensions o sense o place .................................................................................... 3
2.3 Ope a ionalizing sense o place ................................................................................. 5
2.4 Sense o place and geog aphic in o ma ion ............................................................... 6
2.5 Sense o place and mobili y ....................................................................................... 8
2.6 Theo e ical amewo k ............................................................................................... 9
3 Me hodology ................................................................................................................ 11
3.1 O e iew and s udy design ...................................................................................... 11
3.2 Su ey ..................................................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 Su ey123 and su ey s uc u e ...................................................................... 11
3.2.2 Su ey ca you ............................................................................................... 15
3.2.3 Su ey da a e ie al ........................................................................................ 16
3.2.4 Su ey da a p e-p ocessing ............................................................................. 16
3.3 Analysis ................................................................................................................... 17
3.3.1 O e lay analysis .............................................................................................. 17
3.3.2 Spa ial dis ibu ion ........................................................................................... 19
3.3.3 Ho spo analysis and high alues dis ibu ion ................................................... 19
3.3.4 S a is ics .......................................................................................................... 19
3.3.5 SPAEF – Spa ial E iciency Me ic .................................................................... 20
3.3.6 Clus e analysis ............................................................................................... 20
4 Resul s and discussion ................................................................................................ 21
4.1 Su ey ..................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.1 Su ey da a ..................................................................................................... 21
4.2 Spa ial dis ibu ion o sense o place dimensions ..................................................... 23
4.2.1 In ensi y o sense o place dimensions: i s map p oduc s ............................... 23
4.2.1.1 Place dependence ....................................................................................... 23
4.2.1.2 Place awa eness ......................................................................................... 24
4.2.1.3 Place iden i y ............................................................................................... 24
iii
4.2.1.4 Place inhe i ed ............................................................................................. 25
4.2.1.5 Sense o place: combined dimensions ......................................................... 25
4.2.2 Regions o collec i e sense o place: second map p oduc s ............................. 26
4.2.2.1 Place dependence ....................................................................................... 26
4.2.2.2 Place awa eness ......................................................................................... 27
4.2.2.3 Place iden i y ............................................................................................... 28
4.2.2.4 Place inhe i ed ............................................................................................. 29
4.2.2.5 Sense o place: combined dimensions ......................................................... 30
4.2.3 A eas o sense o place dimensions wi hin g oups: hi d map p oduc s ............ 31
4.3 Map p oduc s o ho spo s analysis and high alues dis ibu ion ............................... 31
4.3.1 Place dependence ........................................................................................... 31
4.3.2 Place awa eness ............................................................................................. 33
4.3.3 Place iden i y ................................................................................................... 34
4.3.4 Place inhe i ed ................................................................................................. 35
4.3.5 Sense o place: combined dimensions ............................................................. 37
4.4 Desc ip i e s a is ics ................................................................................................ 38
4.5 Compa ison s a is ics and Spa ial E iciency me ic .................................................. 38
4.5.1 Compa ison be ween g oups ........................................................................... 38
4.5.2 Compa ison wi hin g oups ............................................................................... 41
4.6 Clus e analysis ....................................................................................................... 43
5 Final discussion ........................................................................................................... 43
5.1 Sho - e m s. long- e m o eign dwelle s ................................................................ 43
5.2 Compa ison be ween sense o place dimensions ..................................................... 47
5.3 Limi a ions ............................................................................................................... 48
6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 48
6.1 Sho - e m esiden s’ sense o place ........................................................................ 49
6.2 Leng h o esidence and sense o place dimensions ................................................ 49
6.3 Final conside a ions and u u e wo k ........................................................................ 49
7 Bibliog aphic e e ences............................................................................................. 51
Annexes ................................................................................................................................. 55
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Index o ables
Table 4.1. Numbe o d awn polygons, polygons pe pa icipan a io and numbe o polygons
delimi a ed en i ely ou side Lisbon. .......................................................................................... 23
Table 4.2. Response a e o each assessed place dimension o sho - e m and long- e m g oups.
................................................................................................................................................ 23
Table 4.3. Desc ip i e s a is ics o all assessed sense o place dimensions by each pa icipan
g oup. ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Table 4.4. Values o selec ed a eas and hei a ea simila i y indices o each dimension. ........ 40
Table 4.5. SPAEF and Jacca d’s indices compa ing sense o place dimensions wi hin each
pa icipan g oup. .................................................................................................................... 42
4
employ ques ionnai es and ac o analysis o dis inguish dimensions o SoP. As poin ed ou
p e iously, he pionee s udy o Jo gensen and S edman [24] ca ied ou wi h lakesho e p ope y
owne s sugges ed he exis ence o h ee dimensions: a achmen , dependence and iden i y. The
au ho s de ine place a achmen as he “indi idual’s a ec i e o emo ional connec ion o a spa ial
se ing”; place iden i y as he “indi idual’s cogni ions, belie s, pe cep ions o hough s ha he sel
is in es ed in a pa icula spa ial se ing”; and place dependence as he “pe cei ed beha io al
ad an age o a spa ial se ing ela i e o o he se ings” [24], (p. 238).
A ce ain deg ee o con usion also a ises be ween he e ms sense o place and place a achmen ,
as he o me is mos ly used by human geog aphe s and he la e by en i onmen al psychologis s
[7],[25]. Shumake and Taylo ’s [26] de ini ion o place bonding is he “pe son-place bond ha
e ol es om speci iable condi ions o place and cha ac e is ics o people” [26] apud [27], (p.
221). En i onmen al psychologis s Scannell and Gi o d [16] in oduced hei s udy de ining
a achmen as he “bonding be ween indi idual and hei meaning ul en i onmen s”, (p. 1). Bo h
Shumake and Taylo ’s and Scannell and Gi o d’s concep ualiza ions a e he e o e simila o he
holis ic app oach o sense o place geog aphe s end o adop .
In ac , en i onmen al psychology is he main ield which has been del ing ho oughly in o he
di e en SoP dimensions using su eys based on psychome ic scales [21],[23],[24],[28]–[30]
Fo ins ance, Williams and Vaske [31] desc ibed and quan i ied meanings people c ea ed owa ds
di e en land use se ings. Thei analysis o ques ionnai e da a allowed he au ho s o dis inguish
wo dimensions o place a achmen : place dependence – he physical quali y o a place in e ms
o ea u es and condi ions ha can suppo desi ed ac i i ies, also called unc ional a achmen ;
and place iden i y – he symbolic quali y o a place in which a ec i e ela ionships de elop as a
componen o sel -iden i y, also called emo ional a achmen . The e o e, he au ho s assessed
place a achmen as one uni comp ised o wo dimensions: dependence and iden i y.
As o P e y e al. [10], hei concep ual and empi ical amewo k con ained h ee sepa a e
dimensions o he SoP cons uc : place a achmen , place iden i y and place dependence.
Hence, hei esea ch app oach is simila o he wo k o Jo gensen and S edman [24]. The
au ho s conside ed place iden i y (PI) as a “symbolic ex ensions o he sel ” (p. 275) buil h ough
expe iences wi hin he place; place a achmen (PA) as he emo ional bonding people ha e wi h
a place; and place dependence (PD) as a “goal-o ien ed beha io al componen ” (p. 275),
meaning he condi ions o a place o sa is y speci ic ac i i ies o he indi idual [10]. Al hough ea ly
wo ks ha e ea ed a achmen , iden i y and dependence as sepa a e cons uc s based on
a i ude heo y, o he s udies ha e demons a ed ha he PI and PD can be ea ed as dimensions
o PA. B own and Raymond [32] in es iga ed he alidi y o a wo-dimensional model o PA
combining landscape alues h ough explo a o y ac o analysis, de i ing high- eliabili y esul s.
Ne e heless, he au ho s men ion ha “we also ecognize o he esea che s conside place
a achmen as a sepa a e place dimension, o be examined alongside place iden i y and place
dependence” (p. 92).

5
In addi ion o he de ini ions desc ibed p e iously, some au ho s also men ion and de ine o he
componen s o SoP, such as: place sa is ac ion – an o e all judgemen o he “pe cei ed quali y
o a se ing” [22] (p. 672); place amilia i y o place awa eness – he le el o knowledge people
ha e ega ding a ce ain place [7]; place commi men – he measu e o how much people a e
willing o con ibu e o hei local place [7]; na u e bonding – he connec ion o he na u al
en i onmen [33]. Resea ches ha e also d awn pa allels be ween place and social concep s. Fo
ins ance, Manzo and Pe kins [34] buil a amewo k on which social capi al and sense o place
dimensions we e connec ed based on hei cogni i e, a ec i e and beha io al subdimensions.
Using a simila heo e ical amewo k (Figu e 2.1) and exis ing li e a u e, Acedo e al. [21] ca e ully
schema ized he associa ions be ween social capi al and sense o place componen s. The
co ela ion be ween he cons uc s was e iden due o he common a iables used o build hese
dimensions.
Figu e 2.1. Theo e ical amewo k used by Acedo e al. o es ablishing ela ionships be ween social capi al
and sense o place dimensions (modi ied scheme om Acedo e al. [21]).
The exis ing amewo ks o analyzing and de ining SoP dimensions in place esea ch we e
summa ized by Rolle o and Piccoli [29] based on he li e a u e e iew ca ied ou by He nández
e al. [28]: (i) PA and PI as he same concep ; (ii) PA as a dimension o PI; (iii) PI as a dimension
o PA; (i ) PA and PI as dimensions wi hin a sup a-o de ed concep . The concise li e a u e e iew
on he dimensions o SoP he e p esen ed do no make jus ice o he mul i ude o concep ual
amewo ks and de ini ions wi hin he scope, as exp essed by Scannel and Gi o d [16]: “ hese
de ini ions emain sca e ed in he li e a u e, and hus he heo e ical de elopmen o he concep
has no ye been acknowledged, no has a mo e gene al de ini ion o place a achmen been
ag eed upon” (p. 2).
2.3 Ope a ionalizing sense o place
Sense o place is no accessible h ough di ec obse a ion, ye i can be in e ed based on
people’s esponses and ac ions [24]. In o de o analyze i s dimensions and quan i y hem,
esea che s ha e combined ques ionnai es, psychome ic scales and a ious s a is ical me hods.
The p edic o s and a iables used o s uc u e psychome ic scaled ques ionnai es a y in he
li e a u e depending on he concep ual o me hodological amewo k. Fo example, Lewicka [35]
assessed PA based on di e en a ibu es: demog aphic ac o s – such as age, educa ion and
gende ; physical ac o s – ype o housing and building size; social ac o s – neighbo hood ies
and sense o secu i y.
6
S uc u al equa ion modelling is o en used in en i onmen al psychology o assess and de ine he
ela ionships be ween di e en SoP dimensions and hei p edic o s. Rolle o and Piccoli [29] used
bo h quan i a i e and quali a i e da a o build a s uc u al equa ion model in which cause
indica o s such as cul u al le el, age, gende , social ela ionships and leng h o esidence we e
su eyed o assess hei con ibu ion in o ming place a achmen (Figu e 2.2).
Figu e 2.2. Place a achmen p edic ion model wi h eg ession weigh s, a iances and co ela ions ob ained
a e s a is ical analysis o sel - epo ed ques ionnai es ( om Rolle o and Piccoli [29])
Di e en la en a iables and indica o s ha e been hypo hesized and es ed. Fo ins ance,
Deu sch e al. [36] buil hei s uc u al equa ion model o sense o place using six di e en
dimensions – a achmen , dependence, iden i y, sa is ac ion, a mosphe e and communi y – which
in u n had se e al di e en su ey ques ions as indica o s, and explana o y a iables such as
sociodemog aphic a ibu es and “desc ip ion o he day”. Scannel and Gi o d [16] explo ed all
commonali ies o sense o place in di e en ields h ough an exhaus i e li e a u e e iew and buil
a ipa i e o ganizing amewo k – PPP. The pe son-p ocess-place amewo k (Figu e 2.3) spli s
place a achmen in o h ee main componen s: pe son – who is a ached; p ocess – how hey a e
a ached and place – o whe e in space an indi idual o communi y is a ached. Acco ding o he
au ho s, he PPP amewo k can aid he ope a ionaliza ion o he cons uc s bo h in quan i a i e
and quali a i e analysis o sense o place.
Figu e 2.3. The PPP ipa i e amewo k o place a achmen ( om Scannel and Gi o d [16]).
2.4 Sense o place and geog aphic in o ma ion
Al hough sense o place and i s ela ed cons uc s a e social-psychological concep s, hey a e
undamen ally a ached o a geog aphical dimension [9]. The space-place dicho omy has been
7
ex ensi ely discussed by human geog aphe s, ye i has no been subs an ially app oached wi hin
he GIScience. Me schdo and Blaschke [37] a gued ha he e ms ha e been used almos
in e changeably in he li e a u e. The au ho s ca ied ou an in-dep h e ision o he ole o place
in GIScience ega ding he o maliza ion and ope a ionaliza ion o place cons uc s. They
iden i ied ha he b anches o VGI/c owdsou cing, seman ics and on ologies a e a eas conce ned
in ope a ionalizing place.
Be o e esea ch was conduc ed h ough combining place s udies and geog aphic in o ma ion,
spa ial dimensions we e only conside ed as a scale o a achmen s eng h such as owa ds he
house, apa men , neighbo hood, ci y and coun y. Lewicka [35] demons a ed ha pe ishes and
dis ic s a e poo ly consolida ed h ough cogni i e mechanisms due o he a bi a y cha ac e o
adminis a i e a eas, causing people o epo lowe alues o place a achmen owa ds hese
scales. Acco ding o he au ho , adminis a i e bounda ies gene ally lack symbolism o building
cogni i e spa ial ep esen a ions as people end o abs ac spa ial in o ma ion in he o m o
places.
In he scope o na u al esou ce managemen , B own and his colleagues ha e applied map-based
me hodologies o measu ing SoP oge he wi h landscape alues [13],[14],[32]. As b ough up
by B own [13] a he ime, he concep s lacked sui able ope a ional de ini ions, limi ing hei
applica ions and equi ing he need o “connec special place loca ions (geog aphy o place) wi h
hei unde lying pe cep ual a ionale (psychology o place)” (p. 19). In hei pionee esea ch,
B own e al. [14] mapped PA using in e ne -based PPGIS combining a iables o landscape
alues, PA and home ange. Figu e 2.4 shows he map-based su ey esul s o place a achmen
and home ange conside ing hei a ea o e lap.
Figu e 2.4. Spa ial dis ibu ion o o e lapping alues o place a achmen and home ange based on hand
d awn polygons om he PPGIS su ey ( om B own e al. [14]).
Jenkins e al. [11] ga he ed c owdsou ced da a om Twi e and Wikipedia o analyze collec i e
SoP in di e en ci ies. Thei s udy combined social media, GIS and SoP o “gaining an
unde s anding o he building blocks o hese u ban en i onmen s” (p. 17) by means o a p ocess
8
he au ho s e e o as “mo ing om a geome ical iew o he wo ld a ound us o a pla ial iew”
(p. 17). In hei esea ch on spa ializing SoP, social capi al and ci ic engangemen , Acedo e al.
[18] de eloped a GIS pla o m o “ ende space as a subjec i e place ha co e s he people’s
eeling owa ds places and human ela ionships” (p. 2). Use s o he pla o m a e able o d aw
polygons acco ding o ques ions designed o assess each social-psychological cons uc ,
enabling isualiza ion and analysis (Figu e 2.5). Thei mo i a ion was o in es iga e p edic o s,
c ea e a social-spa ial laye o he ci y (Lisbon) and demons a e he ele ance o GIScience in
ci izen social in o ma ion [18].
Figu e 2.5. Applica ion buil by Acedo e al. o ga he use s’ da a on sense o place, ci ic engagemen and
social capi al ( om Acedo e al. [18]).
Also in he ci y o Lisbon, Acedo e al. [17] examined he spa ial ela ionship be ween a eas whe e
people eel SoP and a eas ha people ake pa in ac i i ies. The da a o SoP was acqui ed using
he applica ion de eloped by Acedo e al. [18], while ac i i y was ep esen ed by geoloca ion o
Twi e pos s. Thei spa ial analysis concluded ha social media da a can se e as a p oxy o
bounding SoP spa ial dimensions. Along simila lines, Acedo e al. [9] in es iga ed he spa ial
ela ionship be ween SoP and social capi al also using he same applica ion de eloped by Acedo
e al. [18]. Thei mo i a ion was o show he possibili ies o VGI/PPGIS in unde s anding social
syne gies o p omo e u ban in elligence, ea ing he ci y as a ne wo k o places. Acedo e al. [15]
ook a s ep u he by implemen ing he opological ela ionships be ween SoP, social capi al and
ci ic engagemen in o a s uc u al equa ion model. In ac , imbuing he opological ela ionships
in o he model esul ed in be e s a is ical i s in almos all cases [15].
2.5 Sense o place and mobili y
As discussed by Gus a son [20], mobili y includes in e na ional o in e nal mig a ion, esiden ial
mobili y inside he same egion, daily commu ing as well as leisu e o occupa ional a eling. One
o he consequences o a mobile wo ld is he de elopmen o sense o place owa ds mo e han
one place, es ablishing bonds o mul iple places h ough di e en p ocesses o meaning o ma ion
[20],[38]. As poin ed ou by some esea che s, li e a u e shows ha sense o place and mobili y
a e classically seen as opposi e o exclusi e phenomena, bu hese s udies migh o e look some
quali a i e dis inc ions in SoP when compa ing he concep be ween mo e and less mobile
9
indi iduals [20],[39]. This is due o he ac ha people who a e mo e mobile may de elop
ela ionships owa ds places by c ea ing meanings h ough di e en p ocesses when compa ed
o na i e people [20].
A s udy wi h middle class immig an s in Manches e demons a ed ha al hough a s ong place
a achmen was de eloped, i s cha ac e is ics we e a e lec ion o a selec i e p e e ence o
aes he ic and physical a ibu es o he place [40] apud [20]. Howe e , while immig an s a e
adjus ing o he new se ings, commonali y and di e si y can play di e en oles in o ming
a achmen ; people seek amilia physical ea u es and local immig an communi ies o look o
exposu e o new ways o li e, o e en a combina ion o bo h [41]. Leng h o esidence has o en
been a di ec measu e o place a achmen in psychome ic scales, bu o he esea che s a gue
ha du a ion should be ea ed as a p edic o [20]. The eason behind his is ha spa ial
knowledge inc eases o e ime, enabling people no only o acknowledge hei su oundings bu
also o acqui e mo e in o ma ion and consequen ly de elop new eelings owa ds new places [41].
Immig an s away om home may de elop SoP owa ds he neighbo hood, he ci y and also he
coun y, h ough an ac i e e o o help acili a ing he ansi ion [41].
Based on semi-s uc u ed in e iews, Chow and Healey [42] assessed he ansi ional p ocess o
i s -yea unde g adua e s uden s who had mo ed away om home o s udy. The au ho s
quali a i ely explo ed he media ing a iables ha impac on place a achmen and place iden i y,
which a e dynamic and p one o dis up ion since hese ela ionships e ol e bo h h ough space
and ime. The au ho s conclude ha du ing he ansi ional con ex , sense o place na u ally
mani es ed du ing he adjus men o a new socio-spa ial en i onmen .
One o he easons high co ela ion be ween sense o place cons uc s is o en p esen lies on he
ac ha mos o he esea ch ocus on na i e o long- ime esiden s [28]. Acco ding o He nández
e al. [28], concep s o e lap because na i es o long- e m esiden s usually epo high sco es o
all dimensions. Thei s udy showed ha di e en place dimensions yielded mo e a iabili y on hei
in ensi ies o non-na i e esiden s. The au ho s concluded hei s udy poin ing ou he need o
conduc ing mo e analysis wi h people o di e en na ionali ies in o de o examine he ole o
cul u al di e ences and he di e en p ocesses h ough which hese indi iduals cons uc dis inc
place iden i ies [28].
2.6 Theo e ical amewo k
A ou -dimensional model o sense o place was adop ed in he s udy (Figu e 2.6). The amewo k
was concei ed based on a combina ion o T ąbka’s [43] de ined s uc u e and he exis ing
li e a u e on he opic. T ąbka [43] s udied how di e en dimensions o sense o place eme ged
among olun a y polish immig an s in Oslo and London. The au ho conduc ed semi-s uc u ed
in-dep h in e iews and e ealed ha hei sense o place was dynamic and could be dissec ed
in o a dynamic ladde : place dependence – a o dances and new oppo uni ies; place disco e ed
– sense o mas e y and pleasu e om explo ing place; place iden i y – a ena o sel -exp ession;
and place inhe i ed – amily ies and li e-shaping expe iences in a place.

10
Figu e 2.6. Sense o place dimensions used in his s udy wi h hei espec i e desc ip ions.
The ou -dimensional model was d awn om T ąbka’s [43] as he wo k conside ed and deduc ed
impo an aspec s pe inen o he s udy he e ca ied ou , such as: dimensions a e conside ed
dynamic bo h in space and ime; dimensions end o de elop sequen ially; pa icipan s’ ac i i ies
conce ns aspec s o he u ban con ex ; indi iduals can ei he skip he de elopmen o speci ic
dimensions o no de elop ce ain bonds a all; and inally, pa icipan s a e o eigne s cu en ly
li ing in a new u ban se ing. The e o e, he main dimensional s uc u e he e de ined is an a emp
o i a sequen ial model o sense o place based on esidence ime. The spec um on which sense
o place is dismembe ed conside s he e olu ion om immedia e pe cep ions [44] and unc ional
a achmen o emo ional a achmen and deep ela ionships wi h places.
Ne e heless, T ąbka’s [43] sense o place dimensions a e de i ed om a deduc i e app oach
wi hin a a he speci ic esea ch con ex . As a consequence, he heo e ical amewo k cu en ly
adop ed also de ines sense o place dimensions based on he li e a u e e iew on he opic, mainly
wi hd awn om s udies in en i onmen al psychology. Fu he mo e, T ąbka’s place disco e ed
was eplaced he e by place awa eness, which no only conside s he disco e y and explo a ion
ela ionship owa ds places, bu also ca ies cogni i e aspec s o amilia i y, ep esen ing a
ansi ion om unc ional o emo ional a achmen . Final dimensions assessed he e we e: place
11
dependence – unc ional a achmen ; place awa eness – explo a ion and amilia i y ( ansi ion
om unc ional o emo ional a achmen ); place iden i y – emo ional a achmen and sel -iden i y;
and place inhe i ed – deep emo ional a achmen s ongly co ela ed o aspec s o social capi al.
In addi ion, li e a u e con i ms ha sense o place dimensions a e dis inc bu o en highly
co ela ed wi h each o he , al hough el wi h di e en in ensi ies by di e en people in di e en
con ex s [10]. The e o e, his esea ch acknowledges he dynamic and in e ela ed na u e o
sense o place dimensions while in es iga ing hei spa ial ela ionships.
3 Me hodology
3.1 O e iew and s udy design
Me hodology consis ed o wo main segmen s: map-based su ey o da a collec ion and analysis
o ga he ed da a. S udy design wi h desc ibed s eps is ound in Figu e 3.1 and he s udy a ea was
he municipali y o Lisbon, Po ugal. Nex sec ions will elucida e all he s eps, asks and ools used
h oughou he esea ch.
3.2 Su ey
3.2.1 Su ey123 and su ey s uc u e
The pla o ms used o design and ca y ou he su ey we e he Su ey123 online and desk op
en i onmen s. Su ey123 o A cGIS is a ool de eloped by ESRI o c ea ing and sha ing
cus omized su eys bo h on web and mobile o ma s [45]. Su ey123 online had se e al
limi a ions ega ding he ype o ques ions, s uc u e o ma and online map compa ibili y;
he e o e, Su ey123 desk op pla o m was used o build he su ey and Su ey123 online mainly
o inal edi ing, sha ing, da a downloading and dashboa d obse a ion.
Bo h pla o ms we e connec ed h ough A cGIS Online and used concu en ly o adjus ing,
designing, managing and publishing he inal su ey. Howe e , Su ey123 desk op was used o
building he su ey based on XLSFo m ool, which is he amewo k o designing ques ionnai es
in he desk op en i onmen . XLSFo m is a s anda d o au ho ing and sha ing o ms in Excel
h ough a speci ic syn ax o c ea ing XLS based ques ionnai es [46].
.
12
Figu e 3.1. Me hodology s uc u e o he esea ch.
13
The XLSFo m syn ax allowed all equi ed unc ionali ies o Su ey123 pla o m such as di e en
ypes o ques ions, including geoshape ques ions o hand-d awing polygons on map; di e en
logic and alida ion ules o cons ain s and condi ions; ques ion g ouping; as well as he
enablemen o inse ing media such as images. Figu e 3.2 shows a segmen o he su ey in
XLSFo m o ma on Su ey123 desk op.
Figu e 3.2. Ini ial sec ions o he su ey on XLSFo m o ma . Type column shows examples o speci ic syn ax
and cons ain column displays one example o a egex exp ession o pos al code illing es ic ion.
The comple e su ey can be ound in Annexes in bo h English and Po uguese e sions. Fi s ,
pa icipan would ind in o ma ion ega ding he aim o he su ey, app oxima e ime o
comple ion, ecommenda ions and con ac de ails. Then, in o de o p oceed and ill he su ey,
pa icipan had o ag ee wi h he s a ed da a e ms.
Secondly, ime o esidence, home coun y and pos al code o esidence loca ion (op ional)
ques ions we e asked. Each o he ou sec ions co esponded o a dimension, spli in o wo
subsec ions: he i s subsec ion inci ed he pa icipan o hink abou speci ic places acco ding
o he dimension (Figu e 3.3); in he nex page he subsec ion con ained he ques ions asked o
guide he map d awing, he map i sel o d awing he a eas as well as ins uc ions; he second
subsec ion consis ed o a like scale ques ion o ob ain addi ional in o ma ion ega ding he
in ensi y o he speci ic ela ionships owa ds he d awn a eas (Figu e 3.4). The o de o he sense
o place dimensions’ sec ions in he su ey was de ined acco ding o he heo e ical amewo k.
In addi ion, answe ing he place dependence sec ion was compulso y since i ep esen s he
dimension o daily asks, ac i i ies and ou ine based place in e ac ions.
Map-based unc ionali y o hand-d awn polygons is only enabled on Su ey123 desk op h ough
he implemen a ion o he geoshape ques ion ype o XLSFo m. Fo each main sec ion, one
geoshape ques ion was added o allow pa icipan s o d aw a eas wi hin he ci y o Lisbon.
Pa icipan s could in e ac wi h he online map by zooming, b owsing, sea ching o speci ic
egions and enla ging o ull sc een mode. Polygons could be buil h ough ei he de ined
geome ic shapes o eehand d awing, and pa icipan s could dele e and edi he shapes a e
delimi a ing hem. These s eps a e shown in Figu e 3.5.
20
in e sec ion di ided by he union o he se s [48]. In he case o his s udy, i ep esen s he
in e sec ion a ea di ided by he union a ea o wo geome ies.
Compa ison s a is ics we e pe o med be ween sho - e m and long- e m esiden s o each
dimension and, wi h excep ion o ke nel densi y dis ibu ion, be ween dimensions o each g oup.
Jacca d’s indices and a ea alues we e calcula ed using A cGIS P o. Co elog ams, sca e plo s
and ke nel densi y dis ibu ions g aphs we e done using R da a isualiza ion lib a ies on RS udio.
3.3.5 SPAEF – Spa ial E iciency Me ic
The Spa ial E iciency me ic (SPAEF) was de eloped and b ough o wa d by Koch e al. [49].
SPAEF consis s o h ee equally weigh ed pa ame e s: co ela ion, a io o coe icien o a ia ion
and his og am o e lap. Thei esea ch showed ha SPAEF is a “ ough c i e ion wi h h ee
independen componen s ha indi idually penalize he o e all simila i y sco e” [49], (p. 1882). By
hese means, SPAEF me ic was used in his s udy in o de o assess he simila i y be ween spa ial
pa e ns o sense o place dimensions’ dis ibu ions be ween sho - e ms and long- e ms, as well
as be ween dimensions. SPAEF equa ion (modi ied om Koch e al. [49]) is exp essed as:
SPAEF = 1−�(𝛼𝛼 −1)2+(𝛽𝛽 −1)2+(𝛾𝛾 −1)2
𝛼𝛼=𝜌𝜌(𝑎𝑎 , 𝑏𝑏),𝛽𝛽=�𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏
𝜇𝜇𝑏𝑏�
� 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎
𝜇𝜇𝑎𝑎�,𝛾𝛾=�min �𝐾𝐾𝑗𝑗,𝐿𝐿𝑗𝑗�
𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗=1
� 𝐾𝐾𝑗𝑗
𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗=1
Whe e a and b a e he pa e ns o be compa ed; α is he Pea son co ela ion coe icien be ween
he pa e ns; β is he a io o he coe icien o a ia ions o each pa e n (spa ial a iabili y [49])
and γ is he his og am in e sec ion, while K and L a e he pa e ns’ his og ams and n he bin coun .
Pa e n simila i y is de ined by he Euclidian dis ance o he op imal poin (1,1,1), ep esen ed by
he highes sco es o each equally weigh ed componen . The e o e, SPAEF me ic anges om
−∞ o 1. The code de eloped o apply he spa ial me ic was made a ailable on Gi Hub by he
au ho s on hei pape [49]. The algo i hm eads he da a as a ansposed a ay; he e o e, ea u e
classes we e i s con e ed o as e on A cGIS P o wi h cell sizes smalle han he hexagon uni .
Each pixel con ained he alue o each sense o place dimension. Be o e unning he SPAEF
me ic, as e iles we e opened and ead as a ays using GDAL lib a y. SPAEF me ic and i s p e-
p ocessing s eps we e ca ied ou using Py hon language on he open sou ce Jupy e No ebook
applica ion. Final ou pu s included he SPAEF sco e and calcula ed alues o i s pa ame e s.
3.3.6 Clus e analysis
Clus e analysis was ca ied ou using all sense o place dimensions o all pa icipan s. Hie a chical
clus e analysis was pe o med in o de o ob ain addi ional in o ma ion on pa e ns and
cha ac e is ics o he ga he ed da a al oge he . Hie a chical analysis was chosen due o he
ela i ely small size o he da ase (87520 ins ances) and lexibili y in he in e p e a ion o clus e
numbe s based on he esul ed dend og am [50]. Agglome a i e app oach wi h Euclidian
dis ance and Wa d’s minimum a iance me hod we e used o compu ing he dis ance ma ix.

21
Final numbe o clus e s was de ined based on isual in e p e a ion o he dend og am as well as
he Elbow me hod. All s eps we e done using R language on RS udio pla o m. S eps o he
algo i hm and clus e analysis implemen a ion we e pe o med using se e al lib a ies om he
clus ee R package. Subsequen ly, R da a isualiza ions lib a ies we e used o c ea e pa allel
coo dina e and ada cha s o aid clus e cha ac e iza ion oge he wi h A cGIS P o o display
clus e spa ial dis ibu ion on a map.
4 Resul s and discussion
4.1 Su ey
The su ey was answe ed by 81 pa icipan s in o al, om which 30 we e long- e m esiden s and
51 we e sho - e m esiden s. In o al, people om 35 di e en na ionali ies pa icipa ed in he
su ey. Figu e 4.1 shows he pa icipan s’ coun based on hei na ionali y. B azil was he coun y
which had he highes numbe o pa icipan s, consis ing o app oxima ely 30% o he o al coun .
Figu e 4.1. Su ey pa icipan s’ coun based on hei na ionali y.
Fo hose who sha ed hei esidence loca ion, mos o hei pos al codes we e assigned o cen al
a eas wi hin he municipali y, excep o ou pa icipan s whose esidence we e loca ed ou side
he municipali y, ye s ill in he me opoli an egion. Al hough esidence loca ion was no
implemen ed in o he analysis, he ollowing sec ions con i m he in luence o esiden ial and
occupa ional loca ions in os e ing sense o place. I was assumed he e ha among he
pa icipan s he e we e g adua e s uden s, esea che s o indi iduals who had inished hei
g adua e s udies in Lisbon, as he su ey was no only bu mos ly sha ed wi hin acul ies o
Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa and Uni e sidade de Lisboa.
4.1.1 Su ey da a
Polygons ou side he municipali y we e d awn, despi e he inse ed ins uc ions guiding o
delimi a e polygons wi hin he ma ked bounda ies (Figu e 4.2). Table 4.1 displays he o al numbe
o d awn polygons, he a io o polygons pe pa icipan as well as he coun o polygons d awn
en i ely ou side he ci y o each dimension pe pa icipan g oup. O e all, o al numbe o
polygons dec eased p og essi ely om place dependence o place inhe i ed, as well as he a io
be ween polygons pe pa icipan . In addi ion, long- e ms d ew ela i ely mo e polygons
22
compa ed wi h sho - e m esiden s o all dimensions. Ano he aspec obse ed in he esponses
(Figu e 4.2) is he p esence o polygons which ei he co e ed a conside ably la ge po ion o he
ci y o he whole ci y i sel . Du ing ollowing o e lay analysis, conside ably la ge polygons would
ha e mos o hei ex en ep esen ed by low in ensi y alues o sense o place dimensions, as
mos o i s a ea would no o e lap wi h o he pa icipan s’ polygons and he e o e would no
ep esen egions wi h signi ican sha ed sense o place.
Figu e 4.2. On he le side, pa icipan s’ hand-d awn polygons mos ly wi hin Lisbon municipali y. Maps on
he igh side show he polygons d awn ou side he ci y o Lisbon. Maps a and b – place dependence; Maps
c and d – place awa eness; Maps e and – place iden i y; Maps g and h – place inhe i ed.
23
d awn
polygons
o al
polygons
a io
polygons/pa icipan
polygons ou side
he ci y
place dependence sho - e m 92 165 1,80 3
long- e m 73 2,43 3
place awa eness sho - e m 66 128 1,29 5
long- e m 62 2,07 3
place iden i y sho - e m 50 108 0,98 5
long- e m 58 1,93 2
place inhe i ed sho - e m 35 83 0,68 2
long- e m 48 1,60 6
Table 4.1. Numbe o d awn polygons, polygons pe pa icipan a io and numbe o polygons delimi a ed
en i ely ou side Lisbon.
In o ma ion ega ding he esponse a e o each place dimension is ound in Table 4.2.
Pa icipan s d ew polygons and answe ed he like ques ions o place dependence as i was
compulso y in o de o comple e he su ey. As o he o he dimensions, pa icipan s could
choose o skip ques ions i one did no necessa ily eel he pa icula bond, as guided h ough he
ins uc ions. Long- e m esiden s had a signi ican highe pe cen age o answe ed ques ions in
compa ison wi h sho - e m dwelle s. In addi ion, long- e m esiden s had a consis en high
pe cen age o answe ed ques ions o each dimension, whils sho - e m esiden s’ esponses
had a lowe ing coun as dimensions ep esen ed deepe connec ions.
Table 4.2. Response a e o each assessed place dimension o sho - e m and long- e m g oups.
4.2 Spa ial dis ibu ion o sense o place dimensions
The ollowing subsec ions display he esul s in map o ma o he o e lay and ho spo analysis as
well as spa ial ea u es o he di e en dimensions assessed in his s udy.
4.2.1 In ensi y o sense o place dimensions: i s map p oduc s
The i s map p oduc s buil a e cha ac e ized by he display o he in ensi y o each dimension o
sho - e ms, long- e ms and combined esponses wi h no malized alues wi hin each da ase
ange.
4.2.1.1 Place dependence
Sho - e ms’ dis ibu ion has a p ominen high in ensi y spo , high alues in he cen al ci y a ea
as well as lowe alues in some pe iphe ical zones (Figu e 4.3). As o long- e ms, hei highe
in ensi y zone is loca ed in ano he a ea and in gene al, he cen al a ea o he ci y displays highe
alues when compa ed o sho - e ms. When combining he g oups, he high in ensi y zones a e
no iceable, ye high alues a e ound h oughou he cen al egion o Lisbon.
dimension
sho - e m (%)
long- e m (%)
place dependence
100
100
place awa eness
80
97
place iden i y
69
87
place inhe i ed
41
93
24
Figu e 4.3. Dis ibu ion o place dependence o sho - e m, long- e m and all o eign esiden s.
4.2.1.2 Place awa eness
Sho - e ms’ high in ensi y zones (Figu e 4.4) a e cha ac e ized by a la ge ex en when compa ed
o dependence (Figu e 4.3). As o long- e ms, he highes s eng h o awa eness is concen a ed
in wo adjacen a eas, ye i s dis ibu ion o high alues is simila o he one desc ibed o sho -
e ms. As a esul , when combining he wo pa icipan g oups, awa eness is encoun e ed
h oughou he whole ci y, bu bea ing highe in ensi y ac oss he cen e o he municipali y.
Figu e 4.4. Dis ibu ion o place awa eness o sho - e m, long- e m and all o eign esiden s.
4.2.1.3 Place iden i y
Maps show a la ge ex en o he highes in ensi y zone o long- e ms while sho - e ms’
dis ibu ion o highe alues seems o be mo e homogenous (Figu e 4.5). In addi ion, simila o
he p e ious dimensions, iden i y is concen a ed in he cen al a ea o he ci y. When analyzing
all esiden s, he highe in ensi y zone o long- e m dwelle s is a salien ea u e.
25
Figu e 4.5. Dis ibu ion o place iden i y o sho - e m, long- e m and all o eign esiden s.
4.2.1.4 Place inhe i ed
Bo h g oups’ dis ibu ions ha e a dis inc high s eng h spo (Figu e 4.6). Howe e , high in ensi y
alues a e dis ibu ed mo e e enly o long- e ms whils sho - e ms’ high alues a e concen a ed
in one zone. As o all pa icipan s, highes alues o inhe i ed a e ep esen ed by he highes
alue spo o sho - e m esiden s. Values o inhe i ed appea o be analogous o he dis ibu ion
o dependence o bo h pa icipan g oups (Figu e 4.3). The e o e, based solely on isual
in e p e a ion o he i s maps p oduced, dimensions’ dis ibu ion sugges s some deg ee o
co ela ion wi hin each g oup.
Figu e 4.6. Dis ibu ion o place inhe i ed o sho - e m, long- e m and all o eign esiden s.
4.2.1.5 Sense o place: combined dimensions
Di e ences be ween sho - e m and long- e m o eign esiden s a e e iden (Figu e 4.7). Sho -
e ms’ highes alues a e agg ega ed in one main spo and oge he wi h hei o e all spa ial
pa e n, he dis ibu ion is hea ily in luenced by place dependence dis ibu ion (Figu e 4.3). Fo
long- e m esiden s, dis ibu ion is mos ly simila o he spa ial pa e n ound in awa eness (Figu e
4.4). High alues o sense o place a e ound in he cen al a ea o he municipali y o bo h g oups,
howe e , long- e ms ca y s onge alues ac oss a b oade egion o Lisbon.

26
Figu e 4.7. Dis ibu ion o sense o place o sho - e m, long- e m and all o eign esiden s.
4.2.2 Regions o collec i e sense o place: second map p oduc s
The ollowing subsec ions display he esul s and espec i e discussion o he map p oduc s buil
based on he spa ial con igu a ion o alues highe han he uppe qua ile. Common a eas as well
as unique a eas o each g oup a e highligh ed o isualize p ope ies, dis inc ions and
cha ac e is ics. Th oughou he nex sec ions and subsec ions, a eas in he ci y o will no only be
e e ed as hei o icial adminis a i e uni s – F eguesias – bu also by names o egions o smalle
ex en co esponding o his o ical neighbo hoods, locales, landma ks, as well as places ha ca y
impo ance in de ining he u ban landscape o Lisbon. This is mainly due o he ac ha o icial
adminis a i e uni s a e la ge han neighbo hoods in e p e ed by he esiden s on he basis o
in ica e aspec s o he social and geog aphic na u e o he ci y landscape con inuum [51],[52].
4.2.2.1 Place dependence
The map in Figu e 4.8 displays he selec ed a eas o place dependence. Common a eas o bo h
g oups mainly encompass he F eguesia de A oios; F equesia de San a Ma ia Maio ; F eguesia
de A enidas No as; F eguesia de A eei o as well hei su ounding a eas. Long- e ms’ a ea co e
mos o he espec i e sho - e ms’, wi h he excep ion o a unique a ea o dependence o sho -
e ms, which co esponds o he F eguesia Penha de F ança and F eguesia de A eei o. Unique
a eas o dependence o long- e ms co e a la ge ex en wi hin he ci y, no only a ound he sho -
e ms’ a ea bu also ac oss o he pe iphe ical neighbo hoods.
Wi hin he unique egion o dependence o long- e m esiden s, some speci ic places can be
lis ed such as he Ben ica s adium and he Colombo shopping mall; Lisbon Oceana ium, Vasco
da Gama shopping cen e ; he Expo ’98 a ea (1998 Lisbon Wo ld Exposi ion) in Pa que das
Nações; and neighbo hoods such as San a Apolônia, G aça, Es ela, São Ben o, Campo de
Ou ique, En ecampos, Se e Rios, Roma and Al alade.
27
Figu e 4.8. Maps o common and unique a eas o place dependence o sho - e m and long- e m o eign
esiden s.
Acco ding o he esou ces ha ea u es o he u ban se ing can p o ide in o de o c ea e
dependence, leng h o esidence seems o in luence he ex en o which his dimension is ound
when compa ing he wo g oups [44]. As dependence is de eloped h ough e e yday ac i i ies
such as wo k, s udy and leisu e in egions which can ul ill hese beha io al asks, he dis inc ion
be ween sho - e m and long- e m dwelle s can p o ide ini ial insigh s. Long- e ms ca y
dependence a a la ge ex en wi hin he ci y compa ed o sho - e ms, sugges ing ha leng h o
esidence spa ially b oadens he dimension wi hin he ci y con ex . Mo eo e , he common a ea
o dependence is mainly loca ed in he cen al egion o he ci y, whe e highe densi y o
educa ional ins i u ions, poin s o in e es , housing and en e ainmen ela ed locali ies is ound.
4.2.2.2 Place awa eness
The selec ed a eas o each g oup a e simila (Figu e 4.9); and i s common a ea encompasses a
la ge a ea wi hin he cen e o he municipali y. Mos o he common a ea co esponds o sho -
e ms’ awa eness, while hei unique a ea is mainly loca ed in he F eguesias de A eei o, Al alade
and Bea o. In ac , unique a eas o awa eness o sho - e ms a e simila in ex en and loca ion
when compa ed o hei unique a eas o dependence (Figu e 4.8).
Unique a eas o long- e ms a e mos ly ound in he F eguesias de Belém, Ma ila, Pa que das
Nações, Es ela and Mise icó dia. In F eguesia de Belém, awa eness encompasses he a ea
whe e ou is ic spo s and landma ks a e concen a ed. O he places whe e awa eness is ound
only o long- e m esiden s a e Cais do Sod é, Campo de Ou ique, Campolide, Campo G ande
and Al alade. When obse ing he common a eas o awa eness and dependence dimensions
(Figu e 4.8 and Figu e 4.9), awa eness is cha ac e ized by a la ge ex en , expanding ou wa ds
dependence. The same pa e n is encoun e ed when compa ing awa eness be ween he wo
g oups, as unique a eas o long- e ms a e sp ead a ound he sho - e m coun e pa .
28
Figu e 4.9. Maps o common and unique a eas o place awa eness o sho - e m and long- e m o eign
esiden s.
The dimension o awa eness in his s udy is a combina ion o amilia i y, knowledge and disco e y.
Since he o mula ed su ey ques ions o awa eness we e b oad, answe s ca y mul iple
meanings, ela ionships and eelings which cons i u e awa eness. Consequen ly, i s mul i-
dimensionali y may ha e con ibu ed o a simila spa ial pa e n be ween g oups. None heless,
long- e ms’ a ea o selec ed alues o awa eness is b oade han sho - e ms’, al hough he
di e ence is no as la ge as he one ound in dependence (Figu e 4.8).
4.2.2.3 Place iden i y
Common a eas a e loca ed in he F eguesias de A enidas No as, Campolide, Penha de F aça,
A eei o, A oios, San o An ónio, São Vicen e e San a Ma ia de Maio (Figu e 4.10). Selec ed
alues o sho - e ms’ iden i y a e mainly dis ibu ed in wo a eas: he his o ical down own and he
no he n po ion which consis s o a eas such as Ma quês de Pombal, Picoas, Saldanha, Anjos,
A eei o, A oios, Alameda and G aça. Resembling he dis ibu ion o p e ious dimensions, he
unique a ea o iden i y o sho - e ms is loca ed in Alameda and Penha de F ança.
Long- e m dwelle s’ iden i y embodies mos o sho - e ms’ iden i y, ye i has a conside ably
la ge ex en . Long- e m esiden s also eel iden i y owa ds a eas such as Al ama; Campolide
campus o he Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa in he F eguesia de Campolide; as well as mo e
pe iphe ical a eas such as egions a ound he Ben ica s adium and Colombo shopping cen e ;
Campo Pequeno and he Campo G ande Ga den.
29
Figu e 4.10. Maps o common and unique a eas o place iden i y o sho - e m and long- e m o eign
esiden s.
When compa ing g oups, iden i y exhibi s highe dissimila i y in con as o dependence and
awa eness dimensions (Figu e 4.8 and Figu e 4.9). Long- e ms’ iden i y spa ial ex en is
signi ican ly la ge han sho - e ms’, and as men ioned be o e, sho - e ms’ iden i y can be spli
in o wo po ions. This dimension ep esen s he a ec i e bond ha s em om cons an
in e ac ions wi h places which migh e en ually become emo ional a achmen . The ime
cons ain o in e ac ion can explain why leng h o esidence migh esul in di e en spa ial ex en s
o he bond [53] apud [16].
4.2.2.4 Place inhe i ed
Common a eas o place inhe i ed a e cha ac e ized by de ached indi idual a eas as well as one
main egion o la ge ex en (Figu e 4.11). The smalle egions a e ep esen ed by he Campolide
campus o he Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa and Ja dim Amália Rod igues; a eas in Baixa and
a ound Cas elo de São Jo ge; and P íncipe Real. The common a ea is sp ead h ough he egions
o Anjos, In enden e, A oios, Saldanha, P aça da Espanha and Alameda.
Some unique inhe i ed a eas o sho - e ms a e: Al ama; Campolide neighbo hood; En ecampos
and Roma neighbo hoods in he F eguesias de Al alade; A eei o, Alameda and A oios in he
F eguesias de A eei o and Penha de F ança. As o long- e ms, some unique a eas a e: Ben ica
neighbo hood; Campo G ande and Al alade neighbo hood in he F eguesia de Al alade; Ra o,
Ma quês de Pombal; A enida da Libe dade; and neighbo hoods in he his o ical down own.
Selec ed a eas o inhe i ed and iden i y (Figu e 4.10) spa ially display he la ges di e ences
be ween he g oups. Place inhe i ed ep esen s he ela ionship wi h places ega ding aspec s o
oo edness, belongingness and social ies. The e o e, he dimension is a he slow end o he as -
slow spec um o sense o place de elopmen , as leng h o esidence is highly co ela ed wi h he
eme ge and s eng h o his dimension [43],[44]. In he case he e, he spa ial ex en o inhe i ed
36
dis ibu ed h oughou o he egions in he ci y, ye compa ed o long- e ms, he inhe i ed
dimension has a smalle and mo e agmen ed ex en .
Figu e 4.17. Dis ibu ion o ho spo s a eas and alues highe han he uppe qua ile o place inhe i ed in
sho - e m and long- e m o eign esiden s o Lisbon.
Values highe han 80% o long- e ms can be ound wi hin he Campolide campus o
Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa and su ounding a eas such as Bai o Azul, P aça da Espanha and
Gulbenkian Pa k. Values highe han 40% a e ound in a much la ge ex en when compa ed o
sho - e ms, and hey ake place a Ma quês de Pombal, Edua do VII Pa k, Saldanha, Campo
Pequeno, IST Campus, Alameda Ga den, A oios – Anjos – In enden e egion, Mou a ia, G aça,
Es e ânia, Ja dim do To el, A enida da Libe dade and Bai o Al o. Mos o hese places a e
landma ks o Lisbon’s u ban landscape. C ea ed symbols and cons an in e ac ion could be
associa ed wi h o he ac o s such as social capi al, which os e s he eelings o oo edness and
belongingness.
Ho spo s – Figu e 4.17
Ho spo o sho - e ms has a smalle ex en when compa ing o long- e m pa icipan s. Acco ding
o esul s, place inhe i ed is he less de eloped dimension o sho - e m esiden s and i is,
oge he wi h he p e ious dimensions, concen a ed in one a ea: a ound he IST Alameda
campus. The e o e, long- e ms’ inhe i ed is la ge in ex en because hey migh ha e ma u ed his
sen imen owa ds mo e places.

37
4.3.5 Sense o place: combined dimensions
High alues – Figu e 4.18
When assessing he combined dimensions, alues highe han 70% a e ound in he IST Alameda
campus, Alameda Ga den, A co do Cego Ga den and Saldanha a eas o sho - e ms. As o
long- e ms, high alues a e ound in wo dis inc egions: one ha encompasses he Campolide
campus o Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa, Saldanha, Gulbenkian Pa k and Edua do VII Pa k; and
ano he a ea in he his o ical down own ha s e ches o he Anjos-In enden e egion.
Figu e 4.18. Dis ibu ion o ho spo s a eas and alues highe han he uppe qua ile o sense o place in
sho - e m and long- e m o eign esiden s o Lisbon.
Values highe han 50% o sho - e m dwelle s only expands a ound IST campus in o he Anjos-
In enden e egion alongside A enida Almi an e Reis and in o Saldanha and Gulbenkian Pa k. As
sense o place he e is he combined polygons o all ques ions, i s spa ial dis ibu ion is in luenced
by each dimension o each g oup. Despi e each g oup’s pa icula i ies, sense o place o long-
e m pa icipan s is s onge owa ds a conside ably la ge ex en o he ci y.
Ho spo s – Figu e 4.18
The a eas o bo h g oups a e ela i ely simila . Howe e , long- e ms’ sense o place in he
down own pa o he ci y has a la ge ex en owa ds he F eguesias de Mise icó dia and São
Vicen e. Ho spo s o long- e m pa icipan s also include he F eguesia de San o An ónio and
38
Campolide. As o sho - e m pa icipan s, he a ea ex ends o F eguesias de A eei o and Penha
de F ança, including he IST Alameda campus.
4.4 Desc ip i e s a is ics
Desc ip i e s a is ics a e ound in Table 4.3. Mean, a iance and s anda d de ia ion alues yielded
by dependence is mo e han wo imes highe o long- e ms. Ku osis o place dependence
dis ibu ion is almos h ee imes lowe o long- e m pa icipan s. The e o e, alues o
dependence in long- e m a e highe , less concen a ed and mo e dis ibu ed when compa ed o
sho - e ms.
S a is ics o awa eness yielded a he simila esul s o bo h g oups. As o iden i y, he mean is
app oxima ely 20% highe o sho - e m esiden s, while alues o o he pa ame e s a e
conside ably simila . In addi ion, he spa ial ex en o iden i y o long- e ms is la ge , esul ing in
la ge a eas ca ying lowe collec i e iden i y alues, con ibu ing o a lowe mean.
mean s d. de . median mode a . ku osis
place
dependence
sho - e m 0,0514 0,1156 ~0 ~0 0,0134 16,04
long- e m 0,1018 0,1473 0,0164 0,0164 0,0217 6,17
place awa eness sho - e m 0,1679 0,2016 0,0968 ~0 0,0406 3,02
long- e m 0,1768 0,2068 0,1013 0,0253 0,0428 2,63
place iden i y sho - e m 0,0925 0,1547 ~0 ~0 0,0239 4,46
long- e m 0,0764 0,1522 ~0 ~0 0,0232 8,93
place inhe i ed sho - e m 0,0406 0,1038 ~0 ~0 0,0108 28,11
long- e m 0,0817 0,1532 ~0 ~0 0,0235 5,91
sense o place sho - e m 0,0977 0,1391 0,0571 ~0 0,0194 7,61
long- e m 0,1761 0,2031 0,0984 0,0346 0,0413 3,20
Table 4.3. Desc ip i e s a is ics o all assessed sense o place dimensions by each pa icipan g oup.
Fo place inhe i ed, he mean and a iance alues a e wo imes highe o long- e ms, while
ku osis is almos six imes highe o sho - e m esiden s. Maps o spa ial dis ibu ion o he
inhe i ed dimension con i m his as o sho - e ms, collec i e inhe i ed is concen a ed in one
small a ea. As o he combined dimensions, he mean is wice as high o long- e ms, as well as
he s anda d de ia ion, median and a iance. In addi ion, ku osis is mo e han wo imes highe
o sho - e ms. The e o e, sense o place o long- e m dwelle s is s onge and spa se
dis ibu ed ac oss he ci y o Lisbon.
4.5 Compa ison s a is ics and Spa ial E iciency me ic
Following subsec ions display he esul s o analysis ca ied ou o compa e each dimension o
sense o place be ween as well as wi hin each pa icipan g oup.
4.5.1 Compa ison be ween g oups
Resul s o he SPAEF me ics a e ound in Figu e 4.19, oge he wi h associa ed pa ame e s as
well as sca e plo s. Ke nel densi y unc ions alues highe han 80% a e displayed in Figu e 4.20.
Las ly, Table 4.4 shows he alues o selec ed a eas o each dimension and pa icipan g oup as
well as Jacca d’s simila i y indices.
39
Figu e 4.19. Sca e plo s and SPAEF esul s oge he wi h i s associa ed s a is ical pa ame e s be ween
each pa icipan g oup o each dimension.
The dimension wi h he highes co ela ion alue was awa eness (0,77), which displays a s ong
non-linea posi i e co ela ion be ween he wo g oups. Value o SPAEF o awa eness is also he
highes be ween he dimensions (0,61) and ke nel densi y unc ions ha e he mos simila
dis ibu ion be ween g oups. In addi ion, a ea p ope ies o awa eness show high simila i y
be ween sho - e m and long- e m dwelle s. The e o e, awa eness was he mos simila
dimension be ween he wo pa icipan g oups.
The place iden i y dimension sco ed 0,62 o Pea son co ela ion and 0,51 o SPAEF me ics,
bo h being he second highes alues in he analyzed dimensions. Howe e , Jacca d’s index
alues and ke nel densi y unc ions sugges a conside able dissimila i y o iden i y be ween sho -
e m and long- e m dwelle s. This is con i med by he map p oduc s displayed in he p e ious
sec ions and sugges s ha al hough he o e all pa e n and in ensi y o iden i y o bo h g oups
a e simila , he spa ial ex en and loca ion o high alues a e dis inc . Values highe han 80% o
long- e m dwelle s exhibi a spa se dis ibu ion when compa ed o sho - e m esiden s.
40
Figu e 4.20. Ke nel densi y unc ions o he dis ibu ion o alues highe han 80% o each pa icipan g oup
and dimension.
As o place dependence, he dimension sco ed he second lowes Pea son co ela ion alue
(0,49) and SPAF me ics (0,11). Densi y unc ion o long- e ms displays a s onge bimodal
dis ibu ion and he sca e plo shows wo dis inc ends. The selec ed a eas’ alues o long- e ms
a e wice as high as sho - e ms, bu Jacca d’s index o ho spo s yielded 0,14 while o a eas
highe han uppe qua ile 0,85.
Table 4.4. Values o selec ed a eas and hei a ea simila i y indices o each dimension.
Sco ing he lowes SPAEF (-0,53) and Pea son co ela ion (0,42), place inhe i ed is he mos
dissimila dimension be ween he g oups. Respec i e alues o a eas and Jacca d’s index also
con i m he signi ican di e ence be ween long- e m and sho - e m dwelle s. His og am o e lap
41
(0,63) is also he lowes . O e all, selec ed a ea alues a e consis en ly highe o sho - e m
esiden s and Jacca d’s index o uppe qua ile selec ed a eas p og essi ely lowe s om place
dependence o place inhe i ed.
4.5.2 Compa ison wi hin g oups
Figu e 4.21 displays he colo scaled co elog ams o all dimensions as well as spli in o each
g oup. Table 4.5 shows he esul s o he SPAEF me ics and alues o Jacca d’s index be ween
dimensions wi hin each pa icipan g oup. The dimension o place inhe i ed yielded he lowes
alues o co ela ion be ween dimensions o bo h g oups. When obse ing he co elog ams
sepa a ed by g oup, place inhe i ed do exhibi lowes alues when compa ed o o he dimensions
o bo h g oups, ye o long- e m dwelle s he co ela ions a e highe .
Figu e 4.21. Colo amp co elog ams wi h all dimensions as well as wi hin each pa icipan g oup
(Pea son co ela ion).

42
Table 4.5. SPAEF and Jacca d’s indices compa ing sense o place dimensions wi hin each pa icipan g oup.
43
In gene al, esul s o SPAEF o long- e m esiden s’ dimensions a e consis en ly highe han
sho - e ms, showing ha spa ial pa e ns be ween dimensions a e mo e simila o long- e ms. In
addi ion, Jacca d’s indices o long- e ms a e also consis en ly highe . When analyzing he
Jacca d’s index speci ically o ho spo s’ a eas, he highes alue wi hin sho - e ms is ound
be ween inhe i ed and dependence. Sho - e ms epo ed expe iencing inhe i ed whe e hey eel
dependence, mos ly a ound he IST Alameda campus. The highes alue o a ea simila i y o
ho spo s o long- e ms is ound be ween iden i y and awa eness. Bo h ho spo s (Sec ion 4.3)
ep esen a coinciden la ge a ea wi hin he ci y.
4.6 Clus e analysis
Resul s o hie a chical clus e analysis a e ound in Figu e 4.22 and Figu e 4.23. Clus e 5 is
cha ac e ized by ha ing he smalles ex en and he highes alues o all dimensions o sho -
e m esiden s. Clus e 4 co esponds o he a ea a ound Clus e 5 which encompasses he inne
egions o he cen al zone o he ci y, including he his o ical down own. Dimensions o
dependence, awa eness and iden i y ha e he highes alues o long- e m esiden s in Clus e 4,
and consis en ly highe alues o all dimensions when compa ing o Clus e 1, 2 and 3. Clus e
3 is ound a ound Clus e 4 and ca ies ela i ely highe alues o sense o place dimensions in
compa ison o Clus e 1 and 2. Su ounding Clus e 3, Clus e 1 is ound also in pe iphe ical zones
and ca y he second lowes alues o place dimensions.
Clus e 2 has he lowes alues o all dimensions, and i is ound mainly in he ou ski s o he ci y.
This clus e ep esen s he a eas in he ci y which collec i e sense o place sco ed he lowes as
o e lapping polygons we e sca ce. Las ly, Clus e 1 ep esen s a egion in which sense o place
is ela i ely highe han Clus e 2, bu s ill conside ably lowe han he o he clus e s. The e o e,
clus e s ep esen a spa ial in ensi ica ion o collec i e sense o place owa ds he cen al egions
o he ci y o Lisbon wi h Clus e 5 being he ho spo . This is mainly due o mos o he pa icipan s
li ing wi hin cen al egions o he ci y, including pa icipan s ha li e, wo k o s udy a he IST
Alameda campus (Clus e 5). The spa ial pa e ns o he dimensions and clus e con igu a ions
show he in luence o unc ional in spa ially shaping sense o place.
5 Final discussion
5.1 Sho - e m s. long- e m o eign dwelle s
In he case o place awa eness, he mul idimensional cha ac e o he de ined dimension can be
obse ed in i s imodal densi y dis ibu ion o bo h g oups, con i med by he high alue
dis ibu ion maps. In his case, he a eas o collec i e awa eness can ep esen indi idual o a
combina ion o subdimensions o amilia i y, knowledge and disco e y. The e o e, al hough
subdimensions migh ha e yielded dis inc high alue spo s, sho - e ms and long- e ms
de eloped a simila s eng h and spa ial pa e n o awa eness ac oss he ci y o Lisbon.
.
44
Figu e 4.22. Resul s o hie a chical clus e analysis. On he le , he spa ial dis ibu ion o each clus e wi hin he ci y o Lisbon. On he igh , pa allel coo dina e cha s o he
clus e s wi h espec o each dimension.
45
Figu e 4.13. Resul s o hie a chical clus e analysis. On he le , he spa ial dis ibu ion o each clus e wi hin he ci y o Lisbon. On he igh , ada cha s o he clus e s wi h
espec o each dimension.
52
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55
Annexes
Su eys in English (le ) and Po uguese ( igh ).
Figu e 1. In oduc ion page o he su ey.
Figu e 2. Time o esidence ques ion.
56
Figu e 3. Residence loca ion ques ion.
Figu e 4. Coun y o o igin ques ion.
Figu e 5. B ie explana ion abou ollowing ques ions.
Figu e 6. In oduc ion o place dependence sec ion.
57
Figu e 7. Map-based ques ion o place dependence.
Figu e 8. Like ques ion o place dependence.

58
Figu e 9. In oduc ion o place dependence sec ion.
Figu e 10. Map-based ques ion o place awa eness.
Figu e 11. Like ques ion o place awa eness.
Figu e 12. In oduc ion o place iden i y sec ion.
59
Figu e 13. Map-based ques ion o place iden i y.
Figu e 14. Like ques ion o place iden i y.
Figu e 15. In oduc ion o place inhe i ed sec ion.
Figu e 16. Map-based ques ion o place inhe i ed.
60
Figu e 17. Like ques ion o place inhe i ed.
Figu e 18. End o he su ey.
Feedback ques ionnai e in English (le ) and Po uguese ( igh ).
Figu e 19. In oduc ion page o he eedback ques ionnai e.
61
Figu e 20. Like ques ions o he eedback ques ionnai e.
Figu e 21. Ques ion ega ding app oxima e ime o su ey comple ion.